3 Content

Industrial Training
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Construction industry is the exact place where we apply the knowledge
acquired in academics of civil engineering. Through this we have chances to meet
some experienced engineers. So it is very much necessary for a student to take
industrial training in the chosen field to clearly understand the relation between theory
and its applications and to learn new things. The training program for 15 days is
conducted in Architectural Studio (associated firm of Rand Architectural &
Infrastructural Consultants Pvt.ltd) in Calicut. This is a well established team of
architects and consultants providing architectural, structural and project management
services. Under the guidance of Mr. Saikrishna M.S., Structural consultant, Rand
Architectural & Infrastructural Consultants Pvt.ltd, I got the opportunity to do my
industrial training, and hence learn new things from them.
The training was started on 05/08/2015 and ended on 20/08/2015. During the
training period, the structural design work of a proposed Hotel cum commercial office
building for Apollo builders at Swapnanagari Calicut, were closely studied. The
building consists of 5 stories including basement floor and ground floor plus terrace
floor and lift machine room. Parking facilities are arranged on basement floor. The
Calicut City is in need of enhanced world class accommodation facilities as well as
commercial space to capitalize on the business potential of the city and also
considering the commercial growth of the City.
The mix used for all RCC work is M20 and Fe 415 for beams, columns, slabs,
stair, pile and pile cap. The beam and column layouts were first fixed and the
modelling was done using ETABS software. During analysis, the dead loads and live
loads were calculated from IS: 875 (Part 3)-1987 and seismic load calculated by
referring IS 1893 (Part 1):2002 and their combinations were applied on the 3D frame.
From the analysis various load combinations were taken to obtain the maximum
design loads, moments and shear on each member. The design is carried as per IS
456:2000 for the above load combinations.
Department Of Civil Engineering
Industrial Training
CHAPTER 2
TRAINING INFORMATION
2.1 ABOUT COMPANY
The training was under the guidance of Mr. Saikrishna M.S., Structural
consultant, Rand Architectural & Infrastructural Consultants Pvt.ltd. They have their
office at Thamz tower, Arangil Damodaran Road, West Nadakkavu, Calicut
673004. Kerala, Phone: +91 495 4099993.
Architectural Studio is an associated firm of Rand Architectural &
Infrastructural Consultants Pvt.ltd. This organisation has a team of architects and
consultants providing architectural, structural and project management services. The
variety of experience each team member had, made them realize the lacunae of the
current practices in the Industry and this firm is a humble attempt to bridge them by
providing solutions with ingenuity and aesthetics. This venture was established in
2002. They have proved their ability in meeting their client requirements in the prefixed time frame and well within their financial capacity.
Their service include Architectural planning, Architectural Design, Structural
Design, Interior Design, Building Technology and Project Management, Supervision
and Administration of building contract, Urban and Regional Planning, Civil and
structural engineering, Mechanical and Electrical service, Construction management
services and Financial and feasibility studies and coordination through each phase of
the project and thus providing a total involvement from the start till the
commissioning of the project. They use the latest methodology in planning and
designing and thus they are able to deliver services matching international standards.
They mainly use AUTOCAD for 2D and 3D drafting, REVIT, 3DS MAX, STAAD
for structural analysis and design.
At Architectural Studio the team players are equipped with necessary skills
sets to achieve
a) Design perfection within the frame of Client-Architect satisfaction,
b) Diligent usage of all resources
Industrial Training
c) Economy and time while balancing the triad of function, comfort and aesthetics.
d) An environment for continuing learning
The organisation is dedicated to provide an Integrated Engineered design solution
to individuals and groups by providing:
Detailed analysis of the needs and requirements of our clients before proposing a
solution and getting consent from them.
Provides cost-effective solutions to our clients needs.
Deputing a multi- diverse team with a single point contact to deliver value-added
design services and solutions to our clients
Monitoring and follow up at each stage and lassoing of professionally competent

consultants for the project.
Serving quality architectural solutions, with felicitous conceptualization and

appropriate usage of innovative, state of art building tools and techniques
Eco-friendly materials and professional acumen.
Some Major Projects of the firm
Initial Master Planning of UL Cyber Park Pvt. Ltd, Calicut for SEZ Submission.
Quick Space Building - IT Incubation centre.
UL Cyber Park Project
MIMS Ltd.
Malabar Institute of Medical Sciences Ltd (MIMS) Educational Campus at Karad.
Master Planning and Complete Architectural design for Nilagiri Arts and Science
Residential College jointly promoted by Career Development Foundation trust.
SADHBAVANA School, architectural design of the Niligari Institute of Medical

Sciences, Tamil Nadu.
Dayapuram Residential School Al Islam Trust.
Apollo Oasis, Majeri.
Projects for ULCCS Ltd, Aditya Birla Retail Ltd, Vodafone, Calicut Co-operative
Urban Bank, KSCARD Bank, Sahyadhri Resort Pvt. Ltd etc.
Industrial Training
2.2 DETAILS OF THE STRUCTURE

