8 The Particle Theory

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS | Methodist
High School
Cambridge Checkpoint SCIENCE [Biology] | Page 1 of 10
BOOK 1 :
12 Finding
BOOK 2 :
CHAPTER :
CHAPTER :
CHAPTER :
Age of the Earth
NAME:
8 The particle TheoryCLASS:

9 Elements and Atoms
11 Metals and non-metals
Q.1
The chart below shows the fossil record of living things:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Which groups of living things existed before the Cambrian period ?

When did Fungi first appear in the fossil record ?
How many groups of living things were in the fossil record in the Ordovician ?
Which appeared in the fossil record first : Ferns or Conifers ?
How many groups were added to the fossil record in the Devonian ?
In which period did the number of groups of living things decrease?
Which group had become extinct, and when was it last recorded in the fossil record .
In the period during which the flowering plants appeared, which animal groups also appeared
in the fossil record ?
Q.2
(1)
The graph below shows how a radioactive substance (A) changes over time into nonradioactive substance (B).
What are radioactive substances ?
How long does it take for 1000g of substance

amount..
A to decay to of this

High School
When 1000g of substance A has decayed for 3 million years, how much of it is still substance
(2)
A ? How much is now substance B ?

A scientist estimates that a rock is 4 million years old. What would be the amounts of
substances A and B in the rock if the estimate is correct ?
...
Q.3(a) Match the time period with the time in million years ago and the index fossil.
Time Period
Time (mya)
Index Fossil
Quaternary
About 65
Tertiary
About 145
Cretaceous
About 2.5
Jurassic
About 251
Triassic
About 300
Permian
About 200
Carboniferou
s
About 416
Devonian
About 360
Silurian
About 444
Ordovician
About 542

High School
Cambrian
About 488
(b)
From the above table, answer the question that follow :
(1)
(2)
Which time period is identified by a scallop ? ..

Which time periods have ammonites as their index fossils ? .
(3)
If you found a rock layer with a brachiopod in it, what index fossil would you look for in the
layer beneath ? ..
Q.4(a) Methane can be a gas, a liquid or a solid. In the diagram below, arrows P, Q, R and S represent
changes of state. The boxes on the right show the arrangement of particles of methane in the
three different physical states. Each circle represents a particle of methane.
(i)
(ii)
Draw a line from each physical state of methane to the arrangement of particles in that
physical state. Draw only three lines.
Arrows P, Q, R and S represent changes of state. Which arrow represents:
evaporation? .. melting? .
(b)
Methane is the main compound in natural gas. The scale below shows the melting
point and the boiling point of methane. It has three physical states: solid, liquid and gas.
(i)
(ii)
What is the physical state of methane at 170C?

The formula of methane is CH4. The symbols for the two elements in methane are C and H.
Give the names of these two elements.
element C . element H .

High School
(iii)
When methane burns, it reacts with oxygen. One of the products is water, H2O. Give the name
of the other product. .
Q.6.
In the 19th Century, a scientist called John Dalton used symbols to represent atoms. The
symbols he used for atoms of three different elements are shown below. The diagrams below
show different combinations of these atoms.
(a) (i) Give the letter of the diagram which shows a mixture of two elements
(ii)
Give the letter of the diagram which shows a mixture of two compounds
(iii)
Give the letter of the diagram which shows a mixture of an element and a compound..
(b)
Give one difference between a compound and a mixture.
.
(c) (i) Suggest a name and formula for the substance represented in diagram B.
Name :
Formula:
(ii)
Suggest a name and formula for the substance represented in diagram D.

Name :
Formula:
Q.3(a)(i) Air contains nitrogen. In the box below draw five circles,
, to show the
arrangement of particles in nitrogen gas.
(ii)
Zeena carries a personal emergency alarm. It uses nitrogen gas to produce a
very loud sound. The nitrogen gas in the container is under much higher
pressure than the nitrogen gas in
the air. How does the arrangement
of nitrogen particles change when
the gas is under higher pressure?
..
(b)
Use words from the boxes below to complete the sentence.
The rate at which the nitrogen particles hit the inside of the container is ..
the rate at which nitrogen particles hit the outside of the container.

