COLOGNE BUSINESS SCHOOL (CBS)

Brazil: How to break the vicious cycle of

corruption?

Term paper for "International Trade and Emerging Markets

Winter Semester 2015
Lecturer: Prof. Dr. Brigitta Herrmann

Student's Name: Anna de Sanson Castelo Branco Lino

MA in International Culture and Management / International Trade and
Emerging Markets
Student-No. 1155600018

Table of Contents
1 Roots of Corruption...................................................................................... 3
2 Public Investment......................................................................................... 3
2.1 Infrastructure.......................................................................................... 4
2.2 Health..................................................................................................... 6
2.3 Education............................................................................................... 7
3 Violence....................................................................................................... 9
4 Corruption: The Brazilian knack of trickery...................................................10
5 Possible Solutions...................................................................................... 11
6 Conclusion................................................................................................. 12
7 References................................................................................................. 14
8 Affidavit...................................................................................................... 19

1 Roots of Corruption
Corruption is a key issue in any discussion of politics in Brazil. (Martins, 2015) By
definition, corruption means Dishonesty or fraudulent conduct by those in power,
typically involving bribery; the act or effect of making somebody change from moral to
immoral standards of behavior. (Oxford Dictionaries, 2015)
It derives from historical and structural causes. For example, the political-administrative
system inherited from the Portuguese colonization. Characterized by the appropriation
of public property as if it were private, and the granting of public benefits in the form of
jobs, tax benefits, exemptions and in exchange for political support, especially in form
of extra votes. (Matos da Silva, 2014)
Since 1500 when the Portuguese arrived in Brazil, they began to extract pau-brazil
from the coastal region using indigenous hand labor, and then shipped the wood to
Europe. What follows is a sequence of extraction acts taking sugar cane, gold and
other minerals from the land, using slave labor and trying to catholicize the native
indians, leading to the history of resource exploitation in Brazil. (Furtado, 2015)
On the beginning of the colonization era, the Portuguese royal family did not want to
move to Brazil. Therefore, nobleman where delegated to occupy the land and organize
the necessary institutions. In order to convince them to leave Portugal, the crown
offered some advantages, like being able to work without supervision. Thus created a
conducive atmosphere for corruption, where the power and the people were confused
and treated as one. (Della Barba, 2012)
That reality, even today, interferes in the rights and duties of public employees in a
vulnerable environment where the duties are not clear - opening again, the possibility
of bribery and other kinds of corruption. Slavery also contributed to the development of
corruption, because it was the only existent employment relationship. It's a combination
of both human and material resource exploitation that builds the basis of Brazilians
history, and consequently, the roots of its corruption. (Della Barba, 2012)

2 Public Investment
Corruption directly affects the welfare of the citizens, as it decreases public investment
in health, education, infrastructure, security, housing, and other basic rights to life,

extending social exclusion and economic inequality. (Matos da Silva, 2014) Money
spent with bribes varies between 1.38% and 2.3% of the countrys Gross Domestic
Product (GDP). Considering the GDP of the year of 2012, which closed at 4.4 trillion
reais, this is equivalent to at least a nominal loss of 61.7 billion to 101.2 billion reais.
(Jimnez, 2014)
The awful truth exposed above affects the per capita income, the business and the
quality of life of Brazilian citizens. With high salaries for politicians, initiated but
incomplete works, numerous existing taxes, and more. The money deviated could be
invested in infrastructure (construction of ports airports, railways, etc.) sanitation,
education, hospitals, technology, and other areas, to increase productivity and
competitiveness. (Maximiano dos Santos, 2013, p.4)

2.1 Infrastructure
There are 328 cities considered to be in high development in Brazil. (Prates, 2012) Still,
according to the quality of the infrastructure, Brazil ranks 120 th out of 144 countries.
(The Economist, 2015) Even though there has been substantial investments lately, due
to the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the Olympic Games 2016, the roads and airports
specially, are still bad.
As its the 5th largest country in the world, Brazil has one of the largest highway
systems. However, only 38% of the roads are considered good or great. Roads are the
main means of transportation carrying 60% of all produced goods. However, only 12%
of them are paved, generating inefficiency in the transport matrix and logistics, losing
competitiveness, money and lives. (Teles, 2014)
On average, 13% of gross revenues of the companies are lost in the transportation of
goods, damage estimated at US$ 83.2 billion per year (R$ 195.7 billion). While China
has come to set aside 8% of its gross domestic product (GDP) for roads, Brazil
invested the equivalent of 1.8%, falling to an average of 0.8% of the GDP in the last 20
years. (Martins, Amorin & Mansur, 2013)
Given the territorial size of the country, a solution would be using railways, as already
happens in all other large countries. However, in this regard, Brazil behaves as a
country five times smaller. There are not enough lines to generate a demand and public