The project assigned is located in Swapnanagari Calicut. According to the use
or character of occupancy the building is coming under group A and F (residential
building and Mercantile or commercial building).
This building consisted of a total of 5 stories including basement and ground
floors plus terrace floor and lift machine room. The basement floor is provided as
parking area. Ground, mezzanine, first and second floors are provided for multi
purposes like restaurant, dormitory, commercial offices. The building has a total
carpet area of 948.46 m2 and total floor area of 1204.55m2.
At first, certain modifications were made in the given plan. A brief study of
the soil report was done. The column and beam positions were fixed and their layout
was drawn. The footing load was calculated. Modeling was done using ETABS 2015.
The mix used for all R.C.C works are M20 and steel Fe415. Analysis design and
detailing of structural components was included in training. During analysis, dead
loads and live loads were calculated from IS: 875 (Part1) 1987 and IS: 875 (Part2)
1987 respectively. The load combinations were taken to obtain the maximum design
loads, moments and shear forces. The design was carried as per IS 456: 2000 for the
above load combinations. Detailing of reinforcement was done using AUTOCAD
2010 as per SP 34: 1987. Detailed reports of the visits have been incorporated in the
later part of the report.
2.3 A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SOFTWARES USED IN TRAINING
The training allowed me to acquaint myself with a number of softwares. The
most frequently used softwares include:1. ETABS 2015
2. Auto CAD 2010
2.3.1 ETABS 2015
ETABS is the ultimate integrated engineering software package for the
structural analysis and design of multi-story buildings. Incorporating 40 years of
Industrial Training
continuous research and development, the latest ETABS offers unmatched 3D object
based modelling and visualization tools, blazingly fast linear and nonlinear analytical
power, sophisticated and comprehensive design capabilities for a wide-range of
materials, and insightful graphic displays, reports, and schematic drawings that allow
users to quickly and easily decipher and understand analysis and design results.
Modelling tools and templates, code-based load prescriptions, analysis
methods and solution techniques, all coordinate with the grid-like geometry unique to
this class of structure. Basic or advanced systems under static or dynamic conditions
may be evaluated using ETABS. Interoperability with a series of design and
documentation platforms makes ETABS a coordinated and productive tool for designs
which range from simple 2D frames to elaborate modern high-rises.
From the start of design conception through the production of schematic
drawings, ETABS integrates every aspect of the engineering design process. Creation
of models has never been easier intuitive drawing commands allow for the rapid
generation of floor and elevation framing. CAD drawings can be converted directly
into ETABS models or used as templates onto which ETABS objects may be overlaid.
Design of steel and concrete frames (with automated optimization), composite
beams, composite columns, steel joists, and concrete and masonry shear walls is
included, as is the capacity check for steel connections and base plates. Models may
be realistically rendered, and all results can be shown directly on the structure.
Comprehensive and customizable reports are available for all analysis and design
output, and schematic construction drawings of framing plans, schedules, details, and
cross-sections may be generated for concrete and steel structures.
2.3.2 AUTOCAD
AutoCAD is a commercial software application for 2D and 3D computer aided
design (CAD) and drafting available since 1982 as a desktop application and since
Industrial Training
2010 as a mobile web- and cloud-based app marketed as AutoCAD 360.Developed

and marketed by Autodesk, Inc., AutoCAD was first released in December 1982,
running on microcomputers with internal graphics controllers. Prior to the
introduction of AutoCAD, most commercial CAD programs ran on mainframe
computers or minicomputers, with each CAD operator (user) working at a separate
graphics terminal.
AutoCAD is used across a wide range of industries, by architects, project
managers, engineers, designers, and other professionals. It is supported by 750
training centers worldwide as of 1994.As Autodesk's flagship product, by March 1986
AutoCAD had become the most ubiquitous CAD program worldwide. As of 2014,
AutoCAD is in its twenty-ninth generation, and collectively with all its variants,
continues to be the most widely used CAD program throughout most of the world.
2.4 SOIL INVESTIGATION DETAILS

2.4.1 GENERAL
The objective of a site investigation is to gather the information needed to
carry out the risk assessment, in order to be in a position to assess the presence and
significance of contamination of land. The field work consisted of the execution of
bore holes up to hard strata and Standard penetration tests (SPT) N values were found
out of the disturbed soil samples.
The bore holes were executed using drilling method. Standard penetration
tests were conducted at regular intervals and also at points were change of strata was
observed. Representative samples were collected and preserved in polythene bags and
sent for laboratory analysis. The samples were carefully examined and classified.
2.4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
A study of the soil profile obtained from borehole Fig.2.1 shows that hard
soils are not available in the shallow depths.. Shallow foundation is not feasible.
Bearing pile is recommended as foundation. 75cm diameter piles are used.
Industrial Training
Fig.2.1 Bore Hole Profile
Industrial Training
CHAPTER 3
INTERIOR LAYOUTS OF THE BUILDING
Fig.3.1 Basement Floor
Fig.3.2 Ground Floor
Fig.3.3 Mezzanine Floor

Industrial Training
Fig.3.4 First Floor
Fig.3.5 Second Floor
Fig.3.6 Terrace Floor

Industrial Training
Fig.3.7 Section B-B
Fig.3.8 Elevation
10
Industrial Training
CHAPTER 4
LOADS ON THE BUILDING
4.1 TYPES OF LOADS
For analyzing the structure, it is necessary to compute the loads acting on it. The loads
include dead load from slab, imposed loads and wind loads. IS 875 gives detailed
information about these loads and their calculation.
The various loads considered for analysis were:
4.1.1 Dead Load (IS 875-1987 PART1)
Dead load is the self-weight of the structure. In the estimation of dead load of a
building, the weight of walls, partitions, floors, roofs, grid slabs and also weights of
permanent construction are considered.
The unit weight of R.C.C is 25 kN/m3 (IS 456-2000) and unit weight of laterite masonry
(including plastering) is 20 kN/m3 (IS 875-1987).
4.1.2 Live Load (IS 875-1987 PART2)
It is the load assumed to be produced by the intended use or occupancy of the
building, including the weight of movable partitions, concentrated loads, loads due to impact
and vibrations and dust loads, excluding wind, seismic, snow and other loads. The live load
at inaccessible roof is 0.75kN/m2 and that for accessible roof is 1.5kN/m2. Imposed load on
slabs are shown in Fig.4.1.
Imposed loads for different occupancies in a educational building
Restaurant
4kN/m2
Class room
3 kN/m2
Commercial office rooms -
2.5 kN/m2
Passage
4kN/m2
Toilets
2 kN/m2
Lobby
3 kN/m2
11
Industrial Training
Fig.4.1 Slab Load on Structure

4.1.3 Lateral Load
The main types of lateral loads are wind loads and seismic loads. The wind
load and seismic loads are estimated in accordance with IS875:1987 (Part III) and
IS1893-2002 respectively. The lateral load resisting systems are mainly composed of
columns and beams. They resist lateral loads due to the rigidities of the beam column
connections and moment resisting capacity of the individual member. Masonry load
on structure is shown in Fig.4.2.
Fig.4.2 Masonry Load on the Structure