High School
Q.13(a) Air is a mixture of gases. The pie
chart represents the percentages
of different gases in air.
On the line by each section of the
pie chart, write the name of the
correct gas. Two have been done
for you.
(b)
On a cold day, droplets of water
form on a cold window. Explain
how these droplets form.
..
(c)
(i)
(ii)
Q12.
(a)
The word equation below represents a process taking place in the cells of the human body.
glucose + oxygen --- carbon dioxide + water
What process does this word equation
represent?
.
As a result of this process, the proportions of
oxygen and carbon dioxide in air breathed in
and air breathed out change. Which one of the
statements below is true? Tick the correct box.
Some pupils predicted that water will evaporate faster if the surrounding air temperature is
higher. To investigate their prediction they placed some water in containers in two different
rooms.
Give two factors they should keep the same to make their investigation fair.
..
(b)
They recorded the mass of the water and the

container in room 1 and room 2 every day for 5
days. The table below shows their results. The
data shown in their table is not sufficient to test
their prediction. Explain why.
.
(c)
They plotted their data for room 2 and attempted to draw a line of best fit.
Describe the mistake they made in drawing the line of
best fit.

High School
(d)
(e)
(f)
Using the data in the table plot the points for room 1.
Draw a line of best fit of the points you have drawn.
In which room did the water evaporate more quickly?
Tick one :
room 1
room 2
Use their data to explain your answer.
Q.4
A statue outside a zoo was made from two types of rock. The panda was made of granite.
The base was made of limestone. The drawings show the statue as it was in 1936 and in 2006.
(a) The surface of the limestone base has
changed over the years.
(i) Which process caused this change?
Underline the correct answer:
evaporating melting reflecting weathering
(ii) The surface of the panda made of
granite has not changed. Suggest why
granite does not change in the same way as
limestone.
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Acid rain can be formed when fossil fuels burn.

Give the name of one fossil fuel..
What is true about all fossil
fuels? Tick the correct box.
Acid rain has changed the
surface of the metal letters
on the statue. Which word
describes the effect of acid rain on a metal? Tick the correct box.
(iv) What could the zoo owner put on the metal
letters to protect them from acid rain?
Q7. (a) The diagram below shows part of the periodic table of
elements.
The shaded area contains only metal elements. Two other
areas also contain only metal elements.
Which areas contain only metal elements? Tick the two
correct boxes.
(b)
Copper is a metal. At room temperature copper is a strong solid. Give two other properties of
copper that show it is a metal.
(c)
When copper metal is heated it reacts with a gas in air.

High School
(d)
Q8.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(c)
(d)
(i)
(ii)
(e)
(i)
(ii)
Q9.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(ii)
(ii)
(ii)
(ii)
Q10.
(a)
What is the chemical name of the product formed when copper

reacts with a gas in air?
Which statement below describes what happens in a chemical
change but not in a physical change? Tick the correct box.
Use The Periodic Table to answer this question.

Give the symbol for the element
oxygen : .
potassium :
Give the name of the element with the symbol
C: .
Substance
Formula
Elements present
Na: .
zinc oxide
ZnO
zinc and oxygen
iron sulphide
FeS
Complete the following table.
sodium hydroxide NaOH
The chemical formula for
KC1
potassium and chlorine
carbon monoxide is CO.
How many different elements are represented in carbon monoxide? : .
Give the total number of atoms the formula CO represents. : .
The chemical formula for sulphuric acid is H2SO4.
How many different elements are present in sulphuric acid? : .
Give the total number of atoms present in H2SO4. : .
The following diagram shows part of the periodic table in which letters represent some
elements. (These are not chemical symbols)
You may use each letter once, more than once or not at all in this question. Give the letter that
represents the element that
is an unreactive gas ....................................................................................................................
has one electron in its outside shell ...........................................................................................
is in the same group as F ..........................................................................................................
is a yellow/green gas ..................................................................................................................
is in the same period as E ...........................................................................................................
forms several coloured compounds ............................................................................................
is used in light bulbs ..................................................................................................................
Some bottles of chemicals were imported from Germany. Their labels are in German.
Which bottle contains a potassium compound?