investment is practically nil. (Coelho, 2010) In addition, only 20 out of the 5.570 cities
in Brazil have metro system. (Harnik, 2013)
The air system is the only way to travel across the country. There are about 300
airports, of which 50 are major commercial ports and 21 are internationals. Still, the
features are old, there are insufficient internal connections and are congested. There
are more than 115 million passengers flying into, out of and around Brazil every year.
(Brazil Gov, 2015)
The construction of new airports is crucial for the economic development. Also, crucial
for increasing tourism in the country. According to a survey, Rio de Janeiro was number
92 on the list of the 100 most visited cities in the world, in total, the whole country
received only 6.4 million foreign tourists in 2014. (G1, 2015)
Brazil has one of the largest water systems in the planet, with approximately 50 000
kilometers of navigable waterways. There are about 15 seaports or harbors along the
coast, and two on the Amazon River. (Brazil Gov, 2015) This transport system leads to
reduction in the costs of handling. In addition, the use of waterways increases safety
and reduces fuel consumption and the emission of greenhouse gases. However, only
50% of the waterways are used for economic purposes. (CNT, 2013)
Brazil has the most renewable energy sources in the industrialized world with 45.3% of
its production from sources such as water, biomass and ethanol. Hydroelectric plants
generate around more than 75% of the countrys power, and still, only one third of its
potential is used. (Portal Brasil, 2014) Other power sources are fossil fuels and nuclear
energy. (Brazil Gov, 2015)
The telecommunications industry in Brazil involves extremely important segments for
the country's development. But sending information through a land of 8,514 million
km2, to connect more than 200 million inhabitants, and generate wealth and social
progress, is not easy. It depends on an intricate system of technologies and
investments in physical infrastructure and specific legislation. (Elia, 2011)
Difficulties aside, the fact is that all segments of the telecommunications influence
today not only the development and social inclusion in the country, but also represent
an important economic sector, which handles more than US$ 180 billion per year,
accounting for approximately 6% of GDP (Gross Domestic Product). Still, the average
price paid to have access to these goods is very high, equivalent to 4.58% of the

national average income. (Elia, 2011) Today, more than 50% of Brazilian homes have
access to the internet. (Gomes, 2015)
Investing on infrastructure has a huge importance for the economic and social growth
of a country, as well as to promote the regional integration. (CNT, 2013) The problem is
the link that industrial conglomerates have with corruption scandals. In fact, corruption
is impregnated in the entire system mainly due the exhausting bureaucracy required to
close bidding deals. (Onofre & Carvalho, 2015)

2.2 Health
Health systems are prime agents of health policies. However, not all public health
policies aim the same purpose. Considerations related to the economic system, the
social system, the political system, and the respective interest of each one of these
systems, are always placed in a privileged level, where health policies are developed
and implemented. (Ipea, 2009)
With the creation of SUS (Sistema nico de Sade) about 20 years ago, Brazil was
one of the first and few countries to provide in law universal access to health services,
recognizing health as a citizen's right and duty of the State. (ONU BR, 2013) However,
the SUS designed, conceived and desired is quite different from the one faced in
everyday life.
The ones that have the opportunity and resources acquire a private health care. Still,
about 150 million people depend on the SUS. The situation is alarming: lack of
medicines, lack of equipment. Sometimes, lacks even structure. Be linked to federal,
state or municipal governments, all units face the same problems: overcrowding, lack
of basic materials, few professionals and long queues. (Cardoso, 2013)
Some stations have characteristics of a post-war. About 32% of health posts dont even
have the instrument to measure arterial pressure. In addition, out of every four stations,
one does not have the necessary equipment to do proper sterilization of materials.
There are no stretchers, no medicine and no doctors. (G1, 2015)
Brazil has almost 400,000 doctors, which are concentrated in the capitals and major cities.
But the amount paid by SUS to a pediatrician or gynecologist for one visit, is less than R$ 3.
This disorganization is a result of government inaction, which does not create proper

