Network Synthesis

Realization of RC Functions

Theory

Realization of RC Functions:
For a function to be RC driving point immitance function, it should
have following properties.
1) Poles and Zeros are simple and are located on the negative
real axis of the s-plane.
2) The poles and zeros are alternate to each other.
3) Lowest Critical frequency nearest to the origin must be a
Pole.
4) Highest Critical frequency farthest to the origin must be a
Zero.
5) Residues evaluated at the poles of ZRC(s) must be real and
positive.
Similar to LC functions RC functions can also be realized in 4
forms.
1. Foster Realization:
a) Foster I form
b) Foster II form
2. Cauer or Ladder Realization:
a) Cauer I form
b) Cauer II form
1] Foster Realization:
Foster I Form:
The Foster I form is obtained by P.F.E of Z(s).
Z(s) =

1
+ 1

2
+ 2

+ +

Network Synthesis

Realization of RC Functions

Theory

1

1
+

Z(s) =

The network corresponding to the Foster I form is shown below,

Foster II Form:
The Foster II form is obtained by P.F.E of Y(s). Since Y(s) =

1
()

has negative residue at its pole, Foster II form is obtained by

expanding
()

()

as shown,
1
+ 1

3
+ 3

Where 0 = YRC(s)
s=0

1 =

()

+ 1
s = - 1
2

Network Synthesis

Realization of RC Functions

3 =

()

Theory

+ 3
s = - 3

and so on,
After finding all the residue, multiply s on both sides and we get,
YRC(s) =

1
+ 1

3
+ 3

YRC(s) = Y1(s) + Y2(s) + Y3(s).

The network corresponding to the Foster II form is shown below,

2] Cauer or Ladder Realization:

Cauer I Form:
The Cauer I form is obtained by removal of the pole from the
Impedance Function Z(s) at s=. This is same as the C.F.E of the
given function about the pole.

Network Synthesis

Realization of RC Functions

Z(s) = R1 +

Theory

1
2 +

1
3+

1
4 +

The network is shown in fig.

Cauer II Form:
In this form we remove the pole from the impedance function at
origin. This is same as C.F.E of the impedance function about the
origin.
Z(s) =

1
1

+ 1

1
1

+ 1
1
2
+ 1
3
+ ..

And the network is shown below,

Network Synthesis

Realization of RC Functions

Theory

Points to keep in mind:

Most of the following points are similar to that of LC functions only
some changes are there.
1. Foster I form is obtained by P.F.E of the impedance function
Z(s).
2. Foster II form is obtained by P.F.E of the admittance function
()

3. Cauer I form is obtained by C.F.E of the given impedance

function Z(s) about the Pole at Infinity().
4. Cauer II form is obtained by C.F.E of the given impedance
function Z(s) about the Pole at Origin.
5. While realizing Cauer II form, arrange the Numerator and
Denominator polynomials in Ascending order of s.
6. While realizing the Foster forms, if the degree of
Denominator is greater than the degree of Numerator then,
directly P.F.E is carried out. No long division is required.

NOTE:
For an RC immitance function,

ZRC(s) =

1
+

and YRC(s) =