THE

GAS

DESIGN

FIRED
AND

POTTERY KILN-

U S E FOR

SCHOOLS

By

MARTIN
B.Ed.,

HALSTEAD PLACE

University of British

A THESIS
THE

Columbia,

1972

SUBMITTED IN P A R T I A L FULFILLMENT
REQUIREMENTS
MASTER

FOR T H E DEGREE

OF

OF A R T S

in

THE

FACULTY

(Graduate

OF

GRADUATE _ STUDIES

Division)

(Faculty of Education)
We

accept
to

this

thesis

the required

THE U N I V E R S I T Y

Martin

conforming

standard

OF B R I T I S H

September,

as

COLUMBIA

1977

Halstead

Place,

1977

OF

In

presenting

this

requirements
British
freely
I

an

Columbia,
available

further

agree

this

thesis

Head

of

is

for

my

for

thesis

in

advanced

agree

for
that

reference

and

study.

permission

or

for

purposes
by

copying

financial

gain

shall

his/her
or

not

may

be

be

of

shall

i t

copying

of

granted

of

of

make

by

representatives.

allowed

the

University

extensive

publication

this

without

the
It

thesis
my

permission.

MARTIN

Department
The

the

Library

that

written

at

the

scholarly

Department

degree

fulfillment

that

understood

for

partial

o f _ _ _

University

2075 W e s b r o o k
Vancouver,

of

British

51ace,

Canada

V6T

1W5

Date

"SEPTEMBER

1977

Columbia

HALSTEAD

PLACE

B.Ed.

ABSTRACT
At

the time

reliable
ion

of publication of this

t e c h n i c a l data

and o p e r a t i o n

tions

have

some

information
aspects
use

on

o f gas

stitutions

or
and

lines

and

explain

to

illegally

i t necessary

f u l f i l l

results.

so t h a t

an

ness

o f a v a r i e t y o f designs

had

authorities
Columbia
using
were
able

igation

construct

very

little

two m a i n

t o design,

more

without

i n relevant

about

over

secondly
These

public i n -

build

and

of their

students

o f combustion

firing

apparent

guide-

safe

that

and

hampering

inexpensive

the useful-

kiln

design

he
two

i n

British

and t e s t e d

sources

to p u b l i c a t i o n time.

F o r t h e most

comes

from

con-

consulted

gas k i l n s
built

and

of

part

informal

kilns

information

locations to publications

operation

easily

available.

jurisdiction
and

to

publications,
could

d i r e c t i o n s , the author

collected.

into kiln

I f o n e was

and v a r i o u s

efficient,

for information

and A l b e r t a

compared
up

and u t i l i z e d

having

the data

i f any

few p u b l i c a -

part

kilns

the education

I t becomes

can be b u i l t

search

built

teachers

kiln

struction

available i n previous

t h e t r a d i t i o n a l methods

are necessary

This

kilns.

are available.

Students,

are finding

i t s unique

the design,

but f o r t h e most

designs

unsafe

gas k i l n s

fully

pottery

little

the p r o p o r t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f the various'

be m a n u f a c t u r e d .

operate

fired

the information

inefficient,

a v a i l a b l e on

information

o f gas k i l n

only

was

thesis

avail-

the investinstruction

- -

from

number

provincial
It
very

has

and

controlled
to

be

of

The
broad

been

the

testing

that

the

u s e f u l guide

to

safe,

kiln

design.

and

and
have

The

dynamics

shown

u s i n g more

This

and

result

of

elaborate
from

parts.

ing

gas

kiln,

kiln,

and

lastly

insulation
paper
books.

as

brief
the

of

and

they
(see

which
are

paper

future

essay

model

examples
using

to

are

serve
The

research

covered

bibliography)

done w i t h

seem

the

para-

in
benefits.
and

closer

c o n t r o l s and

further

as

with

investigation
improve

handbook

thesis
a
a

and

i s set
rational

gas

fired

kiln

which
out

the

for

hav-

pottery

firing

laying^application

i n the

not

covered

Olsen

and

in

is

in

logs

model.

construction are

well

and

p a r a m e t e r s may

for designing

the

design

important

and

establishing

of

re-

preliminary

be

and

kilns.

construction, brick
arch

only

is

are

improvement
are

could

i n design

i s designed

designed

Methods

and

pollution

of kiln

high

equipment

this

and

interrelated

very

applied research.

three

from k i l n s

Much more

safety of

thesis

parts

there

given

efficient

main

design

f u r t h e r improvements

efficiency

operators

that

parameters

control

of kiln

thesis.

finding

dynamically

pollution

guidelines used

even

researcher's

indication

in this

b u i l d e r s and

inspectors.

design

efficiency

the

successful kiln

dimensional

meters

the

gas

strong

liable

of

- -^t

of

this

Rhodes

iv.
TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT
TABLE

OF CONTENTS

v i .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

v i i .

INTRODUCTION

1.

EMBARKING

WHY

GAS

ON

THIS

VENTURE

CONSIDER:

KILN?

2.

T H E MODEL FOR D E S I G N I N G A

"

i v .

TABLES

BEFORE

GAS

KILN.

Basic Design i n K i l n Proportions

L o c a t i n g trie K i l n
Indoor v s . Outdoor
Choosing K i l n Building Materials
The Methoed o f D e t e r m i n i n g
H a r d B r i c k E q u i v a l e n t s (H.B.E.)
How B i g S h o u l d a K i l n B e ?
Vs.
I n t e r f a c e Temperatures
N a t u r a l Gas o r P r o p a n e
B e f o r e D e c i d i n g on Propane
S i z e and Type o f K i l n
B a s i c D e s i g n i n Gas K i l n s .
Chamber Shape
D e t e r m i n i n g t h e V o l u m e lYi<~d'd-X z*.^:-:^:^
W i t h i n a Sprung A r c h
The C a t e r n a r y A r c h
Burner P o r t and E x i t F l u e S i z e s
The b u r n e r P o r t s
The Chimney H e i g h t
P r o x i m i t y o f Chimney t o Windows and
A i r Intakes
Proximity o f P r e s s u r e Zones
,
The C o m b u s t i o n P r o c e s s i n t h e kiln.-.,
.
Burners
Gas I n p u t i n B.T.U. f o r Gas K i l n s
'.The G a s I n p u t
'
The S e t t i n g F l o o r A r e a

KILNS DESIGNED

USING

THE

7.
9.
11.
14.
17.
22.
24.
26.
8.
29.
31.

32.
33.
34.
34.
38.
39.
39.
40.
42.
45.
47.
50

MODEL

24 C u b i c F o o t D o w n d r a f t G a s K i l n D e s i g n
Summary o f D i m e n s i o n s o f a K i l n U s i n g t h e
Model Provided
Small Downdraft K i l n Design

51.
52.
54.

V...
Table

o f Contents

(cont.d)

Small Crossdraft
Small

Updraft

Kiln

55.

Kiln

56.

APPENDIX
B e f o r e F i r i n g Your K i l n f o r t h e F i r s t Time
Safe k i l n Operating Procedures
;
S h u t Down P r o c e d u r e
Do's a n d D o n ' t s o f K i l n F i r i n g
Recommended S a f e t y E q u i p m e n t f o r S c h o o l U s e
Kiln Sitter
Thermocouple Auto. Shut O f f

58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
6-3.
63.

N a t u r a l Gas B u r n e r I n s t a l l a t i o n
Instructions
Gas L i n e s T o K i l n s
Propane I n s t a l l a t i o n I n s t r u c t i o n s
Safety p i l o t mounting Instructions
Recommended K i l n C o n s t r u c t i o n a n d I n s t a l l a t i o n
Requirements f o r A l b e r t a
I n s t a l l a t i o n Requirements f o rK i l n s i n
B r i t i s h Columbia
T a b l e 9.21.6.a. N a t i o n a l B u i l d i n g Code

64.
65.
66.
67.

KILN

TEST

kiln

Kiln

"A"

Kiln

"B"

FIRING

REFERANCE

70.
72.

REPORTS

Ideal

KILN

68.

74.
..I

94.

LOG

104.

CITATIONS

111.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
A D D I T I O N A L CERAMICS

84.

112.
BOOKS

113.

TABLES

Approximate
Hard

Brick

Natural

Cold

Face

20a.
Temperatures

Temperatures

Gas

Input

Gas

Input

C.S.A.

.i

*.
'

Ambient

21.
25.
27a.

Temperatures

I n p u t s and Chimney

Table

19.

Gas/Propane

Sustained
Kiln

Equivalents

Equivalents

Approximate
interface

Refractory

Flue

28a.

Sizes

37.
47.

i n B.T.U.

9.21.6.A.
B149.1

f o r Gas K i l n s

National
- 1971

B u i l d i n g Code
Table

25

.-

49.
J 2

(73^

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

-viir.\

'

i
I should l i k e t o thank a l l t h e a r t i s t s ,

craftsmen,

in-

s p e c t o r s , and engineers who have a s s i s t e d me w i t h t h i s paper.

S p e c i f i c a l l y Stan C l a r k e , and Jim C l a c h r i e , who a r e so h e l p f u l and generous w i t h a d v i c e and a s s i s t a n c e , Mr. W.R. Montgomery o f t h e P r o v i n c i a l Gas A u t h o r i t y , and the many anonimous k i l n owners who submitted t h e i r e f f o r t s t o t e s t s .
L a s t l y , I should l i k e t o thank t h e f a r s i g h t e d , p a t i e n t ,
master educator and f r i e n d Sam Black f o r h i s constant encouragement and a s s i s t a n c e , and Graeme Chalmers f o r h i s
p a t i e n t understanding and h e l p f u l c o r r e c t i o n s t o content and
format.

1.
INTRODUCTION

The

purpose

a method

of

will

meet

will

also

serve

and

pottery

It
those
safe

up

and

that

future

schools

the

of

as

an

It

i s not

information

i n the

and

for the

and

build

and

model

gas

or

of

model
kiln

used

propane

authorities
of

gas

British

operation,

compliment

but

to

guide

to

efficient,
i t is
are

.that

use

of

nec-

in
a

gas

program.

place-all

rather

f o r gas

already

an

and

education

paper

kilns

education

their

as

Further

i n c l u d i n g the

in this

Bibliography.

operate

show t h a t

ceramic

serve

kiln.

to modern m a t e r i a l s
to

The

province

thesis will

consider
part

of

u s e f u l gas

proceedures,

c o n t r o l l e d gas

intended

information

listed

design,

will

any

use

of publication.

this

school

and

schools.

i n designing

listed

time

integral

construction

be

show by

efficient

o f most

thesis will
a

i s to

Recommended

that

to

this

part

kiln

the

pollution

essary

kiln

will

want

safe,

assist

kiln.

to

thesis

needs

to

i s hoped

who

hoped

of

the

inspectors

Columbia

this

designing

that

fired

of

to

and

published

types
restrict

propane

kiln

references

2.
BEFORE

EMBARKING ON

A
these

gas k i l n

money

input

o f energy

quiring

Each k i l n
unique

If
firing

kiln
"To

an

electric
be

believe

i n full

Nevertheless
to

take

research."^ ^

In fact

i f any

and

but

before

have

Each

and

of
vast

i n ac-

reliable

liabilities.
i t s own

requirement

energy

t o escape

to

find

after

to fire

several

of

gas
than

firings

controlled.
very

natural

of results

i t i s more

the tedium

and s k i l l

only

and

philosophical

advantage

interested

day c o n s i d e r t h a t

adjustment

control

i t w o u l d be

ceramics,

requires

and w i l l

i n time

each

i t i s this

i t i s t o know

KILN?

problems.

determinable
that

cost

i n design

kilns

kilns.

integral

than

gas k i l n

i s little

t o use a gas k i l n

much more

GAS

i s a b i g investment

o f the person

investment

considered wisely

and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

small electric

a craftsman

well

an

you p l a n

being

there

answers t o these

results

not

with

requires

modern

be

gas k i l n

cases

i s an adventure

be met

must

WHY

for firing

as t o t h e requirements,

requirements

adequate

on t h e p a r t

I n most

CONSIDER;

advantages

and r e s p o n s i b i l i t y .

i t .

information

can

h a s many

construction.

time,

kiln

VENTURE

and t h e disadvantages

beginning

must

THIS

part

t h a t makes

firing

o f the ceramic

important

i n precise

phenomenon

t o know what

detail

why

of the results

o f modern

process.
works

i t works

absurd;-*:for a n y c r a f t s m a n

of

today

scientific

well.
not

The
the

In a r t giving

t h e happy

the

craftsman

should

not t o always
up t h e f u l l

learn

dominate

control

accident that plays

generation

aspects
of

artist

natural process,

will.
of

modern

such

insure dull

with

and impose

insures the

an important

o f new a n d c r e a t i v e : i d e a s .

i n a r t would

t o work

advent

part i n

The l o s s

and monotonous

their

of

such

production

works.
"The

beyond

beauty

t o which

the highest

that

t h e S u n g p o t t e r s a t t a i n e d was f a r

from

i t s beginnings

i n J o s i a h Wedge-

(2)
wood

the E n g l i s h p o t t e r s ever

aimed a t . "

The

speaksssof

buted

beauty

to the pursuit

artist-craftsmen
summed
ents

Bernard

should

working
cess.

come

with
Fire

ceramic

of results.

pursue

up i n t h e s e

Leach

their

lines.

i n contact with

and s t i l l

experience

c a n be, and perhaps

The
ably

elements

a primary

obtained.

i s , being

stud-,

experience

process

gas t h a t

The- p r o c e s s

o f t h e Sung p o t t e r s t o t h e ease

lost

of

like

of

pro-

of the

this

ex-

firing
the craft-

and r e l i a b l e

results

heating.

organic

compared

part

o f t h e ceramic

and i t i s w i t h modern

ceramics

electrical

which

i s f o r t h e most

the essential

remains

c a n be e a s i l y

of

contri-

A r t i s t - c r a f t s m e n and t h e i r

perience

manship

The b a s i s upon

goals

one o f t h e primary
was

c a n be. e a s i l y

beauty

of fired

to the results

ceramics

of electrical

cannot

be

heating.

favourThe

lusters,

r e d u c t i o n s p o t s , c o l o u r s and

ceramics

has

t h a t m y s t i c a l look o f h a v i n g been touched

by-

nature.

The

e s s e n t i a l experiences

easily

denied

c a n be

and

the h e r i t a g e o f generations

k n o w l e d g e o f gas

scientific

firing

cannot

be

The

i s l o s t never

to

fully

t h e p r o c e s s must be

The

of

modern gas

engineers

be

s a f e l y and

efficiently

i f any

o r p r o p e r l y done.

One

i s the concern

combus-

practiced

firing

little

pollution

"hands-on"

c a r r i e d out.

There i s

f i n a n c i a l means o f m o s t
l e a d s one

to the r e a l i z a t i o n

p e r l y or i n p o o r l y designed k i l n s .
are p o l l u t i n g the atmosphere

by

and

reduction f i r i n g
These k i l n s

firing

ceramic

a good number o f a r t i s t - c r a f t s m e n p l a c e t h e m s e l v e s
a h i g h degree o f h e a l t h hazard

before

that reduction

e q u i p m e n t t o c o n t r o l o r guage r e d u c t i o n

This situation

but

concerns

Without proper
be

o f the major

done so t h a t v e r y

i s generated.

i t i s f a r beyond the

artists.

explained easily

l e a r n e d and

i n s t r u c t i o n t h i s p r a c t i c e cannot
little

strong

or i l l u s t r a t e d without

t h e o r y c a n be

experienced,

c a n be

firing

very

a t t a i n e d without

experienced

it

such

safely

be

a l s o one

c h e m i s t r y o f r e d u c t i o n atmosphere

combustion type k i l n .

from

f i r i n g has

l e s s o n t h a t cannot

t i o n atmosphere.

in

and

attained again.
The

and

of a process

fired

a g e n e r a t i o n o f l e a r n e r s because o f convenience

simplicity
be

toasted look of

and

that
others
impro-

operators

f a r beyond the n e c e s s a r y

re-

quirements
Gas
is

fora quality

kilns

o f being

have

able
kilns.

a r e many.

The main

temperatures

full

The

spectrum

higher

chemicals
tion

much h i g h e r

The advantages
advantage

These hazardous

being

temperature
because

other

eratures
ledge

knowledge
i n clay

safer

glaze

temperatures

than

fired

i n low

chemicals

and g l a z e s

o f working

a r e t h e modern

tool

experiences

t o be o b t a i n e d

and such

learning
important
would

to later
elements

dangers

the processes

cannot

that

and i twould

the pollution

r e q u i r e d by modern

when t h e s t u d e n t s

ensures

go o n i n c e r a m i c s

uating
Such

becoming

to learn

with

func-

high

insures a strong basic

Gas k i l n s

and a b l e

toxic

replace their

craftsmen.

able

temperature.

formula.

and experience

be learned e a r l y

at

i n creating

t h e u s e o f most

i s quickly

should

unavoidable

at this

that

essential

the use o f

temperature

key elements

avoid

ceramics

to avoid

a r e almost

i n glazes

glazes

and.that

able

found

compounds

of colours

advantage

o f higher

and a r e c e r t a i n l y

i n the ceramic
The

firing.

but clear

a n d c a r c i n o g e n i c compounds

glazes.
low

one f i n a l

to attain

electrical

toxic

reduction

perhaps

and unsafe

fewer

that

be o v e r l o o k e d

these

experiences
avail-

Leaving

would

i n s u r e t h a t more

firing

artist-

allows

necessary.

even w i t h

know-

are- e a s i l y

students

temp-

such

learn the

students

a gas k i l n

perpet-

habits of the unskilled.

i n a n a g e when p e o p l e a r e

6.

turning

t o gas k i l n s

i n e v e r g r o w i n g numbers.. I t i s t h e t i m e

to provide

the education

generation

of potters

ed

necessary t o insure

generate b e t t e r

the next

and a r t i s t - c r a f t s m e n a r e p r o p e r l y

i n modern t e c h n i q u e s and
T h o s e who c r e a t e

that

train-

processes.

a r t works must make e v e r y a t t e m p t t o

s t a n d a r d s b y s e t t i n g a n example t o be compared
T

to,

and p r a c t i s e d s o t h a t

efforts,

s t u d e n t s can measure t h e i r

the efforts o f their

ancestors

so t h a t

tribution

and p l a c e

c u l t u r e and t h e e f f o r t s o f t h e i r

t h e y c a n draw c o n c l u s i o n s

c e s s a l t h o u g h complex h a s v e r y
cultural

show t h a t

important

s i g n i f i c a n c e and t h a t

We must

see that

safe,

reliable

made a v a i l a b l e t o s t u d e n t s a n d t h a t
provide
ed

a continuing

con-

artistic,

pro-

scientific

be t h e l e s s e r b e c a u s e o f
and u s e f u l s y s t e m s a r e
research

r e s p o n s i b i l i t y that

by a n o n g o i n g a r t i s t i c a l l y

the ceramic

by i g n o r i n g o r s u b s t i t u t i n g

inadequate systems o u r s o c i e t y w i l l
it.

as t o t h e i r

i n society.

