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Socialanthropology
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

SocialanthropologyisthedominantconstituentofanthropologythroughouttheUnitedKingdomandCommonwealthandmuchofEurope(Francein
particular[1]),whereitisdistinguishedfromculturalanthropology.[2]IntheUSA,socialanthropologyiscommonlysubsumedwithincultural
anthropology(orundertherelativelynewdesignationofsocioculturalanthropology).
Incontrasttoculturalanthropology,cultureanditscontinuity(includingnarratives,rituals,andsymbolicbehaviorassociatedwiththem)havebeen
traditionallyseenmoreasthedependent'variable'(cf.explanandum)bysocialanthropology,embeddedinitshistoricalandsocialcontext,includingits
diversityofpositionsandperspectives,ambiguities,conflicts,andcontradictionsofsociallife,ratherthantheindependent(explanatory)one(cf.
explanans).
Topicsofinterestforsocialanthropologistshaveincludedcustoms,economicandpoliticalorganization,lawandconflictresolution,patternsof
consumptionandexchange,kinshipandfamilystructure,genderrelations,childbearingandsocialization,religion,whilepresentdaysocial
anthropologistsarealsoconcernedwithissuesofglobalism,ethnicviolence,genderstudies,transnationalismandlocalexperience,andtheemerging
culturesofcyberspace,[3]andcanalsohelpwithbringingopponentstogetherwhenenvironmentalconcernscomeintoconflictwitheconomic
developments.[4]BritishandAmericananthropologistsincludingGillianTettandKarenHowhostudiedWallStreetprovidedanalternativeexplanation
forthefinancialcrisisof20072010tothetechnicalexplanationsrootedineconomicandpoliticaltheory.[5]
DifferencesamongBritish,French,andAmericansocioculturalanthropologieshavediminishedwithincreasingdialogueandborrowingofboththeory
andmethods.Socialandculturalanthropologists,andsomewhointegratethetwo,arefoundinmostinstitutesofanthropology.Thustheformalnames
ofinstitutionalunitsnolongernecessarilyreflectfullythecontentofthedisciplinesthesecover.Some,suchastheInstituteofSocialandCultural
Anthropology[6](Oxford)changedtheirnametoreflectthechangeincomposition,others,suchasSocialAnthropologyattheUniversityofKent[7]
becamesimplyAnthropology.Mostretainthenameunderwhichtheywerefounded.
Longtermqualitativeresearch,includingintensivefieldstudies(emphasizingparticipantobservationmethods)hasbeentraditionallyencouragedin
socialanthropologyratherthanquantitativeanalysisofsurveys,questionnairesandbrieffieldvisitstypicallyusedbyeconomists,politicalscientists,
and(most)sociologists.[8]

Contents
1 Substantivefocusandpractice

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1 Substantivefocusandpractice
1.1 Specializations
1.2 Ethicalconsiderations
2 History
2.1 TylorandFrazer
2.2 MalinowskiandtheBritishSchool
2.3 1920s1940
2.4 PostWWIItrends
2.5 1980stopresent
3 Anthropologistsassociatedwithsocialanthropology
4 Famousstudentsofsocialanthropology
5 Seealso
6 Notes
7 References
8 Furtherreading
9 Externallinks

Substantivefocusandpractice
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Socialanthropologyisdistinguishedfromsubjectssuchaseconomicsorpoliticalsciencebyitsholisticrangeandtheattentionitgivestothe
comparativediversityofsocietiesandculturesacrosstheworld,andthecapacitythisgivesthedisciplinetoreexamineEuroAmericanassumptions.It
isdifferentiatedfromsociology,bothinitsmainmethods(basedonlongtermparticipantobservationandlinguisticcompetence),[9]andinits
commitmenttotherelevanceandilluminationprovidedbymicrostudies.Itextendsbeyondstrictlysocialphenomenatoculture,art,individuality,and
cognition.[10]Manysocialanthropologistsusequantitativemethods,too,particularlythosewhoseresearchtouchesontopicssuchaslocaleconomies,
demography,humanecology,cognition,orhealthandillness.

