325

New Hyd rogen Energ ies in Specially Structu red

Dense Media : Cap i l lary Chem istry and Capi l lary
Fusion

Jean-P i e r re V I G IER
U n i ve r s i t e P . e t M. C u r i e , CNRS URA 7 6 9
Tour 2 2 - 1 2 , 4me e t a g e - B o l t e 1 4 2 , 7 5 0 0 5 P AR I S

The a n a l y s i s o f p r e s e n t l y ob s e r v e d f a c t s s ugge s t s
that exce s s
h e at ( above b re a k - e ven )
a n d c o n c om i t t a n t
cold
f u s ion
proce s s e s
result
f rom
t wo
d i f fe rent
m e c h a n i s ms wh i ch have a common o r i g i n i n e . m . c u r r e nt
b e h a v i o u r in den s e media ( t he Amp e r e f o r c e s ) . They b o t h
r e s u l t f r om a l re a dy known p rope rt i e s o f n u c l e a r f o r c e s
a n d qu antum me chan i c s .

1 . Introduction
The
present
1 9 9 2 Nagoya Con ference c le a r l y
i l lu s t ra t e s t h e e x i st i n g gap between growing e v i de n c e o f
n e w p h e n o me n a . t i e d t o t h e p r e s e n c e o f h y d r o g e n a n d
deut e r i um , in v a r i o u s t ype s o f e l e c t rode s . I t c a n n o w b e
s t at e d
A ) t ha t o n e h a s demon st r a t e d t he F l e i s c hmann- P o n s c l a i m
t h at t h e r e e x i s t s a s i gn i f i c ant l y ( n ow r e p r o d u c t i b l e )
e xce s s heat ( above b r e a k - e ven )
1 ) i n e l e ct r o l yt i c heavy wat e r phe nomen a ( s e e t he i r n e w
e xp e r i ment )
in s p e c i a l l y p r e p a r e d p a l l ad i u m p l a t e s coat e d w i t h
2)
deut e r ium o x i de a n d g o l d ( s ee Yamaguchi e t a l . )
3 )
i n g l o w - d i s c h a r g e s on d e u t e r a t e d p a l l a d i um
( see
Kuche rov e t a l . )

FRONTIERS OF COLD FUSION

l 993 by Universal Academy Press, Inc.

326

T h i s p r op e r t y h a s a l s o b e e n ob s e r v e d i n
z in c ,
t it a n i um e t c : t h e mo s t s t r i k i n g b e i n g i n t u n g s t en b ro n z e
( s e e B a r ab u s h k i n - Ka b i r e t a l . ) .
App a r e n t l y t h e r e
is
g ro w i n g e v i de n c e
t ha t
the
init ial
non
reproduc t i b i l i t y
of
s u ch
e xp e r imen t s i s re l a t e d ( a s s hown b y Kab i r ) w i t h de f e c t s
( c rac k s e t c . ) in c e rt a i n samp l e s u t i l i z e d
- t h a t e xc e s s h e at g rows w i t h c u r r e n t i n t e n s it i e s ( i . e .
w i t h conduct ivit y )
i n e l e c t ro l y s i s a n d w i t h i n c r e a s e d
l oa d i n g o f t he e l e ct rode w i t h heavy wat e r o r deut e r i u m
that
i t a p p e a r s w i t h a t i me de l a y
( va r y i n g f r o m
m i n u t e s t o h o u r s ) a f t e r t h e l oa d i n g r e a c t i o n s t art s
- t ha t d u e t o t he v a r i e t y o f mat e r i a l u t i l i z e d , i t doe s
not re s u l t f r om k n own c hemi ca l r e a c t ions
B)

T h e ob s e r vat i o n of v e r y s ma l l qu a n t i t i e s of
a s he s " i . e .
neut ron s ,
He 3 , He 4 ,
t rit ium
( and
p a rt i c l e s ) b u t t h e e s s e n t i a l f a c t rema i n s
1 ) t ha t
a l ready
not,
the

i f they r e s u lt
k n own n u c l e a r

by

ve ry

ob s e r ve d

fa r ,
exce s s

in

" fu s i on
charged

( a s be l i ev e d b y t he a u t ho r ) f rom
r e a ct i o n s
( D +D e t c . ) t h e s e a r e

