MODAL CAF

Lesson 1
Can
Usage:
Ability
I can speak English
Offering
Can I buy you a drink?
Possibility
I can always go to the canteen and get you one.
MAN A :
MAN B:
MAN A:
MAN B:

So what do you think makes the USA so special?

Equality. We like to think that everyone is equal. You know, we
say that any American can become President.
Yeah, but you dont really believe that, do you?
Sure! Well, thats the theory, anyway!

Any American can become a President (theoretical possibility)

I can always get you a cup of tea from the canteen (practical possibility)

SHE:
HE:
SHE:
HE:
SHE:
HE:

no, no, its been lovely to see you again. Really great. But Ive
got to go.
Oh, come on. Stay a bit longer.
Ive got to get back to work.
Aw, you can stay for another half an hour.
I cant! I cant be late back!
You can always take a taxi.

You can stay for another half an hour (possibility)

I cant! I cant be late back! (lack of practical possibility)
You can always take a taxi (theoretical possibility)
uzupenij zdania:
1. Mr Brown has to wear glasses. He (can, cant, couldnt) see very well.
2. Mrs Brown uses a wheelchair. She (cant see, cant hear, cant walk)
very far.
3. We can do this exercise (next week, last week, yesterday).

odpowiedzi:
1. see
2. cant walk
3. next week

Lesson 2
Can
HELEN:
STEVE:
HELEN:

Excuse me. Can I sit here?

Please.
Thanks.

Can I sit here? (asking for permission)

mona rwnie powiedzie:
May I sit here? (sounds more formal)

HELEN:

Hello, Susie? Its Helen. Listen the traffics terrible. I dont think
Ill be there for the meeting Can we meet for lunch? Ah
oh dearwell, can we meet for coffee tomorrow?.Right,
OK, then.bye.

Can we meet for lunch? (suggestion, proposition)

Can we meet for coffee tomorrow? (suggestion, proposition)

STEVE:
HELEN:
STEVE:
HELEN:
STEVE:
HELEN:
STEVE:
HELEN:

Can I help?
Ive left my money in the office.
Oh dear. Well, er Can I buy you a drink?
Well, thats very nice of you but
Please.
A coffee then. Thank you.
Sam. Can we have two coffees, please?
Its very nice of you. Thank you.

Can I help? (offering)

Can I buy you a drink? (offering)
Can we have two coffees, please (a polite way to order things)
uzupenij zdania:
1. I havent got any money. I (can, cant, couldnt) buy you a drink.
2. Id like a cup of coffee. Can I (have, drink, ask) a coffee, please?
3. Its not that far. I (may, can, cant) always walk home.

odpowiedzi:
1. cant
2. can I have
3. can
Lesson 3
Could
The negative of could is could not. Usually we join
these two words together. Like thiscouldnt.
Examples:

I could see you tomorrow.

He couldnt come to the party.
She couldve seen him yesterday.

Usage:

Ability in the past. I could play the piano when I was

a child.
Requests. Could you help me, please?
Suggestions. You could take the train tomorrow.
Possibilities in the present. He could be in the kitchen.
Possibilities in the future. We could visit my mother
next week.
Possibilities in the past. He could have spoken to her
yesterday.

A key point:

Like can, all the meanings of could have something

to do with what the speaker believes is possible. But
the difference is that with could the speaker sees
the possibility as distant.

NB:
Niektre zastosowania czasownika could pokrywaj si z uyciem
czasownika can
Np:
A polite request
Can you help me?
Could you help me?
Suggestion
You can take the train tomorrow
You could take the train tomorrow

Possibility
I can always phone her
I could always phone her
Jaka jest rnica? Kiedy uywamy could, widzimy pewn moliwo jako
bardziej odleg.
could = possibility + distance
Jest to moliwo plus pewien dystans czasu, odlegoci, uprzejmoci.
Tote, zwaszcza, kiedy tworzymy proby, brzmi ono nieco bardziej uprzejmie,
implikuje pewien dystans.
dlatego na przykad pytanie:
Could you help me?
brzmi nieco bardziej uprzejmie jest mniej bezporednie ni
Can you help me?

WOMAN:
SAM:
WOMAN:
SAM:

Sam.
Yo!
Could we have two cups of tea and an orange juice, please?
No problem.

Could we have two cups of tea and an orange juice, please? (a polite way
to order things)
uzupenij zdania:
1. I (can, could, cant) read when I was five.
2. I could have arranged that (tomorrow, next week, yesterday).
3. Could we (drink, take, have) two cups of tea, please?
odpowiedzi:
1. could
2. yesterday
3. have
Lesson 4
Could
Ability in the past
I could run 20 miles when I was young
Polite request
Could you go for a run with me?

Suggestion for the future

We could do it tomorrow
Possibility in the past
We could have gone for a run yesterday

GIRL A:
GIRL B:
GIRL A:
GIRL B:
GIRL A:
GIRL B:
GIRL A:

he was so nice. But the other thing was, he was really easy to
talk to. The trouble is
What?
I dont know if he wants to see me again.
Ah! you could call him
What? Just call him up? No, I dont think so.
Why not?
Stop it! Er OK, then. Could I borrow your phone?

You could call him (suggestion)

Could I borrow your phone? (polite request)
uzupenij zdania:
1. We (can, could, couldve) have gone to see my mother yesterday.
2. We couldve (see, saw, seen) her yesterday.
3. We couldve done it, if you (agree, agreed, had agreed).
odpowiedzi:
1. could
2. seen
3. had agreed
Lesson 5
Could and could have

JACK:
SAM:
JACK:
SAM:
JACK:
SAM:
JACK:
SAM:
JACK:
SAM:
JACK:

Hi, Sam
Hello, Jack. How are you?
Late. I was supposed to meet Sarah here an hour ago. Have you
seen her?
Er, well, she was over there but
Oh, no.
No, no, relax, Jack. She could be in the bathroom
or she could have gone. What am I going to do?
No, no. She couldnt have gone. She hasnt paid.
What? Oh, right. Well, um, if you see her, could you tell her Im
here?
Sure.
because it was an absolute nightmare journey I had

She could be in the bathroom (possibility in the present)

She could have gone (possibility in the past)
She couldnt have gone (possibility in the past)
Could you tell her Im here? (polite request)

SARAH:
JACK:
SARAH:
JACK:
SARAH:
JACK:

Ive been waiting for over an hour.

I know. Im sorry. My train was late, and I had to go and I didnt
have the right kind of
Yes, all right Jack. You could have phoned.
I know, I know. I really am sorry. Honestly.
Well
Come on, Sarah. Sit down. Let me get you a drink.
Sam.