We a s a r t i s t - c r a f t s m e n must

and

personal

and t r a i n i n g

i s e a r n e d and reward-

and c u l t u r a l l y

gifted

society.

T H E MODEL FOR D E S I G N I N G A

ADAPTED

FROM R E S E A R C H

BY J I M C L A C H E R I E

BOOKS OF D A N I E L RHODES AND

AND

RESEARCH

KILN.

FRED

ON K I L N S I N B R I T I S H
BY T H E AUTHOR.

OLSEN
COLUMBIA

7.
BASIC DESIGN

IN KILN

Studies
a

strong

i n both Alberta

reliability

specifications.
who

wishes

work.

suffice

These
the

guidelines

guidelines

Columbia

kiln

should

safe

proportions

with

and

and u s e f u l k i l n s .
kiln

sufficient

of kilns

simply

in efficient,

help

shown

be h e l p f u l t o anyone

i s not the only

survey

used

should

have

safe

i n serving

as

The

design

that

heat

could

points

out

and u s e f u l

starting

prokilns.

points for

future.
The

as

kilns

in

very

in

"Kiln

concepts

Design
The

kilns

are very

these

ancient

probably
fact

used
shall

but
be

designed

and O p e r a t i o n "

different
designs.

t h e most

from
The

i n the Orient

and o l s e n

t h e wood

spaces

and

Rhodes
Book"

i n modern

straw k i l n s

gas
of

f o r combustion

noticeable
different

the proportions

Europe

i n "The K i l n

required

are probably

as o l d

and

p r o p o r t i o n a l l y as

significantly

f o r our purposes

difference.
f o r each

f o r gas and

fuel

propane

same.

Proportional
relationships

(3)

are practically

r e l a t i o n s h i p s and p r o p o r t i o n s

the proportions

the

proportion

K i l n s designed

e a r l y times were

out.

are

of kiln

themselves.

point

In

efficient,

any chamber

for a kiln.

portional

guidelines

designed

Almost

and B r i t i s h

i n the use o f design

These

to design

proportionally
will

PROPORTIONS.

design

in kilns

i s derived

that

operate

a t by comparing
more

efficiently

sizes

and

and

with

8.

ease i n o b t a i n i n g most o f t h e d e s i r a b l e e f f e c t s .
designs o f s i m i l a r gas f i r e d equipment can g i v e
and p r o p o r t i o n

information

the e s s e n t i a l requirements.

for designing

efficiency

t h a t w i l l make f o r comparison o f
The f o l l o w i n g g u i d e l i n e s a r e

p r o p o r t i o n a l i n nature and should p r o v i d e

point

Secondly,

a basic starting

a k i l n t h a t has been found t o be s a f e ,

e f f i c i e n t , and economical by the author and many other

kiln

building enthusiasts.

Throughout the g u i d e l i n e s

reference

a r e made t o pcJint out t h e v a r i a b l e s

and

t o resources

section

boundaries from which b e t t e r designs can be adapted.

LOCATING THE KILN.

1.

ZONING REGULATIONS AND BY-LAWS FOR THE LOCATION OF

YOUR KILN.

2. V6

PROXIMITY AND HEIGHT OF ALL TALL BUILDINGS, TREES

OR BARRIERS.

3.

ELEVATION AND DRAINAGE OF LAND.

4.

PREVAILING WIND DIRECTION.

5.

PROXIMITY OF THE CHIMNEY OUTLET TO WINDOWS AND AIR

INTAKES INTO NEARBY BUILDINGS.

6.

THE GAS SOURCE.

7.

A SEPARATE KILN AND WORK AREA.

8.

VENTILATION OF KILN AREA..

9.

ACCESS FOR SERVICE AND CLEARANCE FOR SAFETY.

10.

VANDALISM AND CURIOSITY SEEKER CONTROL AND SAFETY.

The

f i r s t and f i n a l a u t h o r i t y h a v i n g j u r i s d i c t i o n i n your

k i l n b u i l d i n g should be the b u i l d i n g and gas i n s p e c t o r

and

the f i r e marshal f o r propane.

f o r gas

Check and make sure you

have a l l the AUTHORITIES HAVING JURISDICTION l i s t e d and checked w i t h b e f o r e p r o c e e d i n g w i t h any c o n s t r u c t i o n .

In any o f my k i l n b u i l d i n g experiences-and i n the v a s t
majority

o f research

I have found t h a t the i n s p e c t o r s were

i n t e r e s t e d and h e l p f u l r a t h e r than o b s t r u c t i v e and b u r e a u c r a t i c .

T h i s i s somewhat the case because many i n s p e c t o r s have not seen

10.
kilns
This

o r h a v e any g u i d e l i n e s
i s convenient

ivity

leads

but t h i s

can create

and f u t u r e g a s k i l n

to a k i l n

regarding

f o r t h e p o t t e r who wants room

i n h i s design

inspector

or regulations

producing p o l l u t i o n

for creat-

problems

enthusiasts

them.

f o r that

i f the c r e a t i v i t y

and o b v i o u s

safety

hazards.
Be
area

you p l a n

should
kiln

s u r e y o u meet a l l t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s
to build.

I f the k i l n

n o t have any d i f f i c u l t y

i s part

will

f o r zoning

be a hobby y o u

i n a r e s i d e n t i a l area,

o f a business venture or a t a school

ent

r e q u i r e m e n t s w i l l h a v e t o be met f o r w o r k e r s

and

f i r e safety.

Remember

i t i s better

r e q u i r e m e n t s and be INSURED f o r s a f e t y ' s

ing

data

the

guidelines provided

approval.

like

i n the

i f the

then

differ-

compensation

t o meet o r s u r p a s s
sake.

After

collect-

s a f e t y c o d e s a n d b y - l a w s draw up a d e s i g n
and s u b m i t

i t f o r i n s p e c t i o n and

using

INDOOR V S .

OUTDOOR.

Kilns

have

ifications.
posed

An outdoor

t o t h e elements

ing

that

the

elements.

i s used

Kilns
useful,
Any
rain
and

specifications

kiln

i s exposed

a n d snow.

This

professional
When

considering

temperature

and heat

i s difficult

causes

a great

deal

an outdoor
loss

the

loss

due t o p r e v a i l i n g

has a roof

WIND V E L O C I T Y
I N M.P.H.

and

loss
with

build-

of i t s protection

t o load

a kiln

wall

and

expense.
of

ambient

important

exposed

t o wind,
factor.

1620

illustrates
wall

both hobbiest

HEAT LOSS I N
B . T . U . P E R SQ. F T .

1040

a kiln

during

can be an important

10

from

less

and f i r e

i s a very

but i s s t i l l
wind

t o be

the concept

420

above

tend

from

t o operate and m a i n t a i n .

20

heat

kiln

due t o wind

a kiln

chart

i n an unoccupied

o f replanning

When

The

i s ex-

d e l a y a n d -can c o s t

factor.
heat

costly

class-

that

t o t h e elements

and more

or indoor

as a k i l n

f o rt h e purpose

exposed

efficient

that

i s defined

or i s installed

solely

totally

less

kiln

as t o outdoor

the effect

a t 40 d e g r e e s

outside

temperature

that

wind

F. o u t d o o r

has on

temperature

o f 220 d e g r e e s

F.

Note

that

high

as

that

protect
of

the

the

the k i l n
One

frost.

firing

the

They

also

cost

i f not

severely
tected

kiln

are

seekers

can

winds

and

to

four

good

times

economy

insulate

the

as
to

walls

brick

parts
The
of

of

like
cost

damage due

and

to moisture

insulation

burners

not

i s also

mention

substantial

of maintaining.a

strong changes.is

to

and

fully

substantial

enough

argument

against

similarly

the

exposed

kiln.

The

swimming

p o o l under

considered "attractive

hazards"

and

protected.

burned
be

held

attractive
a

to

enclosing i t .

last

may

on

exposed

to a

you

do

It i s therefore

from

of

properly

very

M.P.H. i s a l m o s t

consider brick

or mortally

kiln

20

wind.

i s treated
are

at

well.

i s one

kiln

bility

by

making

child

or

extremely

f o r such

be

unpro-

a misfortune.

hazardous

o f damage t o b o t h

lia-

animal

contact with your

responsible

and

great deal

Should

are

the

and

curiosity

themselves

and

kiln.
Kilns
the

building
and

very

climate

There

for

outdoor

equipment.

warrant

the

no

of metal

in a

Kilns

loss

Decomposition

exposed

law.

with

must

oxidation

kiln

heat

purpose

and

or k i l n

source

building

s h o u l d be

of

gas

housed
separate

shed

building

from

s h o u l d be

and

inspector.

in a

small metal

expressly

a l l other buildings.

close

s h o u l d meet

designed

to

the

ceramics

a l l requirements
garden

shed

of

makes

This
studio

the
an

excel-

lent

kiln

other
ations
ing

shed w i t h

building
and w i t h

Codes

made

only

fire

resistant

proper

i n Appendix)

few m i n o r

ventilation

adjustments needed.

Any

to the required

specific-

would

(see

suffice.

Build-

CHOOSING K I L N
A
fuel

kiln

and

truly

money

building.

economy
With

out

Using
on

to heat

blankets

simply

of

you

as

and

or

g i v e way
A

gas

your

return

Kilns

the
a

to

Hard

fire

bricks

reach

Used

at
kiln

be

be

to

degree

say

fire

F.

brick

to

and

expense

each
decompose

find

i t would

to

is

time

mixed

impossible to

c o n s i d e r e d as

in
out

be

dis-

2400

degrees

that would
?

investment

s h o u l d be

expected.

in direct

association

invested
any

be

and

melt

temperature.

should

will

with

almost

kiln

brick

re-build

decomposes

surely

in

insulation

of hard

and

more

It is

down b u i l d i n g

effort

designed

1800

block

will

Needless

kiln

i n some

return

get

gas

have.

maturity they

i t i s almost

brick.

this

will

require

insulation

inces

slow

brick

their

brick

and

built

investment.

school or

will

save.

s h o u l d be

pecting

material

i n time,

o f used

reasonable

nine

to

more

rating

have

brick,

expensive.

to build

F.

insulation
four

you

expense o f

and

quickly.

asterous

avoid the

date

you

a home, w i l l

insulation

of

fairly

rating

less

use

and

temperature

like

the

firing

the

to

re-cycled

will

the

modern

occasion cost

than

MATERIALS.

i s a machine which,

false

fiber

BUILDING

in heavily

r e t u r n s by

Secondly

teaching situation

your

with

what

must

you

i f you

product

plan to u t i l i z e

you

which

i n a l l investments

expecially

selling

i f you

As

from

to

invest.

are

regain

the k i l n

consider that

ex-

any

in
loss

of

product

by

s t u d e n t s due

w i l l o n l y show y o u r
t h a t any p o o r
passed

and
is

heat

retention

considered.
factor.

very

insulation,

but w i t h

little

or not

This type o f k i l n

will

although there i s s u f f i c i e n t

light

i n weight,

sufficient

factor,

insulations i t
with

c o o l down much t o o q u i c k l y
insulation

s u l a t i o n does not a b s o r b h e a t ,

because

t h e r e i s no h e a t

i t i s designed

t h e r e f o r e t h e wares l o s e t h e i r h e a t

good

hea4 r e t e n t i o n .

i s o n l y t h e wares a r e g e t t i n g heated,

permit.

be

important

insulation

W i t h modern f i b e r

a kiln

ation w i l l

firing habits w i l l

Durability,

to b u i l d

That

and

building materials several

possible

tention.

operation

students.

When c h o o s i n g - k i l n
s h o u l d be

d e s i g n and

l a c k o f k n o w l e d g e a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l i s m and

design characteristics

on t o y o u r

factors

t o poor k i l n

re-

the i n -

t o keep i t i n ,

as q u i c k l y

as t h e

T h i s seems t o be much- q u i c k e r t h a n

insuli s good

(4)
for

t h e wares

cooling.

The

Kiln

cooling of

c u t t i n g b a c k s'llowly on
this practice

designs
fiber

t h e gas

s h o u l d be d e s i g n e d
type k i l n s

c a n be

during the c o o l i n g

t a k e s more t i m e on

seems t o be

r e t e n t i o n and
The

insulation

heat

efficient

i s b e s t worked o u t by

i n s u l a t i o n methods t o h a r d b r i c k .

slowed

by

cycle,

but
and

gas.

a balance o f i n s u l a t i o n

t h a t makes f o r an

factor

slow

the p a r t o f the operator

a g r e a t d e a l more money t o p r o v i d e f o r t h e
There

for

factor,
kiln

heat

design.

comparing v a r i o u s

This gives the hard

brick

equivalent,

( s e e H.B.E. p a g e )

has

been

and

forty-five

Heat

found

that

inchesHof

retention

insulation
design
brick

that
will

ratio,

seems

brick

efficient
hard

this

per cent

of the k i l n

brick

and

brick

speak

o f ,brick

as

i t will

be most

equivalence

thin

construction

that

of hard

efficient
page)

and

economical,

some

suspect

that

the heat

suspect

that

by volume

the

should

t o t h e flame.

that
be

When I "

brick.

should

n o t be

built

or insulating blankets

balance

like

i s approximately

a kiln

brick

where

absorb

i n s u l a t i n g and h a r d

I believe

layer

exposed

thirty

in insulation.

I would

kilns i t

o f between

i n kilns

i n i t that

not r e t a i n the heat.

Combinations

found

retention.

s h o u l d be

I mean b o t h

To be p r a c t i c a l
of a

brick

i s more o f a guess,

fifty

entirely

have walls

used

heat

various

kilns

or h a r d b r i c k i s used.

have b e t t e r

this

comparing

t o be m o s t l y

has m a t e r i a l s

although

By

o f both

(see Suggested

seems

Kiln

to

Wall

17.
T H E METHOD
The
mal

i n BTU

ductivity

(k) v a r i e s

2000 d e g r e e s ,

it

can be determined

Thermal

that

to

attempt

have

temperatures
resulting

brick

t h e H.B.E.

con-

increases.

i s 10.2

t h e (k) f a c t o r s

t h e H.B.E.

of this

rating

materials

(H.B.E.) i s
insulating
vary according
I t would

s i z e and s i m p l i c i t y ,

o f space

H.B.E.

manufacturers

averaged.

significance.

at a l l

and s i m p l i c i t y

by d i f f e r e n t

be an approximation,

of little

fire-

f o reach m a t e r i a l

F o r reasons

together and t h e i r

shown c a n o n l y

t o 3.7" o f h a r d

equivalent

of similar properties

will.be

From

of thematerial.

i n a paper

temperatures.

error

per inch

temperature

brick

o f comparing

temperature

be i m p r a c t i c a l

grouped

on t h e sides

factor o f the various

the hard

o r average

products
been

"K"

T h e "K" . f a c t o r a n d t h u s

p o s s i b l e mean
also;

brick

to list

o f heat

t h e i n s u l a t i n g p r o p e r t y o f 1" o f

a n d i s a c o n v e n i e n t means

therefore

i s ther-

the thermal

t h e (k) o f h a r d

i s equivalent

o f hard

t h e mean

that

a material

recommended

11.1 a t 2400 d e g r e e s .

to

to

therefore

u p t o a maximum

By comparingsYthe

properties.

through

brick.

obtained

Units)

as' t h e t e m p e r a t u r e

26 i n s u l a t i n g b r i c k

that

F o r example,

at

No.

insulating ability

s p e c i f i c a t i o n s show t h e (k) b y a l i n e a t

temperatures

the product.

(H.B.E.)

c o n d u c t i v i t y i s t h e measure

I t can be seen

Most manufacturers

for

o f thermal

Thermal

(British

thickness.

various

HARD B R I C K E Q U I V A L E N T S

accepted measure

conductivity.

flow
of

OF D E T E R M I N I N G

As a l l

we b e l i e v e t h e

18.
The

t a b l e m a r k e d APPROXIMATE

some o f t h e m o r e c o m m o n l y u s e d
and

their

per

inch

approximate
of thickness.

average

REFRACTORY

refractories
hard

A l l other

brick

required

by u s i n g

t h e method

described.

lists

and i n s u l a t i o n s

equivalents

(5)
termined

EQUIVALENTS

H.B.E.

(H.B.E.)

c a n be de-

APPROXIMATE REFRACTORY EQUIVALENTS

CLASSIFICATION
AND SERVICE TEMPERATURE'

CANADIAN
REFRACTORIES

A.P. GREEN

PLIBRICO
!

APPROXIMATE
HARD BRICK
EQUIVALENT
PER INCH
THICKNESS

3000INTERMEDIATE HARD BRICK

CLAYBURN

DEFCO

CLAYBURN

1"

2800INSULATING FIRE BRICK No.28

H W 28

G28

GR28

2.85"

2600INSULATING FIRE BRICK No.26

H W 26

G26

GR26

3.7"

2400INSULATING CASTABLE

iDUROLITE 24

KAST-O-LITE

PLICAST

3.6"

2300INSULATING FIRE BRICK No.23

H W 23

G23

GR23

5.5"

2000INSULATING FIRE BRICK No.20

H W 20

G20

GR20 ..

5.7"

2000-2200CASTABLE INSULATION

DUROLITE 22

CAST. INSUL. 20

PLICAST

5.5"

1600-1800CASTABLE INSULATION

NOVALITE

CASTABLE BLOCK

VERILITE

8.5"

CLASSIFICATION
FIBROUS BLANKET 2300
CLASSIFICATION
BLOCK INSULATION
CLASSIFICATION
2000-2200VERMICULITE LOOSE
FILL INSULATION

A.P. GREEN & PLIBRICO

STEELE BROS. & CAI\IADIAN REF.

FIBERFRAX

KAOWOOL

JOHNS MANSVILLE
THERMOBESTOUS

(1200)

ZONOLITE
ZONOLITE
VERMICULITE

3.4"

A A.P. GREEN

PLIBRICO

BLOCK IN. 1900

BLOCK 201

10.5"

CANADIAN REFRACTORIES
MICALITE
VERMICULITE

6"

20.
The

list

below g i v e s

of refractories
their

some o f t h e p r a c t i c a l

a n d i n s u l a t i o n s from t h e p r e v i o u s

ations,

t h e "K"

f a c t o r from t h r e e m a n u f a c t u r e r s

a n d t h e r e f o r e , may n o t a g r e e w i t h

shown b y any one m a n u f a c t u r e r .

ing,

decided
lenght

regard,

upon a c c o r d i n g
of life

suppliers.

not

listed
cases

This

such as s a l t

the s p e c i f i c a t i o n s
o f r e f r a c t o r y must

of instructors,

i s particularly
designs.

experienced

t r u e when u s i n g
This

duty type

t o obtain a reasonable

upon, y o u a r e r e a d y t o d e s i g n

potters
materials

i s especially

g l a z i n g , where a h i g h

i n order

of glaz-

I t i s wise i n t h i s

Once t h e r e f r a c t o r y and t o t a l w a l l t h i c k n e s s

the

specific-

t o i t s temperature use, type

or experimental

b r i c k must be u s e d

The t y p e

d e s i r e d , and c o s t .

t o ask t h e advice

and

in

p a g e , and

a p p r o x i m a t e t o t a l H.B.E. shown, h a s been a r r i v e d a t by-

averaging

be

combinations

o f hard

kiln

has been

true

life.

decided

t h e w a l l and r o o f , o r t o check

c o l d f a c e and i n t e r f a c e ^ t e m p e r a t u r e w i t h i n t h e l i m i t s o f

t h e m a t e r i a l s menthoned

i n this

paper.