working conditions, with no decent salaries, and no formal employment contracts. (Cardoso,
2013)
Doctors are called to move to a location where there is no adequate infrastructure to
serve the population, no equipment to assist when needed, without a multidisciplinary
team and often alone. By moving, he won't find good school for his children or facilities
to keep up. Therefore, the government decided to open the borders to foreign doctor
graduates to come and work in the country without attesting their capability to serve the
population. (Cardoso, 2013)
One question remains, How come its so easy to raise resources for football stadiums
and there are no resources to finance the health of the population? Besides the lack of
resources, the distribution does not occur in an equitable manner. Several existing
services are not accessible and the quality is weak. Many of those who need these
services cannot have them because there is a long waiting list for appointments,
examinations and surgeries. (Cardoso, 2013)
The private sector, however, has a complete opposite revelation. Among the more than
6000 hospitals, 24 stand out as centers of international excellence and have the most
important hospital certification in the world. The only problem is that there is no law
requiring the institutions certification. (Collucci, 2015)
In 2011 the total expenses with health was 8.9% of GDP. According to experts, among
the countries that adopt the universal health system, Brazil is the only one where the
government expenses with health (46% of total) is less than the private investment
(54% of total). In the UK, the cost of the public sector account for 83% of the total;
Canada, 70, 4%; Argentina, 61%. (Fraga, 2014)
The difficulty of care in the SUS feeds the demand for private health services, which in
recent years was also boosted by rising wages. Experts believe that we have to see
this problem as an opportunity. The challenge now is to find ways of greater integration
between the public and private sectors.

2.3 Education
Before going into this subject, a short historical overview is necessary. In the 2000s,
while the world economy was going very well in its sails, the strong demand for

commodities made the incredible prices soar 113% in eight years. However, between
2010 and July 2015, commodity prices have fallen 21%. With the generous commodity
cash, Brazilian government filled the coffers with international reserves. (Passarelli,
2015)
Between 2006 and 2012, with the consumption boom, 3.3 million households rose from
classes D/E to C. They began to have access to products and services that did not fit in
their pocket before, like health care and higher and better education. That means,
before 2010, Brazils society was organized as a pyramid, after 2010, Lula and the
commodity boom, it became a rhombus shape. (InfoMoney, 2011)
The Brazilian educational system is composed of public and private schools. Even
though public education still holds more than 80% of the students, the number of
students enrolled at private schools increased 14% from 2010. Several reasons justify
the movement towards private institutions. One of them is that the rise of the lower
classes has provided many families with the possibility to ensure their children a better
education at private schools. (Nes, 2015)
The other reason is that public schools still suffer from a lack of teachers, overcrowded
classrooms, lack of security and general issues with infrastructure. The public
educational system in Brazil has several deficiencies throughout, exactly like the public
health system. (Nes, 2015) One of the biggest issues is the fact that nearly 18% of the
Brazilian population is functionally illiterate, meaning that they know words and
numbers but are unable to comprehend a sentence or perform a simple mathematical
operation. Brazil has the eighth largest population of illiterate adults, about 14 million
people. (Fuentes, 2014)
The difference between students from private and public schools becomes even more
aggravated when they are competing for places at public universities. In an attempt to
address this issue and provide a more balanced chance for the students coming from
public schools, the government created in 2012 a law guaranteeing them 50% of the
places in Federal universities and educational institutions. In addition to this quota,
several universities also reserve a percentage of the places for black, mixed race and
indigenous students. (Nes, 2015)
There are also other programs such as Prouni - partial or total scholarships at private
universities, or FIES, that can be used in addition to Prouni. (Nes, 2015) From 2003 to

2013 the total enrollment in Universities increased by 85.6%, and the graduates,
86.2%, rising from 532,200 to 991,000. (Weber & Vieira, 2014)
Brazil has made huge improvements towards reducing the levels of illiteracy in the
country, decreasing the number from 16.3 million in 2000 to 13.2 million in
2012. However, the country is still far from reaching literacy levels found in other BRIC
counterparts like Russia and China. (Nes, 2015) Even farther from reaching the
number of graduates in a developed country such as UK, with over 2 million.
(Universities UK, 2014)
Education is a fundamental right, which helps not only the development of a country,
but also of each individual. Its importance goes beyond increasing individual income or
the chances of getting a job. Through education, we ensure our social, economic and
cultural development. (Chan, 2014) The countries that have a good education, take
care to compliance with laws, condemn corruption, privileges and practice citizenship
as a result, they develop. (Freitas, 2015)