s u ffi c i e n t

quan t i t i e s

to

e xp l a i n

heat

2 ) t ha t t h e s e f u s ion r e a c t i o n s o c c u r i n c o n d i t i o n s o f
t e mp e r a t u r e whe r e t he r e i s n o a pp a r e n t p o s s i b i l i t y t o
e xp l a i n i n t h i s w a y h o w t h e c o r r e s po n d i n g i o n s ove r c ome
t h e i r C o u l omb r e p u l s ive b a r r i e r : h e n c e t he i r name " c o l d
f u s i on " .
3 ) t ha t t h e r e i s n e v e r t h e l e s s a n appa r e n t c o r r e l a t i o n
b e t w e e n n e u t ron p r o d u c t i o n
( wh e t h e r c o nt i n u o u s o r i r.
b u r s t s ) w i t h t h i s e x ce s s heat p r o d u c t ion .
C)

t hat

a l s o a pp e a r s i n t h E
in
variou s
s e t - u p ::
u t i l i z i n g h y d r o g e n a n d o r d i n a r y l i g h t wa t e r .
I on l )
ment ion
here
t he
B a r a b o s h k i n - Kab i r ,
S r i n a va s a n
anc
Yama g u c h i e xp e r i ment s . Th i s n e w f a c t e v i dent l y cannot b E
e xp l a i n e d
by
fus ion
m e c han i s m s
and
i mp l i e s
thE
appe a ra n c e ( t i e d t o H and D p ro p e r t i e s ) o f a n e w s t i l J
u n k n own c h e m i c a l t y p e o f p h e n ome n a . T h e f a c t s A ) B ) C )
e v i d e n t l y i mp l y t h e f o l l o w i n g s e t o f i mm e d i a t e e v i d e n t
que s t i o n s :
t otal

the

e x ce s s

a b s e n ce

of

heat

p h e n omena

f u s i on

a sh e s

1 ) Wh e r e doe s t h e e x ce s s h e a t come f r om ? F o r heavy wat e l

o r f u s ab l e c ondu c t o r s s u ch a s d e ut e r i um l it h ium e t c ? F O l
l i ght wat e r o r hydroge n ? H a s i t t he s ame o r i g i n o r n ot ?

327

2 ) Why are such e xpe r ime nt s not a lways r eprodu c i b l e with

a p p a r e n t l y s im i l a r s amp l e s ? D o e s t h i s r e s u l t f r o m
s t ruct ured d i f ferences i n the same p rodu ct s ? o r not ?
3)

Why i s there a de lay i n t ime ?

4 ) What i s the o r i g i n or the obs e rved ene rgy burst s ? Why

are they correlated w i t h neut ron bur s t s ?
I f exce s s heat doe s not come f rom f u s ion and/or known
chemi c a l react i o n s in va r iou s t ype s o f e l e ct rode s what
i s it s n a t u r e and i t s r e l a t i o n w i t h ob s e rved f u s i on
proce s se s ?
I n t h e p r e s e n c e o f s u ch f a c t s a n d que s t i o n s two
ma i n t heoret i c a l att itude s are pos s ib l e .
5)

1)
We a r e ob s e r v i n g s om e t h i n g e nt i r e ly
new i n the
n u c l e a r doma i n i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f conde n s ed mat t e r : i . e .
f u s i on i s t i e d t o s om e s t r u c t u r e d p r o p e r t i e s o f
p a l l adium ( loaded with deut e r ium o r h eavy wat e r ) re lated
t o its l a t t i c e r e act i o n s ( i . e . phonon propagat i on et c )
o r c o l l e ct i ve r e s o n a n c e r e a c t i o n s o f f u s i n g p l a s ma
e n c l o s ed within latt i ce s t ructure s . Th i s i s the l in e now
f o l l ow e d by m o s t t h e o r e t i c i a n s s t a r t i n g w i t h P ro f .
P Yeparata on t h i s pane l .
My c r i t i c i sm o f t h i s i s 1) t hat t h i s l in e doe s not
( t o my knowledg e ) e xp l a in point C ) . 2 ) that it doe s not
e xp la i n the gap b e t w e e n the quant i t y of f u s ion a she s )
( i . e . nuc l e a r f u s ion r e a c i t on s ) ob s e rved and the e xce s s
heat i t s e l f .

