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Chapter 9: Design and Opemtion of Absorption Equipment

4.1.2 ( hem, al Equilibrium Condition

In a chemical absorption process. the pollutant A is transferred by a
diffusional or convective process to the liquid. Here, A encounters
rcactant B so that a chemical conversion to product P. which has no
polluting properties can takc place:

In this equation z and s arc stoichiometric coeffi cients. k, and I,

rate constants, which are determined experimentally, while the
arrows indicate fonvard and backward reactions: k, and k 2 increase with
rising temperature and preSSUIV.
The chemical equilibrium constant IC A. , is defined as follows:
(61
, c,, and are concentrations of components A, B and P in the liquid. For
the chemical absorption process, it is of great advantage when the
chemical conversion is product oriented. This will be the case for
high values of k , and K,. The reaction is very fast and proceeds in
the liquid phase very close to the interface. Because of thc fast
chemical reaction the absorption process is substantially accelerated
and becomes diffusion-controlled. For all practical applications this
type of chemical absorption is the most favorable one. There are
some fundamental differences between physical and chemical
absorption that should be kept in mind. Chemical absorption is
improved by increasing temperature and pressure. In contrast,
physical absorption, i.e. solubility of the pollutant in the liquid. is
improved by decreasing temperature. With physical absorption it will
never be possible to reduce the pollutant concen tration to zero (see
Section 6) or to get very close to zero, as is often desirable. Such
conditions can only be met by chemical absorption. Hence, chemical
absorption is of great importance, especially in the field of air
pollution control.

4.2 Working Diagram of Absorption

The working diagram gives the relation between operating curve
and equal, num curve by which thc pollutant (or absorptive, solute)
transfer may be described.
The transfer of the pollutant from the gas MiXtUre to the liquid
P will
be discussed by mcans of Figs. I and 27. Thc molar flow rate of the gas
entering the column is given by N a (kmol,s] and that of the liquid by
N, [kmol/s]. The solute concentration of the gas stream is given by the
molar fraction y defined by:

4. Thermodynamics of Absorption

269

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