H.B.E.

REFRACTORY

4k"
4%"
4h"
4h"

#26
#26
#26
#26
#26

Insul.
Insul.
Insul.
Insul.
Insul.

PLUS
Brick
Brick
Brick
Brick
Brick

4h" #26 I n s u l . ; B f i e k
4h" # 2 8 I n s u l . B r i c k
4h" H a r d B r i c k
4h" H a r d B r i c k
4%" H a r d B r i c k
4k" 2 4 0 0 - 2 5 0 0
Castable

16.
16.
16.
16.
16.

6"
6"
6"
6"
6"

1 6 . 6"
1 2 . 8"
4. 5"
4. 5"
4. 5"
1 6 . 2"

INSULATION

None
1" B l o c k
2" B l o c k

Insul.
Insul.

4k" #20 I n s . B r i c k
3" 1 6 0 0 - 1 8 0 0 c a s t .
Insulation
4V

Zonolite

4k" #20 I n s u l . B r .
4k" #20 I n s u l . B r .
5" 2 0 0 0 - 2 2 0 0 c a s t .
4k" Z o n o . + 4 " Com.
Brick
3" 1 6 0 0 - 1 8 0 0
Castable

'

H.E E .

H.B.E.
TOTAL

0. 0"
1 0 . 5"
2 1 . 0"
2 5 . 6"
2 5 . 5"

16.6"
27 . 1 "
37.6"
42.2"
42.1"

2 7 . 0"
2 5 . 6"
2 5 . 6"
2 7 . 5"
4. 0"

43.6"
38.4"
31.1"
32.0"
35.5"

2 5 . 5"

41.7"

21.
Cold
A good k i l n
32" o r m o r e .

Face

Temperatures

s h o u l d h a v e a H.B.E. w a l l t h i c k n e s s o f a b o u t

The t a b l e below

gives t h e approximate

o r o u t s i d e t e m p e r a t u r e s when f i r i n g

coldface

t o cone-9 o r 2400F.

The t e m p e r a t u r e s shown a r e b a s e d on m a n u f a c t u r e r s

specifica-

tions,

i t i s hard-

ly

a l t h o u g h t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s may a p p e a r h i g h ,

f e a s a b l e t o r e d u c e them

expensive i n s u l a t i o n .
glass,

or other

be r e d u c e d v e r y

f u r t h e r by t h e use o f r e l a t i v e l y

By a p p l i c a t i o n

low p r i c e d

of foil

insulations,

covered

fiber-

t h e t e m p e r a t u r e may

inexpensively.

APPROXIMATE COLD FACE TEMPERATURES

TOTAL
H.B.E.

APPROXIMATE
COLD FACE TEMPERATURES

30

292F.

32

282F.

34

274F.

36

266F.

38

260F.

40

253F.

42

246F.

22.
HOW

BIG

SHOULD A

When o n e
ation
size

as

begins

the

BE?
to

size

choose

becomes

i s the' u s e a b l e

space

i s important

for the

space
size

to

KILN

of

these wares

individual

potter

and

the

the

very

type

important.

in a kiln
amount

the

type

decision

o f wares
o f wares

may

be

must

take

sified

requirements

such

a program.

simple

outline

S I M P L E METHOD OF

account
The

SIZE

the

For

the more

following
size

that
the

time

often
meets

firing

kilns
the

to

labour

for the

cu.

range

i s much more

f t . range.

f t . range.

are

designed

h a p p y medium

t o keep

18-24

cu.

is a

REQUIREMENTS
of product

to

be

fired.

firing

of a k i l n that are d e s i r p o r c e l a i n , temps, e t c .

SUGGESTIONS:

potter

of kilns

diver-

requirements.

E s t i m a t e t h e number o f u s e s
able.
Example - s c u l p t u r e ,

too

the

when d e s i g n i n g

3.

MODEST

sizes

loaded,

D e t e r m i n e amount o f p r o d u c t b e t w e e n p o s s i b l e
and r e - c y c l e t i m e s .
M u l t i p l y by cu. f t .

quire

50

KILN

This

2.

kiln

ity

but

by

wares.

produced.

i n estimating kiln

DETERMINING

i s meant

D e t e r m i n e max.
and min.
Estimate i n cu. f t .

FEW

of

into

be

consider-

1.

A l l
A

assist

What

to

easy

f o r s c h o o l s one

to

the

for stacking

a kiln

of

of kiln

up

to
with

f i l l

far too

i s one
i t or

For

the

diversified
Research

that
to

but

does

seems

not

In

the

professional

does

spend

production.

part-time producer

large

the

size

or

small.

not

re-

great
vast

is in

deal

majorthe

and

school

the

be

i n the

afeo.ve

to

support

the

theory

that

1 feel

seems t o p r e v a i l .

b i g as a n o t h e r
part

A kiln

needs t o be t w i c e o r more as

i f i t i s t o be s i g n i f i c a n t l y

i s due t o t h e l o n g e r r e - c y c l e t i m e s

mediate s i z e d

larger.

This i n

n e e d e d by t h e s e

inter-

kilns.

TAKE INTO CONSIDERATION A L L OF THE FACTORS OF THE

PREVIOUS PAGE AND THE SUGGESTIONS OF THIS PAGE
BEFORE DESIGNING
From t h e s e

estimations calculate

n e e d e d between a w e e k l y , b i - w e e k l y
Consider
and

o r monthly

times.

P l u s any m a r k e t i n g

In schools these

size

i s sufficient.

schedule.
grazing

o r s t u d i o management

t a s k s m u s t n o t be

F o r most s c h o o l s i t u a t i o n s and h o b b i e s t s
ft.

firing

i n your estimation o f production bisquing,

trimming

routines.

t h e amount o f s p a c e

This size of k i l n

overlooked.
t h e 18-24 c u .

gives a f i r i n g

time

o f 8 h o u r s a n d a 24-36 h o u r r e - c y c l e t i m e

(meaning c o o l down,

emptying and r e s t a c k i n g t i m e ) .

i s convenient f o r

firing

This size

d u r i n g a work d a y a n d a l s o r e - c y c l e & o i q u i c k l y enough f o r

2 o r more l o a d s p e r week.

A kiln

one-third larger w i l l r e -

q u i r e up t o 1 0 0 % l o n g e r t o r e ^ c y c l e and w i l l
be

as u s e f u l o r p r o v i d e a s much e f f i c i e n c y

Larger k i l n s ,
and
tion

however, do a l l o w

are useful i n f i r i n g
a r e a s where t h e y

provided.

for firing

t h e r e f o r e not

i n the long run.

larger

l a r g e amounts o f p r o d u c t s

are designed

to f i t the k i l n

products
i n producspace

24.
INTERFACE
The
between

TEMPERATURES
interface

temperature

the outside-

of the refractory

of

the insulation.

This

to

choose

insulation

t h e bright

thickness
on

t o be u s e d .

several

factors,

temperature

be known

for the refractory

The i n t e r f a c e

i n order
and t h e w a l l

temperature

i s

dependent

such as:

thickness.

c)

The i n s u l a t i o n

and

thickness.

d)

The ambient

ture.

o f these

lower

the higher

temperature

work

the interface

and c o l d

t h e lower

conductivity;

and t h e lower

ocity;

t h e lower

the interface

H.B.E.

26 o r N o .
castable

that

o f No.

wall

gives

thicknesses

28 i n s u l a t i n g
refractory

face

using

firebrick.

and f i b r o u s

2 6 , t h e same c o l u m n

interface

t h e wind

vel-

temperatures f o r
firebrick,

A s t h e H.B.E.

c a n be

The

temperature.

hard

ceramic

face

or the

temperature.

the interface
when

face

tempera-

and c o l d

the

and t h e g r e a t e r
and c o l d

face

thickness

the higher
face

the hot

o r t h e lower t h e

the interface

the cold

temperature

table

thickness

the insulation

t h e ambient

various

to decide both the

The h i g h e r

The g r e a t e r

following

velocity.

temperature.

lower

The

and wind

together

the refractory

conductivity;

the thermal

conductivity

temperature

and i n t e r f a c e

temperature.

thermal

factors

The g r e a t e r

thermal

to

must

surface

and

face

2500

and t h e i n s i d e

point

The h o t face
temperature.
The r e f r a c t o r y t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y

temperature;

No.

at the

a)
b)

A l l
cold

i s the temperature

blanket

used.

of

2400-

i s close

INTERFACE

T O T A L HARD
BRICK EQUIV.

TEMPERATURES

INTERFACE

4V

HARD

BRICK

NO.

TEMPERATURES

4V

26 I N S U L .

NO.

28 INSUL.

30

2160F

1360F

1625F

31

2l70F

1440F

1670F

32

2175F

1490F

1710F

33

2180F

1515F

1740F

. 34

2190F

1530F

1750F

35

2195F

1550F

36

2200F

1590F

1760F
o
1725 F

38

2204F

1630F

1820F

40

2210F

1680F

1850F

42

2215

1725F

1875F

NATURAL GAS

OR

26.

PROPANE?

T h e r e a r e two t y p e s o f gas u s e d i n most

gas t h a t

comes p i p e d

propane.

kilns,

i n t o t h e house o r s t u d i o ,

and

natural
bottled

N a t u r a l gas has t h e a d v a n t a g e o f c o n v e n i e n c e and

lower p r i c e ,

w h i l e propane, h a s

less

r e g u l a t i o n and more

flex-

ibility.
N a t u r a l gas h a s two b a s i c d i s t r i b u t i o n
areas the o l d e r
column)

low p r e s s u r e s y s t e m

is still

regulator

i n use.

and t h e l i n e

handle that

load.

The

The m a i n

systems.

(4 o u n c e s o r 7"

water

i s c o n t r o l l e d by a

t o your house o r s t u d i o
line

I n some

district

i s sized

to

from t h e m a i n w o u l d h a v e t o be

c h a n g e d t o accommodate t h e k i l n .

T h i s w o u l d be an e x p e n s i v e

venture.
In most
is

a r e a s a system o f h i g h e r p r e s s u r e ,

r e g u l a t e d down t o 4 o u n c e s j u s t b e f o r e t h e m e t e r .

case a l i n e
your k i l n
larger
Which

c a n be a t t a c h e d b e f o r e t h e r e g u l a t o r

site

gas l i n e

p.s.i.,
In

this

and t a k e n t o

f o r a second meter or a l a r g e r meter w i t h a

c a n be i n s t a l l e d where t h e e x i s t i n g m e t e r i s .

s y s t e m y o u c h o o s e becomes a m a t t e r o f w h i c h i s more

economical
to a s s i s t

f o r your s i t u a t i o n .

itive,

The gas company w i l l

glad

e x i s t , o r where t h e e x p e n s e i s p r o h i b -

p r o p a n e becomes t h e more e c o n o m i c a l s y s t e m .

o f propane a l s o
fully

be

you.

Where no gas l i n e s

be

10-15

incurs

portable.

l e s s permanent

fixtures

The

use

and i n d e e d

T h i s c o n v e n i e n c e makes p r o p a n e

can

attractive

to the s t u d i o ,

or school s i t u a t i o n

permanent p r o t e c t i o n a k i l n
a small K i l n

and gas

n a t u r a l gas

istics.
Gas

it

causes

needs o r t o t h o s e who h a v e

y o u r k i l n make s u r e y o u

the
only

consider

and^propane have v e r y d i f f e r e n t c h a r a c t e r -

The e f f e c t s m a n i f e s t
burners

down due t o t h e

cannot p r o v i d e

requirement.

When y o u a r e d e s i g n i n g
that

that

themselves

f o r n a t u r a l gas must n o t be p l a c e d u p s i d e -

f a c t t h a t n a t u r a l gas

problems

i n two s i m p l e w a y s .

is

lighter

for the proper function of

than a i r

the burner.

and

27a.

NATURAL

GAS

PROPANE

- C L E A R ALMOST
(Has a d d e d
safety)

ODORLESS
odorant f o r

- C L E A R ALMOST
(Has

- CONSIDERED NON-TOXIC

B.T.U.
1000

PER CU. F T .

added

CONSIDERED
B.T.U.
2450

ODORLESS
odorant)

NON-TOXIC

P E R CU.

F T . OF

GAS

--

- WEIGHT P E R I M P . G A L . OF

B.T.U. PER IMP. GAL.

LIQUID 110,000

LIQUID

-- S P E C I F I C
.6

G R A V I T Y OF
( A I R 1.0)

GAS

5.1

OF

POUNDS

S P E C I F I C G R A V I T Y OF
1.5 ( A I R 1.0)

GAS
.

- S P E C I F I C G R A V I T Y OF L I Q U I D

- B O I L I N G POINT - 4 4 F o r - 4 2 C

.51

10 C U . FT. OF A I R TO
1 C U . F T . OF GAS

BURN

TEMPERATURE

- FLAME T E M P E R A T U R E

LOWER AND U P P E R L I M I T S OF
FLAMMABILITY 2.15%-9.5%

- 24 C U . F T . OF A I R TO BURN

IGNITION

1.0)

1 C U . F T . OF

(WATER

650C

1879C

4 3 . 6 C U . F T . OF A I R TO
1 IMP. G A L . OF L I Q U I D
IGNITION

GAS

FLAME

TEMPERATURE

TEMPERATURE

BURN

650C

1924C
1

28.
B E F O R E D E C I D I N G ON
A
gas

propane

form

PROPANE

tank holds

a t -44F.

This

liquid
gas form

through

a pressure regulator

the

(which

of

gas

propane

which

o f propane

to the burners

i s normally under

boils

liquid

causes

the liquid

propane

of the kiln.

p r e s s u r e from

sure

a tank

i n t h e t a n k may

and heat

NOTE:

to cool

the expansion

freeze

APPROVED

TO A PROPANE

cooling

also i n -

f o r t h e demand

causing a

STORAGE

loss

TANK

SHOULD NOT

BY ANY

or eliminate

OUT

to

f i t t h e demand m u s t b e c o n s i d e r e d a l o n g w i t h t h e

dealer

T H E CHART L I S T E D ON
THE

SIZE

OF

the freezing

i n which

problem

THE NEXT

PAGE

NECESSARY

proper

the tanks w i l l

s h o u l d be a b l e t o s o l v e

TANK

DAN-

UNDER

reduce

o f the area

UN-

IS A

To

MINING

required

o f gas p r e s -

BE CARRIED

CIRCUMSTANCES.

propane

This

A s t h e demand f o r

MEANS TO I N C R E A S E V A P O U R I Z A T I O N ,

GEROUS P R A C T I S E AND

temperatures

from

required.

A P P L Y I N G HEAT

ANY

type

i s used

When

process described.

slightly.

the refridgeration

I f too small

liquid

by t h e b o i l i n g

propane

increases

creases.
the

i n the tank

i s drawn o f f

t h e gas t r a n s f o r m a t i o n ) i s drawn o f f i t i s r e p l a c e d

the

Any

into

this

sizes

ambient

operate.
problem.

SHOULD H E L P YOU
TO F I T YOUR

tank

IN DETER-

NEEDS.

28a.

SUSTAINED
AMBIENT
TEMP.
DEGREES
FAHREN.

>:

STANDARD
UPRIGHT
420 L B S .
I C C CONTAINER

AVERAGE
HORIZON
4 9 9 WATER
G A L . CAP..
CONTAINER

AVERAGE
HORIZON
995 WATER
GAL. CAP.
1 CONTAINER

-40

2, 3 0 0

5,400

27,300

50,200

-30

8,200

19,200

95,700

125,500

-20

14,000

32,900

164,100

201,900

-10

1 9 , 900

46,600

232,500

427,600

25,800

63,000

300,800

553,600

10

31,700

74,126

369,200

679,400

20

37,500

87,800

437,600

8 0 5 , 2.00

30

43,400

101,600

506,000

931,100

40

49,300

115,300

574,400

1,056,900

50

55,100

129,000

642,800

1,182,700

60

61,900

142,700

711,200

1,308,622

70

66,900

156,500

779,500 -

1,434,400

80

72,700

170,200

847,900

1,560,200

FIND
TO

STANDARD
UPRIGHT
100 L B S .
I C C CON-,.
T A I N E R "~

OPERATE

TANK S I Z E

SUSTAINED AMBIENT
IN.

FIND

CONTAINER.

TEMPERATURE

B . T . U . s N E E D E D TO

THAT K I L N

OPERATE

IS

KILN.

LIKELY
LOCATE

29.
S I Z E AND

T Y P E OF

KILN

When o n e b e g i n s

to design

a kiln

seem

The shape

and s i z e

to arise.

draft.
put

The arguements

the choice

costs.
of

The

kilns

i s a matter

following

i s designed

THE UPDRAFT

continue

several

to point

ECONOMICAL TO B U I L D .
GOOD U S A B L E S P A C E V S .
RATIO.

R E Q U I R E S A HOOD T O . C O L L E C T
H E A T TO D I S P U R S E O U T S I D E .

CAN B E DANGEROUS DUE TO

G E T T I N G I N T O K I L N SHED.

T E N D E N C Y TO H E A T

HAS A
SIZE

T E N D E N C Y TO HAVE

CO

UNEVENLY.
REDUCTION.

KILN

MORE D I F F I C U L T

TO

SEEMS TO G E T MORE U S E
HEAT INPUT.

EVEN

STRONGER R E D U C T I O N

CAN TRAP GAS

FLAMEOUT AND

COSTLY USABLE

BUILD
OUT

OF

HEATING.
TENDENCY

I N CHAMBER I N A
EXPLODE I F IGNITED.
SPACE VS.

areas,

SIZE

desires

but

demands

comparisons

o u t some

and

and t h e type

o f d i f f e r i n g uses,

KILN

T H E DOWNDRAFT

of kiln

i n several

descriptions,

POOR

biases

o f these

and

of

simply
and

analysis

biases.

30.
S I Z E AND

T Y P E OF

KILN

A l t h o u g h t h e r e a r e many o t h e r k i l n d e s i g n s u s e d i n k i l n
c o n s t r u c t i o n these a r e t h e b a s i c shapes.
The u s e o f v a r i o u s
a r c h s t y l e s a n d domes c a n b e o b t a i n e d , b u t e x o t i c d e s i g n s
t e n d t o t a k e more t i m e and m a t e r i a l s t o execute, and l i t t l e
i f any advantage i s gained.
T h e m a i n a d v a n t a g e s o f t h e two
t y p e s o f k i l n s shown h e r e a r e e c o n o m i c s a n d s p a c e
ratio.

THE

CROSS D R A F T

KILN

A GOOD U S A B L E S P A C E V S .
K I L N VOLUMN D E S I G N .

TOTAL

KILNS

TENDS

THE

GOOD D E S I G N
TO

FIRE

CLIMBING

FOR

SMALL

UNEVENLY.