High School
(b)(i)
Which bottle contains an element?
(ii)
What gas is formed when this element is added to dilute

sulphuric acid?
(c)
Which bottle contains a flammable substance?
(d)(i)
Which bottle contains a compound of four elements?
(ii)
What does the hazard label on this bottle mean?
(e)
The gas, hydrogen, is known in German as Wasserstoff.

Wasser means water. Suggest an explanation for the name.
..
..
Q11.
(a) Some students decided to investigate the chemistry of

seashells. They started by adding hydrochloric acid to some pieces of seashell. The mixture
fizzed. They decided to find out if the gas was carbon dioxide.
Complete the diagram below to show how they could do this.
(i)
(ii)
What result would they see if the gas was carbon dioxide?
..............................................................................................................
(b)
They then heated a small piece of shell in a flame. Different
substances give different colours when put in a flame.
substance
colour of flame
sodium
chloride yellow
potassium
chloride pink
calcium
chloride red
copper
chloride green
(i)
Why is copper wire not used for the test?
.......................................................................................................................................................
(ii)
How is the test wire cleaned between each test?
.......................................................................................................................................................
The shells turned the flame a red colour.
(iii)
Which metal is in the seashells? ..................................................................................................
(c)
Use the results of the two tests to select the chemical name of the substance from which
seashells are made from the list below.
sodium chloride
sodium carbonate
calcium carbonate
calcium chloride
.....................................................................
Q12. Quicklime, CaO, is made by heating limestone, CaCO3, in a rotating kiln. Limestone is added
at the top of the kiln. Turning the kiln lets the limestone move slowly to the bottom as it is
heated. Quicklime is formed and is taken from the bottom.
(a)
Give the chemical name for:
(i)
quicklime
(ii)
limestone
(b)
Heat is required for the reaction to take place. What name is given to reactions which take in
heat?
James investigated this reaction. He heated a piece of limestone on the edge of a gauze.
Describe what he saw.
.......................................................................................................................................................
(c)
.......................................................................................................................................................
(d)
(e)
(i)
Before the rotating kiln was invented, each batch of limestone had to be heated separately.
Suggest one advantage that the rotating kiln has over the older method.
.......................................................................................................................................................
There are proposals to extend a limestone quarry.
Give two arguments that the quarry owners could use in favour of the proposed extension.
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
(ii)
Give two arguments that those against the extension could use.
.......................................................................................................................................................

High School
.......................................................................................................................................................
Q13.
The key below is used to identify five carbonates and a hydrogencarbonate.
(a)(i)
(ii)
Which soluble compound gives off carbon dioxide, but gives no smell?
What type of substance will react with any carbonate or hydrogencarbonate to produce carbon
dioxide? .
Only one carbonate in the key produces no carbon dioxide when heated. Which one?
Tablets for upset stomachs often contain citric acid and magnesium carbonate. Describe and
explain what happens when these tablets are added to water.
.......................................................................................................................................................
(iii)
(b)
(c)
(i)
A teaspoon of sodium hydrogencarbonate is added when making gingerbread.

What is the purpose of the sodium hydrogencarbonate?
.......................................................................................................................................................
(ii)
Why would sodium carbonate be unsuitable for this purpose?

.......................................................................................................................................................
Q14.
Study the diagram below.
(a) (i) In which two tubes will the steel go rusty?

.................................................................
(ii)
Why does the steel not rust in the other two tubes?
..................................................................................................................................
(b)
In which tube will the rusting occur fastest? Explain your answer.
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
(c)
(d)
(i)
(ii)
Q15.
Explain how ships and piers are prevented from rusting.

.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
State how each of the following is prevented from rusting.
cutlery
.......................................................................................................................................................
car bodies
.......................................................................................................................................................
Choose from the following list of oxides to answer the questions below. You can use each
oxide once, more than once or not at all.

High School
carbon dioxide
nitrogen dioxide
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
carbon monoxide
sulfur dioxide
magnesium oxide
water
Which one of these oxides is a basic oxide? .................................................

Which two oxides cause acid rain? .......................................... and .........................................
Which two oxides are formed when a hydrocarbon undergoes complete combustion?
......................................................... and .........................................................
Which one of these oxides turns white copper(II) sulfate blue? .................................................
Which oxide is formed when calcium carbonate undergoes thermal decomposition? ...............

8 The Particle Theory

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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS | Methodist

Age of the Earth