DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct and Indirect Speech, yang juga kita kenal dengan istilah lain yaitu Reported Speech.
Direct Speect adalah kalimat yang diucapkan secara langsung oleh pembicara dan jika ditulis
kalimat tersebut akan diberi tanda kutip. Sedangkan Indirect Speech adalah kalimat yang kita
laporkan kepada orang lain secara tidak langsung dan tanpa diberi koma.
Contoh:
Reporting verb: Tono says,
Reported words Im very good at English
Tense yang harus kita perhatikan dalam pola ini yaitu:
Direct Speech:
Simple Present Tense
Present Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Simple Past Tense
Simple Future Tense
Future Continouos Tense
Conditional
Indirect Speech:
Simple Past Tense
Past Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Past Future Tense/Conditional
Past Future Continuous Tense (Conditional Continuous)
Conditional
Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi
kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam
bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanya,
Contoh :
He said, The sun rises in the east He said that the sun rises in the east.
PERUBAHAN ADVERB OF TIME (KETERANGAN WAKTU) YANG PERLU
DIPERHATIKAN:
Direct :
Indirect :
Now

Then
Today

That day
Tonight

That night
This week

That week
Yesterday

The day before

The day before yesterday

Two days before

Last night

The night before

Last week/year

The previous week/year

A year ago

A year before/The previous year

Three years ago

Three years before

Tomorrow

The next day/The following day

The day after tomorrow

In two days time/The following day

Next week/year

The following week/year

On Sunday

On Sunday
Here

There
This book

The book
This

That
These

Those
Over there

Over there
*etc.
PERUBAHAN-PERUBAHAN AUXILIARIES (KATA BANTU) YANG HARUS
DIPERHATIKAN:
Can

Could
May
Might
Might
Might
Must
Would have to (kegiatan yang akan datang)/had to (keharusan yang biasa)
*etc.
Contoh:
The man said, I must mend the wall next week
The man said that he would have to mend the wall the following week.
Pria itu mengatakan bahwa dia harus memperbaiki dinding minggu berikutnya.
The girl said, I must wash my hands before eating
The girl said that she had to wash her hands before eating.
Gadis itu berkata bahwa dia harus mencuci tangannya sebelum makan.
*etc.
Direct and Indirect Speech ada 3 macam:
1. Statement (Pernyataan) yang menggunakan that
He said, we will go to Singapore tomorrow
He said that they would go to Singapore the next day.
Bob said, Im a university student
Bob said that he was a university student.
2. Command (Perintah) menambahkan kata to sebagai penghubung kalimat melaporkan
dengan yang dilaporkan. not to dalam perintah negatif.
He told me, wait for me !
He told me to wait for him.
She told me, dont cheat anymore !
She told me not to cheat anymore.
3. Question (Pertanyaan) jika kalimat dari jenis yes or no question, maka bentuk
laporannya menggunakan if atau whether.
Ina asked me, Do you really love me?
Ina asked me if/whether I really loved her.
Mixed type:
Contoh:
Anton asked me, whats happening to you ? You look so pale

Anton asked me what was happening to me as I looked so pale.

Catatan: Past Tense kadang-kadang tidak berubah dalam percakapan.
EXAMPLE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH :
1. D : She says to her friend, I have been reading
I : She says to her friend that he has been reading
2. D : He will say, The girl wasnt ugly
I : He will tell them that the girl wasnt ugly
3. D : Reza said, Im very sleepy
I : Reza said that he was very sleepy
4. D : He has told you, I am writing
I : He has told you that he is writing
5. D : Mother said to her son, study hard
I : Mothe advised her son to study hard
6. D : My friend said to me, I dont like football
I : My friend said to me that he didnt like football
7. D : She said, I didnt go to campus
I : She said that she hadnt gone to campus this morning
8. D : Rikza says, I have seen that movies
I : Rikza says that she has seen that movies
9. D : Mother asked her, Dont go there alone
I : Mother asked her not to go there alone
10. D : Father asked robi, Dont smoke too much
I : Father asked robi not to smoke too much

Conditional Clause and Main Clause

If I have enough money, I will go to Japan.
conditional clause
main clause
I will go to Japan, if I have enough money
main clause
conditional clause

First, Second, and Third Conditional

1. First conditional:

If I have enough money, I will go to Japan.

2. Second conditional:

If I had enough money, I would go to Japan.

3. Third conditional:

If I had had enough money, I would have gone to Japan.

Conditional clause
1. If + Present Tense

Main clause
will + inf / present tense / imperative

a. If you help me with the dishes (if + pres),

I will help you with your homework. (will + inf)
b. If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by three,
the number is divisible by three (Pres. tense)
c. If you see Mr Fox tonight, tell him I am ill. (imperative).
2. If + Past Tense

would + inf

3. If + Past Perfect Tense

would have + past participle

We do not normally use will or would in the conditional clause,

only in the main clause.

Uses of the Conditional

1. First conditional
a. Nature: Open condition, what is said in the condition is possible.

b. Time: This condition refers either to present or to future time.

e.g. If he is late, we will have to go without him.
If my mother knows about this, we are in serious trouble.

2. Second conditional
a. Nature: unreal (impossible) or improbable situations.
b. Time: present; the TENSE is past, but we are talking about the present, now.
e.g. If I knew her name, I would tell you.
If I were you, I would tell my father.
Compare: If I become president, I will change the social security system. (Said by
a presidential candidate)
If I became president, I would change the social security system. (Said by a
schoolboy: improbable)
If we win this match, we are qualified for the semifinals.
If I won a million pounds, I would stop teaching. (improbable)

3. Third conditional
a. Nature: unreal
b. Time: Past (so we are talking about a situation that was not so in the past.)
e.g. If you had warned me, I would not have told your father about that party.(But
you didn't, and I have).

Remember!
1. The conditional construction does not normally use will or would in if-clauses.
EXCEPTION: If will or would express willingness, as in requests, they can be used in ifclauses.
e.g. If you will come this way, the manager will see you now.
I would be grateful if you would give me a little help.
(= please, come this way; please, give me...)
2. For the second conditional, were replaces was:
If I were a rich man...
3. After if, we can either use "some(-one, -where...)" or "any(-one, -where...).
If I have some spare time next weekend....or :
If I have any spare time...
4. Instead of if not, we can use unless.
e.g. I'll be back tomorrow unless there is a plane strike.
He'll accept the job unless the salary is too low.

5.There is a "mixed type" as well, for the present results of an unreal condition in the
past:
If + Past Perfect - would + inf.
If you had warned me [then], I would not be in prison [now].