Specializations
Specializationswithinsocialanthropologyshiftasitsobjectsofstudyaretransformedandasnewintellectualparadigmsappearmusicologyand
medicalanthropologyareexamplesofcurrent,welldefinedspecialities.
Morerecentandcurrentlycognitivedevelopmentsocialandethicalunderstandingsofnoveltechnologiesemergentformsof'thefamily'andothernew
socialitiesmodelledonkinshiptheongoingsocialfalloutofthedemiseofstatesocialismthepoliticsofresurgentreligiosityandanalysisofaudit
culturesandaccountability.
Thesubjecthasbeenenlivenedby,andhascontributedto,approachesfromotherdisciplines,suchasphilosophy(ethics,phenomenology,logic),the
historyofscience,psychoanalysis,andlinguistics.

Ethicalconsiderations
Thesubjecthasbothethicalandreflexivedimensions.Practitionershavedevelopedanawarenessofthesenseinwhichscholarscreatetheirobjectsof
studyandthewaysinwhichanthropologiststhemselvesmaycontributetoprocessesofchangeinthesocietiestheystudy.Anexampleofthisisthe
'hawthorneeffect',wherebythosebeingstudiedmayaltertheirbehaviourinresponsetotheknowledgethattheyarebeingwatchedandstudied.

History
Socialanthropologyhashistoricalrootsinanumberof19thcenturydisciplines,includingethnology,folklorestudies,andClassics,amongothers.(See
Historyofanthropology.)ItsimmediateprecursortookshapeintheworkofEdwardBurnettTylorandJamesGeorgeFrazerinthelate19thcenturyand
underwentmajorchangesinbothmethodandtheoryduringtheperiod18901920withanewemphasisonoriginalfieldwork,longtermholisticstudyof
socialbehaviorinnaturalsettings,andtheintroductionofFrenchandGermansocialtheory.BronislawMalinowski,oneofthemostimportant
influencesonBritishsocialanthropology,emphasizedlongtermfieldworkinwhichanthropologistsworkinthevernacularandimmersethemselvesin
thedailypracticesoflocalpeople.[11]ThisdevelopmentwasbolsteredbyFranzBoas'sintroductionofculturalrelativismarguingthatculturesarebased
ondifferentideasabouttheworldandcanthereforeonlybeproperlyunderstoodintermsoftheirownstandardsandvalues.[12]
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TheBritishMuseum,London

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MuseumssuchastheBritishMuseumweren'ttheonlysiteofanthropologicalstudies:withtheNewImperialism
period,startinginthe1870s,zoosbecameunattended"laboratories",especiallythesocalled"ethnological
exhibitions"or"Negrovillages".Thus,"savages"fromthecoloniesweredisplayed,oftennudes,incages,in
whathasbeencalled"humanzoos".Forexample,in1906,CongolesepygmyOtaBengawasputby
anthropologistMadisonGrantinacageintheBronxZoo,labelled"themissinglink"betweenanorangutanand
the"whiterace"Grant,arenownedeugenicist,wasalsotheauthorofThePassingoftheGreatRace(1916).
Suchexhibitionswereattemptstoillustrateandproveinthesamemovementthevalidityofscientificracism,
whichfirstformulationmaybefoundinArthurdeGobineau'sAnEssayontheInequalityofHumanRaces
(185355).In1931,theColonialExhibitioninParisstilldisplayedKanaksfromNewCaledoniainthe
"indigenousvillage"itreceived24millionvisitorsinsixmonths,thusdemonstratingthepopularityofsuch
"humanzoos".