CHAMBER

KILN

MOST E C O N O M I C A L L A R G E

CAN

BE DESIGNED

CAPACITY

SO

BE

USED

UPDRAFT.-

n d

FOR

CHAMBER
BISQUE

CAN
OR

GLAZE.

FIRES

EVENLY"

G E T S G O O D U S E OF F U E L
DUE TO 2
CHAMBER.
d

CHAMBER

KILN
IS

BASIC DESIGN IN GAS KILNS.

On
efficient

this point

almost a l l designers

shape t o h e a t

width equals

length.

rule t o allow

i s a cube.

That

There a r e s l i g h t

agree.

The most

i s height

equals

variations to this

for e f f i c i e n t use o f materials

eliminate needless
thesmost p a r t

CHAMBER SHAPE

shapes and t o

c u t t i n g and waste o f r e f r a c t o r i e s .

remain as c l o s e l y t o a cube i n t e r i o r

For

shape as

you c a n .
"A CUBE IS&THE BEST A L L
ROUND SHAPE FOR A K I L N .
When
t h i n k i n g o f t h e k i l n as a cube
shape, t h e b e s t d e s i g n f o r an
updraft k i l n i s with the arch
on t o p o f t h e c u b e a n d n o t c o n tained within.
Increasing the
h e i g h t o f t h e c u b e chamber w i t h
a f i x e d width, decreases t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f f i r i n g w i t h an even
temperature throughout t h e k i l n .
Increasing the length o f the
cube h a s no e f f e c t o n t h e e v e n
f i r i n g efficiency o f the k i l n ,
hence t h e developement o f t u n n e l
k i l n s , and o t h e r l o n g tube type
k i l n s used commercially.
It
should

i s g e n e r a l l y accepted

be r o u g h l y

that thek i l n

(inside total)

a cube i n p r o p o r t i o n " . I t

t o k e e p a l l d i m e n s i o n s t o f u n c t i o n s o f 9" o r 4%
o r "3 b r i c k )

i n w i d t h and depth,

and i n h e i g h t

i s also
11

best

(1 b r i c k

to functions

32.
DETERMINING

THE

VOLUME W I T H I N A

S i n c e most
roof

design

and

designs
since

SPRUNG

of kilns

this

shape

use a
seems

ARCH
sprung
t o add

arch

for the

efficiency

to

it

both

the directioning

a method

of determining

necessary
Since
arch

i s quite

following

complicated,

t o t h e edge

rise

(B).

(see

above

f o r determining

simplified

chart)

and

the transfer

t h e volumn w i t h i n

i f a c c u r a t e measurement

the formula

height

o f t h e flame

o f volumns

sprung

of

arch i s

i s t o be

t h e volumn w i t h i n a

J i m C l a c h e r i e recommends

estimate.

of the arch

For the height,

(A), t o t h i s

add

take
2/3

heat,

made.
sprung

the
the
of the

33.
THE

CATERNARY.ARCH

The c a t e r n a r y a r c h h a s many a d v a n t a g e s i n k i l n
design.
The a r c h c r e a t e s a smooth f l o w i n g d i r e c t i o n t h a t g e n t l y d i r e c t s both flame and heat.
T h i s i n t u r n c r e a t e s a minimum o f
d i s t u r b a n c e , making t h e f i r i n g o f a k i l n a l i t t l e more e f f i c ient.
The a r c h a l s o seems t o c r e a t e a s h a p e t h a t makes h e a t
and flame r i s e and t r a n s f e r more e f f i c i e n t .
The c a t e r n a r y a r c h h a s d i s a d v a n t a g e s ,
t h e main one b e i n g
the cost o f c u t t i n g normally square b r i c k into angles t o
c r e a t e t h e a r c h shape.
The c o s t o f c u t t i n g t h e b r i c k i n
l a b o u r , and t h e l o s s o f t h e c u t o f f b r i c k makes t h i s
construction costly.
K i l n s with sprung archs rather than
Caternary
arches create s i m i l a r advantages i n a k i l n a t minimal c o s t s .

PLANNING

T H E PROPORTIONS

DETERMINING

THE

VOLUME

AREA

4/3 x

VOLUME

4/3

OF A

CATERNARY

a X b
a x

b x

depth

ARCH.

34.
BURNER PORT AND
"Inlet
the

simple

flues

are

EXIT

flue

FLUE

SIZES

areas must

reason

of

'what

restricted,

be

equal

comes

this

will

to

exit

i n must
slow

go

flue

areas

out .

If

down t h e

for

exit

f l o w and

retard

(7)
combustion

efficiency,

Unlike

Rhodes,

flue,

riurner

port

least

attempts

as

i n the

ities
in

or

chimney

above

i n s i m p l e r terms

the

B.T.U.s
In

space

B.T.U.s

square

every
inch

of

flue

is

the

the

required

simple

insulated

per

the

statement,

h i s research compiles

These

seems

to balance

thereby making

THE

who

and

in.

in.

thereby

an

the

requires
put

chimney

i n p u t and

does

not
of

suggest
the

input

and

number

of

i s the

who

i n B..T.U. p e r
area

the

the k i l n

equal

The

final

to

kiln.

to

s h o u l d be

input.

must

sq.

volume o f p r o p e r l y

which

required

capac-

Clacherie

( 1 5 , 000.).. o f B . T . U . s
a port

at

output

burner

input.

chimney

volume

equasion

Olsen

for

have

For
an

part

of

heat.
1

sq.

every

equal

amount

the

equasion

chimney height..

BURNER
An

PORTS

everage

burner

port

size

8,000 B . T . U . p e r

square

inch

of burner

ience

sizes

equation of

the

area.

pick

and

i n through

port

temperature".

arbitrarily

power

of

the

height

exit

8,000 B . T . U . s

and

to

average

to heat

of burner

exit

the

flue

terms,

are

but

retarding

of

construction,

most

burner

appears

t o be
(8)

port.'

ports are

approximately

For
4%"

wide

conven(h

brick)

35.
by

5"

high

(2 c o u r s e s ) .

B.T.U. p e r s q u a r e

inch

Kilns

will

o f burner

fire

port

colouration

i n t h e flame

i s visable,

inefficient

combustion.

Since 4 V

than

necessary,

insulation
It

they

fire

can be

brick,

i s recommended

that

area.
which

|by^ 5"

reduced

watching

well

later

After
i s a

to

this

sure

16,000
dis-

sign

of

i s usually

larger

by

soft

f o r flame

burner

w i t h up

fitting

discolouration.

p o r t s be

angled

upwards

o
an

an a n g l e

flow

leasurely

accomplished
mounted
duce

i n both

s i d e mounted

The purpose

efficiency

the bag w a l l .
burners

of angling

It

complete

the

This

fron^

the burner

flames
can

and

be

rear

i s to re-

that

causes

capacity.-

o r more

that

are vented

courses

a l l flue

below the

products, i n -

o u t t h e chimney,

during

firing.
i s an

efficient

wares.

to insure

carbon monoxide

reduction

burner

exit

two

and

o f t h e flame

i n the burner's

p o r t s s h o u l d be

of the flue

cluding

to

o f f t h e horizonta-1 so t h a t

t u r b u l e n c e and r e - d i r e c t i o n i n g

Burner

to

30

and u n o b s t r u c t e d up

burners.

reduced

top

o f about

easy

kilns

combustion

port
Once

rule

t o remember

i s i n allowing
including

before attempting
a burner

t h e dampers

i n design that

the burner

the secondary
to transfer

can e f f i c i e n t l y

c a n b e made

for safe

do

and

to

the key

properly

a i r entering

that

heat

its-job

the

to the

alterations,

economical

reduction

firing.

It
burner
in

i s obvious

i n B.T.U.

t h e chimney.

that

t h e more b u r n e r s o r t h e l a r g e r t h e

r a t i n g and p o r t

the greater

volume

required

37.

KILN

USABLE
VOLUME
Cu. F t .

I N P U T S & CHIMNEY

APPROX.
INPUT
B.T.U.

PER

FLUE

SIZES

INPUT
CU. F T .
B.T.U.

CHIMNEY F L U E S I Z E
AT 8000 B.T.U.
PER SQ. I N S .

12

425,000

35,400

53

14

440,000

31,400

55

16

465,000

29,000

58

18

480,000

26,700

60

20

500,000

25,000

62.5

22

520,000

23,600

65

24

535,000

22,300

67

26

555,000

21,300

70

28

575,000

20,500

72

30

590,000

19,700

74

32

615,000

19,200

71

34

625,000

18,400

78

36

650,000

18,000

81

1/
From
input
It

t h e above

i t can be seen

p e r c u . f t .can be given

would

be best

Note
36 C u . F t .

that

that

shown a s a c u r v e d
a 9 x

9 flue

will

that

no a c c u r a t e

will

apply

line
handle

on a

to a l l

arbitrarysizes.

graph.

any k i l n

up t o

38.
THE

CHIMNEY
The

high

HEIGHT

chimney o r stack

enough

to create

through

the burner

damper,

and

hot

gasses w i l l

have
an

also

i t high

so

i t will

in

area

and

as

less

a matter

i n height

smaller

i n area

o f the~many

completelyaccurate

right

height.

temperature,

The

a l l attempt

tight

or

loose

be

i n enough

floor,

sufficient
a i r to

stack

and h e i g h t

a matter

can be

of

bigger
draw

taller.

of determining

exactly

chimney i s determined
b u t and

t o overcome

to

create

variable i n resistance there

of a

and

that

a n d h a v e t h e same o r s i m i l a r
but

be

resistance

the fact

i s not simply

o f volume.

must

s t a c k i n g o f wares

will

effect

the

by i t s

aforementioned

the chimney d r a f t .

i s no '

resistSimply

the stack

the

by

resistance.

The
allow

stack

method

draft

area

ances

creating

The

setting

overcome

I t should
draw

called

t o overcome

wares,

kiln

naturally rise.

but rather

one

sufficient

shelves,

atmosphere.

Because

i t i s xometimes

i n a downdraft

height,

stack

draft

ports,

enough

oxidising

as

e a s i e s t method

approximately

4"

of determining

of stack

height

stack

height

f o r each

i s to

cubic

foot

of

that

this

i s

(12)
total

kiln

twice

t h e amount

area.
input.

space.

It i s also

I t i s interesting
of height
1"

as

of height

i s required
f o r every

t o note

for flue

and

4,000 B . T . U . s

chimney
of

39.
PROXIMITY OF

CHIMNEY TO WINDOWS AND

When l o c a t i n g t h e k i l n
chimney o r
firing

stack

i s not

AIR

consider

INTAKES

the

effluent

always s a f e t o b r e a t h .

c a r b o n m o n o x i d e i s formed' and
stack.

stantial distance

from windows o r a i r i n t a k e s

are occupied.

vapour are
buildings

formed.
as y o u

This p o l l u t i o n

should

During

oxidation firing

Follow

t h e m o s t up

can

obtain.

When

escapes i n t o the

phere through the

that

from

the

reduction
atmos-

be k e p t a

sub-

in buildings

o n l y h e a t and

to date guide to

(see B u i l d i n g Codes and

water

such

Safety

Codes i n A p p e n d i x )

PROXIMITY OF
The
any

area

PRESSURE ZONES

terminus o f the

c l o s e to a b u i l d i n g or

created high pressure

erally

chimney s h o u l d

i f you

keep the

s t r u c t u r e w i t h i n 10

zone w i l l

n o t be

located i n

l a r g e s t r u c t u r e where a w i n d
prevent

proper

venting.

t e r m i n u s a minimum o f 2 f t . a b o v e

f t . there

should

be

no

venting

4
(OFTWlMO

Genany

problem,

(9)

40.
THE

COMBUSTION

Very
of

This

and

KILN

process i s a mixture o f the

the

f o r optimum g e n e r a t i o n o f h e a t .

two

sources o f a i r at the burner.

and

gas

itself,

and

ignition

the secondary

consume a l l o f t h e

is

important

o f the

a i r from

the

generates
Once

and

i n the

generally

proper
requires

the mixture o f a i r
i n the

burner

the burner p o r t used

to

fuel

for e f f i c i e n t
F o r gas

heat.

combust-

inspectors

t o the i n h e r e n t problems o f

individual

envir-

h e a l t h hazard produced
combustion

this

and

when
there-

carbon monoxide.

a k i l n i s designed

heat

f l o w r e s t r i c t i o n and

tion

firing

the

fuel

This

a k i l n d e s i g n w i l l not a l l o w f o r complete
by

heat

The generation o f heat

fuel usually

i n k i l n design.

c o n c e r n due

onmental p o l l u t i o n

simple

f u e l t o g e n e r a t e t h e maximum amount o f

i s a major problem
an

a i r , and

of the generated

Firstly,

T h e p r o p e r m i x t u r e o f a i r and
ion

fuel,

burning

burner.

b u r n e r m i x e s t h e a i r and

for primary

i s the

d i f f e r e n c e between

c o n t r o l o f the heat.

i n a gas k i l n comes from

T h e gas

T h e one

a k i l n i s the t r a n s f e r

the required

ratio

THE

generation of heat.

combustion
and

IN

simply put the p r o c e s s o f combustion

a fuel.

their

PROCESS

easily,

f o r e f f i c i e n t combusM)on

adjustments

e f f i c i e n t l y and

and

c a n be made f o r r e d u c -

a t a minimum o f damage t o

environment.
When c o n s i d e r i n g t y p e s o f b u r n e r s and

their

function

41.
the

most

quired
ber
heat

important

design considerations

f o r combustion

space.

When

generated

location

both

a t the burner

considering

by t h e burner

the burner
(measured

a r e t h e space r e port
itself

a n d i n t h e chamt h e iamount o f

i n B.T.U.)

and t h e

o f the burners.

Generally
are

better

ter

control

throughout

than

speaking
one l a r g e

on p r i m a r y
the

firing.

i n kiln
burner.

design
This

2,

4,

or 6

burners

i s due i n p a r t

heating of the k i l n

to bet-

and on even h e a t i n g

,42.
BURNERS
There

a r e two b a s i c

types

kilns.

The f o r c e d a i r burner

creased

cost

quires.

This

potters.
more

This

burner

by a pyrometer.

handy

The
probably

itself

and t h e e l e c t r i c i t y
range

i t s advantages,

i t reo f most

i t tends
easily

i s i t c a n be t u r n e d

control

pottery

due t o t h e i n -

i tout o f the price

have

i n most

t o be

con-

u p , down o r

o f a pyrometer.

This i s

c o l l e g e s and p r o f e s s i o n a l s , and

should

considered.

inspirating
t h e most

i s simply

collecting

i s n o t a s common

That

impulse

f o rschools,

seriously

burner

does

used

and i thas t h e c a p a c i t y o f being

by e l e c t r i c a l

very
be

u s u a l l y puts

efficient

trolled
off

o f the burner

o f burners

burner.is

flexible
a chamber

t h e most

and r e l i a b l e .
with

common
The

burner

and i s

inspirating

gas f o r c e d through

an

a i r and gas i n t h e v e n t u r i and t h e flame

orifice

being

ig-

(13)
nited

at the nozel.

built

and u t i l i z e d

M a n y homemade A l f r e d
by p o t t e r s .

They

expensive,

b u t n o t as e f f i c i e n t

the market

that

I
nor

a r e approved

d o n o t recommend

should

they

that

encourage

a r e s e v e r a l models

price

and need.
Burners a r e a f f e c t e d

burners

can be e f f i c i e n t

or inexpensive

are
and i n -

as models

on

by t h e a u t h o r i t i e s .
schools

their

There

type

design

students

on t h e market

by k i l n

and b u i l d

t o do so

that w i l l

design

burners,

either.

meet

every

and t h e l o c a t i o n o f

43.
the

burner

i s o f 'major

in

such

a way

of

disturbance.

safety.

and r e a r

along

the
It

which

more

will

c a n be

the type

speaking,

space

kilns

and k i l n s

best.

natural

Keeping

with

combustion

each

other

and

at the

with

f o r more

ideally

flows

through

draft

kiln

generated

appears

efficient

Burners
up

o f flame

but

the front

t o be

rather

by t h e b u r n e r .

i s l o n g e r and

requires

and r e a r

configur-

i n high pressure

a i r type

B.T.U.

the concept

flame.

unobstructed

design i s best,

burners.

ratings

propane

Where

on b u r n e r s

lower
exist

feasible.

a way

o f a minimum

combustion.

as t o m i n i m i z e
s h o u l d be

the k i l n

until

the wares.

This

of disturbance to

Burners

should

the redirectioning

be
of the

located

so the flame

flows

combustion

i s complete.

Then

i s possible

both

i n up

and

down

design.

Burners

whichever

a n d a minumum

o f which

gas o r lower

i n such

floor

located

o r , as i n the. d e s i g n s p r o v i d e d ,

the forced

located

the

opposing

combustion

This

s m a l l e r chamber i s

flame

passage

efficient

where t h e flame

t o complete

seems

the

free

s h o u l d be

sides.

one s u i t s

pressure

insure

located

of the k i l n

ation

This

i s not a matter

Generally

A burner

as t o a l l o w the flame

Burners

front

importance.

c a n be

located

of the kiln,
allows

so that, t h e flame

passes

s e t a t 90 t o t h e v e r t i c a l ,

f o r the best

results

f o r the costs

through

or 60,
involved.

44.
Different

burners w i l l require d i f f e r i n g

Burners

f o r n a t u r a l gas

inverted position

as t h i s

should never

to r i s e

and

a l s o c a n be a h a z a r d d u r i n g i g n i t i o n .

may

be

be

(being l i g h t e r

advantageous

problem.

(propane

be

requirements.
installed

opposes the n a t u r a l tendency

gas

inverted

space

t h a n a i r ) and

reduces

i n an
of

the

efficiency

Propane

burners

i s h e a v i e r than a i r ) i f t h i s

i s to

i n l o c a t i o n s where h e i g h t o f a k i l n i s a

45.
GAS INPUT IN B.T.U. FOR GAS KILNS
The amount o f gas and the .number o f burners r e q u i r e d t o
fire a kiln

i s a matter o f debate and great importance.

l y put, a k i l n w i l l reach temperature

fuel

i s used.

Simp-

e v e n t u a l l y if-enough

The excess f u e l used i n such f i r i n g i s not o n l y

expensive, but a l s o a g r e a t c o n t r i b u t o r t o p o l l u t i o n .

Kilns

u s i n g too much f u e l r e q u i r e more burners, i n c r e a s i n g b u i l d i n g

c o s t s , and a r e much harder t o c o n t r o l i n t h e e a r l y

firing

stages due t o h i g h output d e s i g n .

The o p p o s i t e problem
too

i s o f course even more c o s t l y .

s m a l l a gas l i n e o r propane tank f o r the k i l n

is installed

If

requirements

the temperature w i l l not be reached.

There a r e s e v e r a l g u i d e l i n e s l i s t e d

i n the k i l n books

suggested i n t h e b i b l i o g r a p h y , and burner manufacturers can

g i v e you d e t a i l e d burner r a t i n g s on v a r i o u s types o f burners,
(see

Burners and S p e c i f i c a t i o n s i n Appendix)

The major prob-

lem o f k i l n d e s i g n i s knowing how much i n p u t a k i l n w i l l r e q u i r e t o meet c e r t a i n requirements.

