Chapter 6 - The Condensed Phases of Matter

List ALL
Basic Questions
Basic Question 1
6.1.2
Know that heating a liquid at its bp breaks bonds between molecules

a) A liquid is heated at its boiling point. Although energy is used to heat the liquid, its temperature does
not rise. Explain.
The added heat is used to break the bonds holding the molecules together rather than raising
the temperature.
Note:
1. The process of vaporization is endothermic.
2. The temperature stays constant as long as the liquid remains.
6.1.2

Find the heat released by a given mass from the heat of vaporization

b) What maximum amount of heat can you lose as 4.5 gram of water evaporates from your skin?
[Molar heat of vaporization of water = 42 kJ/mol]
Given
R.T.F
m = 4.5 g
heat released = ????
H = 42kJ/mol
Method 1
4.5
= 0.25mole
18
Heat lost = (0.25) (42) = 10.5 kJ = 11 kJ
n H 2O =

Method 2
H2 O
1x18 g
4.5 g

heat
42 kJ
?

10.5 kJ = 11 kJ

c) What is the miniumum mass of water that should evaporate from your skin to lose 8.4 kJ?
[Molar heat of vaporization of water = 42 kJ/mol]
Given
R.T.F.
amount of energy = 8.4 kJ
mass of water = ????
Molar heat of vaporization of water = 42 kJ/mole
H2 O
1x18 g
?? g

heat
42 kJ
8.4 kJ

3.6 g

Basic Question 2
6.1.6
Energy in the three states of matter

-T

Using the graph above, explain how the PE and the KE of particles in a liquid change as we take the
system from points:
a) A to B
All the energy added to the system is used to increase the KE of the liquid. As temperature
increases, the average KE of the particles increases. PE is approximately the same as we are
always in the liquid state.
b) B to C
The energy added to the system is used to change the liquid to gas. Therefore, PE of the
system will increase as gaseous state molecules have more PE than liquid state molecules. As
for KE, it remains the same, since temperature is not changing.
c) C to D
All the energy added to the system is used to increase the KE of the Gas. As temperature
increases, the average KE of the particles increases. PE is approximately the same as we are
always in the gaseous state.
Basic Question 3
6.2.1

Know that pure water can be obtained from sea water by freezing

a) How can you obtain pure water from sea water by freezing?
Changes of state are heterogeneous for solutions. This means that when sea water is cooled, the
crystals that form will be pure water leaving a more concentrated salt water solution. Filtering
the resulting mixture provides us with pure water crystals as residue which can be collected
and melted.
6.2.1

Know how to verify that a liquid is pure

b) How can you verify that a given liquid is pure water?

To verify that the collected liquid is pure water, measure its boiling or freezing point. If it boils
at a constant 100C and/or freezes at a constant 0C then it is pure water.
6.2.1

List some properties of a solution that changes with concentration

c) List the properties of a solution you would expect to vary as the concentration of the solute varies.
2

1.
2.
3.
4.

Melting point
Boiling point
Density
Partial pressure

Basic Question 4
6.2.1
Effect of freezing or boiling sea water (solution)
Which of the following statements about seawater is false?
a) Seawater boils at a higher temperature than pure water.
b) Seawater freezes at a lower temperature than pure water.
c) The boiling point rises as the liquid boils away.
d) The melting point falls as the liquid freezes.
e) The density is the same as that of pure water.
Basic Question 5
6.2.3
Know diagram of an element/ compound/ alloy from a given list

Which of the above diagrams represents:

Explanation
Any diatomic gas as oxygen O2, chlorine Cl2,
fluorine F2 or hydrogen H2
An alloy is a solid mixture of two or more metals

a) Nitrogen gas?

Diagram C

b) An alloy?

Diagram E

c) H2O?

Diagram D

d) A gas as Ne?

Diagram A

Any monoatomic gas as He, Ne, Ar, Kr or Xe

e) A gaseous mixture of Ne
and Xe?

Diagram B

A mixture of 2 monoatomic gases as He, Ne, Ar, Kr

or Xe

Basic Question 6
6.4.3
G
n
Application on C
V
a) If 1.0 mole of a solute is dissolved in enough water to make 2 dm3 of solution, what is C, the molar
concentration of this solution?
Given
R.T.F.
Concentration = ????
n = 1.0mole
3
V = 2dm
n 1.0
C= =
= 0.5M
V 2
6.4.3

Given V1, [ ]1 and V2, calculate [ ]2

b) Pour the 100 cm3 of 4.0 M salt solution into a clean volumetric 500 cm3 flask. Add enough water to
fill the flask up to the etched mark. What is the concentration of the salt solution in the new flask?
Given
R.T.F.
3
V1 = 100cm
[salt]new = ????
[salt]old = 4.0M
V2 = 500cm3
[old]Vold 4.0 100
[new] =
=
= 0.80M
Vtotal
500
6.4.3