You could have phoned (possibility in the past)

po czasowniku modalnym could
pojawia si czasownik posikowy have
a po nim czasownik gwny w trzeciej formie (Past Participle)
could + have + Past Participle
could have
wyraa na og stracon szans moge zadzwoni, ale nie zadzwonie
uzupenij zdania:
1. She couldve waited, but she (didnt, hasnt, hadnt).
2. Hes not here. He could (be, been, have been) in a garden.
3. Her coat is still here. She (could, couldnt, couldnt have) gone.
odpowiedzi:
1. didnt
2. be
3. couldnt have
Lesson 6
May
The negative of may is may not. It is possible to join
these two words together. Like thismaynt. But this is
very unusual. Most of the time we say may not.

May is not a very common word in English.

May is sometimes used like can and could. But it is a
much more formal word.
Uses:

Offering: May I help you?

Formal requests: May we have a bottle of wine,
please?
Permission: May I sit here?
To speculate about or consider things that are
probably true in the present: They may be outside.
To speculate about things that will probably be true
in the future: He may come to the party on Sunday.
To speculate about or consider things that were
probably true in the past: She may have spoken to
him yesterday.

W pewnych kontekstach may mona uy zamiast can, ale brzmi to bardziej

formalnie
May I help you? (formal request)
Can I help you? (less formal request)
may have
odnosi si do przeszoci
She may have spoken to him already
po czasowniku modalnym may
pojawia si czasownik posikowy have
a po nim trzecia forma czasownika gwnego (Past Participle)
MAN 1:
MAN 2:
MAN 1:
MAN 2:
MAN 1:
MAN 2:
MAN 1:

thanks very much, been very useful. But we still have a lot to
talk about. Well need another meeting. What about next week?
May I make a suggestion?
Of course.
Could we meet again next month? We may have more
information by that time.
Ah. Um. I may be on holiday next month.
I see. Well, next week then.
I think thats best.

May I make a suggestion? (formal request)

We may have more information by that time (speculation about the future)
I may be on holiday next month (future possibility)

uzupenij zdania:
1. He may come to the party (tomorrow, yesterday, last week).
2. I may see you (tonight, last night, last week).
3. She may (has, had, have) done it already.
odpowiedzi:
1. tomorrow
2. tonight
3. have
Lesson 7
May
HE:
SHE:
HE:
SHE:
HE:
SHE:
HE:
SHE:
HE:
SHE:
HE:

They didnt really get on, did they?

Oh, thats true. Its still a problem. I dont know who else to invite.
Is Helen coming?
Yes.
Well, how about Steve?
Steve and Helen? Possibly. But
He may like her.
Oh, Im sure. Actually, I think he may have met her already.
Really? When?
In here, as a matter of fact. It was a couple of weeks ago
Are you sure?

He may like her (future or present probability)

He may have met her already (probability in the past)
Po czasowniku modalnym may
wystpuje czasownik posikowy have
a po nim trzecia forma czasownika gwnego (Past Participle)
may + have + Past Participle
He may have met her already
He may have seen her already
He may have spoken to her already
uzupenij zdania:
1. She may have met him (tomorrow, yesterday, now).
2. He may (has, had, have) done it by now.
3. They may have (go, went, gone) there already.
odpowiedzi:
1. yesterday
2. have
3. gone

Lesson 8
Might
The negative of might is might not. These words are
often joined together. Like thismightnt.
Examples:

You might want to see the doctor

She mightnt want to come
They might have seen her yesterday

Uses:

Asking in a very formal way for permission: Might I

make a suggestion?
Making suggestions: You might want to see a doctor.
Talking about things that are probable in the future:
They might come to dinner tomorrow.
To speculate about things that are probably true in
the present: She might be in the office.
To speculate about things that were probably true in
the past: I might have left my books on the bus.

Key points:

Might is the past form of may. But might is NOT just

used to talk about past time. In fact, might and may
are used in similar ways to talk about the past, the
present, and the future. But in some cases English
speakers prefer to use might rather than may.

Czym si zatem rni may od might?

Might brzmi uprzejmiej i bardziej formalnie. I jako takie preferowane jest w
sytuacjach wymagajcych pewnego dystansu i wikszej dozy uprzejmoci.
Porwnaj:
Can I make a suggestion? (asking for permission)
May I make a suggestion? (asking for permission, formal)
Might I make a suggestion? (asking for permission, very formal)
Might = probability + distance
Might bdc forma czasu przeszego (czasownika may) zawiera w sobie
pewien dystans czasu, ale sugeruje rwnie pewien dystans towarzyski

HE:

SHE:
HE:
SHE:
HE:
SHE:
HE:
SHE:
HE:
SHE:

and I know some really lovely, lovely little places. And I

thought that maybe we could spend some time away together.
This weekend, perhaps.
Well, um, you mean, you and me?
Yes.
Go away, together, for the weekend?
Yes.
And stay in a hotel. Together?
Yes.
AhwellI dont know
You might think about it.
Oh yes. Ill certainly think about it.

You might think about it to uprzejma sugestia, propozycja wstpna,

ewentualna (a tentative suggestion)
uzupenij zdania:
1. You might want to see a doctor (yesterday, tomorrow, last week).
2. They might (has, have, had) met her yesterday.
3. She mightnt (be, was, been) there.
odpowiedzi:
1. tomorrow
2. have
3. be
Lesson 9
Might
STEVE:
HELEN:
STEVE:
HELEN:
STEVE:
HELEN:

I know its impossible to get there for the time he wants its too
far to drive. I think I might take the train.
Good idea. Ill phone the station and ask about the.Oh,
wheres my phone?
What?
I cant find my phone.
It might be in your briefcase.
No. I always keep it in.Oh dear. I think I might have left it in
the taxi.

I might take the train (present or future probability)

It might be in your briefcase (present probability)
I might have left it in the taxi (probability in the past)
Po czasowniku modalnym might
wystpuje czasownik pomocniczy have
a po nim trzecia forma czasownika gwnego (Past Participle)

10

might + have + Past Participle

w zdaniu:
I might take the train
tylko kontekst wskazuje, czy odnosi si ono do teraniejszoci czy do
przyszoci
w zdaniu:
I might have left it in the taxi
sama konstrukcja gramatyczna wskazuje, e zdanie odnosi si do przeszoci
uzupenij zdania:
1. There isnt anything else to do. I (might, mightnt, might not) as well go.
2. She ran off. I might (has, had, have) frightened her.
3. I mightve left it in the office (today, tomorrow, next week).
odpowiedzi:
1. might
2. have
3. today
Lesson 10
Might
SAM:
JERRY:
SAM:
JERRY:
SAM:
JERRY:
SAM:
JERRY:
SAM:

Hello, Jerry. Whats all that for?

Its paint.
Yes, I can see that. Whats it for?
Marie asked me to help her paint her kitchen, so I
Her kitchen?
Yes.
But she painted it last weekend.
What? Aw, she might have told me.
Oh, dear. She was in just the other day saying shed done it.

