Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 7

Aim of the Experiment :To Study The Youngs Double Slit Interference Pattern Using The Laser

CALCULATION OF PERCENTAGE ERROR IN MEASUREMENT WHEN


SODIUM VAPOUR LAMP IS USED.
Method for calculating the maximum proportional error :
Slit Width

a= (2xDx)/d
= (2xDx)/(x/n)

Where x is the distance between n dark bands


Therefore, (a/a)max = (D/D) + (x/x)
As x is measured by difference of two readings of a metre scale , x=0.2cm . D
is measured by a metre scale and hence D=0.1 cm .
Therefore , (a/a)max = (0.1/155) + (0.2/2.575)
= 0.078
Since (a+b)= (2xDx)/(x/n) , we get similarily
((a+b)/(a+b))max = D/D + x/x
= 0.1/155 + 0.2/0.8
= 0.251
Now since b=(a+b)-a and we measure a and (a+b) independently we can write
from the rules of propagation of errors,
b=((a)2+{(a+b)}2)-1/2
Now, a =(a/a)max x a
= (0.078 x 0.354)
= 0.027
and, (a+b)=((a+b)/(a+b))max x (a+b)
=0.251 x 0.903
=0.226
Therefore ,

b=[(0.027)2 x (0.226)2]-1/2
= 0.227

Now, (b/b)max=(0.227/0.549)
=0.414
The maximum percentage error in b will be given by,

(b/b)max x 100 = 41.40%


From above it is clear that the percentage error is high which might be owing to
presence of impurities in sodium lamp which makes it non monochromatic. The
light from sodium vapour lamp may also get dispersed in the medium as the
power is less. The maximum percentage error can be reduced by increasing the
distance between the slit and the screen(=D) because if D is large, then
(D/D)max becomes insignificant. However when using sodium vapour lamp the
distance D cannot be made very large as then the spread or dispersion will be
high and fringes might become indistinct.
Now to decrease the percentage error by increasing D we must replace sodium
vapour lamp with a light source which is strictly monochromatic and is highly
directional. The power per area must also be high, i.e, the intensity should be
high and the light should be coherent. All the above criterion are satisfied by a
LASER. Hence the experiment is now done using a LASER source and an
estimate of how it would change the percentage error is made.

Theory
Two slits each of width a and separated by an opaque space of width b(such
that a is almost one-third the size of b) is adjusted using a traveling microscope
and then adjusted vertically on a table in front of a screen kept at a much farther
distance. The LASER torch is adjusted so that the light falls horizontally on the
slits and illuminates them. When parallel light of wavelength falls from a
source on the double slit normally ,the rays get diffracted at an angle from each
slit will produce at the screen a pattern in which we shall get diffraction effect due
to each slit as well as interference effect of rays diffracted at an angle from the
corresponding points of two slits separated by a distance (a+b). On the diffraction
system there is superposed an interference system. Interference fringes fall
within the diffraction pattern which acts as an envelope. If and are
respectively the angular separations between two successive dark bands
diffraction pattern and two successive dark bands of the interference pattern
then,
ax=
=>a=/

and

(a+b)=
=>(a+b)=/

where we assume and are very small .


If D be the distance between the screen S and slits and d and d are
respectively the displacement from central zero to successive dark bands of
diffraction and interference patterns respectively,then
=d/(2xD)

and

=d/(2xD)

Therefore,
a=(2xDx)/d

and

(a+b)=(2xDx)/d

Knowing D,d,d and the values of a,(a+b) and hence b can be calculated from
the above relations.

Experimental Data :Width of slit (a) as measured from traveling microscope = 0.41mm
Width of opaque space (b) as measured from traveling microscope = 1.20
Therefore, (a+b) = 1.61mm
Also given, D = 8000 mm
And, = 650 nm
Data for slit width from Diffraction Pattern

Serial
No.

Order of
dark
fringes
from
central
maxima

Reading of
different
dark bands
from graph

Difference
of readings
between 6
dark bands
(x)

Mean
(x)
in mm

Value of
d=x/6
in mm

Slit width
A=D/d
in mm

1
2
3
4
5

5
4
3
2
1

0
12
25
41
52

80
78
78
71
72

75.8

12.6

0.41

6
7
8
9
10
11

0
1
2
3
4
5

80
90
103
112
124

Data for b with reading from interference pattern


Order No.
of dark
fringe

Reading
from
graph

Difference Value of
between 3 d=(x/3)
dark bands in mm
(x)

Mean d
in mm

(a+b)=D/d Value of
in mm
b=(a+b)-a
in mm

1
2
3
4
5
6

60
63
66
69
73
76

9
10
9

3.1

1.67

3.0
3.3
3.0

1.26

Error Calculation :Using the same formula as written before, we have


(a/a)max = (D/D) + (x/x) = (0.1/8000) + (0.2/75.8) = 2.65x10 -3
((a+b)/(a+b))max = D/D + x/x = (0.1/8000) + (0.2/9) = 0.022
Now, b=((a)2+{(a+b)}2)-1/2 = (((a/a)maxxa)2 + (((a+b)/(a+b))maxx(a+b))2)1/2

=(1.18x10-6 + 1.37x10-3)1/2 = 0.037


Therefore, (b/b)max = 0.037/1.26 = 0.029
Therefore, Maximum percentage error in b is (b/b) maxx100% = 2.9%

Discussion :It can be clearly seen from the above calculation that the maximum
percentage error of 41.4% when sodium vapour was used is drastically reduced
to 2.9% when a strictly mono-chromatic LASdER source is used.
The LASER being highly directional & high intensity does not disperse
when traveling in the medium (air over here), hence, D between the screen &
the slit can be made larger to reduce the error.
Thus, it can be clearly seen how using LASER reduces error.

Вам также может понравиться