Application on C

G
n
V
3
c) Given 2.0 dm of 1.5 M solution. How many moles of solute are in the solution?
Given
R.T.F.
V = 2.0 L
n = ????
C = 1.5 M
n = C x V = (1.5) (2.0) = 3.0 moles
6.4.3

Application on C

G
n
V
d) How many moles of sodium chloride, NaCl, are dissolved in 50 cm3 of 4.0 M solution ?
Given
R.T.F.
3
V = 50 cm
n=?
C = 4.0 M

= = .
= .

Basic Question 7
6.4.3
Find mass of solute dissolved given V and [ ]

T, G

a) What mass of ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, are present in 0.20 dm3 of a 0.50 M NH4Cl solution?
Given
R.T.F.
V = 0.20 L
m=?
[NH4Cl] = 0.50 M

n=CxV=
6.4.3

m = CVM = (0.50)(0.20) (53.5) = 5.35g = 5.4 g

Find V of solution, given mass of solute and [solution]

b) What volume of a 0.250 M K2CrO4, solution contains 38.8 grams of K2CrO4?

Given
R.T.F.
m = 38.8 g
V=?
[K2CrO4] = 0.250 M

= =

.
= = (.)() = 0.800 dm3
6.4.3

Find M of solute, given its mass volume and [solution]

c) 2.00 dm of a 1.00 M solution contain 73 g of an acid X. What is the molecular mass of X?

Given
R.T.F.
m = 73 g
M=?
[X] = 1.00 M
V = 20 dm3

= =

= = (.)(.) = 36.5 g
Basic Question 8
6.8.2
Know how to write equations of reactions in three ways

a) When solutions of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, and calcium chloride, CaCl2, are mixed, a white
precipitate of calcium carbonate, CaCO3(s) is obtained. Write balanced equations for this reaction in
three different ways.
Overall non-ionic reaction:
Na2CO3(aq) + CaCl2(aq) CaCO3(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
Overall ionic reaction: 2Na+(aq)+CO32-(aq) + Ca2+(aq) +2Cl-(aq) CaCO3(s) +2Na+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)
Net ionic reaction:
Ca2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) CaCO3(s)
b) When solutions of silver nitrate, AgNO3, and potassium chloride, KCl, are mixed; a white
precipitate of silver chloride, AgCl(s), is obtained. Write balanced equations for this reaction in three
different ways.
Overall non-ionic reaction:
AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq)
Overall ionic reaction:
Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) + K+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s) + K+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
Net ionic reaction:
Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s)
Basic Question 9
6.8.2
Be able to name given ions or compounds
Name the following:

TG

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Chemical Formula
AgI
KOH
PbSO4
BaCr2O7
Li2CO3

Chemical Name
Silver iodide
Potassium hydroxide
Lead (II) sulfate or Lead (II) sulphate
Barium dichromate
Lithium carbonate

Basic Question 10
6.8.2
Be able to write the formulae of given ions or compounds
Write the formulae of the following:
Chemical Name
a) Ammonium nitrate
b) Lead (II) chromate
c) Hydrogen fluoride
d) Barium sulfate
e) Calcium carbonate

TG

Chemical formula
NH4NO3
PbCrO4
HF
BaSO4
CaCO3

Basic Question 11
6.8.3 Write an equation for a given reaction

TG

Magnesium chloride, MgCl2, dissolves in water to form a conducting solution containing Mg2+, and that
of chloride ions, Cl-.
a) Write the equation for this reaction.
MgCl2(s) Mg2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)
6.8.3

Find [ions] present given # of moles of salt and volume of solution

TG

b) If 0.15 mole of MgCl2 is dissolved in water and diluted to 1.5 dm3, what is the concentration of
magnesium ion and that of chloride ion?
Given
R.T.F.
n of MgCl2 = 0.15 mol
[Mg2+]=?
V = 1.5 L
[Cl-]=?
0.15
= 0.10M
1.5
MgCl2(s) Mg2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)
1
: 1
: 2

[MgCl2] =

[Mg2+] = 0.10M

[Cl-] = 0.20M

Basic Question 12
6.8.3
Find all [ions] in a mixture, given # of moles and volume of each solution

TG

0.40 dm3 of solution which contains 0.100 mole of Na2SO4(aq), was mixed with 1.00 dm3 of solution
which contains 0.100 mole of calcium chloride, ZnCl2. Calculate the concentrations of all ions in the
resulting solution. Assume that volumes of these solutions are additive.
Given
R.T.F.
V of Na2SO4(aq) = 0.4 L
[Na+] = ?
n of Na2SO4(aq) = 0.100 mol
[SO42-] = ?
6

[Zn+2] = ?
[Cl-] = ?

