Introduction

Traffic is caused by undisciplined jeepney, bus and taxi drivers that stop in the middle of the road to take
in passengers. There are bad roads that have to be fixed and water lines that need to be reconstructed.
This happens repeatedly, therefore making the roads affected a bottleneck. Rush hours just contribute to
the problem. There are times when the traffic is too heavy that the cars are completely still for minutes.
The issue on traffic mostly lies on two things. First it's the road. Second it's the people. The minor roads
in Metro Manila usually have bad traffic-flow planning. They usually lead to bottlenecks. Although they are
just minor roads, in rush hour, almost all of these are full of cars. This is an addition to the traffic. Next are
the people. Like what was stated earlier, drivers and pedestrians are undisciplined. The policemen who
accept bribes are a major problem too. It's not only linked to corruption but it also contributes to the lack
of discipline of the people because when violators are caught, the most policemen accept the offered
bribed. In the end, the violators don't learn and corruption in the country continues.
Traffic on roads may consist of pedestrians, ridden or herded animals, vehicles, streetcars, buses and
other conveyances, either singly or together, while using the public way for purposes of travel. Traffic laws
are the laws which govern traffic and regulate vehicles, while rules of the road are both the laws and the
informal rules that may have developed over time to facilitate the orderly and timely flow of traffic.
Organized traffic generally has well-established priorities, lanes, right-of-way, and traffic control at
intersections. Traffic is formally organized in many jurisdictions, with marked lanes, junctions,
intersections, interchanges, traffic signals, or signs. Traffic is often classified by type: heavy motor vehicle
(e.g., car, truck); other vehicle (e.g., moped, bicycle); and pedestrian. Different classes may share speed
limits and easement, or may be segregated. Some jurisdictions may have very detailed and complex rules
of the road while others rely more on drivers' common sense and willingness to cooperate. Organization
typically produces a better combination of travel safety and efficiency. Events which disrupt the flow and
may cause traffic to degenerate into a disorganized mess include: road construction, collisions and debris
in the roadway. On particularly busy freeways, a minor disruption may persist in a phenomenon known as
traffic waves. A complete breakdown of organization may result in traffic congestion and gridlock.
Simulations of organized traffic frequently involve queuing theory, stochastic processes and equations of
mathematical physics applied to traffic flow. The word traffic originally meant "trade" (as it still does) and
comes from the Old Italian verb trafficare and noun traffico. The origin of the Italian words is unclear.
In some places traffic volume is consistently, extremely large, either during periods of time referred to as
rush hour or perpetually. Exceptionally, traffic upstream of a vehicular collision or an obstruction, such as
construction, may also be constrained, resulting in a traffic jam. Such dynamics in relation to traffic
congestion is known as traffic flow. Traffic engineers sometimes gauge the quality of traffic flow in terms of
level of service.

Heavy traffic is one of the biggest problems in our days. There were endless arguments made about
solutions so far, but none of them brought results. While few people suggest banning traffic from towns
and city centers, others are against this idea.
The major cause leading to traffic congestion is the high number of vehicle which was caused by the
population and the development of economy. It is said that the high volume of vehicles, the inadequate
infrastructure and the irrational distribution of the develpoment are main reasons for increasing traffic jam
The major cause leading to traffic congestion is the high number of vehicle which was caused by the
population and the development of economy. To solve this problem, the government should encourage
people to use public transport or vehicles with small size such as bicycles or make tax on private vehicles.
Particularly, in some Asia countries such as Viet Nam, the local authorities passed law restricting to the
number of vehicles for each family.The methods mentioned above is indeed effective in fact.
That the inadequate infrastructure cannot handle the issue of traffic is also an crucial reason. The public
transport such as bus, subway or train is not available and its quality is very bad, especially in the
developing countries. Besides, the highway and road network is incapable of meeting the requirement of
increasing number of vehicle. Coping with these difficulties, the government should make an investment
in the traffic facilties, namely, the publc transport need improving to become more modern and
convenient. In addition, it is useful to build overpasses and more lanes in the streets.
Apparently, the irrational distribution and the lack of conscience make the traffic worse and worse.The
head offices, the univeristies or hospitals often locate in the centre of city attracting a heavy flow of people
in rush hour. To handle this situation, the government should allocate suitably , for instance some
unviersity or office will be moved to the outskirt of city. It is necessary to encourage poeple obey the traffic
rules which will make greatly change the problem of traffic.
Finally, it's high time we were aware of the disadvatages as well as the solutions to the traffic congestion.
With great effort from each individualist and government, our society will be definitely cleaner and well
organized
Cities like New York, London, and Paris have all had to deal with thousands of cars running through their
streets each day. Traffic congestion is a big problem for everyone within the city. The main reasons why
traffic congestion occurs are more cars, poor road management, and poor practices on behalf of
employers.
One of the main reasons why theres more congestion is due to more cars on the road. The adult
population is increasing and therefore more people want their own personal transport to get around with.
As the number of cars increase the chance of congestion also increases. Its why in smaller towns and
villages congestion is almost unheard of.
This is coupled with a lack of proper infrastructure. Councils and national governments fail to act on the
looming threat of heavy congestion until it happens. The city doesnt expand along with an increasingly
car reliant population. A single street with a lane on each side before might not suffice in ten years after
the population has increased. Authorities often fail to convert this into a dual carriageway.