3 Violence
Violence is a behavior that causes harm to a person or group of individuals, violating its
physical or psychological integrity. Criminality is, to law, an atypical behavior, subjected
to guilt, which violates a code of laws practiced by humans, and commonly seen as an
act that violates the principle of morality. (Desigualdade Social, 2015)
Violence and criminality are phenomenons that usually precede each other and, in
most cases, are a consequence of social inequality. People without access to a good
education and basic conditions of subsistence, end up influenced, or by natural
tendency of the human psyche, or under the influence of the social environment where
they live, to practice criminal and violent acts, to try, on their own, to acquire financial
means, or even to combat the inequality imposed. (Desigualdade Social, 2015)
As a result, in countries and regions that suffer from social inequality, it is observed
high rates of homicides and crimes committed by individuals usually lacking resources,
and showing psychological tendency to committing such acts. Other issues related to
violence are unemployment, hunger, poor education, poverty and racial inequality. It
functions as a cycle, where one phenomenon generates or exacerbates the other,

making societies suffer by omission of the State, or by who has the most resources.
(Desigualdade Social, 2015)
Despite being the eighth largest economy in the world, Brazil is an extremely unequal
country regarding the distribution of its resources among the population. The 1%
contingent of the richest Brazilians still wins nearly one hundred times more than the
poorest 10%. (Carneiro, 2014) The youth unemployment rate should stay well above
the global average, reaching 15.1% in 2015. The global average is 13%. Theres still a
tendency of aggravation because of the worsening of the economic scenario of the
country. (Fernandes, 2015)
About 52.05 million people passed through some kind of food insecurity in 2013 - of
which 7.2 million were the most serious type. For Brazil, urban or rural, the higher the
level of education of residents, the lower the prevalence of moderate or severe food
insecurity. (Saraiva, 2014)
The number of people living in extreme poverty is 4.9%. People who do not have
sufficient income to purchase one basket of food. The number fell 64% between 2001
and 2013. However, the reduction may also lose strength with the current economic
crisis. The rate of extreme poverty affects nearly one in ten Brazilians. (Correa, 2015)
In Brazil, black people form 51% of the population. However, only 20% of them
graduate in master school. (SAE 2012) Blacks are the main victims of violence and 2.5
more likely to be murdered in Brazil than white people. They also have little
representation in the political sphere, the Illiteracy rate is twice as high and their
income is 40% lower. (Souza, 2014)
With the sum of all the above factors, the prison population in Brazil grows 7% per year
and has today 607,000 people, about 300 prisoners per 100 000 inhabitants. There
was an increase of 161% in the total number of prisoners since 2000. Some prisons
surpass its capacity by 200%. (Cancian, 2015)
Brazil maintains the largest number of prisoners in overcrowded units. In 2014, there
were 376,669 places available in 1,424 units to house the entire prison population of
the country, or 1.6 arrested per vacancy. This means that in a planned space for ten
people, there are on average 16 prisoners. At least a quarter of prisons has more than
two prisoners for each vacancy. (Cancian, 2015)

4 Corruption: The Brazilian knack of trickery

Ever since the Empire, the concentration of public income left municipal coffers scarce.
The solution was appealing to the ordinary citizens money. For this reason, often,
public resources were appropriated by state officials or by rich citizens who had
'borrowed' the money to the municipality. This illustrates the social inability to separate
public and private life, helping to understand the basics of interest, which ends up
becoming part of the economic and political history of the country. (Martins, 2015)
This is the Brazilian dilemma: how to move from a relational and personalistic society,
to a society based on legal and abstract equality where everyone is equal before the
law. The problem is the "Brazilian way" ideology, which seeks to resolve any conflict
with a friendly approach, avoiding confrontation. This way, is present in all segments
of the national society. It prints the use of creativity in everyday life, but also, the
constant mockery of the rules falling into malandragem the 'trickery'. (Martins, 2015)
Another way to resolve conflicts when the 'knack' fails is to use the hierarchical
position. The so well known expression: 'Do you know who youre talking to?. Both
ways combined are present in the scene of Brazilian corruption. From small deviations
to crimes involving millions. (Martins, 2015)
This dissemination of behaviors that search for privileges through small contraventions
of law is a big discussion in Brazilian society. About how small corruptions in daily
habits, such as cheating on exams or not returning the wrong change, can influence
the formation of young people and create a culture of "Brazilian way". Its an endless
cycle. The obtained material advantages thanks to these deviations end up minimizing
the fault, and the dissolution of ethics is a result, only expanding into the political
sphere what people do on a daily basis. (Martins, 2015)

5 Possible Solutions
There are three types of corruption: institutional, cultural (treated with educational
policies) and moral. Against this last one, there is no solution. If a person sees no
problem in small illicit gestures, the state wont be able to convince her otherwise.