V of ZnCl2 = 1.00 L
n of ZnCl2 = 0.100 mol
Vtotal = 0.40 + 1.00 = 1.40 dm3
[Na2SO4] New=

n
0.100
=
= 0.0714 M
Vtotal 1.40

Na2SO4(aq) 2Na+(aq) + SO42-(aq)

1
2
1
0.0714M
?
?
ZnCl2(aq) Zn+2(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)
1
1
2
0.0714M
?
?

[ZnCl2]

New=

n
0.100
=
= 0.0714 M
Vtotal 1.40

[Na+] = (0.0714) (2) = 0.143 M

[SO42-] = 0.0714 M

[Zn+2] = 0.0714 M
[Cl-] = (0.0714) (2) = 0.143 M

Basic Question 13
When solutions of calcium chloride, CaCl2, and potassium carbonate, K2CO3, are mixed, the following
reaction occurs:
2K+(aq) + CO23-(aq) + Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) CaCO3(s) + 2K+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq)
6..8.3

Write a net ionic equation for a given reaction

TG

a) Rewrite the equation showing predominant reacting species only.

Ca2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) CaCO3(s)
6.8.3

Given V and [ ] of two ionic solutions mixed together forming a precipitate,

find [ ] of all ions present when precipitation stops
b) 0.500 liter of 0.400 M CaCl2 is mixed with 1.00 liter of 0.200 M K2CO3. CaCO3 has negligible
solubility. Calculate the concentrations of all ions present when precipitation stops.
Given
R.T.F.
V of CaCl2 = 0.500 L
[Ca2+] = ?
[CaCl2] = 0.400 M
[CO32-] = ?
V of K2CO3 = 1.00 L
[Cl-] = ?
[K2CO3] = 0.200 M
[K+] = ?

n of CaCl2 = C V = 0.400 0.500 = 0.200 mole

n of K2CO3 = C V = 0.200 1.00 = 0.200 mole
neither in excess
[Ca2+] = [CO32-] = negligible
6.8.3

[Cl-] = [K+] =

2 0.20
= 0.267 M
1.50

Given V and [ ] of two ionic solutions mixed together forming a precipitate,

find [ ] of all ions present when precipitation stops

c) 1.00 litre of 0.400 M CaCl2 is mixed with 1.00 litre of 0.200 M K2CO3. CaCO3 has a negligible
solubility. Calculate the concentrations of all the ions present after precipitation stops.
Given
R.T.F.
V of CaCl2= 1.00 L
[Ca2+] = ?
[CaCl2]=0.400M
[CO32-] = ?
V of K2CO3=1.00 L
[Cl-] = ?
[K2CO3]= 0.200M
[K+] = ?
Initially:
Number of moles of CaCl2 = 0.400 moles
Number of moles of K2CO3 = 0.200 moles
Number of moles of Ca2+ = number of moles of CaCl2 = 0.400 moles
Number of moles of Cl- = 2 number of moles of CaCl2 = 0.800 moles
Number of moles of K+ = 2 number of moles of K2CO3 = 0.400 moles
Number of moles of CO32- = number of moles of K2CO3 = 0.200 moles
Spectator ions:
[Cl-] =
[K+] =

=
=

.
.
.
.

= 0.400 M
= 0.200 M

Reacting ions:
Initially
RR
Finally
Ca2+ ions are in excess

Ca2+ + CO32- CaCO3

0.400 0200
1
1
0.200
-0.200
[Ca2+] =

[CO32-] = negligible

.
.

= 0.100 M

Sample Questions
In all the multiple choice questions, more than one answer could be correct.
6.1 Pure Substances
Sample Question 1
Know where gaseous elements are located in the periodic table
Where in which part(s) of the periodic table do you find the elements that are gaseous under room
conditions?
Top right of the periodic table.
6.1.1 Demonstration: Measuring the vapor pressure of a liquid.
Sample Question 2
Know what the vapor pressure of a liquid depends upon
Some liquid is found at the bottom of a sealed flask containing air. Which is true about its vapor
pressure?
a) It depends upon the amount of liquid present at the bottom.
b) It depends upon the volume of the flask.
c) It depends upon the temperature of the flask.
d) It depends upon the pressure of the gas in the flask.
e) It depends upon the pressure of average molar mass of the gas in the flask.
Sample Question 3
Know what a volatile liquid is
A liquid is called volatile if
a) it burns spontaneously in air.
b) it reacts explosively with oxygen.
c) it readily evaporates at room temperature.
d) it boils when heated in air.
e) it catches fire if heated sufficiently in air.
Sample Question 4
Effect of temperature on vapor pressure
How does the vapor pressure of a liquid vary with temperature?
As the temperature increases the vapor pressure of a liquid increases.
6.1.2 Liquid-gas phase changes