Given that a k i l n i s

p r o p e r l y i n s u l a t e d , p r o t e d t e d from the elements, and f i r e d

p r o p e r l y , the amount o f gas i n terms o f B.T.U. per hour and
the number o f burners w i l l be a great d e a l l e s s than one might
expect o r would f i n d

i n a k i l n not meeting these requirements.

The matter o f f i n d i n g optimum k i l n requirements

remains

a matter o f r e s e a r c h and under each s e t o f circumstances o f

\

46.
k i l n c o n s t r u c t i o n the needs must be met as are needed.

Kiln

requirements vary a g r e a t d e a l even under normal c o n d i t i o n s ,

and under extreme c o n d i t i o n s the requirements may
accurate

as i s needed.

not be as

47.
THE

GAS

INPUT

Since
in

heating

the

cept

t h e wares,

amount,

average

there

the required

heat,

may

of firing).

To

long

can vary

illustrate

b e t w e e n two

this,

as,
a
(ex-

below i s

actual kilns

and

"A"

KILN

"B"

AVERAGE

14,700

32,300

23,000

8,700

25,000

15,500

3,400

6,173

7,100

52,900

100,100

81,000

16,600

5, 600

8,000

per cu.f t .

o f u s a b l e volume
B.T.U. p e r c u . f t .
o f t o t a l volume
B.T.U. p e r s q . i n .
o f chimney area
B.T.U. p e r s q . f t .
of setting floor
B.T.U. p e r s q . i n
of burner port

NOTE:

the losses

As

tested.

KILN
B.T.U.

loss.

i s used

n o t know t h e d i f f e r e n c e

(B.T.U.) c o m p a r i s o n
of the kilns

o f t h e gas consumed

i s a huge h e a t

and t h e p o t t e r

f o r the cost

gas i n p u t

the

a t i n y percentage

wares r e c e i v e

great

only

The extreme

differences

between k i l n s

"A"

and

"B".

B o t h a r e t u r n i n g o u t a g o o d p r o d u c t , y e t k i l n "A"
i s doing so w i t h l e s s than \ o f t h e gas used i n
k i l n "B".
Both are indoor
kilns.
Some o f t h e f a c t o r s
put

determining

o r a f f e c t i n g t h e gas i n -

required are:
Size

of the

Co-efficient
Weight
Ambient

kiln
o f heat

transfer

of the walls

o f t h e wares
temperature

( i f outdoors)

and

roof

48.

Wind v e l o c i t y ( i f outdoors)
K i l n atmosphere ( o x i d i z i n g o r reducing)
D r a f t through the k i l n

(see "Chimney Height")

O v e r a l l combustion e f f i c i e n c y
I t i s a good idea t o use the above as a c h e c k l i s t o f the
possible variables

i f a k i l n does not f u n c t i o n as i s expected.

49.

GAS

INPUT

IN B.T.U.

FOR GAS K I L N S

"CHART"

The c h a r t shown w i l l g i v e t h e a p p r o x i m a t e g a s
i n p u t s f o r k i l n s o f a b o u t 32" o f h a r d b r i c k
equivalent walls.
I n p u t s may b e s l i g h t l y r e duced f o r i n d o o r k i l n s and k i l n s o f e x c e p t i o n a l l y high hard brick equivalent wall construct i o n o r s l i g h t l y increased f o routdoor k i l n s .

USABLE
VOLUME

The

B.T.U.
INPUT

USABLE
VOLUME

12

425,000

24

535,000

14

440,000

26

555,000

16

465,000

28

575,000

18

480,000

30

590,000

20

500,000

32

.615,000

22

520,000

34

625,000

36

650,000

variety

of kiln

requirements f o r k i l n s

met

the specifications

and

as i t i s t h e i n t e n t i o n

requirements
be

B.T.U.
INPUT

listed.

listed

not having

a r e t o o numerous t o l i s t

of this

forefficient kilns

paper

these

to give

here,

design

requirements

w i l l not

50.
THE

S E T T I N G FLOOR
The

draft
rier

amount

kilns

also.

o f space

i s very

o r damper

problem

If

this

stacked
effect

be

combustion

amount

the k i l n
caused

may

recommends

This

seems

which

c a n be

become

seen

i n most

as.poor

can a c t as a

flow o f heat.

stacking

area

i s used

bar-

This

o f wares i n a

i n the floor
or burner

area

port

kiln
should

area.

when w a r e s a r e

i n the floor

draft

floor

setting
be

left

research, but the

Below t h i s

amount

through

is

u n a f f e c t e d b y t h e damper

adjustment

as

uneconomical

space.

use o f k i l n

u p a n d down

closely

i n e f f i c i e n t due t o t h e dampering

opening

6%-10%.

i n both

area

8% o f t h e s e t t i n g

to hold

can be

exit

o f space

by reduced

Clacherie

variables

as t h i s

t h e space

equal to the flue

minimum

rule

important,

the floor

c o m p l i c a t e d by over

For proper

least

through

r e s t r i c t i n g the proper

c a n be

at

AREA

draft

the burner

space.
open.

successful
i s affected,
port

and, above t h i s

which
point,

50a

KILNS

DESIGNED

USING

THE

MODEL

24 C U B I C

FOOT DOWNDRAFT GAS

DESIGNED

USING

KILN

DESIGN

51.

THE MODEL P R O V I D E D

T H E WIDTH:
27" u s a b l e w i d t h i s a h a n d y w i d t h (3 f u l l
T o t h i s a d d 2 b a g w a l l s 2%" e a c h
O u t s i d e b a g w a l l s t h e b u r n e r s p a c e 2/6%"

or 6 half

TOTAL
The h o t f a c e r e f r a c t o r y
Insulation fire brick

bricks)

I N S I D E WIDTH

2/4%"
2/4%"
T O T A L O U T S I D E WIDTH

THE

27"
5"
13"
45"
9"
9"
63"

HEIGHT:
SINCE A BRICK

I S 2%"

THICK EACH

COURSE W I L L

BE FUNCTIONS

OF

2%"

SUMMARY
Usable

OF DIMENSIONS

OF A K I L N

T H E MODEL P R O V I D E D .

Volume

27" W. x A v . H e i g h t
o r 2 3.9 c u . f t .
Total

USING

o f 34" x 4 5 " D e e p

= 41,310

cu.

Volume
Bottom s e c t i o n :
45" W x 30" H x 45" D = 60,760 c u .
Volume w i t h i n a r c h :
4 5 " x 6" H ( 2 / 3 o f 9") x 4 5 " D
TOTAL

Setting

= 12,150
72,800 c u . i n s .
42.1 c u . f t .

=
=

W x 45" D

Openings

Through

1,215 s q .

8.44 s q .

theSetting

8% o f 1 , 2 1 5 s q . i n s .
Chimney

Flue

Port

For
Chimney
At
At
Gas

ins.
f t .

Floor

97 s q .

ins.

( 9 " x 9")

Area

Approximately
Burner

ins.

Area

81 s q . i n s .

Exit

cu.

ins.

Floor

27"

Flue

ins.

81 s q .

ins.

Size

convenience

4V

x 5" x 6

ports

Height
3.6" h e i g h t
4"
height

per total
per total

cu. f t . =
cu. f t . =

3.6 x 4 2 . 1 = 1 2 V
4 x 42.1 = 14'

Input
May

vary

RECOMMEND

greatly
23,000

according
B.T.U.

t o l o c a t i o n and c o n s t r u c t i o n .

per usable

cu.

f t .

53.
24

CUBIC

FOOT DOWNDRAFT

GAS

KILN

DESIGN

Arch
An average r i s e f o r an a r c h
From t h e b o t t o m o f t h e v e n t

i s approximately
to the top of the floor

9"
10"

TOTAL
S i n c e a k i l n i s 45" t o t a l i n s i d e w i d t h , i t s h o u l d be
a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e same i n h e i g h t , i n o r d e r t o m a i n t a i n t h e
cube d e s i g n r e q u i r e d .
45" - 19" = 26".
This i s not a
f u n c t i o n o f 2%", s o 2 7 " w o u l d b e b e t t e r a n d w o u l d m a k e t h e
s i d e w a l l 11 c o u r s e s i n h e i g h t a b o v e t h e f l o o r .
Summary

of

Height
INCHES

INSULATING

COURSE ON

FOUNDATION

2%"

7%"
2%"

3
1

27%"
40"
36%"

11
16

30"

12

H E I G H T OF V E N T O U T L E T
S E T T I N G FLOOR I F B R I C K
S E T T I N G FLOOR MAY B E A h" - 1" K I L N
FROM T H E TOP OF S E T T I N G F L O O R TO T H E
TOP OF T H E S I D E WALL
FROM FOUNDATION TO TOP OF S I D E WALL
USABLE HEIGHT ABOVE S E T T I N G FLOOR
H E I G H T FROM TOP OF F L U E E X I T T O TOP
OF
The

S I D E WALL

COURSES

SHELF

Depth

I n o r d e r t o k e e p t h e t o t a l i n s i d e d e s i g n as a cube t h e
d e p t h from t h e i n s i d e o f t h e d o o r t o t h e i n s i d e r e a r s h o u l d
b e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 5 " (5 b r i c k s ) o r 4 0 % " ( 4 % b r i c k s ) .
G i v e n t h a t t h e 45" t h i c k n e s s i s u t i l i z e d a n d t h a t t h e
door i s b r i c k e d i n 2 t h i c k n e s s e s , t h e o u t s i d e depth w i l l be
4 5 " + 9" ( r e a r w a l l ) + 9" ( d o o r )
=
63" t o t a l
K I L N S L A R G E R THAN T H I S MODEL A R E D I F F I C U L T TO LOAD
C O N S I D E R A T I O N T O CAR OR S H U T T L E K I L N S I S A D E S I G N
I D E A irv r; .t i 1- (-&< * "- i -ii '

19"

54.
SMALL

DOWN D R A F T

KILN

DESIGN

C U B I C F E E T OF U S A B L E
B . T . U . MAX.
150,000

S E T T I N G FLOOR A R E A 3 . 3 7 5 s q . f t . o r 4 8 6
CHIMNEY F L U E 2 2 . 5 s q . i n .
CHIMNEY H E I G H T 4 0 . 5 i n . @ 4 " / c u . f t .

USABLE SPACE
T O T A L VOLUME

18 x
27 x

SPACE

27 x
27 x

6.38
sq.i n .

2 2 . 5 = 1 0 , 9 3 5 * 1 7 2 8 = 6.328
22.5 = 16,402.5 * 1728
=

BRICK

BRICK TYPE K

SIZE

4.5"
26

9" x

9.492

cu.ft.

cu.ft.

2.5"

insulating

firebrick

INSULATION

1900

block

55.
S M A L L CROSS
Approx.

DRAFT

KILN

10 c u . f t . o f u s a b l e

space.

f&OO'

27"

27" x

28" = 11.81 c u . f t . t o t a l

22"

27" x

28" =

9.625

space

cu. f t . usable

space

SLOCK

frtSOLAT/OAt

56a

APPENDIX

57.

The f o l l o w i n g pages are designed t o a s s i s t i n f i r i n g a

gas or propane k i l n .

They are intended t o a s s i s t an o p e r a t o r

who has had p r e v i o u s experience or t r a i n i n g w i t h gas k i l n s .

I f t h e operator has had no p r i o r

experience w i t h k i l n s i t

i s s t r o n g l y recommended t h a t R i t c h i e ' s book on Gas K i l n

Firing

and p r o f e s s i o n a l h e l p be obtained and followed f o r the f i r s t

few f i r i n g s .

58.
BEFORE

F I R I N G YOUR K I L N

THE F I R S T

sure a l l tests,
carried out.

TIME

1.

Make
been

2.

Make s u r e
readied.

3.

T e s t each shut o f f , p i l o t l i g h t and burner

f o r m i n i m u m a n d maximum o p e r a t i o n a n d a u t o
off.

4.

T e s t each
operation
burners w i
and a v o i d

5.

Test automatic shut

i n an emergency.

fire

recommendations

and i n s p e c t i o n s have

e x t i n g u i s h e r s and s a f e t y

proceedures

are

individually
safety shut

shut o f f p i l o t l i g h t and burner i n a group

f o r m i n i m u m a n d maximum o p e r a t i o n .
Make s u r e
l l n o t b a c k f i r e , a n d i f t h e y d o how t o c o r r e c t
the situation.
offs

t o make

sure

they

will

perform

59.
SAFE KILN OPERATING PROCEEDURES
PLOT A L L INFORMATION ON THE KILN FIRING

LOG.

1.

Make s u r e a l l b u r n e r s a r e i n o f f p o s i t i o n b e f o r e t u r n i n g
on gas a t t h e m e t e r .

2.
t

Make s u r e a l l b u r n e r s a r e r e a d y t o l i t f h t , p o r t s open e t c .
Make s u r e gas m a i n a t m e t e r i s on,and t h e n t h e m a i n n e x t
to the k i l n

3.

Make s u r e damper o n t h e s t a c k i s o p e n .

4.

I g n i t e a p i l o t l i g h t by h o l d i n g t h e s w i t c h a t t h e s o l i n o i d
v a l v e and t o u c h i n g t h e b u r n e r w i t h a l i g h t e d m a t c h .

5.

light

6.

Warm t h e k i l n

7.

T u r n on t h e b u r n e r s t o t h e l o w e s t s e t t i n g a t w h i c h a
s t e a d y f l a m e w i l l h o l d . Make s u r e t h e p r i m a r y a i r a t
t h e b a s e o f t h e b u r n e r i s a d j u s t e d t o a l l o w f o r minimum
a i r flow.

8.

T u r n up gas a s t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e i n d i c a t e s , and t u r n up
t h e p r i m a r y a i r f l o w w i t h t h e gas a s n e e d e d .

9.

When t h e k i l n r e a c h e s 1000C, o r where a good r e d h e a t

i s v i s a b l e , r e d u c t i o n f i r i n g may be i m p l i m e n t e d . A
s i m p l e methoed o f r e d u c t i o n f i r i n g i s t o u s e t h e l a s t
\ hour o f t h e f i r i n g c y c l e t o reduce.

a l lpilot

lights.

from t h e p i l o t

lights

15 m i n . t o % h r .

To i m p l i m e n t r e d u c t i o n f i r i n g c l o s e o f f t h e damper a t
t h e s t a c k u n t i l f l a m e i s v i s a b l e i n t h e s t a c k . Back o f f
u n t i l i t d i s a p p e a r s . Now a d j u s t so t h a t t h e f l a m e i s n o t i c a b l e .
T e s t t h e r e d u c t i o n by o p e n i n g a spy h o l e i n t h e k i l n , i f flame
a p p e a r s a good r e d u c t i o n i s underway. I f b l a c k smoke o r s o o t
i s b u i l d i n g up on t h e s p y h o l e s o r damper y o u a r e o v e r r e d u c ing the f i r i n g . I f a stronger reduction i s necissary close o f f
primary a i r a t the burner.
NOTE REDUCTION FIRING CAUSES POLLUTION USE I T DISCRIMINATLY.
WHEN THE KILN REACHES THE DESIRED TEMPERATURE I T I S TIME
FOR THE SHUT DOWN PROCEEDURE.

60.
SHUT DOWN

PROCEDURE

1.

Shut

2.

C l o s e t h e damper

3.

Shut

4.

Close the burner

5.

Log t h e pyrometer

6.

Kiln

NOTE:

o f f the burner

valves.

on t h e s t a c k .

o f f t h e gas mains.

must

ports.
temperature.

be below

250c

before

THE SURFACE TEMPERATURE

RISE

FOR

3-4 MORE HOURS.

ARE L E F T NEAR

THE

KILN.

opening.

OF T H E K I L N W I L L C O N T I N U E
MAKE

SURE NO

TO

COMBUSTABLES

61.
DO's

AND

DON'TS

OF K I L N

FIRING

I g n i t e t h e p i l o t l i g h t b e f o r e t u r n i n g on t h e gas b u r n e r .
DO NOT t u r n on t h e gas a t t h e m a i n w i t h o u t m a k i n g s u r e t h e
burners are shut o f f .
A l w a y s make s u r e t h e k i l n d o o r i s open when i g n i t i n g
burners without p i l o t l i g h t s
so t h a t gas w i l l n o t b u i l d
up i n t h e k i l n chamber.
DO NOT l e a v e k i l n d o o r c l o s e d when n o t i n u s e .
(To a v o i d gas b u i l d up i f l e a k s o c c u r . )
DO u s e k i l n wash o n s h e l v e s o f t e n .
DO NOT

a l l o w unknown c l a y o r g l a z e t o be s t a c k e d

i n the

kiln.
T r a i n a l l persons a s s o c i a t e d with the k i l n i n i t s safe
o p e r a t i o n and p o s t p r o c e d u r e s where t h e y a r e e a s i l y a c c e s s a b l e , i n c a s e y o u a r e u n a v o i d a b l e c a l l e d away.
DO NOT a l l o w a k i l n t o go u n a t t e n d e d
periods without the operator checking.

an

DO NOT a l l o w open a c c e s s
"unaware" p u b l i c .

t o your k i l n

f o r prolonged

i t can

burn

62;
RECOMMENDED
NO

KILN

SHOULD

UNATTENDED,

be

BE B U I L T

SCHOOL

I N A SCHOOL,

WITHOUT T H E F O L L O W I N G
shut

offs

USE

OR WHERE I T W I L L

GO

EQUIPMENT:

1.

Thermocouple
burner.

2.

A damper

3.

A pyrometer designed t o shut o f f t h e burner a t

maximum t e m p e r a t u r e s ,
with thermocouple o f platinum
and p l a t i n u m - r h o d i u m
shielded i n porcelain.

4.

A l o c k a b l e gas main
away f r o m t h e k i l n .

5.

I
must

S A F E T Y E Q U I P M E N T FOR

that w i l l

l o c k a b l e door

and p i l o t

only

close

shut

to kiln

and

useful

t o o many

and r e l i a b l e .

Secondly

every

accessable and

shed.

equipment

false

on

90-95% o f t h e chimney.

o f feasily

d o n o t recommend a d d i t i o n a l

function without

lights

shut

because

the k i l n

downs i f i t i s t o

the operator

of the k i l n

i
m u s t make
prime

the o p e r a t i o n and f u n c t i o n o f t h e k i l n

their

responsibility.
Kilns

no

as

other

without

where

persons
pilot

the operator
shall

lights,

have

i s i n full

access,

thermocouples

attendance,

can be operated
and

pyrometers.

and where
easily

63.
KILN

SITTER
A kiln

the k i l n
phere

sitter

sitter

c a n be u s e d

i s not designed

o r a t high temperatures.

because o f t h i s

and t h e i r

q u a l i t y platinum-platinum
an

t o shut o f f a gas k i l n , b u t
t o work i n r e d u c t i o n atmosThey c a n f a i l more o f t e n

function

rhodium thermocouple

i n d u s t r i a l pyrometer w i t h auto,

ilities.