Corruption always has two sides, one corrupting and another being corrupted.
(Santoro, 2005)
The causes of institutional corruption are weak democratical institutions, such as
Justice, excessive bureaucracy, impunity, and an increase of members of
commissioned positions. The multiparty system can also be a problem since voting is
mandatory in Brazil, and great part of the population suffers from functional illiteracy,
being unable to distinguishe the diferences from one party to another. (Maximiano dos
Santos, 2013) Therefore, corruption primarily involves three variables: the opportunity
to experience the illegal act, the chance of the corrupt action being discovered and the
likelihood of the author being punished. (Matos da Silva, 2014)
Corrupt agents aim the public money, which ultimately is the money that the population
provides for the maintenance of society. Which means that unconsciously, is the people
that finances all the corruption. (Matos da Silva, 2014) To eradicate or mitigate this
plague, we need to control the financing of election campaigns, reduce impunity, make
corruption a heinous crime, prevent bribery and embezzlement, and reform the
judiciary and the state administration. (Maximiano dos Santos, 2013)
Initially, it must reform the judicial system completely and change the permissive laws.
Establish full transparency in the public sector. Eliminate to the maximum the presence
of the public sector in the production chain. Give value to the formation of families.
Stimulate labor demand and productivity mainly of public employees, and determine
that the Federal Revenue tracks the civil income statements. (BBC Brasil, 2002)
Bureaucracy hinders access to public services and open gaps for the "knacks", and
impunity generates more corruption. (Santoro, 2005)
Exactly because there is a moral factor - and therefore personal - that enables
corruption, it is impossible to extinguish it from politics. However, there are ways to
alleviate the problem. Three factors form the base of support of an honest policy:
education (takes time, but ensures long lasting results), popular participation and an
active operative state. (Santoro, 2005) Education is the most important part of the
change. Only by educating the citizens, they will learn to behave differently and with
more respect for each other and the environment.

6 Conclusion

10

It can be concluded throughout this paper, that corruption is one of the main factors
that hinders the development of Brazil - from the Portuguese colonial era since, the
public funds collected from the various taxes charged from the population, could be
used for the development of essential production sectors and infrastructure, to
generate social and economic betterment.
The economy and competitiveness of the country compared to other countries is
stagnated. And as stated, the political landscape is what most influences in the current
economic state, decreasing the countrys economic freedom. "Regulated politics is
synonymous with social development. A 10% reduction in the level of corruption would
increase by 50% per capita income of the Brazilian over a period of 25 years. ".
(Santoro, 2005)
However, the situation in many ways, is improving. Impunity exists, however, is slowly
being eradicated. Only in recent 'Operation Lava a Jato' 59 people, between rich and
politicians were sentenced. To health and education, several improvement plans are
being evaluated, invested and implemented; and slowly, wage increases for civil
servants like teachers and doctors, are also happening.
Overall, Brazil has a huge potential of growth and the core turning point is its nation.
Once the political corruption finds its cease, the people will be willing to fight for its
reconstruction. As globally seen in the 2013 manifestations - the peaceful people in the
streets, demanding change, shows that the Brazilian does not support to live longer in
a country where the rulers dont care about the people.
The Brazilian people will not give up fighting. Each good attitude made each day, will
lead to the transformation of Brazilian reality. For now, Brazil is no longer emerging;
however, the turnover is imminent. Predictions are that soon the country will start
growing again, and maybe become a major international power.