Sample Question 5
When a liquid boils it absorbs heat at constant temperature.
When a pure substance at its boiling point is heated, how does its temperature change? What happens to
the heat given to the liquid?
At the boiling point the temperature of a pure substance stays constant as the liquid is being
heated until all the liquid changes into gas. The heat given to the liquid causes more liquid to
change into gas.
Sample Question 6
Liquid-gas phase change is endothermic
1. When a liquid evaporates, it
a) gives energy to the surroundings.
b) takes energy from the surroundings.
c) neither takes nor gives energy to the surroundings.
2. Which of these equations is correct?
a) H2O(l) + 42 kJ H2O(g)
b) H2O(g) H2O (l) + 42 kJ
c) H2O(g) + 42 kJ H2O (l)
Sample Question 7
Definition of molar heat of vaporization
Define the molar heat of vaporization.
The minimum energy required to change one mole of a substance from liquid to gas at the same
temperature is called molar heat of vaporization.
Sample Question 8
Variation of molar heat of vaporization with BP of substance
a) In general, what can you say about the molar heats of vaporization of pure substances with higher
boiling points? (Study table 6.1)
The higher the boiling point of a pure substance the higher is the molar heat of vaporization.

b) The boiling points of five substances, in C are given in the table below

10

Substance

Boiling point in C

- 30

- 60

130

200

90

Based on this data alone, which of the above substances is expected to have the highest molar heat of
vaporization?
Substance X (the higher the boiling point, the higher the molar heat of vaporization)

6.1.3 Vapor pressure of a liquid

Defining vapor pressure
Sample Question 9
Defining vapor pressure of a liquid at a fixed temperature
When a liquid is in contact with its vapor at equilibrium at a constant temperature, the pressure exerted
by its vapor is called
a) the total pressure.
b) the partial pressure of the liquid.
c) the liquid pressure of the vapor.
d) the vapor pressure of the liquid.
e) the atmospheric pressure.
Effect of temperature on vapor pressure
6.1.4 The Boiling point
Sample Question 10
Properties of the boiling point
At the boiling point:
a) can molecules escape from the surface of a liquid to enter the gas phase as vapor? yes
b) what is the relationship between the vapor pressure and the atmospheric pressure? They are
equal
c) can bubbles of vapor form anywhere within the liquid? Yes

11

Sample Question 11
Know when a liquid boils
1. In general, a liquid boils when
a) its vapor pressure is 1 atmosphere.
b) its vapor pressure is 760 mm Hg.
c) its temperature is 100C.
d) its vapor pressure equals the surrounding pressure.
e) bubbles form only on the sides of its container.

2. When the surrounding pressure is 740 mmHg, water boils at 97 C while ethanol boils ate 76 C.
Which compound has the higher vapor pressure?
Both compounds have the same vapor pressure because both liquids are boiling.

Sample Question 12
Recognize location where the boiling point of water is highest
When will the boiling point of water be highest?
a) At sea level.
b) On the hottest day.
c) On the coldest day.
d) At the top of Mount Everest.
e) When it is boiled in a metallic kettle.
Sample Question 13
Definition of the normal boiling point
The normal boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temperature at which
a) its vapor pressure is constant.
b) its vapor pressure is 760 mm Hg.
c) its temperature is 100C.
d) its vapor pressure equals the surrounding pressure.
e) bubbles form on the sides of its container.
6.1.5 Solid-liquid phase changes
Sample Question 14
Solid -liquid phase change is endothermic
When a solid melts, it
a) gives energy to the surroundings.
b) takes energy from the surroundings.
c) neither takes nor give energy to the surroundings.