2 ) that ( wi t h i n o f cou r s e the p r e s ent ene r g y i n t erval

utilized)
t h e p r e s e n t nuc l e ar t h e o r y i s va l i d : i n c l u d i n g t h e
va rious branching rat ion s o f t h e D+D react i o n s
- t hat t h e p r e s e nt quantum me cha n i c s forma l i sm i s a l s o
v a l i d i n t hat f i e l d
- that t h e int e rp ret at ion o f t he f a ct s A ) B ) C ) t o e xp l a i n
and
C]
s i mu l t a n e o u s l y
t hu s
i mp l i e s
the
A)
ob s e rvat i o n / a c t ion o f n e w spe c i f i c p h ys i c a l p r op e rt i e s
t ie d t o t h e g eomet r i ca l s t ru c t u r e o f t h e e l e c t rode s
and/or ab s orpt ion loaded mat e r ial .
A ) mod i f i e s both H+ + H+ and D + + D + react i o n s i n orde r
t o obt a i n e x c e s s heat i n t e rms o f a new chem i c a l - t yp e
react i on compa t i b l e with quantum me chan i c s .

328

e xp l a in s s imultaneou s l y the appa rit ion ( in ve ry sma l l

quant i t ie s ) o f t h e obse rved fu s ion react i on s : a t l e a s t
f o r v e r y l o w inten s it y current s _

B)

C) leads t o
e xper iment s .
&1 .
Charged
Conductors

r e a s onab le predict i o n s

part i c l e

for n e w t yp e s

Conce nt rat ion s

in

of

C ap i l l a r y

W i t h i n t h i s l a t e r f rame l e t me p r e s ent here s ome

fact s and a s s umpt i o n s wh i ch ( in my op in ion ) shou l d be
i nt roduced a s founding stone s of a forthcomi ng deve l oped

mode l

of t h e

(pre s en t l y known )

fa c t s pre s en t ed at

this

Nagoya Con ference . The f i r s t c l a s s of new fact s

now
e xpe r i me nt a l ly re lated with
new current propert i e s
i n conde n s e d mat t e r have been known a n d con f i rmed for
s ome t ime . They are known to spe c i a l i s t s a s c on s equence s
o f t he a ct i o n o f t he " Amp e re F o r c e s " e mp i r i c a l l y
d i s cove r e d l ong ago b y Amp e r e ( 1 8 2 3 ) a n d r e c en t l y
revived/ j u s t i f i e d b y Graneau ( l ) , Phipps ( 2 ) , Rambaut and
V i g i e r ( 3 ) and very recent l y b y Saumont ( 4 ) . Th i s fo r ce
( wh i c h doe s not cont rad i ct p re s en t l y known l aw s o f
c l a s s i c a l an d quantum e l ect rodynami c s for f r e e charged
p a r t i c l e s ) repre s e n t s the co l le ct ive i n t e r a c t i o n s o f
charged current e lement s ( i . e . o f a mixture o f p o s i t ive
ions with orb i t a l and conduct ing e le ct ron s ) presents the
n e w rema rkab l e charact e r i s t i c of int rodu c i ng unkn own
( now con f i rmed b y e xpe r iment ( 4 ) lon git udin al repu l s i ve
forc e s between col inear current e lement s . Wr it te n in the
u s u a l not at ions ( DFmn i s a Newtonian force of repu l s ion
( i f p o s i t ive ) o r att ract ion ( i f n egat ive ) between t wo
c u r re n t e l e me n t s o f l e n g t h dm and dn a n d p a s s i n g
current s
im and in
r e s p e c t i ve l y .
The angle o f
i n c l inat ion between the e lement s i s E and a and are
the i n c l i na t i on s o f the e l ement s t o the di s t an ce vector
rmn ) we have
= -..& .:..... L .. .
4lT

. (2 (OS t-3 coc(.<'05t') ( 1 )

1'4

"'"

whi ch gives for the longitudinal force

bF
/'YI n

(2

329

T h i s l on gi t u d i n a l fo r ce in gaze_pu s l i qu id and s o l i d
c ondu c t o r s h a s been shown ( a s i l l u s t rated i n t h e two
f o l lowing f i gures ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) t o cL i s t " , t th Q. u S iJCLI c.u.rr "' ''' .:e

..
..
\

i \

, \
\ ,
\ '

..

""
,
,

'

,0

.;

, I
,

I ,

..
I :

F ig . 1
F ig . 1 showing how a tungsten
conductor i s cut into pieces
c a l led usua l l y ( beads " . The
t ungsten wire i s photographed
dur ing the currentpause
( Upps a la exp e i rment s ) .

