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Further Electrical Power

Unit 26

Assignment 1

Synchronous Generators

M. Mould

17/09/2009

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Contents

Question 1......................................................................................................................3
........................................................................................................................................6
.......................................................................................................................................6
Question 4......................................................................................................................7
......................................................................................................................................7
What conditions are necessary for paralleling two synchronous generators?..............10
If multiple generators are to be connected in parallel, certain conditions must be met
as so not to present a danger to people or cause damage to machinery and equipment.
......................................................................................................................................10
The RMS voltage should be equal to that of the other paralleled generators, this has a
tolerance set at ±5% for oncoming generators, as generating a higher/lower voltage
than the other paralleled generators this would have a noticeable effect on the total
RMS voltage of the system..........................................................................................10
Diagram e1 is 120˚ out of phase with e2 on an oscilloscope this could be spotted and
corrected. There is also equipment for phase angle-measurement, the majority of
modern phase-measuring devices are based on the use of zero-crossing detectors.....11
......................................................................................................................................11
Question 6....................................................................................................................12
Describe TWO methods of synchronising generators..................................................12
Three Dark lamp method..............................................................................................12
This method works on the principle of potential difference;.......................................12
The terminals of the lamps are connected to each of their relative phases from each
part of the system (i.e. Brown from one generator set is connected to one terminal of
the lamp, and brown from the other generator set to the other terminal of the same
lamp. Same occurs for black and blue phases.)............................................................12
When the terminals of the bulbs are connected to each respective source, if the two
frequencies are the same and there is no phase difference, there would be no potential
difference in voltage, and the lamp will not illuminate, but if there is a potential
difference then the lamp will light indicating it is not safe to inter-connect the
systems.........................................................................................................................12
View related video at http://www.jcmiras.net/jcm/item/98/........................................12
......................................................................................................................................13
......................................................................................................................................14

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Question 1

Explain why the frequency of a synchronous generator is locked into


its rate of shaft rotation?

On the national grid system the frequency is locked at 50HZ as that


is the national standard “National Grid has a licence obligation to
control frequency within the limits specified in the 'Electricity Supply
Regulations', i.e. ±1% of nominal system frequency (50.00Hz)”
http://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/Electricity/Balancing/services/frequencyresponse/
This licence can only be broken in exceptional circumstances, as
frequency can affected by sudden gain/shedding of load sufficient
generated power is readily available for this purpose.

“As electricity cannot be stored, the instantaneous generation must


match the demand being taken from the system”
http://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/Electricity/Data/Realtime/

Although the statutory requirement is +/- 0.5HZ the


National Grid normally operates within more stringent 'operational
limits' which are set at +/- 0.2HZ

Before the national grid was implemented there was no standard


frequency, in London alone there were up to 10 different
frequencies been generated from different sites. In 1926 when the
national grid was brought around it also saw 50HZ become the
standard frequency, but it wasn’t until after World War II that the
whole country was operating at 50HZ
http://wapedia.mobi/en/Utility_frequency

Frequency when generated is determined by the formula:

f=Nm p
120
Where...

f= frequency

Nm= speed (RPM)

p= number of poles on the generator

120= constant

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Question 2

Equivalent circuit for a single phase loaded synchronous generator

Rf Ra jXs
Ia1
Ea
1
Lf Ve1

Vf jXs

Rr

Taken From synchronous Machines hand out (Page 13)

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Question 3

Phasor diagram of a synchronous generator at unity power factor

Ea

JXsIa

Ia Ve IaRa

Phasor diagram of synchronous generator at Leading power factor

Ea

JXsIa

Ia

IaRa
Ve

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Phasor diagram of synchronous generator at Lagging Power factor

Ea

JXsIa

Ve
Ia
IaRa

Taken From Synchronous Machines handout (Page 15)

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Question 4

Explain, using diagrams where appropriate, how the control of the


following:-

a) Voltage
b) Frequency
c) Power factor

a) Voltage

A voltage gathered from the terminal output of a generator is


transformed down and rectified to DC, this will be used in a
comparator within the circuit and compared against a stable voltage
generated from within the regulator, any potential difference is
amplified and used for the firing of the thyristor circuit for
excitation, to raise or lower the level of the voltage level of the
potential difference from the comparator.