12

Sample Question 15
Molar heat of fusion is less than the molar heat of vaporization
If H2O(l) + 42 kJ H2O(g), which of these equations is most likely to be correct?
a) H2O(s) H2O (l) + 42 kJ
b) H2O (s) + 6.0 kJ H2O (l)
c) H2O(s) + 42 kJ H2O (l)
d) H2O(l) + 42 kJ H2O (s)
Sample Question 16
Definition of molar heat of fusion
Define molar heat of fusion.
The minimum energy required to change one mole of a substance from solid to liquid at the same
temperature is called molar heat of fusion.
Sample Question 17
Variation of molar heat of fusion with melting point
a) How does the molar heat of fusion of pure substances vary with melting point?
The higher the melting point of a pure substance the higher is the molar heat of fusion.

b) The melting points of five substances, in C are given in the table below

Substance

Melting point in C

120

100

50

90

30

Based on this data alone, which of the above substances is expected to have the highest molar heat of
fusion?
Substance A (the higher the melting point, the higher the molar heat of fusion)
6.1.6 Energies of molecules in the three states of matter
Sample Question 18
At the same temperature, average KE is the same in all states

13

At the same temperature which molecules are on the average likely to have the highest kinetic energy?
a) Gaseous molecules.
b) Solid molecules.
c) Liquid molecules.
d) Heaviest molecules.
e) Molecules of all states will have the same average KE.
Sample Question 19
At the same temperature gases have the highest potential (and overall) energy
If you define the overall energy of a molecule to be the sum of its kinetic energy and potential energy,
which molecules on the average have the highest overall energy?
a) Gaseous molecules
b) Solid molecules
c) Liquid molecules
d) Heaviest molecules
e) All have the same average total energy
6.1.7 Vapor pressure and the kinetic theory
Sample Question 20
What happens when a liquid in an open dish evaporates
When some of the liquid in a flat dish evaporates,
a) the remaining liquid becomes hotter because evaporation needs heat.
b) the remaining liquid becomes cooler because the molecules that escape take energy with
them.
c) the molecules that evaporate become colder than the remaining liquid
d) the molecules that evaporate become hotter than the remaining liquid
e) the average kinetic of the remaining molecules stays the same.
6.2 Solutions
6.2.1 Solutions and pure substances
Sample Question 21
A solution is a homogeneous mixture
Define solution.
A solution is a homogeneous mixture that contains more than one compound.
Sample Question 22
Recognize a solution
Which of the following is not a solution?
a) Sea water
14

b)
c)
d)
e)

A steel knife
Air
Liquid mercury
The cola liquid inside its bottle.

Sample Question 23
A solution is heterogeneous with respect to change of phase
1. A change of phase of a solution results in components
a) that are the same as the starting solution.
b) that are different from the starting solution.
c) that are pure elements.
2. A solution is homogenous with respect to appearance and heterogeneous with respect to phase
Sample Question 24
At the same pressure, BP and MP of a solution depends on composition
At the same pressure, the boiling and melting points of a solution
a) are always constant.
b) are different for the same composition.
c) are different for different compositions, where the higher the concentration of the solution,
the higher the boiling point and the lower the freezing point.
6.2.2 Gaseous solutions
6.2.3 Solid solutions
6.3 Separating Mixtures
6.3.1 Filtration
Sample Question 25
Filtration: to separate a heterogeneous mixture of powdered solid in liquid
How would you obtain dry sand and dry salt from a mixture of sand and salt? Describe clearly all the
steps you follow.
1) Add excess water and stir to dissolve all the salt.
2) Carry on a filtration to separate the sand as a residue on the filter paper. Place the filter
paper in an electric oven to dry the sand.
3) Place the filtrate (salt in water) in an evaporating dish for crystallization to obtain the dry
salt.
6.3.2 Selective solubility
Sample Question 26
Selective solubility to separate a mixture of two solids
15

1. AgCl does not dissolve in water, but Na2CO3 does. How would you separate a mixture of the two?
1) Add water to the mixture
2) Stir to dissolve all the salt (Na2CO3)
3) Filter the mixture to separate the insoluble salt (AgCl)
4) Evaporate or crystallize the filtrate to separate the soluble salt (Na2CO3)
2. Sugar dissolves in water and alcohol, and salt dissolves in water but not in alcohol. How do you
separate a mixture of salt and sugar?
1) Add excess alcohol to the mixture and stir
2) Filter the mixture to separate the salt, and allow the salt residue to dry
3) Gently and safely heat the solution to crystallize (using an electric heater since alcohol is
flammable)
Sample Question 27
How to heat alcohol in a beaker
It is required to heat a beaker containing some alcohol. How should this be done SAFELY?
Place the alcohol in a beaker on a water bath and heat the water electrically.
6.3.3 Sublimation
Sample Question 28
Meaning of sublimation
What does it mean to say that a substance sublimes?
Sublimes means changes from solid to gas directly without passing through the liquid state.
Sample Question 29
Recognize mixture to be separated by sublimation
Which mixture is easy to separate by sublimation?
a) Salt + sand
b) Salt + sugar
c) Salt plus ammonium chloride
d) Nitrogen and oxygen liquids
e) Ammonium chloride dissolved in water.
f) Sodium chloride (table salt) and iodine
g) Dry ice and table salt
h)
6.3.4 Distillation
Sample Question 30
Recognize mixture to be separated by distillation
Which mixture is easy to separate by distillation?
16

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Salt + sand
Salt + sugar
Salt plus ammonium chloride
Nitrogen and oxygen gases
Calcium chloride dissolved in water.