Anthropologygrewincreasinglydistinctfromnaturalhistoryandbytheendofthe19thcenturythediscipline
begantocrystallizeintoitsmodernformby1935,forexample,itwaspossibleforT.K.PennimantowriteahistoryofthedisciplineentitledA
HundredYearsofAnthropology.Atthetime,thefieldwasdominatedby'thecomparativemethod'.Itwasassumedthatallsocietiespassedthrougha
singleevolutionaryprocessfromthemostprimitivetomostadvanced.NonEuropeansocietieswerethusseenasevolutionary'livingfossils'thatcould
bestudiedinordertounderstandtheEuropeanpast.Scholarswrotehistoriesofprehistoricmigrationswhichweresometimesvaluablebutoftenalso
fanciful.ItwasduringthistimethatEuropeansfirstaccuratelytracedPolynesianmigrationsacrossthePacificOceanforinstancealthoughsomeof
thembelieveditoriginatedinEgypt.Finally,theconceptofracewasactivelydiscussedasawaytoclassifyandrankhumanbeingsbasedon
difference.

TylorandFrazer
E.B.Tylor(2October18322January1917)andJamesGeorgeFrazer(1January18547May1941)aregenerallyconsideredtheantecedentsto
modernsocialanthropologyinBritain.AlthoughTylorundertookafieldtriptoMexico,bothheandFrazerderivedmostofthematerialfortheir
comparativestudiesthroughextensivereading,notfieldwork,mainlytheClassics(literatureandhistoryofGreeceandRome),theworkoftheearly
Europeanfolklorists,andreportsfrommissionaries,travelers,andcontemporaneousethnologists.
Tyloradvocatedstronglyforunilinealismandaformof"uniformityofmankind".[13]Tylorinparticularlaidthegroundworkfortheoriesofcultural
diffusionism,statingthattherearethreewaysthatdifferentgroupscanhavesimilarculturalformsortechnologies:"independentinvention,inheritance
fromancestorsinadistantregion,transmissionfromonerace[sic]toanother."[14]
Tylorformulatedoneoftheearlyandinfluentialanthropologicalconceptionsofcultureas"thatcomplexwhole,whichincludesknowledge,belief,art,
morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredby[humans]as[members]ofsociety."[15]However,asStockingnotes,Tylormainly
concernedhimselfwithdescribingandmappingthedistributionofparticularelementsofculture,ratherthanwiththelargerfunction,andhegenerally
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seemedtoassumeaVictorianideaofprogressratherthantheideaofnondirectional,multilinealculturalchange
proposedbylateranthropologists.Tyloralsotheorizedabouttheoriginsofreligiousbeliefsinhumanbeings,
proposingatheoryofanimismastheearlieststage,andnotingthat"religion"hasmanycomponents,ofwhichhe
believedthemostimportanttobebeliefinsupernaturalbeings(asopposedtomoralsystems,cosmology,etc.).
Frazer,aScottishscholarwithabroadknowledgeofClassics,alsoconcernedhimselfwithreligion,myth,and
magic.Hiscomparativestudies,mostinfluentiallyinthenumerouseditionsofTheGoldenBough,analyzed
similaritiesinreligiousbeliefandsymbolismglobally.NeitherTylornorFrazer,however,wereparticularly
interestedinfieldwork,norweretheyinterestedinexamininghowtheculturalelementsandinstitutionsfit
together.TheGoldenBoughwasabridgeddrasticallyinsubsequenteditionsafterhisfirst.

MalinowskiandtheBritishSchool
Towardtheturnofthe20thcentury,anumberofanthropologistsbecamedissatisfiedwiththiscategorizationof
culturalelementshistoricalreconstructionsalsocametoseemincreasinglyspeculativetothem.Underthe
influenceofseveralyoungerscholars,anewapproachcametopredominateamongBritishanthropologists,
concernedwithanalyzinghowsocietiesheldtogetherinthepresent(synchronicanalysis,ratherthandiachronic
orhistoricalanalysis),andemphasizinglongterm(onetoseveralyears)immersionfieldwork.Cambridge
UniversityfinancedamultidisciplinaryexpeditiontotheTorresStraitIslandsin1898,organizedbyAlfredCort
Haddonandincludingaphysiciananthropologist,WilliamRivers,aswellasalinguist,abotanist,andother
specialists.Thefindingsoftheexpeditionsetnewstandardsforethnographicdescription.