Excitation
power supply

Comparator

Reference
volts Firing gear

Amplifier

Stabilising

Generator voltage
DC to field of
generator or
exciter

b) Frequency

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The equation for calculating frequency is :- f=Nm p
120

Where...

f= frequency

Nm= speed (RPM)

p= number of poles on the generator

120= constant

The frequency can be controlled by changing the mechanical speed


of the generator to reduce or increase the frequency.

Or change the number of poles of the generator to change the


frequency.

Other forms of frequency control for motors are available in a


proportional control device where as deviations in frequency are
noted and automatically altered. Such equipment is available from
http://www.texmate.com/applications/motor-generator-set-frequency-control/

c) Power factor

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Power factor control is gained from an automatic power factor
control system the controller changes the number of capacitor
banks to improve the efficiency of the system by using the value of
the inductive power factor to calculate and bring in the desired
requirement of capacitor banks to achieve the optimum power
factor.

http://www.egenergy.com/pdf/powerfactor/pfc-reva-1118.pdf

Capacitor
bank Load

Question 5

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What conditions are necessary for paralleling two synchronous
generators?

If multiple generators are to be connected in parallel, certain


conditions must be met as so not to present a danger to people
or cause damage to machinery and equipment.

The RMS voltage should be equal to that of the other paralleled


generators, this has a tolerance set at ±5% for oncoming
generators, as generating a higher/lower voltage than the other
paralleled generators this would have a noticeable effect on the
total RMS voltage of the system.

The frequency must be the same on the generators on the system,


any deviation in the frequencies have a harmonic effect on the RMS
voltage of the system and can create an undesired sine wave. Any
oncoming generators to the system must be set to a frequency of
approximately 0.2% higher than that of the operational system, this
is to compensate for the initial switch on when the generator takes
load and is slightly slowed by the extra loading, this can be
achieved by a synchroscope, (See below)

If generating a 3 phase system the phase rotation MUST be of the


same phase sequence across all generators, failure to adhere to this
condition will result in drastic consequences equal to a direct
shorting of phases which could lead to an explosion.

The phase angles of corresponding phases (i.e. Brown-Brown,


Black-Black, Blue-Blue) should be equal, although for oncoming

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generators the angle must be within ±5% of phase coincidence.
This can be checked on an oscilloscope as you can see from the

Diagram e1 is 120˚ out of phase with e2 on an oscilloscope this


could be spotted and corrected. There is also equipment for
phase angle-measurement, the majority of modern phase-
measuring devices are based on the use of zero-crossing
detectors.

“The VIA Echo MRI is AEA Technology’s


latest Vector Impedance Analyzer that
accurately measures impedances from 2
to 2000 Ohms, resistance, phase angle,
X, Q, return loss, and SWR.”
www.aeatechnology.com/products/mri/viaecho
This piece of test equipment can also
give a graphical representation of phase
displacement.

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Question 6
Describe TWO methods of synchronising generators.

Three Dark lamp method.

This method works on the principle of potential difference;

The terminals of the lamps are connected to each of their relative


phases from each part of the system (i.e. Brown from one
generator set is connected to one terminal of the lamp, and
brown from the other generator set to the other terminal of the
same lamp. Same occurs for black and blue phases.)

When the terminals of the bulbs are connected to each respective


source, if the two frequencies are the same and there is no
phase difference, there would be no potential difference in
voltage, and the lamp will not illuminate, but if there is a
potential difference then the lamp will light indicating it is not
safe to inter-connect the systems.
This is old technology by today’s standards but it works.