I strongly

c a n be r e p l a c e d b y a good
attached

shut o f f o r h o l d

to

capab-

recommend t h e p y r o m e t e r t y p e o f c o n t r o l .

THERMOCOUPLE AUTO. SHUT OFF

A

thermocouple

small e l e c t r i c a l

i s a d e v i c e t h a t senses heat and sends a

current to a device that

flow t o both p i l o t

lights

and main b u r n e r s .

s h u t o f f t h e gas i f f o r any r e a s o n
prevents

t h e flame

any p o s s i b l e b u i l d up o f g a s s e s

shed

that

c o u l d be i g n i t e d

tion

or explosion.

controls

accidently

t h e gas

This device
goes, o u t ,

will

t h i s -.

i n t h e chamber o r

causing rapid

combus-

HERITAGE KILN BURNERS

64.

NATURAL GAS BURNER INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS

IMPORTANT NOTICE:' THESE BURNERS MUST BE INSTALLED
IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE REGULATIONS OF THE AUTHORITY
HAVING JURISDICTION IN YOUR AREA.
BURNERS SHOULD BE INSTALLED BY A LICENSED GAS FITTER
ON A PERMIT FROM THE ENFORCING AUTHORITY.
These burners are designed and o r i f i c e d to be operated at the
accepted natural gas pressure of 7 i n s . Water Column.
A l l l i n e s should be sized i n accordance with l o c a l regulations to
supply the correct 7 i n s . Water Column pressure. (See Table 1)
Natural Gas burners may be i n s t a l l e d with the burner venturi facing
upwards, or horizontal but never with the port downwards.
Be sure that the valve, o r i f i c e and burner are i n a true straight
l i n e as i n F i g . 1.
Because k i l n s vary so much i n shape, s i z e , and design, suitable
burner brackets cannot be supplied by the burner manufacturer.
Burner brackets as shown i n F i g . 2 must be provided which w i l l
securely hold the burners i n the proper p o s i t i o n i n a fixed
r e l a t i o n to the k i l n port as shown i n F i g . 3.
Burner o r i f i c e s are supplied d r i l l e d No. 18 W.G. for approximately
125,000 BTU , or i f k i l n information was supplied to the manufacturer
may be d r i l l e d to the minimum that may be required.
If you do not reach temperature do not assume that the gas input
i s too low since there are several other factors which may also affect,
the temperatures such as:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)

Bag wall too high or too low.

Wares stacked too c l o s e l y .
I n s u f f i c i e n t combustion space from wall to bag wall.
Over reduction (high percentage of unburned gas).
Over oxidation (too much a i r cooling the k i l n ) .
I n s u f f i c i e n t insulation.
Too high a gas input f o r the combustion space.

When a l l factors have been considered and i f you s t i l l suspect

the gas input i s too low, increase the size one wire gauge size.
(See Table 2). If the temperature goes up you may be on the r i g h t
course. I f possible use a pyrometer for your f i r s t few f i r i n g s .
If the temperature goes down you are probably passing more gas
than there i s combustion space for or than can be properly vented
due to various r e s t r i c t i o n s as mentioned above.
I t i s the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of the i n s t a l l e r to apply for an inspection
or test to the authority having j u r i s d i c t i o n i n your area. This i s
for your protection.

65.
NATURAL GAS

NATURAL GAS

GAS L I N E S T O K I L N S

( a t 7" W. C. w i t h not over

KILN VOLUME
GAS I N P U T -

15

200

250

300

3A

3A

3A

3A

3A

350

Tioo

1450

Ik

500

Flow through an o r i f i c e at
7 Ins. Water Column P r e s s . ( 4 Oz.)

.5" W. C. drop)

18

550

18

600

20

ML

21*

700

28
800

it

_3A

3A

lh

1*

14-4 h

li

21

850

1*

ih

lh

1*

ii

lh
1*

If

li

Table 1

1*
1*

1*

It

500

li

1000

1*

1*
1*

1*

1(0

1*

1200

O r i f i c e Size
D.M.S. Wire
Gauge

Thousands o f B.T.U.

27
26
25
24
23
5/32"
22
21
20
19
18
11/64"
17
16
15
14
13
3/16"
12
11
10
9

90
94.5
98
101
104
107
108
111
113
121
125
129
131
137
142
145
150
154
156
160
164
168
173

Table 2

P-ROPANE-BURNER-INSTALLATION- INSTRUCTIONS

BURNERS SHOULD BE INSTALLED BY A LICENSED GAS FITTER

ON A PERMIT FROM THE ENFORCING AUTHORITY.
1.

These burners are designed and o r i f i c e d to be operated a t

accepted propane p r e s s u r e of I I i n s . Water Column.

2.

Tank s i z e should be as shown In Table 1 to ensure proper supply

pressure at- the lowest temperature at which you wish t o f i r e .

3.

A l l l i n e s should be s i z e d i n accordance with l o c a l r e g u l a t i o n s t o

supply the c o r r e c t 11 i n s . Water Column pressure. (See Table 2)

4.

Propane burners may be i n s t a l l e d w i t h the burner v e n t u r i f a c i n g

upwards, downwards o r h o r i z o n t a l .

5.

Be sure that the v a l v e , o r i f i c e and burner are i n a t r u e s t r a i g h t

l i n e as i n F i g . 1 .

6.

Because k i l n s v a r y so much i n shape, s i z e , and d e s i g n , s u i t a b l e

burner b r a c k e t s cannot be s u p p l i e d by the burner manufacturer.
Burner b r a c k e t s as shown i n F i g . 2 must be provided which w i l l
s e c u r e l y h o l d the b u r n e r s i n the proper p o s i t i o n In a f i x e d
r e l a t i o n to the k i l n p o r t as shown i n F i g . 3 .

7.

If you do not r e a c h temperature there are s e v e r a l other f a c t o r s

which may a l s o a f f e c t the temperatures such as:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)

Bag w a l l too h i g h o r too low.

Wares stacked too c l o s e l y .
I n s u f f i c i e n t combustion space from w a l l to bag w a l l .
Over r e d u c t i o n
Over o x i d a t i o n (too much a i r c o o l i n g the k i l n ) .
Insufficient insulation
Too h i g h a gas Input f o r the combustion space.

When a l l f a c t o r s have been considered and i f you s t i l l suspect

the gas input i s too low, i n c r e a s e the s i z e one wire gauge s i z e .
(See T a b l e 3) I f the temperature goes up you may be on the r i g h t
c o u r s e . I f p o s s i b l e u s e a pyrometer f o r your f i r s t few f i r i n g s .
I f the temperature goes down you a r e probably p a s s i n g more gas
than there i s combustion space f o r or than can be p r o p e r l y vented
due to v a r i o u s r e s t r i c t i o n s as mentioned above.
8.

I t i s the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of the i n s t a l l e r to apply f o r an i n s p e c t i o n

or t e s t to. the a u t h o r i t y having j u r i s d i c t i o n i n your area. T h i s i s
f o r your p r o t e c t i o n .

Input In
Thds. BTU
250
300
350
400
450
500
625
750
875'
1000
1250

K l i n Usable
Cu. F t .
4
6
8
12
15
18
2
32
35

D i s t a n c e from L a s t Stage Rep.ulatoi to Burners

10'
20'
30'
50'
60'
40'
80'
100'

3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
1
1
1
1

lk

3/4
3/4
3/4
1
1
1
1

ik
lk
ik
lk

3/4
3/4
1
1
1
1

3/4
1. '
1
1
1
1

lk
lk
lk

lk
lk
lk

Hi

lk

Table 2

3/4
1
1 .
1
1

lk
lk
lk
lk
lh
lk

1
1
1
1

lk
lk
lk
lk
lk
lk
lk

1
1
1

lk
lk
lk
lk
lk
lk
lk
2

1
1

lk
lk
lk
lk
lk
lh
Vt
lk
z

-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20 30
40
50
60
70
80

the

Burner o r i f i c e s a r e s u p p l i e d d r i l l e d No. 30 W. G. f o r approximately

115,000 BTU of propane, or i f k i l n information was s u p p l i e d to the
manufacturer may be d r i l l e d to the minimum t h a t may be r e q u i r e d .

Standard
Upright
100
lb.
ICC
Container.

Standard
Upright
420 l b .
ICC
Container. '

Average .
Horizon.
499 W a t e r
Gallons
Capacity
Container."

Average
Horizon.
995 Water
Gallons
Capacity
Container.

2,300
8,200
14,000
19,900 :
25,800
31,700
37,500 .
43,400
49,300
55,100
61,900 .
66,900
72,700

5,400
19,200
32,900
46,600
60,300
74,126
87,800
101,600
115,300
129,000
142,700
156,500
170,200

27,300
95,700
164,100
232,500
300,800
369,200
437,600
506,000
574,400
642,800
711,200
779,500
847,900

50,200
125,500
201,900
427,800
553,600
.
679,400
805 200
931,100
1,056,900
1,182,700
1,308,622
1,434,400
1,560,200

Sustained
Ambient
Temp.
Degrees
Fahren.

IMPORTANT NOTICE: THESE BURNERS MUST BE INSTALLED

IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE REGULATIONS OF THE AUTHORITY
HAVING JURISDICTION IN YOUR AREA.

'

Table 1
PROPANE.. INPUT
at 11" Water Column
Pressure
Wire Gauge
Drill
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27

Input
B.T.U./Hr.
77,400
81,125 85,170
90,800
92,500 96,000
101,000
108,070
123,875
138,840 .
148,000
155,650

Table 3

Fig.

67.
SAFETY PILOT MOUNTING INSTRUCTIONS

For proper

pilot

i n s t r u c t i o n s be c a r e f u l l y
nel

and w i t h

operation, i t i s imperative that

f o l l o w e d by c o m p e t e n t

the approval of the authority

licensed

having

person-

jurisdiction

A convenient burner
is

these

opening

size

4 V w i d e b y 5" (2 c o u r s e s h i g h ) .

At t h e bottom, p l a c e a p i e c e o f
No. 26 o r 28 i n s u l a t i n g b r i c k 1"
thick.

In t h i s ,

groove

1" w i d e x 1" deep as shown.

Place thep i l o t
about

less this

test
1.

i n this

back from

a n g l e d upwards

30

o f f horizontal.

No s a f e t y p i l o t

i nthis

Slowly

close

valve u n t i l
on

port

approximately
Bracket

pilot

position.

application

i s c a r r i e d o u t and passed.

groove

the burner

and

securely

PILOT TURN-DOWN TEST:

c u ta tapered

i s complete unMain

Turn-Down

the p i l o t
t h e flame

the thermocouple i s

just barely touching

the
2.

thermocouple.-

At this
pilot
be

point,the

flame

should

intersecting

still

t h e c o u r s e o f t h e main b u r n e r

If not, relocate p i l o t
3.

I fvisually

t o accomplish

this.

s a t . i n 2; open m a i n ' b u r n e r f i r i n g

to check f o r proper

flame.

valve

ignition.

WHEN COMPLETED, REQUEST AN INSPECTION BY THE ENFORCING AUTHORITY

HAVING JURISDICTION IN YOUR AREA.

68.

Recommended K i l n Construction and I n s t a l l a t i o n Requirements

I n s t a l l a t i o n of K i l n s
(a)

A gas k i l n s h a l l not be i n s t a l l e d within the l i v i n g area of a residence.

(b)

When a gas k i l n i s i n s t a l l e d i n a b u i l d i n g or a room attached to an

occupied b u i l d i n g the common w a l l or walls s h a l l have a 1 hour f i r e
resistance r a t i n g .

(c)

Where a gas k i l n i s i n s t a l l e d i n a room adjacent to a work area; means

s h a l l be provided to screen or p a r t i t i o n the k i l n area from the work area
by means acceptable to the enforcing authority.

Construction
Indoor k i l n s s h a l l be constructed with walls and roof equivalent i n i n s u l a t i n g
properties to 26" of hard f i r e b r i c k .
Safety Controls
(a)

Safety shut-off controls s h a l l be provided on indoor k i l n s f o r a l l burners

which are not under constant supervision. This requirement s h a l l not apply
to k i l n s i n s t a l l e d outdoors or i n an unoccupied b u i l d i n g used s o l e l y to
protect the k i l n from the elements.

(b)

K i l n s having on-off automatic temperature controlled burners s h a l l be provided with safety shut o f f controls on a l l burners.

(c)

K i l n s f i r e d with L. P. gases s h a l l have safety controls which cut o f f both

main and p i l o t burners when required as i n (a) and (b) above.

Combustion A i r & V e n t i l a t i o n
The k i l n room or k i l n area as i n 1 (b) or (c) s h a l l be provided with a combustion a i r i n l e t close to f l o o r l e v e l and a v e n t i l a t i o n outlet at c e i l i n g to
be 50% greater than that required by Clause A.2.1 of C. S. A. B149.1 (1974).
Clearances and Venting of Indoor K i l n s
(a)

The minimum clearance from the top, sides and rear to combustible material
s h a l l be 48". This distance may be reduced when i n s u l a t i o n acceptable to
the enforcing authority i s provided but i n no case may be l e s s than 24">

(b)

Clause 6.2.8.6 (7) of the National Building Code states ( i n b r i e f ) every

metal chimney designed f o r use a t over 538 C (1000F) s h a l l be l i n e d with at
l e a s t 4%" of f i r e b r i c k or other material providing equivalent temperature
protection.
Since 2V' of a 2500F castable i n s u l a t i n g r e f r a c t o r y would be equal
i n i n s u l a t i n g properties to 8",of hard f i r e b r i c k , i t would be considered
acceptable.

(c)

Clause 6.2.8.6 (9) of the National Building Code states:

"Except as provided i n sentence (10), every i n t e r i o r metal chimney s h a l l
have a clearance of at l e a s t 3 f t . (915 MM) to combustible material within
the storey i n which the heating appliance i s contained". Sentence (10)
states: "Where a metal chimney passes through a combustible roof assembly,

69.
- 2
rr<Sfc

the clearance between the chimney and the

nearest combustible m a t e r i a l may be reduced
to 12 i n . (305 MM) provided the metal chimney
i s guarded by a metal thimble extending at
]>1
l e a s t 9" (229 MM) above and 9" (229 MM) below
\
the roof construction. Such thimbles s h a l l
have double c y l i n d r i c a l walls with a v e n t i l '. ,
ated space between the walls and between the
metal chimney and thimble, and the clearance
between the metal thimble and the combustible
material s h a l l be at least 6 i n . (152 MM)".
The sketch may make t h i s a l i t t l e c l e a r e r .

1
12.

(d)

Where an updraft type k i l n i s vented by means of a canopy and s i n g l e w a l l

metal vent, the clearance s h a l l be 18". This clearance may be reduced
when protection i s provided i n accordance with Table 4.3.8.2.of C. S. A.
B149.1 (1974;) or i f provided with an i n s u l a t i n g thimble as i n ( c ) .

(e)

Clause 9.21.6.1 of the same code states "The clearance between concrete
or mansonry chimneys and combustible framing s h a l l be not l e s s than 2"
for i n t e r i o r and
f o r e x t e r i o r s . Since this clause does not take the
temperature into consideration, 6" would be a more r e a l i s t i c distance.
In any case, i t i s generally accepted throughout the gas industry that
no combustible m a t e r i a l should be permitted to reach a temperature i n
excess of 45C (117F).

T A B L E 4.3.8.2
Clearance* With Specified Forms of Protacttont
Whore tho Required Clearance With N o Protection l a :

Typo
of
Protection
a) Vrin asbestos millboard
spaced out t in

38 Inches

18 Inches

Above

Sldee
and
Rear

Flue
Pipe

Above

Side*
and
Rear

Flue
Pipe

12 Inches

9 In.

8 Inches

Above

Eldea
end
Rear

Flue
Pipe

Above

Sides
and
Rear

30

18

30

15

12

b)

O.0l3-in(No.28MSG)
sheet metal on V*-ln
asbestos millboard

24

16

24

12

12

c)

0.013-ln(No.28MSG)
sheet metal spaced out 11n

18

12

18

d) 0.u13-in(No.28MSG)
sheet metal on %An
asbestos millboard spaced out
t In

18

12

18

ej Vh-trt asbestos cement

covering on heating appliance

13

12

36

18

13

12

18

' 18

12

12

36

36

36

18

18

18

12

12

36

36

38

18

18

18

12

12

1) Vt-ln asbestos mil (board on

1-in mineral woo! baits
reinforced with wire mesh
or equivalent
8) 0.026-in(No.22MSG)
sheet metal on l>tn mineral
wool batts reinforced wish
wire mesh or equivalent
h) '/->n asbestos cement Board
or Vt-in asbestos millboard
I) V-in cellular asbestos
. n<
.
_._*_.

'

'

* u c l e a r a n c e s g i v e n rn tncnes.

* S^IMI SJ^JS"

rSSnffi

i n

.l

i c a , e d

(>

Bb0v8

' B clearances shall be measured from the outer surface of tha appliance to the combustible material
" "
be such a , ,o interfere with ft.

no^otecti^

NOTE: Spacers shall be of non-combustible material.

C 0 m b U S , i b l 9

m a , e

a l

, n n o

s h a

70.
our file :

D-02-02

your file

GOVERNMENT OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

D E P A R T M E N T O F PUBLIC W O R K S

Safety

Engineering

Services

Division

N o v e m b e r 1975

TO ALL INSPECTORS AND CONTRACTORS '

GAS FIRED POTTERY KILNS

An increasing number of gas fired kilns are being installed
throughout the Province and i t has become necessary to set out the
following guidelines for their installation.
1. A gas fired k i l n shall not be installed within the l i v i n g
area of a residence.
2. Where a gas fired k i l n i s installed i n a room adjacent to a
work area the k i l n area shall be partitioned or screened
from the work area i n a manner acceptable to the enforcing
authority.
3.

Safety shut-off controls shall be provided on indoor kilns.

for a l l burners which are not under constant supervision.
This requirement shall not apply to kilns installed outdoors
or i n an unoccupied building used solely to protect the k i l n
from the elements.

4.

Kilns having on~-off automatic temperature controlled burners

shall be provided with safety shut-off controls on a l l burners.

5.

The minimum clearance from the top, sides and rear of a k i l n

to combustible construction shall be 48", except that this
distance may be reduced when insulation acceptable to this
Branch i s provided. In no case shall the clearance be less t h a n ^ "

TABLE
NATIONAL
Forming

Part

CLEARANCE

9.21.6.A.
B U I L D I N G CODE

of Article

BETWEEN A

PROTECTED

9.21.6.5.

FLUE PIPE

COMBUSTIBLE

AND

MATERIAL

Type o f p r o t e c t i o n a p p l i e d t o t h e
combustible m a t e r i a l unless otherwise s p e c i f i e d and c o v e r i n g a l l
' s u r f a c e s w i t h i n 18 i n . o f t h e f l u e
pipe.

C l e a r a n c e between
f l u e p i p e and
combustible
material.
in.