F ig . 2
Sketch o f an x
ray phot ograph
of deute r ium
f ibre f ragmenta
t ion

h a s t h e e v i dent c on s e quen ce s o f c r e a t i n g s t a n d i n g
longitudinal current concent rat i o n s in conduct o r s i . e .
t o s p l i t t hem into s t r ing of beads wh i ch int e rrupt the
current at h igh int e n s it ies . Thi s c reat ion of s t rings of
( repu l s i ve ) c u rrent concen t r at i o n s co r r e spond t o the
nodes o f the longitudina l s t anding wave s o f wave l ength
lin
( with n int ege r )
wh i c h appe a r s b e t w e e n t he
e xt remit i e s o f a l imit ed cur rent with f i xed end point s
s eparated by a distance 1 . I f an e l e ct r ode contains rows
of cap i l la r i e s the i on i z at ion o r i n j ected cur rent s t hu s
induces ( a s a quas i - s t a t i c wave s y stem i s created) the
po s s ib i l it y o f s c reen ing e f fect s ( wh i ch induce fu s io
or, a s we sha l l see, new ion-e l e ct ron- ion s y s t ems wh ich
might e xplain exce s s heat .

330

I n t e rpretat ion o f E xce s s heat in t e rms o f a new t ype

of chem ic a l react ions

2 .

Two d i f f e rent phy s i c a l con s e qu en ce s can be derived

f rom t he e x i s t en c e o f the current beads on t he behaviour
of i on i z e d ions i . e . the c reat i on of h i t he r t o
very t ight l y bound state s H 1- -t- HT-t-e -::: TIl and ]>t+ 1)f"+ e- =:;
s t a t e s wh i ch c o r r e spond t o the comb i nat ion o f two i o n s
w h i c h rotate rap idly i n stab le tt p e
B o h r o rb i t s a round
an e l e ct ron s quee z ed b e t we e n them . This new t yp e t h r e e
body s y st em corresponds t o a new unknown qua s i -mo l e c u l a r
s t a t e ( who s e s t ab i l it y wi l l be d i s c u s s e d l at e r ) . As w e
s ha l l now l im i t
ou r s e l v e s h e r e t o a s imp l i f i e d
ca l cu l a t i on . T h i s c o r re s ponds f o r de ut e r i um ( a c cording
to the usual forma l i s m ) t o b in ding ene r g i e s o f the o rde r
- 5 0 k e v wh i c h a cco u nt f o r t h e e x c e s s h e a t r e l e a s e d
w it hout app re c iab l e f u s ion cont r ibut ion . [T h i s ide a f i r s t
sugg e s t e d b y Ba rut ( in a p r i vate commun i cat ion ) w a s a l s o
p r opo s e d ( w i t h t he s ame 5 0 k e v b i n d i n g e n e r g y ) b y
G ry z i n s k i i n Gamov t ype ana l y s i s ( N at u r e 3 3 8 ( 1 9 8 9 ) 7 1 2 )
o f the c o l l i s i on b e t ween ( H or D ) i o n s and atoms) . The
e l e ct ron ' s o rbit f la t t e n s p e rpendi cu l a r to the l in e o f
t he c o l l i ding ions . I t can b e s que e z ed betwe e n t he m and
s t ab i l i :l e d t h e re by t he s u r rounding e le c t ron c loud .fJ h i s
met hod o f qu ant i z at i o n a n d t he r o l e o f i n t e rven i n g
e l e c t r o n s e xp l a i n s s om e t yp e s o f o b s e r ve d r e gu l a r
c o l l e c t ive mot i ons ( i . e . c l u s t e r fo rmat i on s ) whi ch can
cont a in t r iangu l a r , t e t rahedra l cub i c . . . con f i gurat ions
wh i ch move col l e c t i ve l y and have b e e n o b s e rved to have
s t r ong l y enhanced (by many o r de r s of magn i t u d e w i t h
i n d i v i d u a l p a r t i c l e s ) J . Th i s con f i gu r a t i o n n at u r a l l y
a r i s e s when the Amp e r e force cut s t he current into beads
i n a cap i l la r y s in c e t h e s i t ua t i o n o f t he ion s then
r e s emb l e s what happe n s t o fast g oi ng cars w h i ch c r a s h
s u c c e s s i v e l y i n t o e a c h o t h e r du r i n g a s l o w d ow n
( a c c i dent ) o n a mode rn h ighway . Th i s s it uat ion i s v e r y
dif fe rent
f rom
t he
usual
qu a n t um
mecha n i c a l
i n t e rp re t at i on o f chemica l phenomen a i . e . o f t h e norma l
s t a t e s o f H1 p4 D2 + wh ich are a s sumed ( according t o t he
B o r n - Oppe nhe ime r app r o x imat i on ) t o c o r r e s p o n d t o the
rap i d mot i on o f the e le ct ron in the f i e l d o f two a lmost
f i x e d n u c l e i . I f one f i r s t n e g l e c t s the s p i n a n c
con s i d e r s two ma s s e s M ( w ith c h a r g e s z ) rot at ing a t a
d i s t ance r f rom a ma s s m ( charge z ) i . e .