(3957 words)

11

7 References
AFP (2014). Construo de aeroportos crucial para pases emergentes.
[Construction of airports is crucial for developing countries.] Exame. Retrieved
23.11.2015 from http://exame.abril.com.br/mundo/noticias/construcao-de-aeroportoscrucial-para-paises-emergentes-como-o-brasil
Brazil GOV. (2015). Brazil Infrastructure. Retrieved 09.06.2015 from
http://www.brazil.org.za/brazil-infrastructure.html
BBC Brasil (2002). Como combater a corrupo no Brasil? [How to fight corruption in
Brazil?] Retrieved 23.11.2015 from
http://www.bbc.com/portuguese/forum/020902_corrupcaoforum1.shtml
Cancian, N. (2015) Populao carcerria cresce 7% ao ano e soma hoje 607 mil
pessoas. [Prison population grows 7% per year and adds today 607,000 people.] Folha
de So Paulo. Retrieved 24.11.2015 from
http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2015/06/1646639-com-607-mil-presos-brasiltem-a-4-maior-populacao-carceraria-do-mundo.shtml
Cardoso, F. (2013). O sistema pblico de sade. [The public health system] Estado.
Retrieved 23.11.2015 from http://opiniao.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,o-sistemapublico-de-saude-imp-,1006011
Carneiro, J. (2014) IBGE: reduo da desigualdade no Brasil estaciona nos nveis de
2011. [IBGE: reducing inequality in Brazil parks at the 2011 levels] BBC Brasil.
Retrieved 24.11.2015 from
http://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2014/09/140918_desigualdade_ibge_brasil_p
nad_rb
Chan, I. (2014). Qual a importncia da educao? [What is the importance of
education?] Educar para crescer. Retrieved 24.11.2015 from
http://educarparacrescer.abril.com.br/politica-publica/importancia-educacao763510.shtml
CNT (2013). Apenas 50% das vias navegveis brasileiras so utilizadas
economicamente. [Only 50% of Brazilian waterways are used economically.] Retrieved
23.11.2015 from http://www.cnt.org.br/Paginas/Agencia_Noticia.aspx?n=9192
Coelho, L. (2010) Situao do transporte ferrovirio no Brasil. [Situation of rail
transport in Brazil] Logstica descomplicada. Retrieved 23.11.2015 from
http://www.logisticadescomplicada.com/situacao-do-transporte-ferroviario-no-brasil/
Collucci, C. (2015). S 5% dos hospitais no Brasil tm selo de qualidade; 40% deles
esto em SP. [Only 5% of hospitals in Brazil have quality seal; 40% of them are in SP]
Folha. Retrieved 23.11.2015 from
http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/seminariosfolha/2015/05/1628532-so-5-dos-hospitais-dobrasil-tem-selo-de-qualidade-40-deles-estao-em-sp.shtml

12

Correa, A. (2015). Com nova metodologia, pobreza no Brasil tem queda mais
acentuada, diz Banco Mundial. [With new methodology, poverty in Brazil has sharpest
decline, says the World Bank.] BBC Brasil. Retrieved 24.11.2015 from
http://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2015/10/151009_reducao_pobreza_banco_m
undial_ac_lgb
Della Barba, M. (2012) Corrupo no Brasil tem origem no perodo colonial, diz
historiadora. [Corruption in Brazil comes from the colonial period, says historian] BBC
Brasil. Retrieved 20.11.2015 from
http://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2012/11/121026_corrupcao_origens_mdb.sht
ml
Desigualdade Social (2015) Fenmenos gerados pela desigualdade. [Phenomena
generated by inequality] Retrieved 24.11.2015 from http://desigualdadesocial.info/fenomenos-gerados-pela-desigualdade.html
Elia, J. (2011). Panorama - As distncias das telecomunicaes no Brasil. [Panorama Telecommunication distances in Brazil] Ipea. Retrieved 23.11.2015 from
http://www.ipea.gov.br/desafios/index.php?
option=com_content&view=article&id=2492:catid=28&Itemid=23
Fernandes, D. (2015) Desemprego de jovens no Brasil deve superar mdia mundial,
diz OIT. [Youth unemployment in Brazil is expected to surpass global average, says
OIT] BBC Brasil. Retrieved 24.11.2015 from
http://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2015/10/151008_desemprego_oit_df_ab
Fraga, E. (2014). Setor privado gasta mais que o governo na rea da sade. [Private
sector spends more than the government in health] Jornal Folha de So Paulo.
Retrieved 23.11.2015 from
http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/seminariosfolha/2014/03/1432494-setor-privado-gastamais-que-o-governo-na-area-da-saude.shtml
Freitas, E. (2015). Educao, base do desenvolvimento. [Education, base
development] Brasil Escola. Retrieved 24.11.2015 from
http://www.brasilescola.com/geografia/educacao-base-desenvolvimento.htm
Fuentes, A. (2014). Brasil o 8 pas com mais adultos analfabetos do mundo. [Brazil
is the 8th country with more illiterate adults in the world] Revista Veja. Retrieved
14.11.2015 from http://veja.abril.com.br/blog/impavido-colosso/brasil-e-o-8-pais-commais-adultos-analfabetos-do-mundo/
Furtado, J. (2015) Brasil Colonia Resumo. [Brazil Colony Summary] Histria do
Brasil. Retrieved 20.11.2015 from http://www.historiadobrasil.net/colonia/
G1 (2015a). Fantstico mostra situao alarmante dos postos de sade brasileiros.
[Fantastico shows alarming situation of Brazilian health centers] Retrieved 23.11.2015
from http://g1.globo.com/fantastico/noticia/2015/03/fantastico-mostra-situacaoalarmante-dos-postos-de-saude-brasileiros.html