V
asbestos m i l l b o a r d spaced out
1" b y n o n c o m b u s t i b l e m a t e r i a l
0.0129" s h e e t m e t a l
millboard

on V

asbestos
12

0.012 9" s h e e t m e t a l s p a c e d o u t 1"

by n o n c o m b u s t i b l e m a t e r i a l

"
9

0.-0129" s h e e t m e t a l o n 1/8" a s b e s t o s m i l l b o a r d s p a c e d o u t 1" b y n o n combustible m a t e r i a l

1%" a s b e s t o s
flue pipe

cement

c o v e r i n g on

0 . 0 2 5 9 " s h e e t m e t a l o n 1" m i n e r a l
wool b a t t s r e i n f o r c e d w i t h w i r e mesh
or e q u i v a l e n t

:73.
C.S.A. B149.1 - 1971
TABLE 25
(See C l a u s e

4.3.8.2.)

CLEARANCE WITH S P E C I F I E D FORMS OF PROTECTION

Where

Type

of Protection

asbestos

Clearance

Above

a)

the Required

W i t h No P r o t e c t i o n I s :
36 I n c h e s
18 I n c h e s
^Sides
Sides
and
Rear

(Flue

11

Above

Pipe

and
Rear

Flue
Pipe

mill-

b o a r d s p a c e d o u t 1"
0 . 0 1 2 9 " ( N 6 . 2 8 MSG)
sheet m e t a l on
V
asbestos m i l l b o a r d

30

18

30

15

12

24

18

24

12

12

o u t 1"
0 . 0 1 2 9 " ( N o . 2 8 5 MS.G)
s h e e t m e t a l o n 1/8"
asbestos m i l l b o a r d

18

12

18

spaced

18

12

18

18

12

36

18

18

12

18

s h e e t m e t a l o n 1"
m i n e r a l wool batts
r e i n f o r c e d w i t h v:^l
w i r e mesh o r e q u i v .

18

12

12

h)

i j "a s b e s t o s cement
board or V
asbestos m i l l b o a r d

36

36

36

18

18

18

i)

36

36

36

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

0 . 0 1 2 9 " ( N o . 2 8 MSG)
sheet metal
spaced
;

o u t 1"

lh" a s b e s t o s c e m e n t
c o v e r i n g on h e a t i n g
appliance
Jj" a s b e s t o s
millboard
wool

on

batts

forced
mesh
g)

1"

with

mineral
reinwire

or equivalent

0.0259"

(N5.22CSMSG)

cellular

asbestos

18

18

18

KILN TEST REPORTS

76.
PLEASE

INDICATE

MAKE T H E

A L L OF T H E

INFORMATION

REMEMBERED OR

YOUR

INFORMATION

ABOUT

YOUR K I L N

AS A C C U R A T E AS YOU CAN.

RECALLED

PLEASE

GUESS AND

T H A T YOU

I F SOMETHING

MARK

CAN

CANNOT

BE

I T ACCORDINGLY.

NAME

ADDRESS
PHONE
HAS

YOUR K I L N

BEEN

INSPECTED

BY T H E F I R E M A R S H A L L
GAS

HAVE

4.

YOU

C O N S U L T E D ANY

REGUARDING

AND

DESIGN

AND

ADDRESSES I F P O S S I B L E .
Jim C l a c h e r i e .
Stan

PLEASE

OF YOUR K I L N ? I F SO P L E A S E

LIST

I F YOUR

FOUND H E L P F U L
-

"Kilns,

Olsen

"The K i l n

K I L N WAS

INSPECTOR

THE

CONSTRUCTION

INDICATE

THE

NAMES

OTHER

PUBLICATIONS

INFORMATION.

Rhodes

GAS

Clarke,

B O O K S , P A M P H L E T S , T H E S I S OR

IN WHICH YOU

5.

ONE

__ _ JL

Designs

&

Operation"

Book"

PURCHASED

PLEASE

INDICATE

THE

MANUFACTURERS

NAME
ADDRESS

AND

ANY

INFORMATION

REGUARDING

PLEASE
DAY.

7.

PLEASE

FEEL IS

HELPFUL

T H E E F F I C I E N C Y OF T H I S

Very

6.

YOU

Good

INDICATE
MONTH

STATE

KILN.

D A T E T H E K I L N WAS
V F & P

'

T H E NUMBER

THE APPROXIMATE

INDICATE

THE

AMOUNT O F

OR

FIRST

FIRED.

OF

INDICATE

INSTALLED

FIRINGS

C O S T OF A

F U E L USED

T H E K I L N HAS

MADE

FIRING

IN A T Y P I C A L

50

approx.

$7.00

FIRING

KILN

DESIGN

I S YOUR

77.

KILN

UPDRAFT
DOWNDRAFT
CROSSDRAFT

IF

OTHER

PLEASE

SPECIFY

SPRUNG

ARCH

CATERNARY

ARCH

CUBE
ROUND
IF

OTHER

I F YOUR

PLEASE

KILN

E A C H CHAMBER
A

SKETCH

SPECIFY

I S MULTI-CHAMBERED
BY NUMBERING

WIDTH.

T H E OUTER

HEIGHT.
DEPTH.

FROM

HEIGHT.

FROM

ON T H E R E V E R S E S I D E

EXAMPLE.

3, AND

SO ON.

FOR

INCLUDE

IDENTIFIED.

EXTERNAL.
E X T R E M I T Y ACROSS T H E FRONT

63"

120"
63"

INTERNAL.
I N T E R N A L WIDTH

HOT

F A C E T O HOT

FACE.

45" .

FROM TOP OF V E N T O
FROM

AND

BE

2,

FRONT TO BACK

WIDTH. MAXIMUM

WALL,

CAN

1,

T H E INFORMATION

FROM B A S E T O TOP OF K I L N .

PROPORTIONS O F K I L N

DEPTH.

INDICATE

T H E CHAMBERS

SO T H A T T H E CHAMBERS

PROPORTIONS OF T H E K I L N

PLEASE

ROOF

TOP OF LOWER MOST S H E L F T O TOP OF I N S I D E .

INSIDE

OF C L O S E D DOOR TO

OF T H I S

PAGE P L E A S E

I N C L U D E T H I C K N E S S , MAKE,
\

INSIDE

REAR.

SKETCH THE K I L N
TYPE

37".

FLOOR,

OF M A T E R I A L S

$R\CKS

PROM

49".

USED.

USABLE

KILN

WIDTH

Tti..

SPACE-

SPACE

FLOOR

DEPTH

OF

- THE

FLUE

SIZE

SETTING

'ARES.

yg

- T H E D I S T A N C E BETWEEN BAG W A L L S .
I F NO BAG WALLS D I S T . OF S E T WARES

HEIGHT- THE DISTANCE

SIZE

FOR

OF

TO

FROM T H E

THE

INSIDE

DISTANCE

TOP

FROM T H E

DOOR TO

THE

OPENING

- THE

OPENING AT

TOPOF THE

INSIDE

THE

INSIDE

REAR

EXHAUST

EXIT

OF

OF

OF

THE

27"

USABLE
KILN ~

^8"

THE
KILN.

36"

VENT
7.5"

FROM CHAMBER

H O R I Z O N T A L D I S T A N C E FROM I N S I D E F L U E O P E N I N G
TO THE V E R T I C A L S H A F T OF T H E CHIMNEY.
VERTICAL
SIZE

RISE

OF V E R T C A L
HEIGHT

OF

1.8"

I F ANY
9" X

SHAFT
VERTICAL

SHAFT

9"

(CHIMNEY)

DAMPER
PLEASE

SKETCH

POSITIONS
PLEASE

IN LOCATION

DURING

INDICATE

IF

POSSIBLE

FIRING
%

CLOSED

FOR

HOURS

INDICATED

6
1

7 50

850

14

950

15

IP

11100!7

*
BURNERS
TYPE-

I F PURCHASED S T A T E

MAKE
Clacherie

MODEL
MANUFACTURER
ADDRESS
IF

HOME MADE A

INDICATE

SIZE

SKETCH
OF

WOULD- B E

ORIFICE

HELPFUL
1

12

shut

13

16

down

DUMBER OF BURNERS
INCLUDE

L O C A T I O N O F BURNERS

B.T.U.RATING

O F 1 BURNER

DO YOU HAVE
PILOT

CIRCLE
LITES

KILN

ON T H E K I L N

P E R HOUR

FULL

SKETCH
OPEN

90,000

>

I F YES
A U T O - S A F E T Y SHUT O F F

SITTER

ELECTRONIC

KILN

CONTROL
NO

PYROMETER

BURNER

PLEASE

I N D I C A T E ANY OTHER

CONTROLS

PORTS

SIZE

O F BURNER

SIZE

O F A N Y SECONDARY A I R SOURCES

FUEL CIRCLE

PORT(SIZE

O F O P E N I N G BURNER

T O K I L N ) 4"

5"

==^

T H E C O R R E C T ONE

NATURAL

GAS

WOOD

PROPANE

OTHER

PLEASE

SPECIFY

OIL

TIME
AMOUNT

OF TIME

TEMPERATURE
TIME

USED

IN A TYPICAL

FIRING

10

REACHED

TO REACH TEMPERATURE

12

L E N G T H O F SOAK
TOTAL

FIRING

TIME

FROM

S T A R T TO SHUT

DOWN

IF

HOURS
14

_MIN.

HOURS

_MIN.

S T A R T UP TO T E M P E R A T U R E

&

BACK

DOWN

MIN.
TO UNLOADING

36 HOURS

YOU FAMILIAR
SO S T A T E

MIN.

2 0 HOURS

TEMPERATURE.

ARE

HOURS

C O O L DOWN T I M E
TOTAL TIME

14 h r s ,

WITH

T H E DANGERS

OF REDUCTION F I R I N G ?

T H E DANGERS.

CO + E x p l o s i o n

i f reignition

MIN.

PLEASE

PLOT

ON

THIS

GRAPH

TYPICAL FIRING.

i
i

1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4

10

INDICATE

ANY

PROBLEMS

WIND

RAIN

OUTSIDE

TEMP.

FUEL

HUMIDITY

PLEASE

WRITE

FUNCTIONED

CREATED

UP

GAS

BRIEF
TO

steam
(PRESSURE)
SERVICE

PARAGRAPH

THIS

DURING

POINT.

A Honey.

FIRING

BY:

PROPANE
COOL

TANK

SPOTS

IN

FREEZING
KILN

REDUCTION

INDICATING

HOW

YOUR

KILN

HAS

1 5

PLEASE
ANY

MAKE A

S K E T C H OF YOUR

PLANS YOU MADE. MAKE

SINCE

TO

IMPROVE

THE

KILN

SURE YOU

OR

I N C L U D E A COPY

I N C L U D E ANY

CHANGES

OPERATION.

s e e 24 c u . f t . k i l n

i n Appendix.

(PHOTO)
YOU

OF

MADE

PLEASE
INCLUDE
IS

SKETCH

A LOCATION

DRAWING

U S U A L WIND D I R E C T I O N , T A L L

E X P O S E D OR

I F I T I S INCLOSED,

O F YOUR K I L N ON YOUR
TREES,BUILDINGS,
THE DISTANCE

OR S T U D I O ^ V E N T I L A T I O N , I F A P P L I C A B L E AND

PROPERTY

ETC. I F KILN

FROM YOUR HOUSE

FLUE ARE

HELPFUL.

Ishould
as

like

many k i l n

t o thank
sites

not

mind having

out

the area

you f o r your

as p o s s i b l e

your

kiln

effort.

i n t h e near

photographed

below. I n d i c a t e

a map

I t i s my
future.

please

hope

by

i tmight

filling
be

NAME,
.

PHONE

MAP:

YOU

DO NOT MIND H A V I N G ME

PUBLICATION
SIGNING

necessary.

ADDRESS

IF

visit

I f you would

indicate

i fyou think

to

OR

REFER

TO OTHER A R T I S T S

THE SPACE

TO YOUR K I L N

PLEASE

INDICATE

PROVIDED

THANK

YOU...

IN A

THESIS

THIS

BY

86.
PLEASE INDICATE ALL OF THE INFORMATION ABOUT YOUR KILN THAT YOU CAN
MAKE THE INFORMATION AS ACCURATE AS YOU CAN. IF SOMETHING CANNOT BE
REMEMBERED OR RECALLED PLEASE GUESS AND MARK IT ACCORDINGLY.
1.

YOUR NAME
ADDRESS
PHONE

2.

_^
.

HAS YOUR KILN BEEN INSPECTED BY THE FIRE MARSHALL

GAS INSPECTOR

3.

HAVE YOU CONSULTED ANY ONE REGUARDING THE CONSTRUCTION

AND DESIGN OF YOUR KILN? IF SO PLEASE INDICATE THE NAMES
AND ADDRESSES IF POSSIBLE.
PLEASE LIST BOOKS,PAMPHLETS,THESIS OR OTHER

PUBLICATIONS

IN WHICH YOU FOUND HELPFUL INFORMATION.

.

Rhodes

" K i l n s , Design & Operation"

IF YOUR GAS KILN WAS PURCHASED PLEASE INDICATE THE MANUFACTURERS

NAME
ADDRESS
AND ANY INFORMATION YOU FEEL IS HELPFUL
REGUARDING THE EFFICIENCY OF THIS KILN.
Expensive t o operate

PLEASE INDICATE DATE THE KILN WAS

DAY.

7.

MONTH

July

yp-ap

INSTALLED OR FIRST FIRED.

' 70

PLEASE STATE THE NUMBER OF FIRINGS THE KILN HAS MADE

INDICATE THE APPROXIMATE COST OF A FIRING

INDICATE THE AMOUNT OF FUEL USED IN A TYPICAL FIRING

$35

'

KILN

87.

DESIGN

I S YOUR K I L N

UPDRAFT
DOWNDRAFT
CROSSDRAFT

IF

OTHER

PLEASE

SPECIFY

'

SPRUNG

ARCH

CATERNARY

ARCH

CUBE
ROUND
IF

OTHER

PLEASE

SPECIFY

I F YOUR K I L N

I S MULTI-CHAMBERED

E A C H CHAMBER

BY NUMBERING

SKETCH

PLEASE

INDICATE

T H E CHAMBERS

SO T H A T T H E CHAMBERS

CAN

BE

1, 2,

T H E INFORMATION

3, AND

SO ON.

FOR

INCLUDE

IDENTIFIED.

PROPORTIONS OF T H E K I L N E X T E R N A L .
WIDTH.

T H E OUTER

HEIGHT.
DEPTH.

PROPORTIONS

FROM
FROM

FRONT

AND

ROOF

5'

TO BACK

I N T E R N A L WIDTH

HOT

FACE

FROM

TOP OF LOWER MOST S H E L F

TO HOT

FACE.

3.5'

OF V E N T O

INSIDE

OF C L O S E D DOOR TO

OF T H I S

PAGE P L E A S E

I N C L U D E T H I C K N E S S , MAKE,

TO TOP. OF I N S I D E .

3.9 .

INSIDE

4'

REAR.

SKETCH THE K I L N
TYPE

K23

FLOOR,

OF M A T E R I A L S USED.

EXAMPLE,

5'2".

TOP

FROM

FRONT

KILN.

FROM

ON T H E R E V E R S E S I D E
WALL,

THE

INTERNAL.

MAXIMUM

HEIGHT.

DEPTH.

B A S E TO TOP OF

OF K I L N

WIDTH.

E X T R E M I T Y ACROSS

BRICKS'
RMRGY

PP-OM
^

Co.

USABLE

KILN SPACE- Tta.. SPACE

FOR

SETTING

88.

ARES.

WIDTH - THE DISTANCE BETWEEN BAG WALLS.

I F NO BAG WALLS DIST. OF SET WARES

2'

HEIGHT- THE DISTANCE FROM THE TOPOF THE USABLE

FLOOR TO THE INSIDE TOP OF THE K l l S

3.9'

DEPTH - THE DISTANCE FROM THE INSIDE OF THE

DOOR TO THE INSIDE REAR OF THE KILN.

4'

S I Z E OF FLUE OPENING - THE EXHAUST VENT

S I Z E OF OPENING AT EXIT FROM CHAMBER

7' x

HORIZONTAL DISTANCE FROM INSIDE FLUE OPENING

TO THE VERTICAL SHAFT OF THE CHIMNEY.

9'

3'

VERTICAL RISE I F ANY

S I Z E OF VERTCAL

SHAFT

9'

HEIGHT OF VERTICAL SHAFT

(CHIMNEY)

X 9'

10'

DAMPER
PLEASE SKETCH

IN LOCATION

I F POSSIBLE

POSITIONS DURING FIRING

PLEASE INDICATE % CLOSED FOR HOURS INDICATED

12

13
14
50

10 50

1 5

50

1 6

50

11 5 0 i v

BURNERS
TYPE- I F PURCHASED STATE MAKE
MODEL
MANUFACTURER
ADDRESS
I F HOME MADE A SKETCH WOULD BE
INDICATE

S I Z E OF ORIFICE

HELPFUL

89.

DUMBER OF BURNERS
INCLUDE LOCATION OF BURNERS ON THE KILN SKETCH
B.T.U.RATING OF 1 BURNER PER HOUR FULL OPEN

DO YOU HAVE

120.000

B. T. U.

C I R C L E I F YES

PILOT L I T E S

AUTO-SAFETY SHUT OFF

KILN SITTER

ELECTRONIC KILN CONTROL

PYROMETER

PLEASE INDICATE ANY OTHER CONTROLS

BURNER PORTS
S I Z E OF BURNER PORT(SIZE OF OPENING BURNER TO KILN )2.5 X 3"
S I Z E OF ANY SECONDARY A I R SOURCES

FUEL CIRCLE THE CORRECT ONE

NATURAL GAS

WOOD

PROPANE

OTHER PLEASE

SPECIFY

OIL

TIME
AMOUNT OF TIME USED IN A TYPICAL FIRING
TEMPERATURE REACHED
TIME TO REACH TEMPERATURE

10

2JL_

LENGTH OF SOAK

HOURS
HOURS

TOTAL FIRING TIME START TO SHUT DOWN

21

COOL DOWN TIME

24 HOURS

TOTAL TIME FROM START UP TO TEMPERATURE

TEMPERATURE.

ARE

20

YOU FAMILIAR WITH THE DANGERS

I F SO STATE THE DANGERS.

&

HOURS

MIN.
_MIN.
MIN.
MIN.

BACK DOWN TO UNLOADING

48 HOURS

OF REDUCTION FIRING ?

MIN.

90.
PLEASE PLOT ON THIS GRAPH A TYPICAL FIRING,

1500C
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100C
7

10

11

12

13

14

Reduction
INDICATE ANY

PROBLEMS CREATED DURING FIRING

WIND
' OUTSIDE TEMP.
HUMIDITY

RAIN

PROPANE TANK

FUEL
GAS

BY:

(PRESSURE)

SERVICE

COOL SPOTS IN KILN

REDUCTION

PLEASE WRITE A BRIEF PARAGRAPH INDICATING

FUNCTIONED UP TO THIS POINT.

FREEZING

HOW

YOUR KILN

HAS

15

16

PLEASE
ANY

MAKE A

PLANS

SINCE

TO

YOU

S K E T C H OF YOUR
MADE. MAKE

IMPROVE

THE

KILN

SURE YOU

OPERATION.