12
Industrial Training
4.2. LOAD COMBINATIONS

Design of the structures would have become highly expensive in order to
maintain either serviceability and safety if all types of forces would have acted on all
structures at all times. Accordingly the concept of characteristic loads has been
accepted to ensure at least 95 percent of the cases, the characteristic loads considered
will be higher than the actual loads on the structure. However the characteristic loads
are to be calculated on the basis of average/mean load of some logical combinations
of all loads mentioned above. IS 456:2000 and IS 1893 (Part-I):2002 stipulates the
combination of the loads to be considered in the design of the structures. The different
combinations used were:
1. 1.5 (DL+LL)
2. 1.2 (DL+LL+EQX)
3. 1.2 (DL+LL+EQ-X)
4. 1.2 (DL+LL+EQZ)
5. 1.2 (DL+LL+EQ-Z)
6. 1.5 (DL+EQX)
7. 1.5 (DL+EQ-X)
8. 1.5 (DL+EQZ)
9. 1.5 (DL+EQ-Z)
10. 0.9DL+1.5EQX
11. 0.9DL+1.5EQ-X
12. 0.9DL+1.5EQZ
13. 0.9DL+1.5EQ-Z
All these combinations are built in the STAAD.Pro Analysis results from the
critical load combinations are used for the design of the structural members. Note: DL
: Dead Load LL : Live Load EQX : Earthquake load in X - direction EQZ :
Earthquake load in Z - direction EQ-X : Earthquake load in (-X) - direction EQ-Z :
Earthquake load in (-Z) - direction
13
Industrial Training
CHAPTER 5
MODELLING AND ANALYSIS
Structural analysis, which is an integral part of any engineering project, is the
process of predicting the performance of a given structure under a prescribed loading
condition. The performance characteristics usually of interest in structural design are:
1. Stress or stress resultant (axial forces, shears and bending moments)
2. Deflections
3. Support reactions
Thus the analysis of a structure typically involves the determination of these
quantities caused by the given loads and / or the external effects. Since the building
frame is three dimensional frames i.e. a space frame, manual analysis is tedious and
time consuming. Hence the structure is analysed with ETABS. In order to analyse in
ETABS, we have to first generate the model geometry, specify member properties,
specify geometric constants and specify supports and loads.
5.1. GENERATING MODEL GEOMETRY
At first we have to fix the position of beams and columns by sing grid lines.
Then the members were then connected along the grid lines. Then we have to define
the material properties.
5.2. SPECIFYING MEMBER PROPERTY
The next task is to assign cross section properties for the beams, columns and
slabs, the member properties were given as Indian. The support conditions were given
to the structure. Then different loading cases were applied.
5.2.1 Beam
The beam dimensions are as follows:
B1 = 250 mm 600 mm
B2 = 250 mm 300 mm
B3 = 250 mm 500 mm
14
Industrial Training
5.2.2 Column
The column dimensions are as follows:
C1 = 300 mm 600 mm
C2 = 450 mm
C3= 250 mm 600 mm
C4= 250 mm 400 mm
C5= 250 mm 1000 mm
C6= 250 mm 1500 mm
5.2.3 Staircase
The staircase is provided as an equivalent slab. The thickness of the slab used for
staircase is 150mm.
Rise = 150mm
Tread = 300mm
5.2.4. Specifying Supports
The base nodes of all columns are provided as hinged supports.
Fig.5.1 Extruded View of Whole Structure

15
Industrial Training
Fig.5.2 Shear Force Diagram
Fig.5.3 Bending Moment Diagram

16
Industrial Training
CHAPTER 6
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
The aim structural design is to design a structure so that it fulfils its intended life
time with adequate safety, adequate serviceability and economy. Safety implies that
the likelihood of the collapse of the structure is acceptably not only under the normal
expected load but also under abnormal but probable over loads. Collapse may occur
due to various possibilities such as exceeding the load bearing capacity, overturning,
sliding, buckling, fatigue, fracture, etc.
The design methods used for the design of reinforced concrete structures are
working stress method, ultimate load method and limit state method. Here we have
adopted the limit state method of design for slabs, beams, columns and foundations.
In the limit state method, the structure is designed to withstand safely all loads liable
to act on it through its life and also to satisfy the serviceability requirements, such as
limitation to deflection and cracking.
Serviceability implies satisfactory performance of the structure under service
loads, without discomfort to the user due to excessive deflection, cracking, vibration,
etc. other considerations that come under the purview of the serviceability are
durability, impermeability, acoustic and thermal insulation, etc. a design that
adequately satisfies the safety requirement need not necessarily satisfies the
serviceability requirement.
The acceptable limit of safety and serviceability requirements before failure
is called limit state. All the relevant limit states should be considered in the design to
ensure adequate degrees of safety and serviceability. The structure should be
designed on the basis of most critical state and then checked for other limit states. As
per IS 456 : 2000 the value of partial safety factor for dead and live load combination
is 1.5 and that of live load and EQ force combination is 1.2.
The load combination which is the maximum is adopted for design of beams
and columns.
17
Industrial Training
6.1 DESIGN OF BEAM

Structural concrete beams elements are designed to support a given system of
external loads such as wall and slabs of roof and floor system. The cross-sectional
dimensions are generally assumed based on serviceability requirements. The width is
fixed based on thickness of walls and housing of reinforcements and depth is selected
to control deflections within permissible limits. The aim of design should be to
provide economical design consistent with safety and serviceability.
The beam may be doubly reinforced or singly reinforced. In cases where the
span of the beams is such that more depth has to be provided, doubly reinforced
sections are adopted.
Design of beams was done using is 456:2000 and SP 16:1980. M20 concrete
and Fe 415 steel are adopted for beam design. The bending moments and shear force
from the analysis results are used for the design.
Fig.6.1 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram of beam
18
Industrial Training
1. Given data
Size of beam
250 mm x 600 mm
Width of the beam, b
250mm
Depth of the beam, D
600mm
Grade of Concrete, Fck
20MPa
Grade of Steel, Fy
415MPa
2. Section type
Assume 16mm diameter main bars to be provided and 25mm nominal clear
cover.
Therefore, effective depth of beam, d
Total depth - clear coverdia