331

t h i s g i ve s t h e Ham i l t on i an

fP(z.'l."'1J

which when quant i z ed b y the u sual Bohr-Somme r f e l d met hod

1) i . e .
f i e lds p
fpd = nt. with (1'1 c
energy l e ve l s tl'l -= -J;
)
1. . e .
-(vm<Ih}(l'Z tZ/)c.
=

= ,

- For the He a t om t h i s y i e lds

t he ob s e rved va lue- 5 , 6 9 Ryd ,

"'0 -= - n

r<.y d c l o s e

:t-

to

-+
- + the
and ::I1.
B o h r e n e r g y l e ve l s a r e
- For
H
which .5 0 r r e sp nd
approached b y En ::- - ( Cj /' 6 )(M 0( ""I III'2.)
t o ground s t a t e s of 2 8 , 1 kev and 5 6 , 2 kev for H2+ and D2+
o f cours e . Th i s crude c a l cu lat ion shou l d / can be e xt e nded
to i n c l ude sp i n - s p i n and s p i n - o rb i t c a l cu l at i o n s
a n d a l s o made re lat i v i s t i c ( a det a i l e d c a l cu l at i o n i s
s ubmi tt ed f o r pub l i cat ion ) u s ing an e ff e c t ive potent i a l
\I e /{ -= 2- d :::;(L ( L.+ -0/ R'l. - (301./p.) ..... 4 (o(/....J I/ R - 3 /7 "
whi ch y i e l d s ve r y d i f f e re n t m i n i ma l va l u e s and l /Mo.
( Bohr radius for the prot o n ) for H2+ ' At s hort di stance s
s p i n - s p i n interact ions grow l i k e 1 / r 3 ( compared t o tl/for
C ou l omb int e ract ions . Sp in-orbit inte ract ions ( i . e . s =
a r e o f t he o rde r o f 1 0 k e v
e f{E'((e- S)IMr"3) M o(4 ( 1"1 /WI) )
( 4 0 k e v for D ) i . e . comparab l e t o t he Coulomb potent ia l .
They a r e a t t ra c t i ve or r ep u l s i ve a c cording t o the s i gn
-- 3/4 )
s o t hat the
o f L .S -= ( t /z.)( TCT-H) - L ( L- --+
a t t r a c t ive c a s e c a n i n c r e a s e the b i nd i n g e n e rgy t o
s t ab i l i z e t he n e w con f igurat i o n s and t hu s he lp f u s i o n
t unne l l ing i n s ome ca s e s .
Th i s model imp l i e s evident con s e qu e n c e s

Evident l y the exce s s heat ene rgy obt a i ne d with H 2 + i s

one fourth o f the amount obt a in ed with D2 +
Th i s heat depends on
_
the numb e r of H2+ and 02 + ( o r l ight and heavy wat e r H 2 0
a n d 15 2 + 0 ) i . e . o n t h e l o a d i n g o f t h e c ap i l l a r i e s
c o nt a i n ed i n e l e ct ro de s . E x c e s s heat i s c r e a t e d on l y
when t he y a r e f o rmed i . e . not n e c e s sa r i l y imme d i at e l y
s i n c e individua l cap i l l a r i e s ' i n t e rn a l s it u at ion evolve
w ith t ime .

332

IO';,t
lj
5000

,o tel NElJTROIIS/ SHOT

)()- " NSEC

b)

. ...

. .....

. . -_ . -

...

10

. ..

..

