Computing Numerical and Statistical Methods Assignment No: 01

1. Suppose 2 items are chosen at random from a lot containing 12 items, of which 4 are
defective .If A is the choice in which both items are defective and B is the choice in which
both items are non-defective, find P(A) and P(B). What is the probability that atleast one of
these items chosen is defective?
Ans. The number of possible outcome is 12c2=66. The number of outcomes in which both items
are defective in 4c2=6. The number of outcomes in which both items are non-defectives is 8c 2=28.
Therefore
P(A)= 4c2 = 6 = 1
12c2 66 11
P(A)= 8c2 = 28 = 14
12c2 66 33
We note that the event (in which at least 1 item is defective in the complement of B).
P(C) = 1 - P(B)
= 1- 14
33
= 19
33

2. Three machines A, B and C produce respectively 60%, 30% and 10% of the total
number of items of a factory. The percentages of defective output of these machines are
respectively 2%, 3% and 4%. An item is selected at random and is found to be defective. Find
the probability that the item was produced by machine C.

Ans. Let P(A), P(B) and P(C) denote the probabilities of choosing an item produced by A,B,C
respectively. Also, let P(X/A), P(X/B), P(X/C) denote the probabilities of choosing a defective item
fro the outputs of A, B, C respectively. Then, from what is given, we have
P (A)= 60 = 0.60
100
P (B)= 30 = 0.30
100
P (C)= 10 = 0.10
100
P(X / A) = 2 = 0.02
100
 P(X / B)= 3 = 0.03
100
P(X / C)= 4 = 0.04
100
We are required to find P(C/X), the probability that the item selected is produced by machine C
given that the item is defective. By Baye’s theorem, we find that

P(C/X) = P(X/C)P(C)
P(A)P(X/A)+P(B)P(X/B)+P(C)P(X/C)
= (0.04)(0.10)
(0.60)(0.02)+(0.30)(0.03)+(0.10)(0.04)
=0.16

3. The number 2.45789 is rounded-off to five significant figures. Find the relative and
percentage error.

Ans.
4. Compute A–1 and B–1 for the matrices
5 2 4 
1 2 
(a) A =  (b) B = 3 −1 2 
2 3



1 4 −3


1 2
Ans. (a) a=  
 2 3

5. Applying Cayley-Hamilton theorem, compute the inverse of the matrix

0 1 2
 3
A = 1 2 

3 1 1

6. Find the mean, variance and standard deviation for the following distribution

xi –5 –4 1 2
P(xi) 1 1 1 1
4 8 2 8

Ans. By the virtue of the formula,

 2
Mean = ∑ x p( x )
i =−5
i i

= (-5*1/4) + (-4*1/8) + 1*1/2 + 2* 1/8

= -5/4 – ½ + ½ + ¼
= -5/4 + ¼
5 1
=− + =
4 4
−5 + 1
=
4
4
− = −1
4
Variance= σ = E(X2)-[E(X)]2
2

2
Where E(X2) = ∑x
i =−5
2
i p ( xi )

= (-5*(-5)*1/4) + (-4*(-4)*1/8) + 1*1/2 + 2*2* 1/8

= 25/4 + 2 + ½ + ½
25 1 1 25 + 8 + 2 + 2 37
= +2+ + = = = 9.25
4 2 2 4 4
Variance= σ = 9.25 – (-1)2 = 8.25
2
Computing Numerical and Statistical Methods Assignment No: 02

1. If (X,Y) is a two-dimensional random variable and if X and Y are independent then

V(X+Y) = V(X) + V(Y).
Ans. V(X+Y) = E(X+Y)2 – [E(X+Y)]2
= E(X2 + Y 2+ 2XY) - (E(X))2 - 2E(X)E(Y) - (E(Y))2
= E(X2) - [E(X)]2 + E(Y)2 –[E(Y)]2
= V(X) + V(Y)
2. A perfect die is tossed 100 times in sets of 8. The occurrence of a 5 or 6 is called a
success. How many times do you expect to get 3 successes?

Ans.
3. Briefly describe in your own words the concept of Normal Distribution.

Ans. Let µ and σ be two real constants such that - ∞ < µ < ∞ and σ >0. Then the probability
distribution for which
1  x−µ 
1 − 
F(x)= N( µ , σ ,x)= ∑ x = 10
2
σ 
e 2
σ 2π
Is the density function is called the normal distribution and the corresponding continuous
random variable X is called the normal variate.

4. Using Newton-Raphson method finds the root to two decimal places for the equation
cosx – 3x + 1 = 0

5. Fit a parabola of second degree y = a + bx + cx 2 for the data

x 0 1 2 3 4
y 1 1.8 1.3 2.5 2.3

Ans. The normal equations for y= a+bx =cx2 are

∑ y = na + b∑ x +c∑ x2
 ∑ xy = a∑ x + b∑ x2 +c∑ x3

∑ x2 y = a∑ x2 + b∑ x3 +c∑ x4
Here n=.5
The relevant table is given below:
x y x2 x3 x4 xy x2y
0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1.8 1 1 1 1.8 1.8
2 1.3 4 8 16 2.6 5.2
3 2.5 9 27 81 7.5 22.5
4 2.3 16 64 256 9.2 36.8

∑ x = 10 ∑ y = 8.9 ∑ x2 = 30 ∑ x3 = 100 ∑ x4 = 354 ∑ xy = 21.1 ∑ x2 y = 66.3

The normal equations becomes

5a+10b+30c=8.9 (1)
10a+30b+100c=21.1 (2)
301+100b+354c=66.3 (3)
Solving these simultaneous equations, we get
a=1.078
b=0.414
c= -0.021
Hence the required parabola is

y= 1.078 + 0.414x – 0.021x2

5 .2

6. Evaluate ∫log
4
e x dx taking six equal strips by applying Simpson’s rule.

Ans. here a=5, b=5.2, n=6

25 1 1 25 + 8 + 2 + 2 37 5.2 − 4 1.2
H= +2+ + = = = 9.25 = = 0.2
4 2 2 4 4 6 6
X 4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2
Y 1.3863 1.4351 1.4816 1.5261 1.5686 1.6094 1.6457
 3
[ y0 + 5 y1 + y2 + 6 y3 + y4 + 5 y5 + y6 ]
5.2
∫4
log xdx =
h
3*0.2
= [ 1.3863 + 7.1755 + 1.4816 + 9.1566 + 1.5686 + 8.0470 + 1.6487]
I= 10
= 0.06* [ 30.4643]
= 1.827858
= 1.8279