MAYO, SHAIRA MAE D.

12:30, TThS
BSBA FINMAN 3

11:30

1.Interest Rate Risk

-The risk that an investment's value will change due to a change in the absolute level of interest
rates, in the spread between two rates, in the shape of the yield curve or in any other interest
rate relationship.
-the risk that arises for bond owners from fluctuating interest rates. How much interest rate
risk a bond has depends on how sensitive its price is to interest rate changes in the market.
The sensitivity depends on two things, the bond's time to maturity, and the coupon rate of the
bond.
2.Business Failure Risk
-The possibility that a company will have lower than anticipated profits, or that it will experience
a loss rather than a profit. Business risk is influenced by numerous factors, including sales
volume, per-unit price, input costs, competition, overall economic climate and government
regulations. A company with a higher business risk should choose a capital structure that has a
lower debt ratio to ensure that it can meet Its financial obligations at all times.
- A situation in which a company or other business ceases operations because it is unable to
generate sufficient revenue to cover its expenses. For example, if a company is unable to service
debt it may file for bankruptcy and stop operating. Business failure is relatively common in the
first year or so of operations because the owner is unable to compete for any number of reasons.
3. Market Price Risk
-The possibility for an investor to experience losses due to factors that affect the overall
performance of the financial markets.
-Market risk, also called "systematic risk," cannot be eliminated through diversification, though
it can be hedged against. The risk that a major natural disaster will cause a decline in the market
as a whole is an example of market risk. Other sources of market risk include recessions, political
turmoil, changes in interest rates and terrorist attacks.
BREAKING DOWN 'Market Risk'
The two major categories of investment risk are market risk and specific risk. Specific risk, also
called "unsystematic risk," is tied directly to the performance of a particular security and can be
protected against through investment diversification. One example of unsystematic risk is that a
company, whose stock you own will declare bankruptcy, thus making your stock worthless.
4. Inflation risk
-also called purchasing power risk, is the chance that the cash flows from an investment won't be
worth as much in the future because of changes in purchasing power due to inflation.
-Inflation is the increase in the price of goods, services, commodities and/or wages.
5. Political Risk
-The risk that an investment's returns could suffer as a result of political changes or instability in
a country. Instability affecting investment returns could stem from a change in government,
legislative
bodies,
other
foreign
policy
makers,
or
military
control.
-is also known as "geopolitical risk," and becomes more of a factor as the time horizon of an
investment gets longer.
-a type of risk faced by investors, corporations, and governments. It is a risk that can be
understood and managed with reasoned foresight and investment.
6. Fraud Risk
- A business can lose a significant amount of assets due to fraud. At an extreme level, the effects
of fraud can even shut down a company. Consequently, a business owner should make ongoing
efforts to create an environment in which fraud is less likely to arise.

There are a number of factors that make it more likely that fraud will occur or is occurring in a
business. These fraud risk factors include:
Nature of Items
Size and value. If items that can be stolen are of high value in proportion to their size (such as
diamonds), it is less risky to remove them from the premises. This is a particularly critical item if
it is easy for employees to do so.
Ease of resale. If there is a ready market for the resale of stolen goods (such as for most types of
consumer electronics), this presents an increased temptation to engage in fraud.
Cash. If there is a large amount of bills and coins on hand, or cash in bank accounts, there is a
very high risk of fraud. At a local level, a large balance in a petty cash box presents a
considerable temptation.
Nature of Control Environment
Separation of duties. The risk of fraud declines dramatically if multiple employees are involved in
different phases of a transaction, since fraud requires the collusion of at least two people. Thus,
poorly-defined job descriptions and approval processes present a clear opportunity for fraud.
Safeguards. When assets are physically protected, they are much less likely to be stolen. This
can involve fencing around the inventory storage area, a locked bin for maintenance supplies
and tools, security guard stations, an employee badge system, and similar solutions.
Documentation. When there is no physical or electronic record of a transaction, employees can
be reasonably assured of not being caught, and so are more inclined to engage in fraud. This is
also the case if there is documentation, but the records can be easily modified.
Time of. When a business requires its employees to take the full amount of allocated time off,
this keeps them from continuing to hide ongoing cases of fraud, and so is a natural deterrent.
Related party transactions. When there are numerous transactions with related parties, it is more
likely that purchases and sales will be made at amounts that differ considerably from the market
rate.
Complexity. When the nature of a company's business involves very complex transactions, and
especially ones involving estimates, it is easier for employees to manipulate the results of these
transactions to report better results than is really the case.
Dominance. When a single individual is in a position to dominate the decisions of the
management team, and especially when the board of directors is weak, this individual is more
likely to engage in unsuitable behavior.
Turnover. When there is a high level of turnover among the management team and among
employees in general, the institutional memory regarding how transactions are processed is
weakened, resulting in less attention to controls.
Auditing. When there is no internal audit function, it is unlikely that incorrect or inappropriate
transactions will be spotted or corrected.
Pressures
Level of dissatisfaction. If the work force is unhappy with the company, they will be more inclined
to engage in fraud. Examples of such situations are when a layoff is imminent, benefits have
been reduced, bonuses have been eliminated, promotions have been voided, and so forth.
Expectations. When there is pressure from outside investors to report certain financial results, or
by management to meet certain performance targets (perhaps to earn bonuses), or to meet
balance sheet goals to qualify for debt financing, there is a high risk of financial reporting fraud.
Guarantees. When the owners or members of management have guaranteed company debt,
there will be strong pressure to report certain financial results in order to avoid triggering the
guarantees.
WHAT IS A FINANCIAL MARKET?
-a place where a financial assets are traded . (a place where FA like equities, bond currencies,
derivatives and stocks are traded)
-it is a place where savings from various sources like households, firms, and governments are
mobilized towards those who need it.
-is a market in which people trade financial securities, commodities, and other fungible items
of value at low transaction costs and at prices that reflect supply and demand. Securities include
stocks and bonds, and commodities include precious metals or agricultural products.

 WHAT IS AN EXCHANGE?
- A marketplace in which securities, commodities, derivatives and other financial instruments are
traded. The core function of an exchange - such as a stock exchange - is to ensure fair and
orderly trading, as well as efficient dissemination of price information for any securities trading
on that exchange. Exchanges give companies, governments and other groups a platform to sell
securities to the investing public.
WHAT IS SAVINGS?
-the amount left over when the cost of a person's consumer expenditure is subtracted from the
amount of disposable income that he or she earns in a given period of time.
- The portion of disposable income not spent on consumption of consumer goods but
accumulated or invested directly in capital equipment or in paying off a home mortgage, or
indirectly through purchase of securities.
WHAT IS STOCKS?
- a type of security that signifies ownership in a corporation and represents a claim on part of the
corporation's assets and earnings.
There are two main types of stock: common and preferred.
1. Common stock- usually entitles the owner to vote at shareholders' meetings and to receive
dividends.
2.Preferred stock generally does not have voting rights, but has a higher claim on assets
and earnings than the common shares. For example, owners of preferred stock
receive dividends before common shareholders and have priority in the event that a company
goes bankrupt and is liquidated.