13

G1 (2015b). Rio nica cidade brasileira em lista das 100 mais visitadas do mundo.
[Rio is the only Brazilian city in the top 100 most visited in the world.] Exame. Retrieved
14.11.2015 from http://g1.globo.com/turismo-e-viagem/noticia/2015/01/rio-e-unicacidade-brasileira-em-lista-das-100-mais-visitadas-do-mundo.html
Gomes, H. (2015). Pela 1 vez, acesso internet chega a 50% das casas no Brasil,
diz pesquisa. [For the 1st time, Internet access reaches 50% of households in Brazil,
says research] G1. Retrieved 23.11.2015 from
http://g1.globo.com/tecnologia/noticia/2015/09/pela-1-vez-acesso-internet-chega-50das-casas-no-brasil-diz-pesquisa.html
Harnik, S. (2013). S 0,3% das cidades brasileiras tm metr; 11,5% usam transporte
por barco. [Only 0.3% of Brazilian cities have subway; 11.5% use transport by boat]
UOL Notcias. Retrieved 23.11.2015 from http://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimasnoticias/2013/07/03/so-03-das-cidades-brasileiras-tem-metro-115-usam-transporte-porbarco.htm
InfoMoney (2011). "No temos mais uma pirmide e sim um losango social no Brasil",
diz Cetelem. ["We no longer a pyramid but a social lozenge in Brazil," says Cetelem.]
Retrieved 14.11.2015 from http://www.infomoney.com.br/minhasfinancas/noticia/2066234/nao-temos-mais-uma-piramide-sim-losango-social-brasil-diz
Ipea (2009). Controvrsia - O Sistema de Sade Brasileiro Eficiente? [Controversy The Brazilian health system is efficient?] Retrieved 23.11.2015 from
http://www.ipea.gov.br/desafios/index.php?
option=com_content&view=article&id=2248:catid=28&Itemid=23
Jimnez, C. (2014) Corrupo rouba at 2,3% do PIB brasileiro. [Corruption steals up
to 2.3% of the GDP]. El Pas. Retrieved 20.11.2015 from
http://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2014/01/28/politica/1390946330_078051.html
Matos da Silva, W. (2014). Corrupo, mal que afeta todos os brasileiros. [Corruption,
evil that affects all Brazilians.] O Progresso. Retrieved 20.11.2015 from
http://www.progresso.com.br/opiniao/wilson-matos/corrupcao-mal-que-afeta-todos-osbrasileiros
Martins, R. (2015). 7 livros para entender a origem da corrupo no Brasil. [7 books to
understand the origin of corruption in Brazil] Exame. Retrieved 20.11.2015 from
http://exame.abril.com.br/brasil/noticias/7-livros-para-entender-a-origem-da-corrupcaono-brasil#8
Martins, V. Amorim, D. & Mansur, C. (2013) Construo de hospital em Gois ilustra a
forma como a corrupo rouba da sade. [Hospital construction in Gois illustrates
how corruption steals health] Jornal Estado de Minas. Retrieved 23.11.2015 from
http://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/economia/2013/08/25/internas_economia,439529/co
nstrucao-de-hospital-em-goias-ilustra-a-forma-como-a-corrupcao-rouba-dasaude.shtml
Maximiano dos Santos, S. (2013). Corrupo: A influncia da corrupo no
desenvolvimento econmico brasileiro. [Corruption: The influence of corruption in the