Sample Question 31
Recognize distillation apparatus
a) Name all the apparatus needed to perform a distillation
1) Condenser
2) Round bottom flask
3) Thermometer
4) Bunsen burner
5) Stand
b) Name the liquid collected at the end of distillation?
Distillate
6.3.5 Fractional distillation
Sample Question 32
Recognize mixture to be separated by fractional distillation
Which mixture is easy to separate by fractional distillation?
a) Salt + sand
b) Salt + sugar
c) Salt plus ammonium chloride
d) Nitrogen and oxygen liquids
e) Calcium chloride dissolved in water.
f) Alcohol + water (where alcohol is obtained as a distillate from the mixture)
Sample Question 33
Know what is a fractionating column
When do we use a fractionating column?
Whenever two liquids with boiling points that are close together are to be separated.
The fractionating column is a long tube containing obstacles and cooled only by air.
Examples:
1. To obtain a distillate quite rich in the most volatile liquid in a single attempt
2. In the fractional distillation of air to obtain relatively pure liquid oxygen and liquid
nitrogen.

17

6.3.6 Separating two immiscible liquids

Sample Question 34
Recognize mixture to be separated by a separating funnel
Which mixture is easy to separate by using a separating funnel?
a) Salt + sand
b) Water and alcohol
c) Salt plus ammonium chloride
d) Nitrogen and oxygen liquids
e) Water and oil
6.3.7 Adsorption
Sample Question 35
Know the meaning of adsorption
What is adsorption?
Adsorption means sticking to the surface.
Sample Question 36
Recognize mixture to be separated by adsorption
Which mixture is easiest to separate into components by adsorption?
a) Brewed tea
b) Sea water
c) Sand and salt
d) Blue copper sulfate solution
e) Yellow potassium chromate solution.
f) a solution of brown sugar
Sample Question 37
Recognize good adsorbing materials
Which of the following is a good adsorbing agent?
a) Sponge
b) Charcoal
c) Sand
d) Silica
e) Filter paper.

18

6.3.8 Chromatography
Sample Question 38
Recognize mixture to be separated by chromatography
Which mixture is easiest to separate into components by chromatography?
a) Water and alcohol
b) Sea water
c) Green liquid obtained by squashing green leaves
d) Blue copper sulfate solution
e) Yellow potassium chromate solution.
f) Different dyes present in red ink
6.3.9 Crystallization
Sample Question 39
Recognize mixture to be separated by crystallization
Crystallization is suitable to obtain certain solids from their solution. Give an example.
1) Salt from a salt solution
2) Sugar from sugar solution
3) Salt from sea water
6.4 Aqueous Solutions
6.4.1 Solute and solvent
Sample Question 40
Know what aqueous solutions are
a) What are aqueous solutions?
Aqueous solutions are solutions in which the solvent is water.
b) Can you have aqueous solutions where the solute is a solid, a liquid or a gas? Yes
Give an example of each case.
1) Salt and water.
(a solution of solid in water)
2) Alcohol and water. (a solution of liquid in water)
3) Carbon dioxide and water. (a solution of gas in water)

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6.4.2 Molar concentration

Sample Question 41
Know meaning of the term molar concentration
a) What does the term 'the molar concentration of a solution' refers to?
Molar concentration of a solution indicates the number of moles of a solute per dm3 of
solution.
b) Is this the same thing as molarity? Yes.
c) What does it mean to say that the molar concentration of a sugar solution is 0.25 M?
It means the solution contains 0.25 mole of the solute per dm3 of solution.
Sample Question 42
Concentration of a fraction of a given volume of solution
Two liters of 1.0 M NaCl solution is prepared in a flask. 500 ml of solution is poured out of the flask
into a beaker. What is the concentration of the salt solution in the beaker?
1.0M
6.4.3 Working with molarity
Sample Question 43
How to make a 1.00 M salt solution
Explain how you would prepare a 1.00 L of 1.00 M NaCl solution.
a) Calculations:
Find the number of moles needed: n=CV=1.00x1.00=1.00 mole
Find mass needed: m=nM=1.0x58.5=58.5g
b) Laboratory procedure:
1) 58.5g of NaCl is weighed
2) Add solid to 1.00 dm3 volumetric flask and add some distilled water to dissolve the solid.
The mixture is swirled until the salt dissolves completely.
3) Add enough water till the etched mark.
Sample Question 44
Find number of moles in solution given V and M
0.15 dm3 of 2.0 M NaOH solution is to be prepared in a flask. How many moles of NaOH are required?
n = CV = 2.0 x 0.15 = 0.30 mole

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6.4.4 Solubility
Defining solubility
Sample Question 45
The meaning of a saturated solution
What is meant by a saturated solution?
A saturated solution is one in which no more solute can dissolve.
Sample Question 46
Meaning of 'solubility of a solid' in chemistry
What is meant by the term solubility?
Solubility is the concentration of a saturated solution at a certain temperature.
It is the concentration of the solution where a fixed amount of solvent has dissolved all the solute it
can.

