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Lecture # 06
ME 434 Renewable Energy
Resources
Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Generating Power
In nature, energy cannot be created or destroyed, but its form
can change. In generating electricity, no new energy is created.
To generate electricity, water must be in motion. When flowing
water turns blades in a turbine, the form is changed to
mechanical (machine) energy. The turbine turns the generator
rotor which then converts this mechanical energy into another
energy form -- electricity. Since water is the initial source of
energy, we call this hydroelectric power or hydropower for short.
At facilities called hydroelectric power plants, hydropower is
generated.Somepowerplants are located on rivers, streams, and
canals, but for a reliable water supply, dams are needed
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Generating Power
Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Transmitting Power
Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Transmitting Power
Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Flow Rate
Flow Rate = the quantity of water flowing
When more water flows through a turbine, more electricity can
be produced. The flow rate depends on the size of the river and
the amount of water flowing in it. Power production is
considered to be directly proportional to river flow. That is,
twice as much water flowing will produce twice as much
electricity.
Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Head
Head = the height from which water falls
The farther the water falls, the more power it has. The higher
the dam, the farther the water falls, producing more
hydroelectric power.
Power production is also directly proportional to head. That
is, water falling twice as far will produce twice as much
electricity.
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
An Example
As an example,
The dam itself is 357 feet high, the head (distance the water
falls) is 235 feet. The typical flow rate is 2200 cfs. Lets say the
turbine and generator are 80% efficient.
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
An Example
Power = 517,000 x .80/11.8
Power = 413,600/11.8
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Run-of-the-River Hydropower
System
A run-of-the-river system uses the rivers natural flow and
requires little or no impoundment. It may involve a diversion of
a portion of the stream through a canal or penstock, or it may
involve placement of a turbine right in the stream channel.
Run-of-the-river systems are often low-head.
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Large Hydropower
A large hydropower facility has the capacity to produce
more than 30,000 kilowatts (kW) of electricity.
Large hydropower systems typically require a dam.
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Small Hydropower
Small hydropower facilities can produce
100 30,000 kilowatts (kW) of electricity.
Small hydropower facilities may involve a small dam, or be a
diversion of the main stream, or be a
run-of-the-river system.
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Micro Hydropower
Micro hydropower plants have the capacity to produce 100
kilowatts (kW) or less. Micro-hydro facilities typically use a
run-of-the-river system.
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Hydraulic Turbine
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Types of Turbine
There are two basic types of Hydraulic Turbine
impulse and reaction,
impulse turbines require a higher head, but can operate
with a smaller volume flow rate.
Reaction turbines can operate with much less head, but
require a higher volume flow rate.
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Pelton Wheel
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Pelton Wheel
j n
Q Q1 Q 2 Q 3 Q n Q
j1
H m H m1 H m2 H m3 H mn
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Reaction Turbine
The other main type of energy-producing hydroturbine is the
reaction turbine, which consists of fixed guide vanes called
stay vanes, adjustable guide vanes called wicket gates,
and rotating blades called runner blades
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Cecos University
Faculty of Engineering, phase 6,Hayat Abad Peshawar
Quiz # 02
Next 1 hr Class
Assignment # 02
Reaction Turbine
Next 2 hr Class
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