She might have told me

Co si w przeszoci nie wydarzyo.
Moga mu bya powiedzie, a nie powiedziaa
Zauwa odmienne znaczenie tej konstrukcji w zdaniu:
I might have left it in the office
Mogam to (bya) zostawi w biurze. Tu co si prawdopodobnie stao w
przeszoci.
uzupenij zdania:

11

1. She never said a word about it. She (might, maynt, may not) have told
me.
2. She might have told me, (might, mightnt, maynt) she?
3. I dont want to think about it anymore. I (can, might, might not) as well
forget about it.
odpowiedzi:
1. might
2. mightnt
3. might
Lesson 11
Will
Czasownik will peni dwie role posikow i modaln. Jako czasownik
posikowy suy do tworzenia czasw przyszych, a w swej roli modalnej
nadaje czasownikowi nastpujcemu po nim rozmaite zabarwienia nie majce
czasem z przyszoci wiele wsplnego.
Usage (uycie):
Talking about the future: Hell be here in half an hour.
Predicting the present: Theyll be having dinner now.
Making a promise: Ill do it.
Offering: Will you have some more?
Requests: If youll follow me..
Talking about habits or characteristics: Hell sit for hours reading.
Refusals: I wont do it!

GIRL 1:
GIRL 2::
GIRL 1:
GIRL 2:

Honestly. Theyre still not here! Where are they?

Oh, Im sure theyll be here soon.
Well, I hope so. The party will be starting now. If they dont get
here in the next ten minutes, Ill never talk to them again!
Calm down, honestly, weve got plenty of time

Im sure theyll be here soon wkrtce tu bd (przepowiednia dotyczca

przyszoci)
The party will be starting now impreza si teraz zaczyna (przepowiednia
dotyczca teraniejszoci)
If they dont get here in the next ten minutes, Ill never talk to them again!
jeli tu nie przyjd w cigu dziesiciu minut, nigdy si do nich wicej nie
odezw (groba). Cao to zdanie warunkowe pierwszego typu co si
stanie lub nie stanie pod pewnym warunkiem
uzupenij zdania:
1. Im sure they (will, shall, would) be here soon.
2. They will be (going, gone, went) to the theatre now.

12

3. Ill show you where she is. If you (follow, will follow, followed) me,
please.
odpowiedzi:
1. will
2. going
3. will follow
Lesson 12
Will
Usage (uycie):
Ill do it zrobi to (obietnica)
Theyll be having dinner now jedz teraz obiad (przypuszczenie na teraz)
Will you have some more? moe si jeszcze poczstujesz? (oferta,
propozycja, zaproszenie do zrobienia czego)
That will have been in 1980, I suppose sdz, e to chyba byo w roku
1980 (przypuszczenia na temat przeszoci)
Hell sit for hours reading godzinami tak bdzie siedzia i czyta
(informacja o czyim charakterystycznym zachowaniu)

GIRL 1:
US GEORGE::
GIRL 1:
US GEORGE:

Hi, George. Hi, Alice. So wheres Alan and Sarah?

Oh, Alan will be here in about 15 minutes.
And Sarah?
Dont worry. Ill pick her up on the way to the party.

GIRL 2:
GEORGE:
ALICE:

So, what will you have to drink?

Ill have a coffee. Alice?
Ill have an orange juice. So, what have you two been
up to recently?
Well, Ive been working quite hard.

GIRL 1:

Alan will be here in about 15 minutes Alan tu bdzie za 15 minut

(przepowiednia na przyszo)
Ill pick her up on the way to the party podjad po ni w drodze na
przyjcie (obietnica)
So, what will you have to drink? czego si napijesz? (propozycja)
Ill have a coffee napij si kawy
Ill have an orange juice napij si soku pomaraczowego
(podejmujemy decyzj, dokonujemy wyboru w momencie mwienia o czym)
NB:

13

Zamwienia (w restauracji, kawiarni, barze itp.) skadamy w angielskim za

pomoc zwrotu:
Ill have ....
albo
Can I have ?
Could I have ..?
May I have ?
uzupenij zdania:
1. What (will, shall, would) you have to eat?
2. Ill (eat, have, take) a steak. And you?
3. Im not hungry. Ill just (drink, have, ask) a coke.
odpowiedzi:
1. will
2. have
3. have
Lesson 13
Will
GIRL:
BOY:
GIRL:

BOY:

and we had a really good time. Just going out as friends.

But I thought that you wanted to go out with him
Oh, for heavens sake! You will keep saying that. Im not
interested in anyone else! Im your girlfriend, so stop being so
jealous!
All right. All right. Im sorry

You will keep saying that wci to powtarzasz (mowa o czyim irytujcym
zwyczaju)
NB:
Jest to do specyficzne zastosowanie czasownika modalnego WILL. Co
wicej, uwaga - jeli czyj zwyczaj nas denerwuje i chcemy okaza
dezaprobat will nie naley ciga naley je nawet silnie
zaakcentowa
You will keep saying that wci to (do znudzenia) powtarzasz
Jeli natomiast opisujemy tylko czyje charakterystyczne zachowanie, bez
wyraania dezaprobaty czasownik will ulega zazwyczaj cigniciu. Na
przykad:
Hell sit there for hours reading - caymi godzinami tam siedzi i czyta

14

OLD MAN:
SAM:
OLD MAN:

Um, yes. I arranged to meet an old friend of mine here. Shes

about the same age as me, so .
Ah, I think I know where shes sitting. If youll just follow me
Thank you.

If youll just follow me - prosz pj za mn (uprzejma proba)

NB:
Czasownik will nie ma tu nic wsplnego z przyszoci suy jedynie do
sformuowania uprzejmej proby. Ponadto, w tym kontekcie, moe pojawi
si po IF
If youll follow me - prosz pj za mn
czego jak pamitamy nie wolno mu z reguy robi. W zdaniach
warunkowych pierwszego typu po IF czasownik will nigdy si nie pojawia
If you follow me, Ill be very angry jeli pjdziesz za mn, to bardzo bd
za
Wystpuje tylko w czonie zdania bez IF
porwnaj:
If youll follow me, please.
If you follow me, Ill be very angry.
uzupenij zdania:
1. Ill take you there. If you (ll follow, d follow, follow) me, please.
2. If you (follow, followed, have followed) me, Ill be very angry.
3. If he (follow, follows, followed) me, he would know where she was.
odpowiedzi:
1. ll follow
2. follow
3. followed
Lesson 14
Will
OLD MAN:
OLD WOMAN:
OLD MAN:
OLD WOMAN:

Hello, Mildred. Its been a long time.

It has. I cant rememberwhen did we last see each
other?
Well. That will have been in about 1980, I suppose.
Anyway, how are you? And hows Albert?
Oh, not very well, Im afraid. He doesnt really recognise
anyone any more. Hell just sit for hours watching TV,

15

but he seems quite happy in himself. And how about

you?
Oh, mustnt grumble

OLD MAN:

That will have been in about 1980, I suppose to chyba byo okoo 1980
roku (przypuszczenie dotyczce przeszoci)
NB:
W zdaniu tym wystpuje czas Future Perfect in the Past
will + have been

STACEY:
MOTHER:
STACEY:

But Mum! I dont like hot chocolate! I wont drink it!