E.B.Tylor,19thcenturyBritish
anthropologist

Adecadeandahalflater,thePolishanthropologystudent,BronisawMalinowski(18841942),wasbeginningwhatheexpectedtobeabriefperiodof
fieldworkintheoldmodel,collectinglistsofculturalitems,whentheoutbreakoftheFirstWorldWarstrandedhiminNewGuinea.Asasubjectofthe
AustroHungarianEmpireresidentonaBritishcolonialpossession,hewaseffectivelyconfinedtoNewGuineaforseveralyears.[16]
HemadeuseofthetimebyundertakingfarmoreintensivefieldworkthanhadbeendonebyBritishanthropologists,andhisclassicethnography,
ArgonautsoftheWesternPacific(1922)advocatedanapproachtofieldworkthatbecamestandardinthefield:getting"thenative'spointofview"
throughparticipantobservation.Theoretically,headvocatedafunctionalistinterpretation,whichexaminedhowsocialinstitutionsfunctionedtosatisfy
individualneeds.

1920s1940

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ModernsocialanthropologywasfoundedinBritainattheLondonSchool
ofEconomicsandPoliticalSciencefollowingWorldWarI.Influences
includeboththemethodologicalrevolutionpioneeredbyBronisaw
Malinowski'sprocessorientedfieldworkintheTrobriandIslandsof
Melanesiabetween1915and1918[17]andAlfredRadcliffeBrown's
theoreticalprogramforsystematiccomparisonthatwasbasedona
conceptionofrigorousfieldworkandthestructurefunctionalist
conceptionofDurkheimssociology.[18][19]Otherintellectualfounders
includeW.H.R.RiversandA.C.Haddon,whoseorientationreflected
thecontemporaryParapsychologiesofWilhelmWundtandAdolf
ThemainLSEentrance
Bastian,andSirE.B.Tylor,whodefinedanthropologyasapositivist
sciencefollowingAugusteComte.EdmundLeach(1962)definedsocial
anthropologyasakindofcomparativemicrosociologybasedonintensivefieldworkstudies.Scholarshavenot
settledatheoreticalorthodoxyonthenatureofscienceandsociety,andtheirtensionsreflectviewswhichare
seriouslyopposed.
A.R.RadcliffeBrownalsopublishedaseminalworkin1922.Hehadcarriedouthisinitialfieldworkinthe
BronislawMalinowski,
AndamanIslandsintheoldstyleofhistoricalreconstruction.However,afterreadingtheworkofFrench
AnthropologistattheLondonSchool
sociologistsmileDurkheimandMarcelMauss,RadcliffeBrownpublishedanaccountofhisresearch(entitled
ofEconomics
simplyTheAndamanIslanders)thatpaidcloseattentiontothemeaningandpurposeofritualsandmyths.Over
time,hedevelopedanapproachknownasstructuralfunctionalism,whichfocusedonhowinstitutionsinsocieties
workedtobalanceoutorcreateanequilibriuminthesocialsystemtokeepitfunctioningharmoniously.(ThiscontrastedwithMalinowski's
functionalism,andwasquitedifferentfromthelaterFrenchstructuralism,whichexaminedtheconceptualstructuresinlanguageandsymbolism.)
MalinowskiandRadcliffeBrown'sinfluencestemmedfromthefactthatthey,likeBoas,activelytrainedstudentsandaggressivelybuiltupinstitutions
thatfurtheredtheirprogrammaticambitions.ThiswasparticularlythecasewithRadcliffeBrown,whospreadhisagendafor"SocialAnthropology"by
teachingatuniversitiesacrosstheBritishCommonwealth.Fromthelate1930suntilthepostwarperiodappearedastringofmonographsandedited
volumesthatcementedtheparadigmofBritishSocialAnthropology(BSA).FamousethnographiesincludeTheNuer,byEdwardEvanEvansPritchard,
andTheDynamicsofClanshipAmongtheTallensi,byMeyerForteswellknowneditedvolumesincludeAfricanSystemsofKinshipandMarriageand
AfricanPoliticalSystems.