20 P $

TIE

F ig . 3 . D rawings repr oducted from the re f s . [ 1 4 ] and [ 1 6 ]

s ho w i n g t h e p r i n c ip a l e l e me n t s w h i ch de s c r ib e t he
c ap i l l a r y f u s i on e xp e r i me n t s p e r f o rm e d b y L o cht e
H o l t g reven e t a l .
[ 1 4 ] F . C . Young e t a l . N . R . L . 2 0
( 1 9 8 3 ) 4 3 9 . [ 1 6 ] J . D . Sethian e t a l . P . R . L . 5 9 ( 1 9 8 7 )
585 .
The re e x i s t s the pos s ib i l it y t o start chain format i on o f
H2 + o r D 2 + wh i ch wou l d e xp la in heat bu r s t s i . e . fu s ion
wave s o f t h e W i n t e rb e r g t y p e . A f t e r s ome t im e t h e
r e a ct i on s t o p s and t h e n e w compound mol e cu l e s ( H2 + , D2 + )
l eave the s ys t em f o r goo d.
We now come t o the que s t i on o f " co ld fus i on " .
& 3 . C o l d F u s ion P roce s s in Cap i l la r i e s
I f o n e r e ca l l s t hat i n s ome e x p e r i m e nt s t h e r e
e x i s t s a c o r r e l a t ion between e x ce s s heat a n d neut ron
e m i s s i o n and a c c ep t t h e fact t hat t he l a t e r c an n o t
e xp l a i n t h e f o rme r t h e s imp l e s t p o s s ib i l i t y i s t o
at t r ibut e b o t h a common or igin i . e . the b e a d s o f current
concent rat ion de s c r ibed above . S ince i t is e vident t hat
i n ])1- + j)t- i o n fus i o n t he i o n s do not have a s u f f i c i e nt
ve l o c i t y t o ove r come the repu l s ive Cou l omb b a r r i e r the
o n l y p o s s ib i l it i e s l e ft are

333

- t o a s s ume a s c reen ing mechan i s m ( i . e . l ower i n g o f the

b a r r i e r f o l l ow e d by t u n n e l i n g )
t ie d t o e l ect ron
conc ent rat ions : a proce s s d i s c u s s e d b y man y part i c ipant s
here ( a l s o s upported by Rambaut and mys e l f ( 5 ) ) .
F o r l a c k o f s p a ce and t ime I w i l l not d i s c u s s i t
h e r e but o n l y r e ca l l / indi cate t ha t it h a s b e e n a na l y ze d
i n var i ous w a y s i n t h e l it e ra t u r e . . . a n d e v e n extended
to p o s s ib l e doub l e s cr e e n i n g p r o c e s s e s ( e l e c t ron s p l u s
i on s ) by Rambaut .
- t o a s sume that the p re s en c e o f an e l e ct ron between t wo
i o n s l e ad s t o u n s t a b l e qua n t um c l o s e l y b o u n d qua s i
mo l e c u l a r quantum s t a t e s wh ich f a c i l i t a t e t unne l ing ( 5 ) .
T h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e s e n e w t yp e s O f c o ' d f u s i o n
m e c ha n i s m o p e n s i n t e r e s t i n g n e w p o s s ib i l i t i e s f o r
r e s earch
and
future
u t i l i s a t i o n . f""'m the o b s e r v e d
c o r r e l a t i on b e t w e e n e x ce s s h e a t n e u t ron e mi s s i o n a n d
i n j e ct e d c u r r e n t p u l s e s o f t h e t y p e u t i l i z e d i n
c ap i l l a r y f u s ion ( o f z - p i n c h ) o n e m a y obt a i n e x ce s s
ene rgy wh i ch ma i n l y o r i g i na t e s i n t h i s c a s e f rom f u s ion
p ro ce s s e s . Th i s is a l r e a dy s t r on g l y .s U 3S d'tre d b y
c ap i l l a ry e x p e r iment s i n i t i a t e d i n F ra n c e ( p r e s en t l y
deve l o p e d i n B e l g ra de u s ing L i ( ND 4 ) 3 a s condu c t o r b y
P ro f e s s o r Ma r i o n m y s ugge s t ion ) wh i ch s hows growing
n e u t r o n f l u xe s w i t h g r o w i n g c u r r e n t i n t e n s i t y ( a t
s ign i f i cant l y int e n s i t i e s) p l u s i n c r e a s ing neut ron f luxe s
w i t h de c r e a s i n g c ap i l l a ry d i amet e r . . The y e v i dent l y
j u s t i f y t h e re s u l t s obt a in e d i n K i e l s ome t ime a g o b y
L o c h t e - H o l t greven a n d a re r ep r e s e n t e d i n F i g . ?
In
Be l g rade a s i n z - p i n c h e xp e r iment s ( b y S e t h i a n e t a l .
( PRL [ 1 6 ] ) one h a s obt a i n e d n e u t r on bu r s t s o f - 1 0 1 2
n e u t ron s i n a f e w n a n o s e c o n d s i n f r o z e n de u t e r i u m
t h r e a d s ) b y s h o o t i n g - 1 0 6 A i n a f ew n a n o s e c o n d s .
E vi dent l y t he neut ron f lu x g rows l i ke a h igh p owe r ( - 8
o f the current
inten s i t y .
T h e B e l g r a de
or 10)
e xp er iment s s u gg e s t t hat b i g e f f o r t s shou l d be made 1 )
t o r e du c e the t ime du rat ion o f t h e t r i gg e r i n g c u rr en t
p u l s e s 2 ) t o bu i l d fa st s wit che s t o s uppre s s t h e input
c u r rent ( s e cond ma x i mum i n F i g . "3
) a f t e r the Amp e r e
force h a s cut it i t s e l f ( s ee t h e f i r s t max imum o f F i g 3 )
Conc l u s ion
F rom t h i s too b r i e f ana l y s i s one can de r i ve s ome
e xp e r iment a l propo s a l s and r e ca l l t wo quotat i o n s