Youll do as I say! Now, finish that drink or you wont get any
ice-cream.
Oh, Mum!

I wont drink it! nie wypij tego (odmowa)

Youll do as I say! zrobisz, jak Ci ka (nakaz, polecenie)
Finish that drink or you wont get any ice-cream jak tego nie wypijesz, to
nie dostaniesz lodw (groba).
Forma twierdzca zawieraaby obietnic
Finish that drink and youll get some ice-cream
uzupenij zdania:
1. I dont like it. I (want, wont, wouldnt) drink it!
2. I tried to switch it on, but it (will, would, wont) work!
3. When did I first meet you? That (will, wont, shall) have been in 2002, I
think.
odpowiedzi:
1. wont
2. wont
3. will
Lesson 15
Will - shall - going to
Computer Voice:

It is possible to use shall with I or we,

especially in British English, in place of will,
but this is considered very formal and is not
used so much any more.

Computer Voice:

The difference between will and going to.

Will is used as a future when the speaker has

16

only just decided about something. They have

not thought about it for a long time before they
say it.

Computer voice:

Would you like a drink? Yes please. Ill have a

coffee.
The speaker has just decided to have a coffee.
Its a spontaneous or instant decision. This is a
very common use of will as a future tense.

Computer Voice:

Going to is sometimes used when the speaker

has thought about the future for some time. It
is not an instant decision.

Computer Voice:

Im going to meet my parents this weekend.

will uyjemy podejmujc spontaniczn decyzj

to be going to implikuje zamiar i pewne wczeniejsze przemylenia z nim
zwizane
uzupenij zdania:
1. I (will, am going to, will be going to) do my homework this afternoon.
(mam taki zamiar)
2. I (will, am going to, will be going to) do my homework this afternoon.
(obietnica)
3. Careful! You (will, are going to, going to) spill your coffee!
(przewidywanie)
odpowiedzi:
1. am going to
2. will
3. are going to
Lesson 16
Would
Usage (uycie):
Polite requests: Would you open the window?
Offering: Would you like a drink?
Talking about likes and preferences: Id like to go to France. Id prefer a
black coffee. Id rather have some tea.
Talking about the future in the past: He met the woman he would one
day marry.

17

Speculating about the past: That would have been in 1980, I suppose.
Talking about habits or characteristics in the past: Hed sit for hours
reading.

SAM:
Would you like anything else?
OLD MAN: Oh, thank you. Yes, please. Id like another coffee but Id prefer
it a little cooler, if possible. I cant drink very hot things - it hurts
my teeth.
SAM:
How about you maam?
OLD WOM: Um. You wouldnt have any decaffeinated coffee, would you?
Real coffee seems to stop me sleeping.
SAM:
Certainly. So, a warm coffee and a decaff.
Would you like anything else? czy yczy Pan co jeszcze? (oferta,
propozycja)
Id like another coffee but Id prefer it a little cooler chciabym jeszcze jedn
kaw (yczenie), ale wolabym mniej gorc (preferencja)
You wouldnt have any decaffeinated coffee, would you? Nie mieliby
Pastwo przypadkiem kawy bez kofeiny? (uprzejma proba przeczca
forma czasownikowa dodaje temu pytaniu wikszego elementu niepewnoci,
a co za tym idzie i uprzejmoci)
wouldnt you? na kocu zdania, to pytanie rozczne (question tag)
uzupenij zdania:
1. (Will, would, shall) you like some milk with your coffee?
2. (Ill, Id, I shall) prefer some cream.
3. You (will, would, wouldnt) have any cream, would you?
odpowiedzi:
1. would
2. Id
3. wouldnt
Lesson 17
Would
OLD WOMAN:
OLD MAN::
OLD WOMAN:

What a nice young man!

I thought they would have decaffeinated coffee. Lots
of younger people drink it these days.
Its funny isnt it? Do you remember when we were
young? Wed drink strong coffee all night and it never
seemed to bother us.

18

OLD MAN:

I know. Its all part of getting older I suppose.

I thought they would have decaffeinated coffee sdziam, e bd mieli

kaw bez kofeiny (przewidywanie dotyczce przeszoci)
NB:
Mamy tu do czynienia z nastpstwem czasw. W zdaniu nadrzdnym (I
thought) wystpuje czas przeszy, dlatego w zdaniu podrzdnym czasownik
will musi zamieni si na would
porwnaj zdania:
I think they will have decaffeinated coffee
I thought they would have decaffeinated coffee
Wed drink strong coffee all night and it never seemed to bother us
pilimy caymi nocami mocn kaw i nigdy nam to nie przeszkadzao
(charakterystyczne zachowanie z przeszoci)
Oh, when we were young
wed dance the night through...
wed laugh
wed sing
those were the times
NB:
W niektrych kontekstach will mona stosowa wymiennie z would
Oto uprzejma proba:
Will you open the window, please?
Would you open the window, please?
Proba z would jest mniej bezporednia, a co za tym idzie, bardziej
uprzejma. Ale uwaga! - wiele zaley od tonu gosu.
Uzupenij zdania:
1. When she was young, she used to do so many crazy things. (Shed,
shell, she should) dance and drink all night!
2. Now (shell, shed, shes) sit at home watching TV all the time, wont
she?
3. I knew she (will, would, should) change in the old age.
odpowiedzi:
1. shed
2. shell
3. would

19

Lesson 18
Would used to
Computer Voice: The difference between used to and would.
Both are used to talk about things that were true at
some time in the past but are not true any more.
A zatem oba wyraenia informuj o tym, co si dziao w przeszoci, ale ju
si nie dzieje. Na przykad:
Computer Voice: I used to have a car. I dont have a car now.
When I had a car, I would drive everywhere.
No wic, na czym polega rnica?
Computer Voice:

The difference is that used to is used for both states

and repeated actions.

Used to uywamy mwic zarwno o stanach

Computer Voice:

I used to live in London.

jak i o czynnociach zwyczajowo powtarzanych w przeszoci

Computer Voice:

I used to travel by train.

A would?
Computer Voice:

Would can only be used for actions that were

repeated and which the speaker sees as
characteristic or habitual.

A would odnosi si jedynie do czynnoci charakterystycznych czy te

regularnie powtarzanych w przeszoci
Computer Voice:

When I was young I would read for hours every

evening.

A zatem used to ma szersze zastosowanie opisuje stany i czynnoci

zwyczajowe z przeszoci, would tylko czynnoci.

20

JANE:
SHEILA:
JANE:

SHEILA:

And do you remember Mr Cox? He used to be a real devil!

Always shouting!
Yes. But hed always be nice to you, Jane. I think you were
one of his favourites.
Im not so sure about that! But he did give me an interest in
history. Before I met him, I never thought Id study it at
university.
And look at you now! Professor Jane Smith. So whats it like at
Cambridge?

