Design of Drill Bit

Drill can be defined as a rotary end

cutting tool having one or more cutting lips, and
having one or more helical or straight flutes for the
passage of chips and the admission of a cutting fluid.

Classification
A. Classification Based on Construction
1. Solid Drills: Those made of one piece of material
such as
high speed steel
2. Tipped Solid Drills: Those having a body of one
material with cutting lips made of another material brazed
or otherwise bonded in place
3. Composite Drills: Those having cutting portions
mechanically held in place

B. Classification Based on Methods of Holding or

Driving
1. Straight Shank Drills: Those having cylindrical
shanks which may be the same or different diameter
than the body of the drill; the shanks may be made
with or without driving flats, tang, grooves or threads
2. Taper Shank Drills: Those having conical shanks
suitable for direct fitting into tapered holes in machine
spindles, driving sleeves or sockets; tapered shanks
generally have a driving tang
3. Taper Shank Square Drills: Those having tapered
shanks with four flat sides for fitting a rachet or brace
4. Shell Core Drills: Core drills mountable on arbors
specifically designed for the purpose; commonly used

with shell reamer arbors

5. Threaded Shank Drills Those made with threaded
shanks generally used in close center multiple spindle
applications or portable angle drilling tools
6. Beaded Shank Bits: Drills with flat shanks having
raised beads parallel to the axis
C. Classification Based on Number of Flutes
1. Two-Flute Drills: The conventional type of twist drill
used for originating holes
2. Single-Flute Drills: Those having only one flute
only used for originating holes
3. Three-Flute Drills (Core Drills): Drills commonly
used for enlarging and finishing, drilled, cast, or punched
holes; they will not produce original holes
4. Four-Flute Drills (Core Drills): Used
interchangeably with three-flute drills; they are of similar
construction except for the number of flutes
Nomenclature of Twist Drills and Other Terms Relating
to Drilling
Axis: The imaginary straight line which forms the
longitudinal center line of the drill
Back Taper: A slight decrease in diameter from front
to back in the body of the drill
Body: The portion of the drill extending from the
shank or neck to the outer corners of the cutting lips

Body Diameter Clearance: That portion of the land

that has been cut away so it will not rub against the walls
of the hole
Built-Up Edge: An adhering deposit of nascent
material on the cutting lip or the point of the drill
Cam Relief: The relief from the cutting edge to the
back of the land, produced by a cam actuated cutting tool
or grinding wheel on a relieving machine
Chip Breaker: Nicks or Grooves designed to reduce
the size of chips; they may be steps or grooves in the
cutting lip or in the leading face of the land at or adjacent
to the cutting lips
Chip Packing: The failure of chips to pass through
the flute during cutting action
Chipping: The breakdown of a cutting lip or margin
by loss of fragments broken away during the cutting action
Chisel Edge: The edge at the end of the web that
connects the cutting lips
Chisel Edge Angle: The angle included between the
chisel edge and the cutting lip, as viewed from the end of
the drill
Clearance: The space provided to eliminate
undesirable contact between the drill and the work piece
Clearance Diameter: The diameter over the cut
away portion of the drill lands
Drill Diameter: The diameter over the margins of the
drill
measured at the point
Exposed Length: The distance the large of a shank
projects from the drive socket or large end of the taper ring
gage
External Center: The conical point on the shank end

of the drill, and the point end on some sizes of core drills
Flat Drill: A drill whose flutes are produced by two
parallel or tapered flats
Flat (Spade) Drill: A removable cutting drill tip
usually attached to a special holder designed for this
purpose; generally used for drilling or enlarging cored
holes
Flutes: Helical or straight grooves cut or formed in
the body of the drill to provide cutting lips, to permit
removal of chips, and to allow cutting fluid to reach the
cutting lips
Flute Length: The length from the outer corners of
the cutting lips to the extreme back end of the flutes; it
includes the sweep of the tool used to generate the flutes
and, therefore, does not indicate the usable length of the
flutes
Helical Flutes: Flutes which are formed in a helical
path around the axis
Helix Angle: The angle made by the leading edge
of the land with a plane containing the axis of the drill
Land: The peripheral portion of the body between
adjacent flutes
Land Width: The distance between the leading
edge and the heel of the land measured at a right angle to
the leading edge
Lead: The axial advance of a leading edge of the
land in one turn around the circumference
Lips: The cutting edges of a two flute drill extending
from the chisel edge to the periphery
Lip Relief: The axial relief on the drill point

Lip Relief Angle: The axial relief angle at the outer

corner of the lip; it is measured by projection into a plane
tangent to the periphery at the outer corner of the lip

Materials of drill
Many different materials are used for or on drill bits,
depending on the required application. Many hard
materials, such as carbides, are much more brittle than
steel, and are far more subject to breaking, particularly if
the drill is not held at a very constant angle to the work
piece; e.g., when hand-held
1 Steels
2 Tungsten carbide
3 polycrystalline diamond (pcd)

Cutting forces in drilling:

In a drill there are two main cutting edges and a small

chisel edge at the
centre as shown in above Fig.
The force components that develop (during drilling
operation are :
A pair of tangential forces, PT1 and PT2 (equivalent to PZ
in turning)
at the main cutting edges
Axial forces PX1 and PX2 acting in the same direction
A pair of identical radial force components, PY1 and PY2
one additional axial force, PXe at the chisel edge which
also
removes material at the centre and under more stringent
condition.
PT1 and PT2 produce the torque, T and causes power
consumption PC as,

T = PT x (D)
and PC= 2TN
where, D = diameter of the drill
and N = speed of the drill in rpm.
The total axial force PXT which is normally very large in
drilling, is provided by
PXT = PX1 + PX2 + PXe
But there is no radial or transverse force as PY1 and PY2,
being in opposite direction, nullify each other if the tool
geometry is perfectly symmetrical.