Hydrologic Cycle

Cintia Bertacchi Uvo

Lund University, Sweden

Outline

Water distribution in the World

Water cycle
Elements of water cycle
Impacts
Human
Natural

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Water Distribution on Earth

http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html

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Water Distribution on Earth

Atmosphere 0.001%

Biomass
Soil Moisture

0.009%
Rivers and
Lakes

Glaciers, ice caps

2.04%

Ground Water 0.615%

Oceans
97.31%

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Water Cycle

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Water Cycle: Time scale

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Memory

Water Cycle
http://geofreekz.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/hydrologic_cycle.gif

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Elements of Water Cycle

Water storage in oceans
Evaporation
Sublimation

Evapotranspiration
Water in the atmosphere
Condensation
Precipitation
Water storage in ice and
snow

Surface runoff
Streamflow
Freshwater storage
Infiltration
Groundwater storage
Groundwater discharge
Springs

Snowmelt runoff to streams

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Hydrologic Cycle: Elements

Precipitation P

Evapotranspiration
Surface
storage (Lake)
Infiltration
Water storage
Groundwater
Runoff
Precipitation
Infiltration

Evapotranspiration

Percolation

Surface
runnoff

Riverflow Q
G

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Groundwater discharge G

Evapotranspiration
Temperature: Higher temperature higher transpiration
Relative humidity: higher relative humidity lower transpiration
Wind and air movement: Increased air movement higher
transpiration.
Soil-moisture availability: no moisture less transpiration
Type of plant:

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Infiltration
Light rain
No runoff
Infiltration raises water
table
Increase discharge

Stream
Water table

Wat
er

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table

Stream

Groundwater
From Infiltration
Slow movement

http://www.caes.uga.edu/publications/pubDetail.cfm?pk_id=7173

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Water Storage
Deep groundwater
46% fresh water
54% saline
Aquifer

http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/gwrp/saltwater/salt.html#fig2

http://earthy-moony.blogspot.com/2011/02/aquifers-andaquitards.html
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Water Storage: Aquifers

Atlas of Hidden Water

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Water Storage: Ice and Snow

Ice and Snow
90% Antarctica
~10% Greenland
Ice Cap

http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3056/

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Precipitation
Intensity
High intensity runoff
Low intensity infiltration
Duration
Soil saturation

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Precipitation

Stratified

Convective

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Runoff
Surface runoff is precipitation runoff over the landscape.
Affected by many factors:
Meteorological factors Physical factors

Type of rain
Rain intensity
Rain amount
Rain duration
Rain distribution
Previous precipitation

Human factors

Land use

Urbanization

Vegetation
Soil type
Drainage area

Impervious surfaces
Reservoirs

Basin shape
Topography
Ponds, lakes

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Runoff

http://geobytesgcse.blogspot.com
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Runoff

Annual hydrograph and precipitation

pattern for Turkey Lakes Research Sites,
Canada
http://www.canforhydro.org/CFH_RES_Site_TurkeyLakes.htm.

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Hydrologic Cycle: Balance Equation

Inflow = outflow change in storage
P = Q + G + AET S G

Precipitation P

Actual AET
Evapotranspiration

Surface
storage (Lake)

Infiltration
Percolation

Surface
runnoff

Riverflow Q
G

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Groundwater discharge G

Hydrologic Cycle: More Elements

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http://whatcom.wsu.edu

Human impacts on the hydrologic cycle

Dams
Irrigation
Urbanization
Water deviation
Etc. etc. etc

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Human Impacts: Dams

Electricity production
Flood control
Irrigation
Etc, etc, etc

Increases evaporation
Increases infiltration

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Human Impacts: Dams

Nile River at Aswan

Lake Nasser

1960

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http://www.sciencephoto.com

1889

Nile river monthly discharge

at Aswan
Nile at Aswan
14000
Nile
12 per. Mov. Avg. (Nile)
12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

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1983

1980

1977

1974

1971

1968

1965

1962

1959

1956

1953

1950

1947

1944

1941

1938

1935

1932

1929

1926

1923

1920

1917

1914

1911

1908

1905

1902

1899

1896

1893

1890

1887

1884

1881

1878

1875

1872

1869

Human Impacts: Irrigation

http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/irsprayhigh.html

http://acarainstitute.wordpress.com

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Wikipedia

Human Impacts: Irrigation

How much of the increased water vapour due to irrigation returns
to the river basin as precipitation?
How much is lost to other basins?
What is the impact of this increased evapotranspiration on the
river basin's water balance?
What is the impact on the groundwater?