He used to be a real devil! prawdziwy by z niego diabe! (stan z

przeszoci)
But hed always be nice to you ale zawsze by dla Ciebie miy (regularna
czynno z przeszoci)
I never thought Id study it at university nigdy nie sdziam, e bd to
studiowa na uniwersytecie (przewidywanie z przeszoci)
NB:
Mamy tu do czynienia z nastpstwem czasw (the sequence of tenses).
Zdanie gwne
I never thought
jest w czasie przeszym, tote w zdaniu podrzdnym zamiast will musi
pojawi si would
.I would study history at university.
Gdyby zdanie gwne byo w czasie teraniejszym i zaczynao si na
przykad od
I dont think
w zdaniu podrzdnym pojawiby si czasownik will
I dont think Ill ever study history at university
porwnaj zdania:
I dont think Ill ever study history at university
I never thought Id study history at university
uzupenij zdania:
1. I dont think I (will, would, should) ever go to college.
2. I never thought (Ill, Id, Im) go to college.
3. He (use, used, used to) be so nice to me when he was young!
odpowiedzi:
1. will
2. Id
3. used to

21

Lesson 19
Would
Usage (powtrka)
propozycja
Computer:

Would you like a drink?

uprzejma proba
Computer:

Would you open the window?

domysy na temat przeszoci

Computer:

That would have been in 1980, I suppose.

Future in the Past: Spotka kobiet, ktr pniej o czym wwczas jeszcze
nie wiedzia - polubi
Computer:

He met the woman he would one day marry.

Drugi okres warunkowy: Jak bym mia milion dolarw, to bym polecia na
ksiyc
Computer:

If I had a million dollars Id go to the moon.

Co by si stao, gdyby pewien warunek zosta speniony

W trzecim okresie warunkowym te wystpuje would, a waciwie konstrukcja
would have
I would have helped you, if you had asked me to
Pomgbym ci, gdyby mnie o to poprosia. W zdaniu gwnym wystpuje
konstrukcja
would have
oraz czasownik gwny w trzeciej formie Past Participle, w tym wypadku
helped
I would have helped you...
a w zdaniu podrzdnym, po IF czas zaprzeszy - Past Perfect
had asked
I would have helped you, if you had asked me to
Pomgbym ci, gdyby mnie o to poprosia ale mnie nie poprosia, wic ci
nie pomogem. Warunek nie zosta speniony. Wyobraamy sobie
konsekwencje czego, co mogo si sta, ale si nie stao.

22

JANE:
SHEILA:

JANE:

Cheers! This is lovely. So, have you seen anything of

Rosemary?
No, not for ages. Lets see. We finished university in 1985 and I
saw her a couple of years after that. So, it would have been in
about 87 I guess.
Wow! Time flies, doesnt it!

So, it would have been in about 87, I guess sdz, e to byo chyba w
roku 87 (domysy dotyczce przeszoci)
uzupenij zdania:
1. (Ill, Id, I) go to Poland, if you go with me.
2. (Ill, Id, I) go to Poland if you went with me.
3. I (would, wouldve, wouldnt have) gone to Poland if you had gone with
me.
odpowiedzi:
1. Ill
2. Id
3. wouldve
Lesson 20
Must
Usage (uycie)
Computer Voice:
To give orders or strong advice: I must stop smoking. You must be here
early. You mustnt wear jeans.
To say that we are sure about something in the present: Mary is crying.
She must be unhappy.
To say that we are sure about something in the past: Johns car was here.
Its not here now. He must have gone.
Jedno gwne znaczenie must to konieczno, obowizek, polecenie,
nakaz
I must see her (musz si z ni zobaczy)
NB: przeczenia nie tworzymy za pomoc not (zdanie oznaczaoby wwczas
zakaz), ale za pomoc wyraenia dont have to
porwnaj:
I mustnt see her nie wolno mi si z ni zobaczy
I dont have to see her nie musz si z ni zobaczy
Drugie gwne znaczenie must to przekonanie. Teraniejsze:
Mary is crying. She must be unhappy. (Mary pacze. Musi by nieszczliwa)

23

Przekonanie dotyczce przeszoci wyraa konstrukcja

Must + have + trzecia forma czasownika (Past Participle)
Mary was crying yesterday. She must have been unhappy.

JOHN:
SANDY:
JOHN:
SANDY:

So, hows the new job? It must be hard work. You look very
tired.
Well, actually, John, I quit yesterday.
Wow! It must have been really bad!
Youre not joking.

It must be hard work to musi by cika praca (teraniejsze przekonanie)

It must have been really bad! to musiao by naprawd okropne!
(przekonanie dotyczce przeszoci)
uzupenij zdania:
1. John reads a lot. He (must, has to, mustve) know the answer.
2. You (must, mustnt, dont have to) shout at your sister!
3. You (must, mustnt, dont have to) shout, I can hear you.
odpowiedzi:
1. must
2. mustnt
3. dont have to

Lesson 21
Must and had to
Computer voice: MUST. Necessity. I believe that it is necessary.
Must wyraa midzy innymi obowizek, konieczno, nakaz
You must give up smoking
Ale must nie ma formy czasu przeszego. Zamiast must uywamy had to
Computer Voice:

There is no past form of must. Instead we use had

to
I had to give up smoking.
You didnt have to tell George.
Did they have to get up so early?

24

I had to get up at the crack of dawn and catch the first train at
6.30. It took me ages to get ready. We had to look really smart
all the time. No jeans or trainers. And the worst thing was that
we werent allowed to smoke in the office. We had to go
outside - even if it was pouring with rain.
Come on, Sandy! You neednt get so upset.

SANDY:

JOHN:

konieczno, obowizek, nakaz w czasie przeszym: zamiast must uywamy

had to
I had to get up at the crack of dawn musiaam wstawa o wicie
We had to look really smart musielimy by elegancko ubrani
We had to go outside musielimy wychodzi na dwr
NB:
Have to zachowuje si jak zwyky czasownik, tworzy pytania i przeczenia z
pomoc czasownikw posikowych.
I have to go.
Do you have to go?
I dont have to go.
uzupenij zdania:
1. We (didnt, hadnt, wouldnt) have to go outside.
2. Did she have to look smart? Yes, she (has, had, did).
3. I have to do it, (havent I, dont I, must I)?
odpowiedzi:
1. didnt
2. did
3. dont I
Lesson 22
Must and have to
Computer Voice:

Must and have to: the differences

When talking about things that are necessary or
obligations you use must if you think that
something is necessary or obligatory.

Uyjesz must kiedy postrzegasz konieczno czy obowizek

jako przymus wewntrzny. Na przykad.
Computer Voice:

I must give up smoking means I want to give up

smoking. Must you wear that tie at work? means do

25

you think it is necessary for you to wear that tie when

you are at work?
A oto kiedy uyjesz have to
Computer Voice:

You use have to when you know that what is

necessary, or obligatory, has been decided by
someone or something outside you.