334

A)

N e w e xp e r iment s

are u rgent l y n e e de d

1 ) R e do a l l e xp e r i m e n t s p r e s e n t e d h e r e w i t h
l i ght wat e r ( o r w i t h hydrogen and deut e r i u m
2)

Look

at

c l u s t e r i ng

theoret i c a l l y

a n d l o o k f o r r a d i a t ion e m i t t e d b y

H2+

and
and

heavy

and

e xp e r i m e nt a l l y

02+ '

3 ) P u s h f o r w a r d m i c r o s c op i c s t r u c t u r a l a n a l y s i s o f
p a l l a d i u m b r o n z e e t c t o l o o k f o r c ap i l l a r i e s ( s e e n i n
b r o n z e b y K ab i r ) a n d comp a r e s y s t em a t i c a l l y s u c c e s s fu l
a n d u n s u c c e s s fu l s a mp l e s
4)

Try

h i gh

d i s ch a r g e s

in

cur rent

i n t e n s it y

va r i o u s

s i t u a t i on s

ve r y

(in

s hort

cur rent

c on d u c t i n g

f u s i on

mat e r i a l ) t o s e e i f t h e y i n c r e a s e e xc e s s h e a t p r odu ct i o n
u s ing
l oa d e d e l e c t ro de s t o i n c re a s e the e f fe ct A

B)

A big
n e e de d

theoret ical

op e n

minded

e f f o rt

is

e v i de n t l y

1 ) A s s t a t e d b y E i n s t e i n " Hu ma n i t y i s w . r . t . mod e r n
s c i e n c e l i k e a n i n e xp e r i en c e d ha r s ema n o n a w i l d h o r s e " .
E v i de n t l y t h e w i l d h o r s e o f c o l d f u s i o n h a s l e f t t h e
s t ab l e and i s p re s e nt l y runn i n g

2)

As s t a t e d t o me long ago b y Vu CL wa..h i m s e l f " Wh e n n e w

f a c t s app e a r t h e t ru e t h e o r e t i c i a n s h o u l d a da p t h i s
t h e o r i e s t o t h e s e f a ct s not t h e r e ve r s e . We a r e s t i l l
f a r f rom a c o r r e ct d i s an t a n g l ement o f f a c t s i n conde n s e d
mat t e r .

Re f e r e n c e s

( 1 ) P . G r a n e au ,
Hadron i c P re s s

Amp e r e - N e wmann e l e c t r o d yn a mi c s

( 1 983) .

(2)

T.E.

(3)
447

H . Ramb a u t a n d J . P .
and 1 4 8 ( 1 9 9 0 ) 2 2 9 .

(4)

R . S aumont ,

P h i pp s ,

P hy s . Le t t . A

14 ( 1990) 6 .

Vi g i e r ,

P hy s . L e t t . A

( 5 ) S e e t h e s umma r y o f
Ramba u t . P h y s . L e t t . A . 1 6 3

i n me t a l .

P hy s . Le t t . A

142

( 1989)

165 ( 1992) 310 .

our

propo s a l s

( 1 9 92 ) 3 3 5 .

g iven

by

M.