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Human Impacts: Urbanization

http://www.oeconline.org/our-work/rivers/stormwater/stormwater%20report/impacts

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Human Impacts: Urbanization

http://www.ec.gc.ca/eau-water/default.asp?
lang=En&n=72FDC156-1

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Dont want to talk about this (Ganges)

http://shipbright.wordpress.com

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Human impact on the Runoff

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Aral Sea basin

Syr Darya

Amu Darya

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Aral Sea - change

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What happened?

Upstreams: More than 80 water reservoirs built (hydropower).

Downstream: hundreds of large reservoirs and channels for irrigation
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River Basin Space Scale

106 km2
Amazon 7 x 106 km2

102 km2
Skarsvatn 86 km2
Bulken 1094 km2

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Mediterranean Drainage basin

http://www.planbleu.org

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Mediterranean Basin

http://en.tourduvalat.org
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Baltic Drainage basin

http://www.rshu.ru
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Natural Impacts on the Hydrologic Cycle

Natural climate oscillations

Temperature
Precipitation
Evapotranspiration

Changes in P = Q + G + AET S G

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Climate Variability
El Nio Southern Oscillation
Pacific Decadal Oscillation
Northern Hemisphere Teleconnection Patterns
North Atlantic Oscillation
(NAO)
East Atlantic (EA)
East Atlantic/Western
Russia
Scandinavia (SCAND)
Polar/Eurasia
West Pacific (WP)

East Pacific-North Pacific (EPNP)

Pacific/North American (PNA)
Tropical/Northern Hemisphere
(TNH)
Pacific Transition (PT)

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NAO Positive phase

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NAO Negative phase

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Euphrates River

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Vistula River Runoff

3000

NAO +
2500

NAO -

[m3/s]

2000
1500
1000
500
0
J

F M A M J

A S

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http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/data/teledoc/scand_tmap.shtml

Scandinavian Pattern (Scand)

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Scand: Po River

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Po River

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ENSO: EN

DJF

JJA
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ENSO: LN

DJF

JJA
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Upper Paraguay River Basin

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Upper Paraguay
river basin

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0.6

SAM

0.4

0.2

0
1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

-0.2
PDO

Interaction

PDO

2.5

-0.4
2

-0.6
1.5

NINO3.4 Sea surface

temperature (ENSO)
Ladrio River level

0
1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

-0.5

-1

NO

NO

-1.5

1.5
-2

-2.5

NAO

0.5

0
1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

NO+PDO

NO+PDO

-0.5
3

-1

PDO+NAO

-1.5
1

0
1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

-1

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Nino3.4

2000

Nino3.4

2.5
-2

2
-3

1.5

NINO 3.4

SAM Southern Annular

Mode (Thompson and
Solomon, 2002)
PDO Pacific Decadal
Oscillation (Mantua et al.,
1997)
NAO North Atlantic
Oscillation (Hurrell et al.,
2002)

PDO

0.5

0.5

0
1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

-0.5

-1

Ladario

500

-1.5
450

Ladario

400

Ladrio

-2

350

300

250
1900

1910

200

150

100

50

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0

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

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Conclusions
Atmosphere and hydrology are part of the same water cycle and
should be considered as such.
Humans cause enormous impacts in the surface part of this cycle
that consequently impacts atmospheric part of it and this impact
is not really well known
The natural atmospheric oscillations strongly impacts the
hydrology
It is very important to understand and consider the water cycle as
a whole.

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Thanks

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