A zatem have to uyjesz, jeli konieczno postrzegana jest jako

przymus zewntrzny
Computer Voice: I have to give up smoking means The doctor (or
someone else) has told me to give up smoking. Do
you have to wear that tie at work? means is it a rule
in your company to wear that tie?

A zatem:
I must give up smoking
to potrzeba wewntrzna, intencja.
I have to give up smoking
to przymus zewntrzny doktor mnie zbada i tak mi nakaza. Dodajmy, e
rnica znaczenia pomidzy tymi dwoma czasownikami jest niewielka, a
forma have to jest wyraeniem bardziej ni must uniwersalnym. W czasie
przeszym i przyszym, bez wzgldu na te drobne rnice, i tak uyjemy formy
have to, poniewa nie mamy innego wyboru. (Must nie ma formy czasu
przyszego ani przeszego)

AMERICAN: So, its a pretty hard deadline. We must have that report from
you by next week at the latest.
BRITISH:
OK. But Ill have to talk to my boss first. He needs to know
whats happening before I can start on it.
AMERICAN: I understand. So how are things otherwise?
We must have that report from you by next week at the latest Musimy
mie ten raport od was najpniej do przyszego tygodnia (must jego
zdaniem jest to konieczne)
But Ill have to talk to my boss first Bd najpierw musiaa porozmawia
z moim szefem. Bez wzgldu na to, czy konieczno postrzegana jest jako
przymus wewntrzny (must), czy zewntrzny (have to), w czasie przyszym i
tak uyjemy have to (will have to)

26

NB:
Have to = have got to
I have to go = Ive got to go
uzupenij zdania:
1. I (had to, must have, have to) give up smoking some time ago.
2. Ill (must, have to, had to) start looking after myself now.
3. I really feel that I (must, will have to, had to) go to the gym more often.
odpowiedzi:
1. had to
2. have to
3. must
Lesson 23
Must, mustnt and dont have to
Must konieczno (postrzegana jako przymus wewntrzny)
Must not (mustnt) zakaz (nie wolno)
Dont have to brak koniecznoci (nie musie)
I must musz
I dont have to nie musz
I mustnt nie wolno mi
Computer Voice: Mustnt and dont have to have quite different
meanings. Mustnt is used to tell someone not to do
something.
Mustnt oznacza zakaz
Computer Voice: You mustnt smoke in here.
Nie wolno tu pali.
Computer Voice: Dont have to is used to say that something isnt
necessary - it expresses the fact that there is no
obligation.
Dont have to oznacza, e czego nie musisz robi
Computer Voice: You dont have to wear a tie, but you can wear a tie if
you want to.
Nie musisz wkada krawata, ale moesz go woy, jeli
chcesz

27

Jak tworzymy pytania z czasownikiem must? Oto zdanie:

I must stop smoking
Jak powiemy czy musz przesta pali? Mona to zrobi na dwa sposoby,
uy czasownika must i powiedzie
Must I stop smoking?
przy czym jest to pytanie o czyj opini, czsto w nadziei uzyskania
odmownej odpowiedzi co w rodzaju: Czy ja naprawd musz przesta
pali? Mona te uy czasownika have to i zapyta
Do I have to stop smoking?
co oznacza: czy tego si ode mnie wymaga? Jest wic pewna rnica midzy
tymi dwoma pytaniami

BRITISH:

AMERICAN:
BRITISH:

get the figures. And well, of course, the high interest

rates arent helping our business very much. It makes the
pound really strong.
Yeah, I guess. So it must be affecting your exports.
Exactly. If things dont improve soon, well have to think
about moving production out of England.

it must be affecting your exports to musi mie wpyw na wasz eksport

(must wyraa tu przekonanie)
well have to think about moving production out of England bdziemy
musieli pomyle o przeniesieniu produkcji z Anglii
(well have to must nie ma formy czasu przyszego bdziemy musieli nie
da si powiedzie inaczej, jak well have to)
uzupenij zdania:
1. The pound is so strong, it (has to, must, must have) be affecting your
exports.
2. Do we (have to, have got to, must) move the production out of
England?
3. I wont tolerate this kind of behaviour. You really (mustnt , dont have
to, havent got to) speak to people like that!
odpowiedzi:
1. must
2. have to
3. mustnt

28

Lesson 24
Should
Computer Voice:

Modal verb .Should

Computer Voice: The negative of should is should not its usual to

join these two words together. Like this.shouldnt.

zastosowanie:
Computer Voice:

Offering: Should I help you?

Asking for / Giving advice: What should I do? I think
you should call her.
Talking about obligation or duties: He should see his
mother more often.
Talking about failed obligation in the past: He should
have told me.
Possibility: If you should see him, tell him Ive left.
Probability: He should be here soon.

Czasownik modalny should oznacza przede wszystkim powinno

(obligation) i odpowiada polskiemu powinien powinna
I should see my mother more often
Czciej powinienem odwiedza matk
You should read it, before you sign it
Powiniene to przeczyta, zanim to podpiszesz
I shouldnt work so hard, should I?
Nie powinienem tak ciko pracowa.
Jeli chcemy powiedzie, e kto powinien by co zrobi w przeszoci, ale
tego nie zrobi, czyli kiedy mowa o powinnoci, z ktrej si nie wywizalimy wwczas uyjemy formy
should have
i trzeciej formy czasownika gwnego Past Participle
should have + Past Participle
I should have seen my mother more often when she was ill
Powinienem by czciej odwiedza matk, kiedy bya chora
I should have read it, before I signed it
Powinienem by to przeczyta, zanim to podpisaem
29

Im so tired. I shouldnt have worked so hard, should I?

Kolejne zastosowanie czasownika should to przypuszczenie
He should be here soon
Powinien tu wkrtce by (przypuszczam, e tak si stanie)
She should know the answer
Ona powinna zna odpowied (ma du wiedz, wic sdz, e zna
odpowied)
Jeli to przypuszczenie dotyczy przeszoci, znw pojawi si konstrukcja
Should have + Past Participle
He shouldve been here at twelve
but he wasnt.
She shouldve known the answer
but she didnt.

WOMAN:
MAN:
WOMAN:
MAN:

into such a state about things. For Heavens sake!

Where are they? They should have been here ages ago.
Oh, Pete. Calm down! Look. Should I go and get them?
No, no. Youre right. I shouldnt worry so much. Weve still got
plenty of time. Anyway, fancy another coffee?