2
567mm
Ultimate Bending Moment, Mu
123.68kNm.
Ultimate Shear Force, Vu
103.59kN
56.54kNm.
2.7kN
103.71kNm.
95.35kN
At left span,
At mid span,
At right span,
From Table D of SP: 16,

Mulimit
0.138 fckbd2
0.138x20x250x5672
221.83kNm
Mu Mu (lim), Hence design as singly reinforced section.
19
Industrial Training
Table 6.1.Beam Reinforcement

DETAILS
LEFT SPAN
MID SPAN
RIGHT SPAN
Moment (kNm)
123.68
56.54
103.71
Shear (kN)
103.59
3.8
95.35
/D2
1.54
0.703
1.29
Pt(from SP 16:1980,
table 2 page: 48)
0.473
0.204
0.389
Ast (required) mm2
670.77
289.23
551.29
Steel provided
4-16 dia
2-16 dia
3-16 dia
Ast (provided) mm2
803.84
401.92
602.88
3. Check for Minimum reinforcement

As per IS 456:2000 clause 26.5.1.1(a)
()/
0.85/
Ast (min)
289.31mm2
Ast (provided) Ast (min) Safe

4. Check for Maximum reinforcement
As per IS 456:2000 clause 26.5.1.2
Maximum reinforcement
0.04bD
6000 mm2
Ast (provided) < 6000 mm Safe

5. Check for Shear
As per IS 456: 2000, Clause 40.1
Nominal shear stress, v
Pt
= 0.731N/mm2
100Ast (provide)
= 0.567
From IS 456: 2000, table 19

Permissible stress, c
0.501N/mm2
v c , Hence shear reinforcement needs to be provided.

20
Industrial Training
As per IS 456: 2000, Clause 40.4

Strength of shear reinforcement,
32.57kN
Spacing of shear reinforcement shall be

Sv
=
=
=
0.87FyAsvd
Vus
0.87x567x415xx82
4x32.51x103
315.9mm 300mm
Where, Sv is the area of transverse reinforcement.

Assuming 2 legged stirrups of 8mm diameter bars,
Thus Spacing adopted is 300m c/c
Therefore provide 8mm diameter 2- legged stirrups @ 300 mm c/c.
According to IS 456: 2000 clause 26.5.1.5, the spacing of stirrups in beams
should not exceed the least of:
3) 0.75d = 423.75mm
4) 300mm
According to IS 13920: 1993 up to a distance of 2d
= 1134mm from the
supports, spacing of stirrups should not be less than 100mm and should not exceed the
least of:
3) /4 =141.75
4) 8 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar
= 816 = 128mm
Hence provide 8 mm dia 2 legged stirrups @ 110mm c/c up to a distance

1134mm from the support and provide 8mm dia 2 legged stirrups bars @ 300mm
c/c at all remaining places.
21
Industrial Training
6. Check for Deflection

Effective span
5.86 m
Effective depth, d
565 mm
As per clause 23.2.1 of IS 456:2000 a), for continuous beams, effective span
to effective depth ratio should not exceed 26.
Here,
l
d
5.86
0.567
10.33 < 26
Hence the beam is safe in deflection.
Fig 6.2 Detailing of beam
22
Industrial Training
6.2 DESIGN OF COLUMN

A column is an important component of RC structure. A column, in general,
may be defined as a member carrying direct axial load which causes compressive
stresses of such magnitude Columns are of two types. A column may be considered
as short when the slenderness ratios
and
are less than 12 otherwise it is a long
column.M30 concrete and Fe 500 steel are adopted for design. The bending moments
and axial forces from analysis results are used for the design.
1. Dimensions
Size of column
300X600mm
Breadth of column, b
300mm
Depth of column, D
600mm
Concrete mix
M20
Characteristic strength of steel
415N/mm2
Unsupported length, lo
3.15m
Gross area of section, Ag
300x600
120000mm2
Since the ends of compression members are effectively held in position and
restrained against rotation in both ends.
From IS: 456 Table 28
Effective length of column,
leff
Factored axial load, Pu
0.65l = 2.0475m
1648.401kN
Factored load acting parallel to the large dimension,

Muy
18.33kNm
Factored load acting parallel to the short dimension,

Mux
15.23kNm
2. Check for slenderness ratio:

Lx
D
Ly
b
3.4125 <12
6.825 12
Hence column can be designed as short column.

23
Industrial Training
3. Check for minimum eccentricity
emin
ey min =
Le
500
+ 30 or 20mm, whichever is less
Ley D
or 20mm
500 30
24.095 mm >20 mm
20 mm.
ez min =
Lez b
500 30
14.095 < 20
14.095 mm.
eymin permitted
0.05D = 30 > eymin
ezminpermitted
0.05b
= 15 > ezmin
Hence check for adequacy is required for following forces,

4. Uniaxial moment capacity of section about XX axis
Assume 25 mm diameter bars and 40 mm clear cover
d = Clear cover + Half the bar diameter = 40+12.5 = 52.5 mm
d
D
Pu
fckbD
=
=
52.5
600
1648.401x103
20x300x600
0.0875 mm.
0.457
0.8% is minimum steel area of column as per IS 456: 2000