PostWWIItrends

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FollowingWorldWarII,socioculturalanthropologyascomprisedbythefieldsofethnographyandethnology
divergedintoanAmericanschoolofculturalanthropologywhilesocialanthropologydiversifiedinEuropeby
challengingtheprinciplesofstructurefunctionalism,absorbingideasfromClaudeLviStrauss'sstructuralism
andfromMaxGluckmansManchesterschool,andembracingthestudyofconflict,change,urbananthropology,
andnetworks.TogetherwithmanyofhiscolleaguesattheRhodesLivingstoneInstituteandstudentsat
ManchesterUniversity,collectivelyknownastheManchesterSchool,tookBSAinnewdirectionsthroughtheir
introductionofexplicitlyMarxistinformedtheory,theiremphasisonconflictsandconflictresolution,andtheir
attentiontothewaysinwhichindividualsnegotiateandmakeuseofthesocialstructuralpossibilities.During
thisperiodGluckmanwasalsoinvolvedinadisputewithAmericananthropologistPaulBohannanon
ethnographicmethodologywithintheanthropologicalstudyoflaw.Hebelievedthatindigenoustermsusedin
ethnographicdatashouldbetranslatedintoAngloAmericanlegaltermsforthebenefitofthereader.[20][21]The
AssociationofSocialAnthropologistsoftheUKandCommonwealthwasfoundedin1946.[22]
InBritain,anthropologyhadagreatintellectualimpact,it"contributedtotheerosionofChristianity,thegrowth
ofculturalrelativism,anawarenessofthesurvivaloftheprimitiveinmodernlife,andthereplacementof
diachronicmodesofanalysiswithsynchronic,allofwhicharecentraltomodernculture."[23]

AlfredR.RadcliffeBrown

Laterinthe1960sand1970s,EdmundLeachandhisstudentsMaryDouglasandNurYalman,amongothers,introducedFrenchstructuralisminthe
styleofLviStrauss.
IncountriesoftheBritishCommonwealth,socialanthropologyhasoftenbeeninstitutionallyseparatefromphysicalanthropologyandprimatology,
whichmaybeconnectedwithdepartmentsofbiologyorzoologyandfromarchaeology,whichmaybeconnectedwithdepartmentsofClassics,
Egyptology,andthelike.Inothercountries(andinsome,particularlysmaller,BritishandNorthAmericanuniversities),anthropologistshavealsofound
themselvesinstitutionallylinkedwithscholarsoffolklore,museumstudies,humangeography,sociology,socialrelations,ethnicstudies,cultural
studies,andsocialwork.Britishanthropologyhascontinuedtoemphasizesocialorganizationandeconomicsoverpurelysymbolicorliterarytopics.

1980stopresent
AEuropeanAssociationofSocialAnthropologists(EASA)wasfoundedin1989asasocietyofscholarshipatameetingoffoundermembersfrom
fourteenEuropeancountries,supportedbytheWennerGrenFoundationforAnthropologicalResearch.(http://www.wennergren.org/)TheAssociation
seekstoadvanceanthropologyinEuropebyorganizingbiennialconferencesandbyeditingitsacademicjournal,SocialAnthropology/Anthropologies
Social.DepartmentsofSocialAnthropologyatdifferentUniversitieshavetendedtofocusondisparateaspectsofthefield.
DepartmentsofSocialAnthropologyexistinuniversitiesaroundtheworld.Thefieldofsocialanthropologyhasexpandedinwaysnotanticipatedbythe
foundersofthefield,asforexampleinthesubfieldofstructureanddynamics.
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Anthropologistsassociatedwithsocialanthropology
AndreBeteille[24]
AleksandarBoskovic
EdmundSnowCarpenter
MaryDouglas[25]
ThomasHyllandEriksen
E.E.EvansPritchard
RaymondFirth
RosemaryFirth[26]
MeyerFortes
ErnestGellner
StephenD.Glazier
JackGoody
DavidGraeber
DonKalb
AdamKuper
EdmundLeach
MurrayLeaf
ClaudeLviStrauss
AlanMacfarlane[27]
BronisawMalinowski
SiegfriedFrederickNadel
SusanVisvanathan
A.H.J.Prins
AlfredRadcliffeBrown
AudreyRichards
VictorTurner
MarshallSahlins
PhilippeDescola
MarilynStrathern
DouglasR.White
EricWolf
RobertLayton