They should have been here ages ago (failed obligation)

Should I go and get them? (offer)
I shouldnt worry so much (advice)
uzupenij zdania:
1. You (should, should have, shouldnt) wash your hands before you have
your dinner.
2. You (should, should have, shouldnt) washed your hands before you
had your dinner.
3. You (shouldnt, wouldnt, couldnt) give me advice all the time.
odpowiedzi:
1. should
2. should have
3. shouldnt

30

Lesson 25
Should
Zastosowanie:
Computer Voice:
Possibility: If you should see him, tell him Ive left.
Probability: He should be here soon.
Prediction: I should be perfectly happy if I won a
million pounds.
Should is also used after verbs such as command,
order, insist and after some adjectives such as
important, vital: He insisted that the contract should
be signed immediately. Its important that they should
study hard for the exam.
Oto inne jeszcze zastosowania. W zdaniach typu:
If you should see him tell him
should sugeruje pewn przypadkowo (wiksz ni zdanie bez should: If
you see him tell him)
podobnie
Should she arrive, tell her where to go
sugeruje wiksz przypadkowo ni
If she arrives, tell her where to go
Ponadto, w pewnych kontekstach, should moemy uy w zdaniach
warunkowych drugiego okresu zamiast would
I should be perfectly happy if I won a million pounds

WOMAN:
AMERICAN:
WOMAN:
AMERICAN:
WOMAN:

Yes, O.K., thats fine.

So thats the deal. Its important that we should agree
on this as soon as possible.
Youre right. Well, I should be able to get my boss to
sign all the papers tomorrow.
Thanks, Helen. You know, more English companies
should be like you. Quick and efficient!
Well, thats kind of you. We try to do our best.

Its important that we should agree on this as soon as possible

Should wystpuje czsto po wyraeniach:
Its important that
Its vital that
oraz po czasownikach wyraajcych polecenia
to command, to order, to insist

31

I insist that we should agree on this as soon as possible

I should be able to get my boss to sign all the papers tomorrow
(przypuszczenie)
more English companies should be like you (powinno, rada)
uzupenij zdania:
1. It is very important that you (would, should, could) sign this document
now.
2. (Should, would, could) she ask for me, tell her Im next door.
3. All the passengers (would, could, should) proceed to the exit
immediately.
odpowiedzi:
1. should
2. should
3. should
Lesson 26
Should

EMMA:
PETE:
SHEILA:

Pete! They really should be here soon. Wait just a bit longer.
Sorry, Emma. Ive had enough. If they should turn up, tell
them Ive left.
All right.

They really should be here soon (Powinni tu ju wkrtce by przypuszczenie)

If they should turn up, tell them Ive left (W razie gdyby si tu pojawili, to
im powiedz, e sobie poszedem przypadkowo, odlege
prawdopodobiestwo)
Pete ma niewielk nadziej na to, e znajomi si pojawi.
Uycie should zmniejsza prawdopodobiestwo zaistnienia
sytuacji, sygnalizuje e nie bardzo wierzymy, e co si stanie
W tym kontekcie czasownik should podobny jest do happen
to, ktry te sugeruje odlege prawdopodobiestwo, czy te
przypadkowo sytuacji
If they happen to turn up, tell them Ive left

32

COMPUTER TEST
Computer:
rada

I think you should call her.

Computer:
przekonanie

They should arrive soon.

Computer:
If they should turn up, tell them Ive left.
Odlege prawdopodobiestwo
Computer:
He should have told me.
Niespeniona powinno
NB:
Should wystpuje czsto w pytaniach po why i how
How should I know?
Why should I do it?
oraz po wyraeniach typu:
Its a pity that
Im amazed that
Its interesting that
Its such a pity that she should resign, isnt it?
Uzupenij zdania:
1. Do it for me, (would, should, might) you?
2. Why (would, should, might) I?
3. I am very surprised that you (should, should have, shall) even consider
asking me to do that!
odpowiedzi:
1. would
2. should
3. should
Lesson 27
Should and ought to
Computer Voice:

The difference between ought to and should.

Both are used to talk about duties or
obligations, to give advice and to say what we
think is right for people to do.

33

Oba czasowniki mwi o obowizkach i powinnociach, znakomicie nadaj

si do udzielania rad
Computer Voice:

We can use both should and ought to to talk

about our own feelings.

Obu czasownikw uywamy te do mwienia o swoich odczuciach, ale?

Computer Voice:

But we usually prefer to use ought to when we

are talking about outside rules or laws and so
on.

Mwic o obligacji narzucanej z zewntrz (albo tak postrzeganej) posuymy

si ought to. Czasownika should uyjemy raczej w przypadkach, kiedy ta
powinno postrzegana jest bardziej subiektywnie. Ought to ma bardziej
obiektywny wydwik, should bardziej subiektywny.
I should visit my mother more often
(intencja, ch pynca z gbi ducha)
I ought to visit my mother more often
(bardziej obiektywne stwierdzenie faktu, yciowa konieczno)

JANE:

SHEILA:
JANE:

yeah. Im having real problems. Im finding it impossible to

sleep. Every time a bus passes, someones car alarm goes off. I
hate those car alarms!
I know what you mean, but they do stop people stealing them,
dont they?
Hah! I wish. You shouldve been at my place this week! Car
alarms from morning to night. And not one thief in sight.

You shouldve been at my place this week! (powinno z przeszoci

powinna bya by u mnie w tym tygodniu
should have been
should have + Past Participle)
uzupenij zdania:
1. You (should, shouldve, wouldve) come to see me last week!
2. But you (shouldnt, didnt, havent).
3. You (should, would, shall) be ashamed of yourself!
odpowiedzi:
1. shouldve
2. didnt
3. should

34

Lesson 28
Need
Need informuje o potrzebie, a neednt o jej braku
Potrzeba wyraona czasownikiem need jest sabsza od potrzeby wyraonej
czasownikiem must
Andy:
Keith:
Andy:
Keith:
Andy:

Its been nice seeing you. But Ive got to go now.

Oh, come on. Your train doesnt leave till five. You neednt
hurry!
Well, it 4.30 now.
Yes, but you dont need to hurry, Ill give you a lift
Oh, then. Ill stay a bit longer

You neednt hurry - nie musisz (nie potrzebujesz) si spieszy. Czasownik

need wystpuje tu w roli modalnej (neednt)
You dont need to hurry - tu need pojawia si jako zwyky czasownik (dont
need to), a nie modalny. Cao: You dont need to hurry = You neednt
hurry
Zamiast neednt mona powiedzie dont/doesnt need to
You neednt hurry
You dont need to hurry
need to
podobne jest do wyraenia
I have to
albo
Ive got to
I czsto jest przez nie zastpowane.
I need to hurry
I have to hurry
Ive got to hurry
Andy:
Keith:
Andy:
Keith:
Andy:

Come on, Keith, come on. Its nearly five, Ill miss the train!
Lets run. Here we are. Platform 1.
Look! It says my train is going to be 20 minutes late.
See, we neednt have hurried.
All right, it wasnt necessary, but we didnt know, did we?