As a first trial, assume the reinforcement percentage,
Pt
P
fck
Mux1
fckbD2
Mux1
=
=
3%
3
20
0.15
0.1645 (from chart 48 in SP16)
0.1645x20x300x6002 = 355.32kNm
24
Industrial Training
5. Uniaxial moment capacity of section about YY axis

d
b
Pu
fckbD
P
fck
Muy1
fckbD2
Muy1
52.5
300
0.175
0.457
0.15
0.1315
0.1315x20x300x6002 kNm = 284.04 kNm
6. Calculation of Puz
Refer chart 63 of SP 16:1980,
Area of steel, As
3% Ag =
Area of concrete,Ac =
97%Ag =
Puz
Puz
Pu
Puz
Mux
Mux1
Muy
Muy1
3
100
97
100
x180000 = 5400 mm2

x180000 = 174600 mm2
0.45fck Ac + 0.75fy As
0.45x20x174600+0.75x415x5400
3252.15kN
0.506 > 0.2
0.043
0.064
By method of interpolation =1
Muy
Muy1
)+ (
Mux
Mux1
)=
0.106 <
Hence the section is safe

7. Longitudinal reinforcement
Using 25mm diameter bars,
Number of bars
Asc
(/4 x 25^2)
11.0007 12 bars.
Provide longitudinal reinforcement; 12 Nos. 25mm diameter bars

25
Industrial Training
Actual As
12x x 252
5890.49 mm2
8. Transverse reinforcement
According to IS 456: 2000, clause 26.5.3.2(c), Diameter should not be less
25
than of longitudinal diameter ( 4 = 6.25mm) and 6mm and not greater than 16mm.
Hence adopt diameter of lateral ties as 8mm.
9. Pitch of lateral ties
According to IS 456: 2000, clause 26.5.3.2(c), The pitch of transverse
reinforcement shall not be more than the least of the following distances:
i) The least lateral dimension of the compression members = 300 mm
ii) 16 times the smallest diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement bar to be tied
= 1625 = 400mm
iii) 300 mm
So provide 8 mm diameter lateral ties at a spacing of 300 mm
10. Special Confining Reinforcement
According to IS 13920: 1993, clause 7.4, Special confining reinforcement
shall be provided over a length lo from each joint face, towards mid span, and on
either side of any section, where flexural yielding may occur under the effect of
earthquake forces. The length lo shall not be less than
1) Larger lateral dimension at section where yielding occurs = 500 mm
2) 1/6 of clear span of the member
3150
6
= 525 mm
3) 450 mm
Hence adopt lo as 450mm
According to IS 13920: 1993, clause 7.4.6 the spacing of hoops used as special
confining reinforcement shall not exceed 1/4 of minimum member dimension
(1/4 x 250 = 62.5 mm) but need not be less than 75 mm nor more than 100 mm.
So provide special confining reinforcement using 8 mm diameter bars at a
spacing of 75mm c/c up to a length of 450mm from face of joint towards
midspan and 8mm diameter bars at 200mmc/c at all other places.
26
Industrial Training
Fig 6.3 Column and Joint Detailing

27
Industrial Training
6.3DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB

Slabs are to be designed under limit state method by reference of IS 456:2000.
When the slabs are supported in two way direction it acts as two way
supported slab.
A two way slab is economical compared to one way slab.

1. Slab thickness based on deflection control criteria
Concrete mix M20 (IS 456:2000, clause 6.12, table 5)
Steel Fe415
Boundary condition Interior panel
Assume a clear cover of 15mm and 10mm diameter bars.
Assume D
0.15m
4.56 m
5.86m
1.29
Effective span:
Lx
Ly
Ly
Lx
Hence it is two way slab.

Effective depth:
Assuming 10mm main bars and 20mm clear cover
10
dx
150-20-10 - 2 =
dy
115 -
Self-weight of slab
25 x 0.15
Finishes
1kN/m2
Live load
4kN/m2
Total load
8.75kN/m2
Factored load Wu
13.125kN/m2
10
2
10
2
115 mm
105 mm
3.75kN/m2
2. Loading on slab
28
Industrial Training
3. Effective Span
As per IS 456:2000, clause 22(a)
Effective span along short span, Lex =
=
Effective span along long span, Ley =
=
clear span + effective depth

4.56 + 0.115 = 4.675 m
clear span +effective depth
5.86 + 0.105
= 5.965 m
4. Design moments (using code moment coefficients for restrained slab)

Referring to table 26 of code,
The moment coefficient xc, yc (for positive moments in the middle strip) are
obtained.
xc
yc
0.025 and
0.024
The coefficient for negative moment in the various continuous edge strip
xe
0.033
ye
and
0.032
The corresponding design moments,

Mu
wulex2
(a) Short span moments:

Muxe
0.033 x 13.125 x 4.675 2
9.47kNm
Muxc
0.025 x 13.125 x 4.675 2
7.17kNm
Muye
0.032x 13.125 x 4.675 2
9.18kNm
Muyc
0.024 x 13.125 x 4.675 2
6.88kNm
<
Assumed d
(b) Long span moment
5. Check for effective depth

dmin
dmin
Mumax
0.133xfck xb
9.47x106
0.133x20x1000
59.67mm
Hence safe.
29
Industrial Training
6. Design of Reinforcement
(a) Main reinforcement in short span
fy Ast
Mux
0.87fy Ast d [1
9.47x106
0.87x415xAstx115[1
Ast
238.3 mm2
Min Ast
0.0012xbxD
0.0012x1000x150 = 180 mm2
fck bd
]
415 Ast
20x1000x115
Assuming 10mm dia bars

Spacing
x102 x1000
4
238.3
= 329.58 320mm
7. Check for spacing

Max spacing =
=
3d or 300 mm
3x115 or 300mm
Hence provide 10mm dia bars @300mm c/c middle strip
Ast provided =
x102 x1000
4
300
Ast provided =
261.8mm2
Ast required
238.3 mm2
261.8mm2
(a) Ast for edge strip in short span

Mux
7.17X106
Ast
Spacing
fy Ast
0.87fy Ast d [1
41520.75Ast[1 1.804x104 Ast]
178.43 mm2
x102 x1000
4
178.43
fck bd
440.17 440 mm
Hence provide 10mm dia bars @300 mm c/c edge strip