OR

I N C L U D E A COPY

I N C L U D E ANY

CHANGES

(PHOTO)
YOU

OF

MADE

PLEASE
INCLUDE
IS

SKETCH

LOCATION

DRAWING

U S U A L WIND D I R E C T I O N , T A L L

E X P O S E D OR

I F I T IS INCLOSED,

O F YOUR K I L N ON YOUR
TREES,BUILDINGS,
THE DISTANCE

OR S T U D I O ^ V E N T I L A T I O N , I F A P P L I C A B L E AND

PROPERTY

ETC. I F KILN

FROM YOUR HOUSE

FLUE ARE

HELPFUL.

Ishould l i k e t o thank you f o r your e f f o r t .

as many k i l n s i t e s

93.
I t i s my hope t o v i s i t

as p o s s i b l e i n the near f u t u r e . I f you would

not

mind having your k i l n photographed p l e a s e i n d i c a t e by f i l l i n g

out

the area below. I n d i c a t e a map i f you t h i n k i t might be necessary.

NAME,

ADDRESS

PHONE

.
[

MAP:

IF YOU DO NOT MIND HAVING ME REFER TO YOUR KILN IN A THESIS

PUBLICATION OR TO OTHER ARTISTS PLEASE INDICATE THIS BY
SIGNING THE SPACE PROVIDED
THANK YOU...

.
,

PLEASE

INDICATE

MAKE T H E

INFORMATION

REMEMBERED OR

1.

INFORMATION

ABOUT

AS A C C U R A T E AS YOU

RECALLED

PLEASE

GUESS AND

YOUR K I L N

CAN.

I F SOMETHING

MARK

I T ACCORDINGLY.

CAN.

CANNOT

HAS

YOUR K I L N

BEEN

INSPECTED

BY T H E F I R E MARSHALL
GAS

HAVE YOU

C O N S U L T E D ANY

AND

DESIGN

AND

ADDRESSES

PLEASE

OF YOUR

LIST

I N WHICH YOU

I F YOUR

GAS

ONE

REGUARDING

K I L N ? I F SO P L E A S E

INSPECTOR

THE

CONSTRUCTION

INDICATE

THE

NAMES

I F POSSIBLE.

B O O K S , P A M P H L E T S , T H E S I S OR
FOUND H E L P F U L

K I L N WAS

OTHER

PUBLICATIONS

INFORMATION.

PURCHASED

PLEASE

INDICATE

THE

MANUFACTURERS

NAME
ADDRESS

AND

ANY

INFORMATION

REGUARDING

6.

7.

BE

PHONE

3.

T H A T YOU

YOUR NAME
ADDRESS

2.

A L L OF T H E

FEEL IS

HELPFUL

T H E E F F I C I E N C Y OF T H I S

PLEASE

INDICATE

DAY

MONTH

PLEASE

YOU

STATE

D A T E T H E K I L N WAS

KILN.

INSTALLED

OR

FIRST

YEAR

T H E NUMBER O F

INDICATE

THE APPROXIMATE

INDICATE

THE

AMOUNT OF

FIRINGS

C O S T OF A

F U E L USED

T H E K I L N HAS

MADE

FIRING

IN A T Y P I C A L

FIRING

FIRED.

KILN DESIGN

IS YOUR KILN

97.

UPDRAFT
DOWNDRAFT
CROSSDRAFT

IF OTHER PLEASE SPECIFY

SPRUNG ARCH
CATERNARY ARCH
CUBE
ROUND
IF OTHER PLEASE SPECIFY

IF YOUR KILN IS MULTI-CHAMBERED PLEASE INDICATE THE INFORMATION FOR

EACH CHAMBER BY NUMBERING THE CHAMBERS 1, 2, 3, AND SO ON. INCLUDE
A SKETCH

SO THAT THE CHAMBERS CAN BE IDENTIFIED.

PROPORTIONS OF THE KILN EXTERNAL.

WIDTH. THE OUTER EXTREMITY ACROSS THE FRONT

HEIGHT. FROM BASE TO TOP OF KILN.

DEPTH. FROM FRONT TO BACK

PROPORTIONS OF KILN INTERNAL.

WIDTH. MAXIMUM INTERNAL WIDTH HOT FACE TO HOT FACE.
HEIGHT. FROM TOP OF VENT O
FROM TOP OF LOWER MOST SHELF TO TOP OF INSIDE.
DEPTH. FROM INSIDE OF CLOSED DOOR TO INSIDE REAR.

ON THE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS PAGE PLEASE SKETCH THE KILN FLOOR,
WALL, AND ROOF INCLUDE THICKNESS, MAKE, TYPE OF MATERIALS USED.
EXAMPLE.

\ \
^RICKS'

FB.OM

FAifcGY

J( Co.

USABLE KILN

S P A C E - Th.. S P A C E FOR S E T T I N G

ARES.

WIDTH - THE D I S T A N C E BETWEEN BAG W A L L S .

I F NO BAG W A L L S D I S T . OF S E T WARES
H E I G H T - THE D I S T A N C E FROM THE TOP OF THE U S A B L E
FLOOR TO T H E I N S I D E TOP OF THE K l l S

DEPTH

- THE D I S T A N C E FROM THE I N S I D E OF THE

DOOR TO THE I N S I D E REAR OF THE K I L N .

S I Z E OF F L U E O P E N I N G

- THE

EXHAUST

VENT

S I Z E OF O P E N I N G A T E X I T FROM CHAMBER
H O R I Z O N T A L D I S T A N C E FROM I N S I D E F L U E O P E N I N G
TO THE V E R T I C A L S H A F T OF THE C H I M N E Y .
V E R T I C A L R I S E I F ANY
S I Z E OF V E R T C A L
HEIGHT

SHAFT

OF V E R T I C A L S H A F T

(CHIMNEY)

DAMPER
PLEASE SKETCH

I N LOCATION

P O S I T I O N S DURING F I R I N G
PLEASE I N D I C A T E % CLOSED

I F POSSIBLE

FOR HOURS I N D I C A T E D

BURNERS
T Y P E - I F PURCHASED

S T A T E MAKE
Homemade
MODEL
MANUFACTURER
ADDRESS

I F HOME MADE A S K E T C H WOULD B E H E L P F U L

I N D I C A T E S I Z E OF O R I F I C E

WGS

10

JUMBER

99.

O F BURNERS

INCLUDE

L O C A T I O N O F BURNERS

B . T . U . R A T I N G O F 1 BURNER

DO Y O U HAVE
PILOT
KILN

CIRCLE
LITES

P E R HOUR

SKETCH

F U L L OPEN

Approx.

200,000

>

I F YES
A U T O - S A F E T Y SHUT O F F

SITTER

ELECTRONIC

PYROMETER

BURNER

ON T H E K I L N

PLEASE

KILN

CONTROL

I N D I C A T E ANY OTHER

CONTROLS

PORTS

SIZE

O F BURNER

SIZE

O F A N Y SECONDARY

FUEL CIRCLE

PORT(SIZE

O F O P E N I N G BURNER

TO K I L N ) " X * "
5

A I R SOURCES

T H E C O R R E C T ONE

NATURAL

GAS

WOOD

PROPANE

OTHER

PLEASE

SPECIFY

OIL

TIME
AMOUNT

OF TIME

TEMPERATURE

USED

IN A T Y P I C A L

FIRING

REACHED

TIME TO REACH TEMPERATURE

HOURS

L E N G T H O F SOAK

HOURS

TOTAL

FIRING

TIME

S T A R T T O SHUT DOWN

C O O L DOWN T I M E
TOTAL TIME

FROM

_MIN.

HOURS

_MIN,

HOURS

S T A R T UP T O T E M P E R A T U R E

TEMPERATURE.

&

BACK

DOWN

MIN.
TO U N L O A D I N G

HOURS

ARE YOU FAMILIAR

IF

o
C
MIN,

WITH

T H E DANGERS

SO S T A T E T H E DANGERS.

Explosion.

OF REDUCTION F I R I N G ?

MIN

>

T J |

100.
PLEASE PLOT ON THIS GRAPH A TYPICAL FIRING.

r -

1500C ti

1400

1300
1200
1100
1000
900

800
700
600

500

1
t

400

300

200

100C

j
1

INDICATE ANY

10

PROBLEMS CREATED DURING FIRING

WIND

RAIN

OUTSIDE TEMP.

FUEL

HUMIDITY

GAS

11

Uneven

temp,

(PRESSURE)

COOL SPOTS IN KILN

SERVICE

REDUCTION

a t e n d o f some

front

14

BY:

HOW

FUNCTIONED UP TO THIS POINT.

pressure

13

PROPANE 'TANK FREEZING

PLEASE WRITE A BRIEF PARAGRAPH INDICATING

Loses

12

to rear,

firings.

and

sides.

YOUR KILN

HAS

15

16

PLEASE
ANY

MAKE A

PLANS

SINCE

TO

YOU

S K E T C H OF YOUR
MADE. MAKE

IMPROVE

THE

SURE

KILN
YOU

OPERATION.

OR

I N C L U D E A COPY

I N C L U D E ANY

CHANGES

(PHOTO)
YOU

OF

MADE

1 0 1

PLEASE
INCLUDE
IS

SKETCH

A LOCATION

DRAWING

U S U A L WIND D I R E C T I O N , T A L L

E X P O S E D OR

I F I T IS INCLOSED,

O F YOUR K I L N

ON YOUR

TREES,BUILDINGS,
THE DISTANCE

OR S T U D I O ^ V E N T I L A T I O N , I F A P P L I C A B L E AND

PROPERTY *

ETC. I F KILN

FROM YOUR HOUSE

FLUE ARE

HELPFUL.

Ishould
as

like

many k i l n

t o thank
sites

not

mind having

out

the area

you f o r your

as p o s s i b l e

your

kiln

effort.

i n the near

photographed

below. I n d i c a t e

a map

I t i s my
future.

please

hope

I f you would

indicate

i fyou think

NAME

by

i tmight

filling
be

ADDRESS

MAP:

YOU

DO NOT MIND H A V I N G ME

PUBLICATION
SIGNING

OR

REFER

TO OTHER A R T I S T S

THE SPACE

TO YOUR K I L N

PLEASE

INDICATE

PROVIDED

THANK

YOU....

necessa

PHONE

IF

103
visit

to

IN A

THESIS

THIS

BY

104.

KILN
18

CU.FT.

F I R I N G LOG

GAS

USING

FOR

KILN BUILT

BY AUTHOR

MODEL P R O V I D E D .

105.
Firing
KILN
KILN

LOAD D I S C R I P T I O N

DATE:

1.

8.

2.

S a t . Nov. 20, 1976

- B e g i n r e d u c i n g p o r t s 30%, Damper 50%,

S p y h o l e s show s m a l l f l a m e ,
T o p & Bot-.t-.om
6 down .

_3.

No. 1

F I R I N G LOG

9.

4.

10 .

5.

6.

1 7.

7-

KTT.N

SMOKTNO DTTFI

TO

TTJSTTTATTriW

RTTCTJ O F F .
11:30

TYPE

a.m.

O F DAY

Sunny

(Warm)

Rain

Cloudy

Wind

Dull

Direction
NONE
Speed

GRAPH
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100*

/
\

-V

/
1

1
2

10

11

12

13

14

15' 16

17

18

19

20

10

11

12

13

14

15

17

18

19

20

'<

3
4
DAMPER
% OPEN

16

106.
10

F i r i n g No. 2
KILN FIRING

K I L N LOAD

LOG

DISCRIPTION

A l l4 burners

Damper h e a t

DATE: F r i . N o v . 2 6 , 1976

low as p o s s i b l e

-12

noon, open damper &

good
- 2:00 o p e n

turned

11:30

door

a l l 4 t o 50%

reduction

9:30 a.m.

ports

remove

cycle
plugs,

create

draft
4:00

T Y P E OF DAY
Sunny

(Cold)

p.m.

Rain

Cloudy

Wind D i r e c t i o n
NONE
Speed

Dull

GRAPH
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100

2
2:

8
BURNERS _ 1
% OPEN
2

DAMPER
% OPEN

1 0 1 1 12

1 3 1 4 15 16 17 1 8 1 9 2 0

107
10

KILN

KILN

LOAD

DISCRIPTION

3:45

p.m.

ON

12

1:40 a.m.

a.m.

noon

Open

OPENING

TYPE

OF

Sunny

OFF

a l l dampers,

No.

DATE:

N o v . 2 7/77

LOG

85 p i e c e s

10-1045
10:00

FIRING

Firing

loaded

soak
plugs

EXCELLENT

f o r 30 m i n .
& ports.

FIRING

DAY
(Clear

Cold)

Rain

Cloudy

Wind

Dull

Direction
20 mph,
South &

Speed

Gusting
West

GRAPH
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200

y
s

100

S
%

OPEN

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

1.
2
3
4

DAMPER
%

OPEN

10

KILN

KILN

LOM)

FIRING

Firing

No. 4

DATE:

D e c . 22/76

LOG

DISCRIPTION

1 ? wnnw
Could

have

f i r e d much

some w a r p i n g

TYPE

quicker

o f wares

OF DAY

Sunny

(Clear)

Rain

Cloudy

Wind

Direction
NONE

Dull

Speed
(SE

1 5 mph

- end o f

firing)

GRAPH
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000

900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
1
S
%

OPEN

10

11

12

1
2

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

3
4
DAMPER
% OPEN

10

11

12

13

10

Firing
KILN

KILN

LOAD

No. 5

LOG

DISCRIPTION

11

FIRING

DATE:

May

29, 1977

A.M.
4

coilbuilt

large

vases

f o r G. H a n i s

bowls

Porcelain

Sculpture

Stoneware

Gas
TYPE

Meter

147.5

OF DAY

Sunny

Rain

Cloudy

Wind

Direction
NIL

Dull

Speed

GRAPH

150o|
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800B
700
600
500
4001
300|
200|

i o o | ^

DAMPER
OPEN

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

1
2
3
4

-J

-1-10,
10

KILN

KILN

FIRING

Firing

No. 6

DATE:

A p r . 11/77

LOG

LOAD D I S C R I P T I O N
Large Vases
21 m u g s

f o r B.C.T.F.

bowls

large

Eng. Teach.

Assoc.

Beads
Sculpture

TYPE

OF DAY

Sunny
+

Rain
Wind

Cloudy
Dull

Direction
SW + S E
5-15 mph

Speed

GRAPH
*

1500
1400
1300

1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300

200
100

OPEN

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

1
2
3
4

DAMPER
% OPEN

REFERENCE

CITATIONS

L e a c h , B.;
London,

A P o t t e r s Book.
1967
pp. 189.

Ibid

5.

pp.

R h o d e s , D.;
Chilton

Feber &

Faber L t d .

Kilns Design, Construction

Book Co.,
P h i l a d e l p h i a , 1968

Olsen, F.L.;
California,

The K i l n Book.
1973
p p . 25.

and

Keramos

Books,

C o l s o n , F.A.;
Kiln Building with
Van Nostrand,
R e i n h o l d , N.Y.,

Space Age
1975.

Clacherie, J . ;
Kiln
Calgary, Alberta.

Alberta

R i t c h i e , R.W.;
California,
Olsen,

F.L.;

Ibid.

pp.

Provincial

Gas

D.;

Clacherie,

D.;

pp.

25

K i l n Pamphlet
Authority.

Inspection
1968

J.;

pp.

Ibid.

pp.

Codes.

77

118

Research.

Materials.

Gas

Keramos

27

Ibid.
Rhodes,

Kiln Firing.
pp.
30-31.

1973

Clacherie, J . ;
A l b e r t a Gas

Rhodes,

Gas
1975

Pamphlet.

Operation.
pp.
116-140.

Authority,

Books,

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ball,

F.C.;
Keramous

Syllabus f o r Beginning
Books, B a s s e t t , C a l i f .

Ball,

F.C.;
Keramous

Syllabus f o r Advanced
Books, B a s s e t t , C a l i f .

Clacherie, J .
K i l n Pamphlet.
Calgary, Alberta.

Olsen, F.L.;
California.
R h o d e s , D.;
Chilton

Potters
1967.

The K i l n Book.
1973.

Kilns:
Book Co.

R i t c h i e , R.W.;
California,

Book.

Ceramics.
1972.

Alberta

C o l s o n , F.A.;
K i l n Building with
V a n N o s t r a n d , R e i n h o l d , N.Y.
L e a c h , B.;
London,

Ceramics.
1971.

Gas

Space Age
1975.

Faber &

Keramous

Authority,

Materials.

Faber L t d . ,

Books,

Design, C o n s t r u c t i o n and
Philadelphia,
1968.

Gas K i l n
1975.

Firing.

Keramous

Operation

Books,

113.
A D D I T I O N A L CERAMICS
Ball,
A

F.C.
and
Wheel.

Berensohn,
Simon

P.;
and

BOOKS

Lovoos, J a n i c e ;
Making Pottery Without
Van Nostrand,
R e i n h o l d , N.Y.
1965.
F i n d i n g O n e ' s Way W i t h
Schuster,
N.Y.
1972.

C a r d e w , M.;

Pioneer

Dodd,

Dictionary of

A.E.;

Littlefield,
Dickerson,
Van

Raku

Nostrand

Ceramics.

Co.,

N.J.

N.Y.

Understanding
Pottery
F a b e r L t d . , London,

and

1972.

P o t t e r y Making:
A Complete Guide.
and Sons L t d .
London,
1974.

I n d u s t r i a l Ceramics:
U n i v e r s i t y Press.
N.Y.

G r e e n , D.;
Faber

1964.

Handbook.

ReinholdLtd.,

Dickerson, J . ;
Thomas N e l s o n
F r e n c h , N.;
Oxford

Pottery.

Adams a n d

J.;

Clay.

Tableware.
1972.
Glazes.
1963.

Grebanier, J . ;
Chinese Stoneware Glazes.
W a t s o n - G u p t i l l P u b l i c a t i o n s , N.Y.
1975.
Hamilton,

D.;

Thames
Nelson,

and

A
and

B.;

Clarke,

and

Ceramics.

Ltd.

London,

Ceramics:

Rinehart

B.;

Adams
Leach,

Hudson

G.C.;

Holt,
Leach,

Pottery

and

Potters

Winston,

Inc.

1974.
Handbook.
N.Y.

1971.

P o t t e r ' s Work.

Mackay
The

Irwin

Ltd.

Potters
and

Co.

1967.
Challenge.
Ltd.

Canada.

1975.

Reeve, J . ;
T h e P o t t e r s Raw M a t e r i a l s .
Vancouver School of A r t .
1973.
Rhodes,

D.;

Chilton
Rhodes,

D.;

Chilton

Clay

and

Book Co.

Glazes

Stoneware and
Book Co.,

f o r the

Potter.

Pennsylvania,

1957.

Porcelain.

Pennsylvania,

1959.

114.
Additional
Rhodes,

Ceramics

D.;

Chilton

Books

Pottery
Book

Co.

(cont.d)

Form.
Ontario.

1976.

R i e g g e r , H.;
Raku:
A r t and Technique. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
N.Y.
1970.
R u s c o e , W.;
Academy

Glazes
Editions.

for the Potter.

1974.