14

Brazilian economic development.] USP, Universidade de So Paulo. Retrieved

20.11.2015 from
http://www.econoteen.fea.usp.br/sites/default/files/ensaios/2_sabrina_maximiano_dos_
santos.pdf
Nes, C. (2015). The Brazilian Educational System. The Brazil Business. Retrieved
14.11.2015 from http://thebrazilbusiness.com/article/the-brazilian-educational-system
Onofre, R. and Carvalho, C. (2015). MPF cobra R$ 4,47 bilhes s empreiteiras
envolvidas em desvios na Petrobras. [MPF charges R $ 4.47 billion to contractors
involved in deviations in Petrobras]. G1. Retrieved 23.11.2015 from
http://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/mpf-cobra-447-bilhoes-as-empreiteiras-envolvidas-emdesvios-na-petrobras-15389899
ONUBR (2013). Sistema de sade pblico brasileiro referncia internacional, diz
Banco Mundial. [ Brazilian public health system is an international reference, says the
World Bank.] Retrieved 23.11.2015 from http://nacoesunidas.org/sistema-de-saudepublica-brasileiro-e-referencia-internacional-diz-banco-mundial/
Oxford Dictionaries (2015). Definition of Corruption. Retrieved 20.11.2015 from
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/learner/corruption
Passarelli, H. (2015) Por que o Brasil parou? [Because Brazil stopped?] Estado.
Retrieved 14.11.2015 from http://infograficos.estadao.com.br/economia/por-que-obrasil-parou/confianca.php
Portal Brasil (2014). Matriz Energtica. [Energy matrix] Retrieved 23.11.2015 from
http://www.brasil.gov.br/meio-ambiente/2010/11/matriz-energetica
Prates, M. (2012). As 50 cidades mais desenvolvidas do Brasil. [The 50 most
developed cities in Brazil] Exame. Retrieved 09.06.2015 from
http://exame.abril.com.br/brasil/noticias/as-50-cidades-mais-desenvolvidas-do-brasil
SAE Secretaria de Assuntos Estratgicos (2012). Banco de dados mostra situao
da populao negra do Brasil. [Database shows the situation of the black population in
Brazil] Retrieved 24.11.2015 from
http://www.sae.gov.br/imprensa/noticia/materias/banco-de-dados-mostra-situacao-dapopulacao-negra-do-brasil/
Santoro, A. (2005). Como acabar com a corrupo. [How to end corruption] Super
Interessante. Retrieved 20.11.2015 from
http://super.abril.com.br/comportamento/como-acabar-com-a-corrupcao
Saraiva, A. (2014) 7,2 milhes de pessoas passam fome no Brasil, mostra IBGE. [7.2
million people go hungry in Brazil , IBGE shows.] Valor Economico. Retrieved
14.11.2015 from http://www.valor.com.br/brasil/3829144/72-milhoes-de-pessoaspassam-fome-no-brasil-mostra-ibge
Souza, B. (2014) 8 dados que mostram o abismo social entre negros e brancos. [8
data showing the social gap between blacks and whites] Exame. Retrieved 24.11.2015

15

from http://exame.abril.com.br/brasil/noticias/8-dados-que-mostram-o-abismo-socialentre-negros-e-brancos
Teles, G. (2014). Maior parte das estradas Brasileiras est em condies ruins ou
pssimas. [Most Brazilian roads are in bad conditions or bad.] G1. Retrieved
23.11.2015 from http://g1.globo.com/jornal-da-globo/noticia/2014/10/maior-parte-dasestradas-brasileiras-esta-em-condicoes-ruins-ou-pessimas.html
The Economist (2015). Delays Ahead. Retrieved 09.11.2015 from
http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21653949-government-getting-seriousabout-attracting-private-investment-roads-railways-and-airports
Universities UK (2014). Higher Education in Facts and Figures. Retrieved 24.11.2015
from
http://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/highereducation/Documents/2014/HigherEducationInFa
ctsAndFigures2014.pdf
Weber, D. & Vieira, L. (2014) Censo de ensino superior mostra queda no nmero de
formandos em faculdades brasileiras. [Census higher education shows drop in number
of graduates in Brazilian schools.] G1. Retrieved 24.11.2015 from
http://oglobo.globo.com/sociedade/educacao/censo-do-ensino-superior-mostra-quedano-numero-de-formandos-em-faculdades-brasileiras-13879540

16

8 Affidavit
Affidavit
I herewith declare that the following work I have prepared is my own without the use
of materials other than those cited.

Place, date, signature

17