Ast provided =
261.8 mm2
30
Industrial Training
(b) Ast for long span

Middle strip reinforcement
Muy
9.18 X106
Ast
Min Ast
fy Ast
0.87fy Ast d [1
37910.25Ast[1 1.976x104 Ast]
254.99mm2
0.0012xbxD
fck bd
180 mm2
308.01 300mm
Assuming 10mm dia bars

Spacing
x102 x1000
4
254.99
Ast provided =
261.8 mm2
Ast required
254.99 mm2
(c) Edge strip reinforcement

fy Ast
0.87fy Ast d [1
6.88 X106
37910.25Ast[1 1.976x104 Ast]
Ast
189mm2
Muy
Spacing
x102 x1000
4
189
fck bd
415.55 415mm
Hence provide 10mm dia bars @300 mm c/c edge strip

Ast provided =
261.8mm2
(d)Torsion reinforcement
As per IS code 75% of area of reinforcement on short span @ a
distance Lx/5 from the face of wall support
Assuming 8mm dia u-bars
Lx
5
Spacing
=
=
1.15
x102 x1000
4
0.75x261.8
399.99 mm 300 mm
31
Industrial Training
8. Check for shear

Shear force @ long edges
Vu
vx
Wu Lx
13.125 x 4.56 x 2+1.29 =
=
=
Pt
=
=
2+1.64
1.29
23.47kN
Vux
bd
23.47x103
= 0.204 N/mm2
1000x115
100 Ast
bd
100x261.8
= 0.228 N/mm2
1000x115
From IS-456 table 19
0.3424N/mm2
1.3
1.3x0.3424
From cluase.40.2.1.1,
Kc
0.445
vx < Kc
Hence safe.
9. Check for development length
Shear force,
1.3
23.47kN
Ld
1.3 x V + Lo
Ld
+ Lo
0.87fy
4bd
0.87x415x10
4x1.2x1.6
0.87fy Ast d [1
1.3x5.307x103
23.47
= 470.117mm
= 5.307kNM
+120 = 481.3 mm Ld
Hence safe.
32
Industrial Training
10. Check for Deflection
For continuous slab, basic value of d = 26

For pt = 0.228 and Fy = 415 N/mm2
fs =
=
0.58fyAst (required
Ast (provided)
219.09N/mm2
As per IS 456- 2000 clause 23.2.1,

Modification factor, F
1.8
Therefore modified value of l/d
46.8
Actual value of l/d
39.65
(d )prov < (d )req

Hence deflection is safe with provided depth.
Fig 6.4 Cross section of two way slab
33
Industrial Training
Fig 6.5 Two way slab detailing at bottom
Fig 6.6: Two way slab detailing at top
34
Industrial Training
6.4 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE

Stair cases prepared are waist slab type. The components of dead loads to be
considered are:
1.
Self-weight of waist slab.
2.
Self-weight of steps
3.
Weight of tread finish
4. 1. Load calculation
Fig 6.7 Staircase

Rise, R
15cm
Tread
30cm
Width
1.25m
Concrete grade M-20 & steel Fe-500

No. of steps
11
Slant height
= (R2 + T 2 ) = (32 + 1.52 )
= 3.35 m
Assume waist slab thickness = 15cm

a. Load on going
Self-weight of waist slab
3.35x1x0.15x25
Self-weight of step
11x0.5x0.15x0.3x25 =
6.1875kN
Load of finish
1x3.35
3.35kN
Live load
4x3.35
13.4kN
Total load
35.5 KN
Total load per meter
5.5/3.35
10.6kN/m
12.5625kN
35
Industrial Training
b. Loads on bottom slab

Self-weight of bottom slab
1x1x0.15x25
3.75kN/m
Load of finish
1x1
1kN/m
Live load
1x4
4 kN/m
8.75 KN/m
Self-weight of slab
1x1x0.15x25
3.75kN
Load of finish
1x1
1kN
Live load
1x4
4kN
Total load per m
8.75kN/m
=
3.02 m
c. Loads on landing
= (R2 + T 2 ) = (2.72 + 1.352 )
Slant height
d. Load on going
Self-weight of waist slab
3.02x1x0.15x25
11.325kN
Self-weight of step
11x0.5x0.15x0.3x25 =
6.1875kN
Load of finish
1x3.02
3.02kN
Live load
4x3.02
12.08kN
Total load
32.6125 KN
10.79kN/m
32.6125
3.02
Fig 6.8 Loading diagram
Taking moment at A
MA =
8.75x0.52
2
+ 10.6 x 3.35x 2.175+ 8.75 x 1.5 x4.6
RB x 5.35
36
Industrial Training
RB
25.93 kN
RA + R B
(8.75 x0.5) + (10. 6x3.35) + (8.75 x 1.5)
RA =
27.08 kN
2. Shear force
Section AC:
Shear force = 27.08 8X
At X
0,
SF
27.08kN
At X
0.5,
SF
23.08kN
Section CD:
Shear force = 27.08 (8.75 x0.5) - (10.6x (X - 0.5)
At X
0.5,
SF
22.705kN
At X
4.19,
SF
-12.805kN
Section DB:
Shear force = 27.08 (8.75x0.5) - (10.6x 3.35) 8.75(X-3.85)
At X
3.85,
SF
-12.805kN
At X
5.35,
SF
-25.93 1kN
Fig 6.9 Shear force diagram
SF
0 at section BC
27.08 - (8.75x0.5) (10. 6 x(X- 0.5))
2.64 m
SF
at 2.64 from A
37
Industrial Training
3. Bending moment (MU)

Maximum bending moment,
M
Mu
0.5
27.08 x 2.64 - [8.75 x0.5 ( 2 + 2.14)] -
36.76kN/m
36.76x1.5
55.14kN m
12.9cm
10.6x2.142
2
4. Effective depth
d
Mu
ub
Use M20, & Fe 415

d
55.14x106
3.3x1000
Take 1.5cm cover

Total depth =
14.4cm 15cm
5. Main reinforcement
Ast fy
Mu
0.87x415xAst d[1
55.14 x106
Ast 415
0.87x415xAst x129[1 1000x129x20
]
Ast
1590.81mm2
Maximum Ast =
0.04 bD
Minimum Ast =
0.12% Bd
Hence provide Ast =
x122
No. of bars needed in 1.5m width