6.5 The Electrical Nature of Matter

6.5.1 Revision of electrical phenomena
6.5.2 Model to explain electrical phenomena
Sample Question 47
Know the basics of the electric model of atoms
According to our model of electricity, which of the following is wrong?
a) Each electron carries a charge of 1.
b) Each nucleus carries a charge of +1.
c) If a neutral atom has 5 electrons going around it, then the charge on its nucleus is +5 units.
d) If a neutral atom loses 2 electrons the total charge on it becomes +2 units.
e) If a neutral atom gains 2 electrons the total charge on it becomes +2 units.
Sample Question 48
Know the direction of the electric current
The direction of the current in a wire connected to a battery is always:
a) away from the positive terminal and towards the negative.
b) away from the negative terminal and towards the positive.
c) the same as the direction of flow of electrons.
d) the same as the direction of flow of protons in the wire.
e) depending on which end of the wire the battery is connected to.

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6.5.3 Detection of electrical charge: the electrometer

6.5.4 Electric Force: A fundamental property of matter
Sample Question 49
The meaning of Fundamental Property
When scientists call a property "fundamental", what do they mean?
Scientists say that a property is fundamental when it is generally observed but for which search
has failed to yield a useful model.
6.5.5 Distance and electrical forces
Sample Question 50
Effect of distance on electric force
Experiments support the generalization that the magnitude of the electric force between two charged
small spheres is dependent on the distance between their centers. What is this dependence?
Fr2 = constant (Inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers)
6.6 Electrical Properties of Condensed Phases
6.6.1 The electric conductivity of water solutions
6.6.2 Electrical properties of aqueous solutions
Sample Question 51
Recognize aqueous solutions which conduct electric current
Which of the following liquids completes an electric circuit?
a) Distilled water
b) An aqueous solution of sodium chloride
c) An aqueous solution of sugar
6.6.3 Model of an electric current in a solution
Conductivity of sodium chloride solution
Sample Question 52
Know what is an electric current
What is an electric current?
Electric current is the movement of electric charge.

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Sample Question 53
When NaCl dissolves in water we have ions
When NaCl dissolves in water, we have (identify the correct choices)
a) sodium ions, represented by Na+(aq)
b) chloride ions, represented by Cl(aq)
c) solid sodium chloride forming ions as follows: NaCl(s) Na+(aq)+Cl-(aq)
Sample Question 54
Know what is an ion
Define ion. Ions are atoms or molecules that carry electric charge.
Model for electric conductivity
Conditions for an electric current to flow
Sample Question 55
Conditions for an electric current to flow through a circuit
Which of the following points is necessary for an electric current to flow through an aqueous solution?
a) An electric current flows when we have a complete circuit.
b) Current flows outside the battery from the positive terminal to the negative terminal.
c) Inside the battery, the current moves from the positive side to the negative side.
d) In an ionic solution connected to a battery, all positive ions move in the direction of the
current, away from the positive electrode and towards the negative electrode. All negative
ions move in a direction opposite to the current, away from the negative electrode and
towards the positive electrode.
e) All the above are correct
Conductivity of solutions of other solids
Sample Question 56
Why CaCl2 solution conducts current but sugar in water does not
Why does aqueous CaCl2 solution conduct electricity but sugar in water does not?
Which of the following is a part of the explanation?
a) Sugar solution in water forms only one type of ion: Sugar(aq).
b) Calcium chloride forms two types of ions: CaCl2(s) Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq).
c) Calcium chloride provides Ca+(aq) and Cl(aq).