Alternate routes are also a problem. Cities have limited capacity to expand due to poor funding and
planning restrictions preventing building on green belt spaces. Cities are forced to work with the routes
they already have. If they cant increase the number of lanes it leads to congestion.
Employers can also play a part in dealing with congestion. Congestion almost always happens when
people are travelling to and from work. Traffic congestion has eased in recent years as a result of growing
unemployment and the introduction of more flexible work hours.
By adhering to the traditional 9-5 routines, theres a greater chance of congestion. Everyone has to travel
to and from work at the same time each day.
A lack of public transport, or poor public transport options, will also cause problems. If there isnt enough
buses, trams, or local trains people are forced to take their cars to work. The ratio of passengers to
vehicles decreases, whereas if they were able to take the bus people would feel less of a need to drive
their cars.
In many places, commuters are forced away from public transport by the private companies which run
them. Increasing fare prices, especially on the trains, make driving a car with its associated high fuel
costs cheaper than public transport. By pushing people back to their cars again they only exasperate the
congestion problem.
In conclusion, congestion is mainly caused by a desire for people to drive their cars coupled with a failure
by local government to act. If they invested in more affordable public transport options and a better
infrastructure the incidence of congestion would decrease in major cities.
Negative impacts
Traffic congestion has a number of negative effects:

Wasting time of motorists and passengers ("opportunity cost"). As a non-productive activity for
most people, congestion reduces regional economic health.

Delays, which may result in late arrival for employment, meetings, and education, resulting in lost
business, disciplinary action or other personal losses.

Inability to forecast travel time accurately, leading to drivers allocating more time to travel "just in
case", and less time on productive activities.

Wasted fuel increasing air pollution and carbon dioxide emissions owing to increased idling,
acceleration and braking.

Wear and tear on vehicles as a result of idling in traffic and frequent acceleration and braking,
leading to more frequent repairs and replacements.

Stressed and frustrated motorists, encouraging road rage and reduced health of motorists

Emergencies: blocked traffic may interfere with the passage of emergency vehicles traveling to
their destinations where they are urgently needed.

Spillover effect from congested main arteries to secondary roads and side streets as alternative
routes are attempted ('rat running'), which may affect neighborhood amenityand real estate prices.

Higher chance of collisions due to tight spacing and constant stopping-and-going

Economy

Congested roads can be seen as an example of the tragedy of the commons. Because roads in most
places are free at the point of usage, there is little financial incentive for drivers not to over-use them, up
to the point where traffic collapses into a jam, when demand becomes limited by opportunity
cost.Privatization of highways and road pricing have both been proposed as measures that may reduce
congestion through economic incentives and disincentives. Congestion can also happen due to nonrecurring highway incidents, such as a crash or roadworks, which may reduce the road's capacity below
normal levels.
Economist Anthony Downs argues that rush hour traffic congestion is inevitable because of the benefits of
having a relatively standard work day. In a capitalist economy, goods can be allocated either by pricing
(ability to pay) or by queueing (first-come first-served); congestion is an example of the latter. Instead of
the traditional solution of making the "pipe" large enough to accommodate the total demand for peak-hour
vehicle travel (a supply-side solution), either by widening roadways or increasing "flow pressure"
via automated highway systems, Downs advocates greater use of road pricing to reduce congestion (a
demand-side solution, effectively rationing demand), in turn plowing the revenues generated therefrom
into public transportation projects.
A 2011 study in the The American Economic Review indicates that there may be a "fundamental law of
road congestion."The researchers, from the University of Toronto and the London School of Economics,
analyzed data from the U.S. Highway Performance and Monitoring System for 1983, 1993 and 2003, as
well as information on population, employment, geography, transit, and political factors. They determined
that the number of vehicle-kilometers traveled (VKT) increases in direct proportion to the available lanekilometers of roadways. The implication is that building new roads and widening existing ones only results
in additional traffic that continues to rise until peak congestion returns to the previous level. [6][7]

Solution
Many ways could be used to reduce traffic flow of rush hour, such as traffic control by traffic lights and
obstacle structural road, city planning by rational layout different establishments and harmonious work
schedule of different occupations. On the basis of cell-based variational inequality formulation of dynamic
user optimal assignment method, the advantages of reducing traffic flow of rush hour were assessed
quantitatively on conditions of the different shapes of roads and the different states of lagged traffic flow.
The results achieved by the proposed method is valuable in selecting the strategy in solving the problem
of heavy traffic.
In my opinion, transport banning from the city centers is a good idea, because there wont be any
congestions anymore. What is more, people and tourists would have safe pedestrian-only zones, so it
would help to attract more tourists to visit our city monuments. Of course, distances are quite long, so
deliveries and public transport should be allowed.
On the other hand, this solution is quite inconvenient and it would take a lot of time to make it popular with
people. Instead of it there are some alternative solutions such as charging cars for driving into the city
centers. Incoming money could be used to create more car parks. Also cars could be allowed only on
alternate days.
To summarise, banning private transport from our cities centres could cause even more inconveniece
that the advantage. Thats why I personally think that traffic should be reduced only in particular days and
during the cities fiests a small charge should be taken. In my opinion it could help to reduce heavy traffic
problem.

Traffic management
Traffic congestion detector in Germany.
Use of so-called Intelligent transportation system, which guide traffic:
Traffic reporting, via radio, GPS and mobile apps, to advise road users

Variable message signs installed along the roadway, to advise road users
Navigation systems, possibly linked up to automatic traffic reporting

Traffic counters permanently installed, to provide real-time traffic counts

Convergence indexing road traffic monitoring, to provide information on the use of highway onramps
Automated highway systems, a future idea which could reduce the safe interval between cars
(required for braking in emergencies) and increase highway capacity by as much as 100% while
increasing travel speeds[citation needed]
Parking guidance and information systems providing dynamic advice to motorists about free
parking
Active Traffic Management[36] system opens up UK motorway hard shoulder as an extra traffic
lane, it uses CCTV and VMS to control and monitor the traffic's use of the extra lane