=
0.04x1000x150 =
0.12
100
x1000x150 =
6000mm2
180mm2
1590.81mm2
Using 12mm bars, A =
Spacing
bdfck
1600
22
113.09mm2
=
=
1.5x1590.81
113.09
= 21.1 22 bars
72.72mm
73mm
Provide 12mm bars @ 73mm c/c

38
Industrial Training
6. Distribution reinforcement
Distribution reinforcement at 0.12% of bD
=
=
8mm bars, A
=
Spacing
0.12
100
x 1000x150
180mm2
x 82
50.265 mm2
100050.265
180
279.25mm 280mm
Provide 8mm bars @ 280mm c/c
Fig 6.10 Detailing of staircase
39
Industrial Training
6.5 DESIGN OF PILE

a) Material constants
Use M20 grade concrete and HYSD steel bars of grade Fe415.
For M20 Concrete, fck
20 N/mm2
For Fe415 Steel, fy
415 N/mm2
b) Pile Capacities
Depending upon the load coming on the column, single or group piles were
provided. From the soil report the load carrying capacity of piles are as follows.
Table 6.2 Pile Capacities
Diameter(cm)
Capacity(T)
Pile capacity (kN)
P70
150
2250
P80
200
3000
P90
240
3600
2P70
300
4500
2P80
400
6000
2P90
480
7200
1. Fixity depth of pile

Depth of the pile
4.5 m
As per IS 2911-2010 (Part 1/Section 2), Annex C, clause 2.3.1

Stiffness factor, T in m
5000
7.5 1000
7500N/m3
4
64
22360N/mm2
0.01 m4
(IS 2911-2010 (Part 1/Section 2), Annex C, table 3)

40
Industrial Training
7.85m
From IS 2911-2010 (Part 1/Section 2), Annex C, figure 4
Lf
2.2
(pile in normally loaded clay)
17.27m
2. Ultimate design moments and axial forces

As per IS 2911-2010 (Part 1/Section 2), Annex C, clause 4.3
Fixed end moment of the pile for the equivalent cantilever,
(+ )
Zf
Lf
18.27kN
157.76kNm
(for fixed end pile)
and
Actual maximum moment, M = m

From IS 2911-2010 (Part 1/Section 2), Annex C, figure 5B
m
So, M =
0.86
135.67kNm
Design moment from ETABS
212.19 kNm
Hence, take design moment Mu
212.19 kNm
Design axial load from ETABS, Pu = 1648.401kN

e) Longitudinal reinforcement
1648.401103
207002
212.19106
207003
= 0.168
= 0.03
Assuming 12 mm diameter bars and 50 mm clear cover

d
50+
12
56
700
= 56 mm
= 0.08 0.1
Refer chart 57 of SP 16:1980
0.01
41
Industrial Training
But, as per IS 456:2000, clause 26.5.31, a minimum of 0.8% of steel should be

provided
Area of longitudinal steel, As
No. of bars
2
400
3079
162
4
0.87002
400
= 3078.76 mm2
= 15.31 16
Hence provide 16 numbers of 16 mm diameter bars as longitudinal reinforcement.

This is to be provided up to fixity depth (10D= 9 m), after this depth provide
minimum longitudinal reinforcement as per IS 2911 (Part-1 / Section-2): 2010
Minimum area of longitudinal steel = 0.4% of total c/s area = 1540 mm2
Hence provide 8 numbers of 16 mm diameter bars as longitudinal
reinforcement up to full depth of pile. The main bars are welded into the shoe made of
chilled cast iron or steel.
f) Lateral reinforcement
As per IS: 2911(Part 1/Sec 1)-2010 [clause 6.11.4]
The laterals of a reinforcing cage may be in the form of links or spirals. The
diameter and spacing of the same is chosen to impart adequate rigidity of the
reinforcing cage during its handling and installations. The minimum diameter of the
links or spirals shall be 6 mm and the spacing of the links or spirals shall not be less
than 150 mm.
Hence provide 10 mm diameter circular links at 150 mm c/c spacing from top
and bottom of the pile up to 1m depth and 200mm c/c in all other places
g) Details of reinforcement
Table 6.3Reinforcement details of piles
of
Mu
pile pu(kN)
(kNm) 2 3
(mm)
700 1648.401 212.19 0.168
0.03
0.8
As Long.rft
(mm2)
Lateral rft
8 mm dia
3079 16#16 circular links
@180 mmc/c.
42
Industrial Training
Fig.6.11 Reinforcement Detail of pile
43
Industrial Training
6.6 DESIGN OF SINGLE PILE CAP - 70 CM PILE

a) Material constants
Use M20 grade concrete and HYSD steel bars of grade Fe415.
For M20 Concrete, fck
20 N/mm2
For Fe415 Steel, fy
415 N/mm2
b) Preliminary dimensioning
As per IS: 2911 (Part-1 / Section-2) 2010[clause 6.12.5]
Length of pile cap
700 + (2 100) = 900 mm
Depth of pile cap
development length of column bar + cover
As per IS: 2911 (Part-1 / Section-2) 2010[clause 6.12.6] the clear cover for
main reinforcement in the cap slab shall not be less than 60 mm.
Assume clear cover of 75 mm and 25 mm bars
As per IS:456-2000 clause 26.2.1,
Development length,
=
=
4
250.87415
41.2
1880.47 mm
Depth of pile cap
1881 + 75
= 1956 mm
Breadth of pile cap
diameter of pile + (2100 mm overhang)
700 + (2 100)
900 mm
Size of pile cap: 900 mm 900 mm 1956 mm
c) Main reinforcement
In single pile cap main reinforcements are provided in vertical direction. In
this case of axial load transfer from column to pile, only bursting force acts on pile.
So 0.10 percentage of side face area is provided as main reinforcement.
Area of main reinforcement =
0.19001956
100
1760.4 mm2
Provide 16 mm bars @ 150 mm c/c
44
Industrial Training
d) Side face reinforcement