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Famousstudentsofsocialanthropology
NickCleggFormerLeaderoftheUKLiberalDemocraticPartyandDeputyPrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdom
HughLaurieActorBestknownforroleofdoctorinHouse
ThandieNewtonActress
AlexandraShulmanEditorofBritisheditionofVogue
DavidAttenboroughWildlifeTVpresenter
Charles,PrinceofWalesHeirtotheBritishthrone
DarrenAronofskyFilmdirector
AmitavGhoshAuthor
MickHucknallLeadsingerofSimplyRed
DerekAcorahGhostWhisperer
ArnabGoswamiIndianjournalistwhoistheEditorinChiefandNewsanchoroftheIndiannewschannelTimesNow.

Seealso
CulturalAnthropology
Ethnology
Ethnosemiotics
Listofimportantpublicationsinanthropology
Rajamandala
Sociology

Notes
1.Dianteill,Erwan,"CulturalAnthropologyorSocialAnthropology?ATransatlanticArgument",LAnnesociologique1/2012(Vol.62),p.93122(http://cairn
int.info/abstractE_ANSO_121_0093culturalanthropologyorsocialanthropo.htm#anchor_cite).
2."BenchmarkStatementAnthropology(UK)"(PDF).QAA(UK).Retrieved20120109.
3."TheDepartmentofAnthropologyatHarvardUniversity".Fas.harvard.edu.Retrieved20110327.
4.Hendry,Joy.1999.AnIntroductiontoSocialAnthropology:OtherPeople'sWorlds.London:MacmillanPressLtd
5.Ho,Karen(2009):"DiscipliningInvestmentBankers,DiscipliningtheEconomy:WallStreetsInstitutionalCultureofCrisisandtheDownsizingofAmerican
Corporations."
AmericanAnthropologist,Vol.111,No.2.
6."InstituteofSocialandCulturalAnthropology".
7."SchoolofAnthropologyandConservation".
8.Bernard,R.2006.ResearchMethodsinAnthropology.Lanham:AltaMiraPress
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9."Nanjunda,D.C.(2010)ContemporaryStudiesinAnthropology:areading.MittalPublications:NewDelhi,India.p.8">
10.Ingold,T.(1985)WhoStudiesHumanity?TheScopeofAnthropology.AnthropologyToday,1:6:1516
11.Kuper,Adam(1973).AnthropologyandAnthropologists:TheModernBritishSchool.London:RoutledgeandKeganPaul.pp.1416.ISBN0710094094.
12.Hendry,Joy.1999.AnIntroductiontoSocialAnthropology:OtherPeople'sWorlds.Palgrave.p.910.
13.Stocking,GeorgeJir.(1963)"MatthewArnold,E.B.Tylor,andtheUsesofInvention,"AmericanAnthropologist,65:783799,1963
(http://www.aaanet.org/gad/history/044stocking.pdf)
14.Tylor,E.B.(1865)Researchesintotheearlyhistoryofmankindthedevelopmentofcivilization.London:JohnMurray.
15.Tylor,E.B.(1871)Primitiveculture:researchesintothedevelopmentofmythology,philosophy,religion,art,andcustom.2vols.London:JohnMurray.
16.Malinowski,Bronisaw(1967)Adiaryinthestrictsenseoftheterm.NewYork,Harcourt,Brace&World[1967]
17.Malinowski,B.(1922).ArgonautsoftheWesternPacific:AnaccountofnativeenterpriseandadventureintheArchipelagoesofMelanesianNewGuinea.London:
RoutledgeandKeganPaul.
18.JackGoody(1995)TheExpansiveMoment:TheRiseofSocialAnthropologyinBritainandAfrica,19181970
(http://www3.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521450489)reviewatLinks.jstor.org(http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0094
0496(199702)24%3A1%3C211%3ATEMTRO%3E2.0.CO%3B2I)
19.Barth,Fredrik,etal.(2005)OneDiscipline,FourWays:British,German,French,andAmericananthropology(https://books.google.com/books?
id=g1sV8lOlhVsC).Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress.
20.Moore,SallyF.1966.ComparativeStudies:Introduction.inLawinCultureandSociety,editedbyLauraNader.London:UniversityofCaliforniaPress.
21.Erickson,P.A.andMurphy,L.D.(2008)AHistoryofAnthropologicalTheory,Toronto:BroadviewPress
22."WelcometoAssociationofSocialAnthropologistsoftheUKandCommonwealth".Theasa.org.Retrieved20110327.
23.Heyck,ThomasWilliam(1997)atLinks.jstor.org(http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=00028762%28199712%29102%3A5%3C1486%3AATBSA1%3E2.0.CO%3B2
7)TheAmericanHistoricalReview,Vol.102,No.5(December,1997),pp.14861488doi:10.2307/2171126(https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2171126)
24.http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/179372Afterdinnertalkonthehistoryofsocialanthropology:Beteillespeaksofhischildhoodandnaturalinclinationto
anthropology,histraining,fieldworkinDelhi,Indiaandtheinfluenceofhissupervisor,M.N.Srinivas.Hisworkonequalityandinequalityinhumansocietiesand
publicationsonsuch,especiallythecastesystem.HereflectsonandanalyzestheworkofDumont,aswellasMarxism,HinduismandIslam.Hecitesthosewho
haveinfluencedhimandhiswork,andcloseswithanoverviewofhiscurrentinterestsinnationalismandtribalidentitiesinIndia,aswellashislectureson
backwardclasses.
25.interviewbyAlanMacfarlane,inwhichMaryDouglastalksaboutherlifeandworkinAfricaandelsewhere.(http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/131558)
26.http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/447RosemaryFirthinterviewbyAlanMacfarlane:aboutherarrivalinanthropologyandfieldworkinMalayawith
RaymondFirth,andaboutthepositionofawomananthropologist.
27.http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/131552EightlecturesforfirstyearCambridgeUniversitystudentsinFebruary2006.Introducingsomeofthemajor
approachestotheanthropologyofpoliticsandeconomics.