We neednt have hurried - niepotrzebnie si spieszylimy (zrobilimy co, co

pniej okazao si niepotrzebne)
porwnaj ze zdaniem:

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We didnt need to hurry nie potrzebowalimy si spieszy (wiedzielimy,

e to byo niepotrzebne, ale mimo to si pospieszylimy)
I neednt have hurried I hurried, it was unnecessary, but I didnt know that
I didnt need to hurry I knew it was unnecessary, but I did it anyway
uzupenij zdania:
1. Look, the train is 20 minutes late. We (didnt need, neednt have,
neednt) hurried.
2. I had lots of time so I (didnt need, neednt have, neednt) to hurry at all.
3. Ive got 10 minutes to get there. (Do I need, need I, neednt I) to hurry?
odpowiedzi:
1. neednt have
2. didnt need
3. do I need
Lesson 29
Must may might can could, shall should, will would.
Must may might can could, shall should, will would!
Modal madness!
Jedn z cech czasownikw modalnych jest to, e maj na og jedn tylko
form, nie przyjmuj adnych kocwek, nie tworz czasw, pytania i
przeczenia tworz przez przestawienie, i samodzielnie, bez czasownikw
posikowych cz si z NOT.
A poprzedzajc czasowniki zwyke zabarwiaj ich znaczenie, modeluj je.
Andy: Oh, hi, Keith, hi. Nice to see you.
Keith: May I join you?
Andy: Sure. What shall we have? (to the waiter) Could I have a strong black
coffee, please? (to Keith) What would you like?
Keith: (to the waiter) Id like a coffee with cream, please. No, Id rather have
milk, thanks.
Andy: (to the waiter) Errcan I have a glass of water, please?
(to Keith) I couldnt sleep last night, you know. I had to take a
sleeping pill. As a matter of fact I havent been able to sleep at all
recently.
Keith: I can see why. All this stress at work You shouldnt work so hard
Andy: I might go part-time next year.
Keith: Good idea.
May I join you?
Czy mog si przysi? To pytanie o pozwolenie
What shall we have?
Co zamwimy? Propozycja, oferta, zamwienie

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Could I have a strong black coffee, please?

Poprosz o mocn czarn kaw. To uprzejma proba
What would you like?
A ty co zamwisz? Propozycja, oferta
Id like a coffee with cream, please
Poprosz o kaw ze mietank. yczenie Id like
No, Id rather have milk
Preferencja Id rather
Can I have a glass of water?
Poprosz o szklank wody. Uprzejma proba
I couldnt sleep last night
Nie mogem spa ubiegej nocy. Couldnt brak fizycznej moliwoci
I had to take a sleeping pill
Musiaem wzi proszek nasenny had to zamiast must, ktre nie ma czasu
przeszego
I havent been able to sleep recently
Nie mog ostatnio spa havent been able to zamiast can, ktre nie ma
czasu Present Perfect
I can see why
rozumiem can moliwo, umiejtno
You shouldnt work so hard
Nie powiniene tak ciko pracowa should udzielamy rad
I might go part-time next year
Moe w przyszym roku przejd na p etatu might moliwo,
ewentualno
I jak si tu obej bez czasownikw modalnych?
You cant, can you?
uzupenij zdania:
1. (Can, may, might) you help me?
2. Why (would, should, could) I?
3. Because you (had to, ought to, need to).
odpowiedzi:
1. can
2. should
3. ought to
Lesson 30
Must may might can could, shall should, will would.
Must may might can could, shall should, will would!
Modal madness!
Keith:
Andy:
Keith:
Andy:

Oh, look at that trolley! Shall we have a chocolate cake?

Id have a cake, if I could but I cant.
Really
Yes, I mustnt eat cakes!

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Keith: Mustnt you? Why?

Andy: The doctor told me I had to watch my diet. I must eat more healthy
food, apparently. I have to have lots of blood testsOh, and - I need
to lose weight.
Keith: You dont need to lose weight, do you?
Andy: I shouldnt have told him I was worried about my weight.
Keith: But theres nothing wrong with you, is there? You didnt need to go to
the doctors.
Andy: Not really, but I went anyway. I certainly neednt have told him about
my weight problem, but I didnt know he would treat it so seriously.
Next time Ill just keep my mouth shut.
Keith: I should change a doctor, if I were you.
Andy: Maybe I ought to
Keith: You might as well have a cake, come on
Shall we have a chocolate cake?
shall we propozycja
Id have a cake, if I could but I cant
I would have, if I could zdanie warunkowe
but I cant
ale nie mog (brak moliwoci)
I mustnt eat cakes!
mustnt zakaz nie wolno mi je ciastek
Mustnt you? Why?
Nie wolno Ci? Dlaczego?
The doctor told me I had to watch my diet.
Doktor mi powiedzia, e musz uwaa na to, co jem. Pojawio si tu had to
poniewa must nie ma czasu przeszego
I must eat more healthy food
Musz je wicej zdrowej ywnoci I must przymus postrzegany jako
potrzeba wewntrzna
I have to have blood tests
Musz zrobi badania krwi have to przymus postrzegany jako
konieczno narzucona z zewntrz
I need to lose weight
Musz straci na wadze konieczno, ale nie tak mocna jak ta, ktr wyraa
must
You dont need to lose weight, do you?
Ale nie potrzebujesz chyba tu mamy do czynienia ze zwykym
czasownikiem need, ktry tworzy pytania za pomoc do
I shouldnt have told him I was worried about my weight.
Nie powinienem by mu mwi, e si martwi o swoj wag I shouldnt
have - czego nie powinienem by zrobi w przeszoci (zrobiem to, ale
pniej okazao si to niepotrzebne)
You didnt need to go to the doctors
Nie potrzebowae chodzi do lekarza wiedziae, e to byo niepotrzebne,
ale jednak to zrobie
I certainly neednt have told him about my weight problem

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Niepotrzebnie mu powiedziaem o moim problemie z tusz nie wiedziae,

e to byo niepotrzebne, kiedy to robie
I didnt know he would treat it so seriously.
Nie wiedziaem, e on to tak powanie potraktuje would treat it nastpstwo
czasw, zdanie gwne zaczyna si od czasownika w czasie przeszym
I didnt know
Next time Ill just keep my mouth shut
Nastpnym razem zamkn buzi na kdk Ill keep my mouth shut
obietnica
I should change a doctor, if I were you.
Jak bym by tob, to bym zmieni lekarza rada
Maybe I ought to
Moe powinienem tak zrobi ought to powinno
You might as well have a cake, come on
Mimo wszystko, zjedz sobie to ciastko, co tam. Might as well potoczne
wyraenie z might
I jak si tu obej bez czasownikw modalnych?
You cant, can you. You shouldnt even try!
uzupenij zdania:
1. I (shouldnt, wouldnt, couldnt) mind having that cake.
2. It was lovely, but I (ought not, shouldnt, mustnt) have eaten it.
3. Oh, never mind. (May, might, can) as well have another one, who
cares?
uzupenij zdania:
1. wouldnt
2. shouldnt
3. might

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