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Unit 26
Assignment 1
Synchronous Generators
M. Mould
17/09/2009
Page
1
Contents
Question 1......................................................................................................................3
........................................................................................................................................6
.......................................................................................................................................6
Question 4......................................................................................................................7
......................................................................................................................................7
What conditions are necessary for paralleling two synchronous generators?..............10
If multiple generators are to be connected in parallel, certain conditions must be met
as so not to present a danger to people or cause damage to machinery and equipment.
......................................................................................................................................10
The RMS voltage should be equal to that of the other paralleled generators, this has a
tolerance set at ±5% for oncoming generators, as generating a higher/lower voltage
than the other paralleled generators this would have a noticeable effect on the total
RMS voltage of the system..........................................................................................10
Diagram e1 is 120˚ out of phase with e2 on an oscilloscope this could be spotted and
corrected. There is also equipment for phase angle-measurement, the majority of
modern phase-measuring devices are based on the use of zero-crossing detectors.....11
......................................................................................................................................11
Question 6....................................................................................................................12
Describe TWO methods of synchronising generators..................................................12
Three Dark lamp method..............................................................................................12
This method works on the principle of potential difference;.......................................12
The terminals of the lamps are connected to each of their relative phases from each
part of the system (i.e. Brown from one generator set is connected to one terminal of
the lamp, and brown from the other generator set to the other terminal of the same
lamp. Same occurs for black and blue phases.)............................................................12
When the terminals of the bulbs are connected to each respective source, if the two
frequencies are the same and there is no phase difference, there would be no potential
difference in voltage, and the lamp will not illuminate, but if there is a potential
difference then the lamp will light indicating it is not safe to inter-connect the
systems.........................................................................................................................12
View related video at http://www.jcmiras.net/jcm/item/98/........................................12
......................................................................................................................................13
......................................................................................................................................14
Page
2
Question 1
f=Nm p
120
Where...
f= frequency
120= constant
Page
3
Question 2
Rf Ra jXs
Ia1
Ea
1
Lf Ve1
Vf jXs
Rr
Page
4
Question 3
Ea
JXsIa
Ia Ve IaRa
Ea
JXsIa
Ia
IaRa
Ve
Page
5
Phasor diagram of synchronous generator at Lagging Power factor
Ea
JXsIa
Ve
Ia
IaRa
Page
6
Question 4
a) Voltage
b) Frequency
c) Power factor
a) Voltage
Excitation
power supply
Comparator
Reference
volts Firing gear
Amplifier
Stabilising
Generator voltage
DC to field of
generator or
exciter
b) Frequency
Page
7
The equation for calculating frequency is :- f=Nm p
120
Where...
f= frequency
120= constant
c) Power factor
Page
8
Power factor control is gained from an automatic power factor
control system the controller changes the number of capacitor
banks to improve the efficiency of the system by using the value of
the inductive power factor to calculate and bring in the desired
requirement of capacitor banks to achieve the optimum power
factor.
http://www.egenergy.com/pdf/powerfactor/pfc-reva-1118.pdf
Capacitor
bank Load
Question 5
Page
9
What conditions are necessary for paralleling two synchronous
generators?
Page
10
generators the angle must be within ±5% of phase coincidence.
This can be checked on an oscilloscope as you can see from the
Page
11
Question 6
Describe TWO methods of synchronising generators.
Page
12
Use of Synchronisation relays
Page
13
Question 7
A three phase 11KV star connected alternator has a synchronous
resistance and reactance of 0.25Ω and 1.25Ω respectively.
Calculate the voltage regulation for a load of 5MW at 0.9 and unity
power factor
Ea
JXsIa
Ve
Ia IaRa
0.9PF
Vp= 11000 = 6350
√3
Vl= 11000
P= 5MW
Unity PF
P= 5MW
Page
14
reduction in cable size saving money on infrastructure. The voltage
regulation also drops when Pf is at unity from 3.65% down to
1.16% making the alternator more efficient as the terminal voltage
is closer to the internally generated voltage. “Power Factor
improvement is one of the fastest ways to achieving Energy
Conservation and improving the bottom line. Following is required
to be done for improvement of power factor.”
http://www.conzerv.com/PDF/Articles/POWER%20FACTOR%20IMPROVEMENT.pdf
Improvement on power factor can also lead to:-
• Optimum utilization of Demand
• Reduce line losses
• Demand penalty can be avoided (if applicable)
• Efficiency of the plant increases
• Increases capacitors life
• Helps to avoid increase in system voltage
Page
15
References
Q1:
http://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/Electricity/Balancing/services/frequencyresponse
http://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/Electricity/Data/Realtime/
http://wapedia.mobi/en/Utility_frequency
Q4:
a) Taken From Synchronous Machines handout (Page 26)
b) Taken From Synchronous Machines handout (Page 6)
http://www.texmate.com/applications/motor-generator-set-frequency-
control/
c) http://www.egenergy.com/pdf/powerfactor/pfc-reva-1118.pdf
Q5:
Synchroscope image from
www.ilike.org.uk/2006/10/slow_fast_automatic_power_stat.html
Q6:
Dark lamp method Researched form http://www.jcmiras.net/jcm/item/98/
http://www.conzerv.com/PDF/Articles/POWER%20FACTOR%20IMPROVEMENT.pdf
M. Mould
HNC Electrical/Electronic Engineering
Further Power
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