References
BenchmarkStatementAnthropology(UK)(http://www.qaa.ac.uk/Publications/InformationAndGuidance/Documents/Anthropology07.pdf)

Furtherreading
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Malinowski,Bronislaw(1915):TheTrobriandIslands
Malinowski,Bronislaw(1922):ArgonautsoftheWesternPacific
Malinowski,Bronislaw(1929):TheSexualLifeofSavagesinNorthWesternMelanesia
Malinowski,Bronislaw(1935):CoralGardensandTheirMagic:AStudyoftheMethodsofTillingtheSoilandofAgriculturalRitesinthe
TrobriandIslands
Leach,Edmund(1954):PoliticalsystemsofHighlandBurma.London:G.Bell.
Leach,Edmund(1982):SocialAnthropology
Eriksen,ThomasH.(1985):,pp.926929inTheSocialScienceEncyclopediaSocialAnthropology.ISBN0710200080.OCLC11623683.
Kuper,Adam(1996):AnthropologyandAnthropologists:TheModernBritishSchool.ISBN0415118956.OCLC32509209.

Externallinks
TheMovingAnthropologyStudentNetwork(MASN)(http://www.kripsy.net/masn/tikiindex.php?page=Welcome)websiteofferstutorials,
informationonthesubject,discussionforumsandalargelinkcollectionforallinterestedscholarsofsocialanthropology
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_anthropology&oldid=706478583"
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