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Sample Question 57
Know how many moles of ions one mole of AgNO3 provides in water
One mole of silver nitrate, AgNO3, in water provides how many moles of ions?
a) One mole of Ag+(aq) and one mole of N.
b) One mole of Ag+(aq) and three moles of NO3 (aq).
c) One mole of Ag+(aq) and four moles of negative ions (aq).
d) One mole of Ag+(aq) and one mole of negative nitrate ions, NO3 (aq).
e) Five moles of ions.
Ionic solids
Not all ionic solids are soluble in water
Sample Question 58
Recognize that not all ionic solid are soluble in water
Which solid is not soluble in water?
a) Silver chloride, AgCl.
b) Silver nitrate, AgNO3.
c) Sodium chloride, NaCl.
d) Calcium chloride, CaCl2.
e) Ammonium chloride, NH4Cl.
6.6.4 Precipitation reactions in aqueous solutions
Precipitation
Sample Question 59
Definition of precipitation
Precipitation in chemistry means:
a) Rain falling on a plain.
b) The reaction where a gas is formed.
c) The condensation that results when the vapors of a liquid are cooled.
d) The formation of steam.
e) The formation of solid from a solution.
Sample Question 60
Know the meaning of predominant reacting species
In the reaction Ag+(aq) + NO3 (aq) + Na+(aq) + Cl(aq) AgCl(s) + NO3 (aq) + Na+(aq)
The predominant reacting species is/are
a) NO3 (aq).
b) Na+(aq).
c) Na+(aq) and NO3 (aq).
d) Cl(aq) and Ag+(aq).
e) Ag+(aq) and Na+(aq).
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Balance of charge in balanced chemical equations

Sample Question 61
Balance ionic equations
Which sets of numbers balance the three equations below (respectively)? [Check for charge and atoms]
1) MgCl2(s) Mg2+(aq) + Cl(aq).
2) Na2Cr2O7(s) Na+(aq) + Cr2O72(aq).
3) Cr2O72(aq) + H2O CrO42(aq) + H+(aq).
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

1, 2, 1; 1, 2, 2; 2, 1, 2, 2
1, 1, 2; 1, 2, 1; 1, 1, 2, 2
2, 1, 2; 1, 2, 1; 1, 2, 2, 2
1, 1, 3; 3, 2, 1; 1, 1, 2, 2
1, 2, 2; 2, 2, 1; 1, 1, 1, 1

Different ways of writing equations

6.7 Experiment: Reactions between ions in aqueous solutions
6.8 Types of solids
6.8.1 Molecular solids
Sample Question 62
Recognize properties of molecular solids
When cold enough molecular compounds are solid. The following are molecular compounds at room
temperature.
1. CO2(g);
2. wax(s);
3. sugar(s);
4. HCl(g).
Which of these statements is false?
a) Only one of the above does not dissolve in water.
b) HCl(g) dissolves in water to give an ionic solution.
c) Sugar dissolves to give a non-ionic solution.
d) All four substances have low melting points.
e) Since none of them are ionic solids, none of them form aqueous solution that conducts an
electric current.
6.8.2 Ionic solids
Structure of ionic solids

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Sample Question 63
Properties of an ionic solid, e.g. NaCl
1. What can you say about the following properties of ionic solids, as NaCl?
a)

melting an boiling points

Has high melting and boiling points

b)

Electrical and thermal

conductivity

Does not conduct electricity when solid

Conduct electricity when molten or aqueous

c)

Formation of crystals

Form clear or white crystals

2. Which is FALSE about NaCl?

a) At room temperature, it is made of NaCl(s) molecules.
b) At room temperature, it conducts electricity
c) In the crystalline state, every sodium ion is surrounded by six chloride ions.
d) Above 808C, it is a liquid that conducts an electric current.
e) NaCl is its empirical formula, not molecular formula.
Anions and cations
Sample Question 64
Know what is an anion
Define anion.
An anion is a negatively charged ion or an atom that has gained electrons
Sample Question 65
Know what is a cation
Define cation. A cation is a positively charged ion.
Sample Question 66
Know symbols and charge of the given 10 cation and 10 anions
Which of the following is FALSE?
a) Cations that have a charge of 2+ are magnesium, calcium, barium and lead.
b) Anions that have a charge of 2 are sulfate, carbonate, and chromate.
c) The cation that is made of several atoms is ammonium.
d) SO23 is the sulfate ion.
e) The dichromate ion is Cr2O72.

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Naming ionic solids

Sample Question 67
Name salts of the given 10 cations and 10 anions
Which salt is named or written incorrectly?
a) K2Cr2O7 is potassium dichromate.
b) NH4Cl is chloride ammonium.
c) Lead sulfate is PbSO4.
d) K2CO3 is potassium carbonate.
e) Barium hydroxide is Ba(OH)2.

(ammonium chloride)
(Lead (II) ssulphate)

6.8.3 Other types of solids

Sample Question 68
Know an example of a metallic solid and a network solid
Examples of metallic and network solids respectively are
a) copper and wax.
b) salt and sugar.
c) gold and charcoal.
d) sodium and diamond.
e) mercury and string.
f) gold and sand

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