View related video at http://www.jcmiras.net/jcm/item/98/

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Use of Synchronisation relays

In the past, synchronisation was performed manually using three-


lamp method (as above). In present days with better technology
been readily available the process is automatically operated and
controlled with the aid of synchronisation

Synchronisation Relay is an electronic instrument, which can


measure and automatically control the synchronous connection of a
generator to an already operational system/generator by means of
microprocessor control.

The picture on the left shows a


synchronisation relay this will
automatically inter-connect supplies
when two alternating-current
sources are in agreement within
predetermined limits of phase angle
and frequency. Picture taken from
http://www.cooperpower.com/products/prot
ective/Edison/Generator.asp

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Question 7
A three phase 11KV star connected alternator has a synchronous
resistance and reactance of 0.25Ω and 1.25Ω respectively.

Calculate the voltage regulation for a load of 5MW at 0.9 and unity
power factor

Ea

JXsIa
Ve
Ia IaRa

0.9PF
Vp= 11000 = 6350
√3
Vl= 11000

COSθ= 0.9 (26°)

P= 5MW

IL= _____P_____ = ___5MW___ =291.6≤ -26°amps


√3*Vl* COSθ √3*11000*0.9

Ea = V+I(R+jx) = 6350+291.6≤ -26°*(0.25+1.25j) =6581.95≤ 2.57°

Regulation = Ea-V = 6581.95-6350 = 3.65%


V 6350

Unity PF

Vp= 11000 = 6350


√3
Vl= 11000

COSθ= 0.9 (26°)

P= 5MW

IL= _____P_____ = ___5MW___ =262.4amps


√3*Vl √3*11000

Ea = V+I(R+jx) = 6350+262.4≤ 0°*(0.25+1.25j) =6423.98≤ 2.92°

Regulation = Ea-V = 6423.98-6350 = 1.16%


V 6350
As you can see there are substantial differences between 0.9Pf and
Unity Pf the armature Voltage (Ea) is reduced by 157.97 volts, and
the current is reduced by 29.2 amps. This could result in a

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reduction in cable size saving money on infrastructure. The voltage
regulation also drops when Pf is at unity from 3.65% down to
1.16% making the alternator more efficient as the terminal voltage
is closer to the internally generated voltage. “Power Factor
improvement is one of the fastest ways to achieving Energy
Conservation and improving the bottom line. Following is required
to be done for improvement of power factor.”
http://www.conzerv.com/PDF/Articles/POWER%20FACTOR%20IMPROVEMENT.pdf
Improvement on power factor can also lead to:-
• Optimum utilization of Demand
• Reduce line losses
• Demand penalty can be avoided (if applicable)
• Efficiency of the plant increases
• Increases capacitors life
• Helps to avoid increase in system voltage

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References

Q1:
http://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/Electricity/Balancing/services/frequencyresponse
http://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/Electricity/Data/Realtime/
http://wapedia.mobi/en/Utility_frequency

Q2: Taken From synchronous Machines hand out (Page 13)

Q3: Taken From Synchronous Machines handout (Page 15)

Q4:
a) Taken From Synchronous Machines handout (Page 26)
b) Taken From Synchronous Machines handout (Page 6)
http://www.texmate.com/applications/motor-generator-set-frequency-
control/
c) http://www.egenergy.com/pdf/powerfactor/pfc-reva-1118.pdf

Q5:
Synchroscope image from
www.ilike.org.uk/2006/10/slow_fast_automatic_power_stat.html

Oscilloscope picture taken from www.tpub.com/.../doe/h1011v3/css/h1011v3_27.htm

Picture of the VIA Echo MRI taken from


www.aeatechnology.com/products/mri/viaecho

Q6:
Dark lamp method Researched form http://www.jcmiras.net/jcm/item/98/

Synchronisation relays researched from


http://www.cooperpower.com/products/protective/Edison/Generator.asp

Q7: Resourced from work book and exercise questions

http://www.conzerv.com/PDF/Articles/POWER%20FACTOR%20IMPROVEMENT.pdf

M. Mould
HNC Electrical/Electronic Engineering
Further Power

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