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Allport's most distinctive and controversial concept is his theory of functional autonomy, which holds that
some (but not all) human motives are functionally independent from the original motive responsible for a
particular behavior. Allport recognized two levels of functional autonomy: (1) perseverative functional
autonomy, which is the tendency of certain basic behaviors (such as addictive behaviors) to continue in the
absence of reinforcement, and (2) propriate functional autonomy, which refers to self-sustaining motives
(such as interests) that are related to the proprium.
C. Conscious and Unconscious Motivation
Although Allport emphasized conscious motivation more than any other personality theorist, he did not
completely overlook the possible influence of unconscious motives on pathological behaviors. Most people,
however, are aware of what they are doing and why they are doing it.
VII. The Psychologically Healthy Personality
Allport believed that people are motivated by both the need to adjust to their environment and to grow
toward psychological health; that is, people are both reactive and proactive. Nevertheless, psychologically
healthy persons are more likely to engage in proactive behaviors. Allport listed six criteria for psychological
health: (1) an extension of the sense of self, (2) warm relationships with others, (3) emotional security or
self-acceptance, (4) a realistic view of the world, (5) insight and humor, and (6) a unifying philosophy of life.
VIII. The Study of the Individual
Allport strongly felt that psychology should develop and use research methods that study the individual
rather than groups.
A. Morphogenic Science
Traditional psychology relies on nomothetic science, which seeks general laws from
a study of groups of people, but Allport used idiographic or morphogenic procedures that study the single
case. Unlike many psychologists, Allport was willing to accept self-reports at face value.
B. The Diaries of Marion Taylor
In the late 1930's, Allport and his wife became acquainted with diaries written
by woman they called Marion Taylor. These diaries-along with descriptions of Marion Taylor by her mother,
younger sister, favorite teacher, friends, and a neighbor-provided the Allports with a large quantity of
material that could
be studied using morphogenic methods. However, the Allports never published
this material.
C. Letters from Jenny
Even though Allport never published data from Marion Taylor's dairies, he did publish a second case studythat of Jenny Gove Masterson. Jenny had written a series of 301 letters to Gordon and Ada Allport, whose
son had been a roommate of Jenny's son. Two of Gordon Allport's students, Alfred Baldwin and Jeffrey Paige
used a personal structure analysis and factor analysis respectively, while Allport used a commonsense
approach to discern Jenny's personality structure as revealed by her letters. All three approaches yielded
similar results, which suggests that morphogenic studies can be reliable.
IX. Related Research
Allport believed that a deep religious commitment was a mark of a mature person, but he also saw that
many regular churchgoers did not have a mature religious orientation and were capable of deep racial and
social prejudice. In other words, he saw a curvilinear relationship between church attendance and
prejudice.
A. The Religious Orientation Scale
This insight led Allport to develop and use the Religious Orientation Scale to assess both an intrinsic
orientation and an extrinsic orientation toward religion. Allport and Ross found that people with an extrinsic
orientation toward religion tend to be quite prejudiced, whereas those with an intrinsic orientation tend to be
low on racial and social prejudice.
B. Religious Orientation and Psychological Health
Research has found that people who score high on the Intrinsic scale of the ROS tend to have overall better
personal functioning than those who score high on the Extrinsic scale. In general, these studies have found
that some highly religious people have strong psychological health whereas others suffer from a variety of
psychological disorders. The principal difference between the two groups is one of intrinsic or extrinsic
religious orientation; that is, people with an intrinsic orientation tend to be psychologically healthy, but those
with an extrinsic orientation suffer from poor psychological health.
X. Critique of Allport
Allport has written eloquently about personality, but his views are based more on philosophical speculation
and common sense than on scientific studies. As a consequence, his theory is very narrow, being limited
mostly to a model of human motivation. Thus, it rates low on its ability to organize psychological data and to
be falsified. It rates high on parsimony and internal consistency and about average on its ability to generate
research and to help the practitioner.
XI. Concept of Humanity
Allport saw people as thinking, proactive, purposeful beings who are generally aware of what they are doing
and why. On the six dimensions for a concept of humanity, Allport rates higher than any other theorist on
conscious influences and on the uniqueness of the individual. He rates high on free choice, optimism, and
teleology, and about average on social influences.