As per IS 456: 2000, clause 26.5.1.3, side face reinforcement is needed, since
the depth of pile cap is greater than 750 mm. That is 0.10 percentage of web area.
Area of side face reinforcement =
0.1900900
100
Area of side face reinforcement on one face =
8020
2
= 810 mm2
= 405m2
Provide 10 mm diameter bars at 150 mm c/c on each side face.

e) Details of reinforcement
Table 6.4 Reinforcement Details of Single Pile Caps
of
pile(cm)
70
Size of pile cap
Main reinforcement
Side face reinforcement
900 900 1956mm 10 mm @150 mm c/c 10 mm @150 mm c/c
Fig.6.12 Detailing of Pile Cap
45
Industrial Training
CHAPTER 7
SITE VISITS
The sessions in office work should be always supported a site visit to provide
proper knowledge of practical field. As part of the industrial training, I had a visit to the
construction site of proposed Hotel cum commercial office building for Apollo builders at
Swapnanagari in Calicut. At the time of my visit, the construction of whole structure was
completed.
Fig.7.1. Proposed Hotel cum Commercial Office Building
46
Industrial Training
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSIONS
For the industrial training period, I had gain more of the knowledge which had
expected earlier. It helped me to gain ample exposure to various field practices in the
analysis and design of structures, and also in various construction techniques used in
the industry. All the things happened during this training can let me refreshing back
the entire things which I had learnt while in lecturing. Through this training I have
chances to meet some experienced engineers.
Here in my training, the analysis was done using ETABS 2015 and detailing
was done in AUTOCAD 2010. The structural components were designed manually.
Though the use of software offers saving in time, the calculations are not appropriate.
It takes value on the safer side than manual design. Hence manual design was
adopted. The designing and detailing was done according to standard specifications of
various codes to the possible extend. The various difficulties encountered in the
design process and the various constraints faced by the structural engineer in
designing up to the architectural drawing were also understood. The site visits gave
me knowledge regarding the execution of design into a structure. This training helped
to understand and analyze the structural problems faced by the construction industry.
47
Industrial Training
REFERENCES
1. IS 456: 2000 Indian Standard- Plain and Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2007.
2. IS: 875(Part-I)-1987, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design Loads (other
than earthquake) for Building and Structures, Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi, 1997.
3. IS: 875(Part-II)-1987, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design Loads (other
than earthquake) for Building and Structures, Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi, 1997.
4. IS: 875(Part-III)-1987, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design Loads (other
than earthquake) for Building and Structures, Bureau of Indian Standard, New
Delhi, 1997.
4. IS: 1893 (Part-I)-2002- Indian Standard- Criteria of for Earthquake Resistant
Design of Structures, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1997.
5. IS: 2911(Part1/Sec 2): 2010, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design and
Construction of Pile Foundations, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2010
6. Krishna Raju. N, Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design, First edition, C. B. S.
Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 2004.
7. SP16:1980, Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456-1978, Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1993.
8. Unnikrishna Pillai, S. &Devadas Menon, Reinforced Concrete Design, Ninth
reprint, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 2012.
48

3 Content

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

3 Content

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Industrial Training

Provides cost-effective solutions to our clients needs.

Monitoring and follow up at each stage and lassoing of professionally competent

Serving quality architectural solutions, with felicitous conceptualization and

Eco-friendly materials and professional acumen.

Some Major Projects of the firm

Quick Space Building - IT Incubation centre.

UL Cyber Park Project

Malabar Institute of Medical Sciences Ltd (MIMS) Educational Campus at Karad.

SADHBAVANA School, architectural design of the Niligari Institute of Medical

Dayapuram Residential School Al Islam Trust.

Apollo Oasis, Majeri.

Department Of Civil Engineering

2.2 DETAILS OF THE STRUCTURE

Department Of Civil Engineering

2010 as a mobile web- and cloud-based app marketed as AutoCAD 360.Developed

2.4 SOIL INVESTIGATION DETAILS

Department Of Civil Engineering

Fig.2.1 Bore Hole Profile

Department Of Civil Engineering

Fig.3.1 Basement Floor

Fig.3.2 Ground Floor

Fig.3.3 Mezzanine Floor

Fig.3.4 First Floor

Fig.3.5 Second Floor

Fig.3.6 Terrace Floor

Fig.3.7 Section B-B

Commercial office rooms -

Department Of Civil Engineering

Fig.4.1 Slab Load on Structure

Fig.4.2 Masonry Load on the Structure

4.2. LOAD COMBINATIONS

Department Of Civil Engineering

Fig.5.1 Extruded View of Whole Structure

Fig.5.2 Shear Force Diagram

Fig.5.3 Bending Moment Diagram

6.1 DESIGN OF BEAM

Fig.6.1 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram of beam

Department Of Civil Engineering

Width of the beam, b

Depth of the beam, D

Grade of Concrete, Fck

Total depth - clear coverdia

Ultimate Bending Moment, Mu

Ultimate Shear Force, Vu

Ultimate Bending Moment, Mu

Ultimate Shear Force, Vu

Ultimate Bending Moment, Mu

Ultimate Shear Force, Vu

From Table D of SP: 16,

Mu Mu (lim), Hence design as singly reinforced section.

Department Of Civil Engineering

Table 6.1.Beam Reinforcement

Ast (required) mm2

Ast (provided) mm2

3. Check for Minimum reinforcement

Ast (provided) Ast (min) Safe

Ast (provided) < 6000 mm Safe

From IS 456: 2000, table 19

v c , Hence shear reinforcement needs to be provided.

As per IS 456: 2000, Clause 40.4

Spacing of shear reinforcement shall be

Where, Sv is the area of transverse reinforcement.