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Chapter 3: Hydraulic Jump and Stilling Basins
1- The Hydraulic jump
Hydraulic jump is one of the most frequently encountered phenomena of rapidly varying flow. It is a sudden
and turbulent change in flow from a low stage below critical depth to the conjugate depth above critical
whilst the velocity changes from supercritical to sub-critical. During the course of this transition
considerable energy is dissipated, principally in turbulence. Formation of hydraulic jump is usually required
for energy dissipation in stilling basins.
1. Froude number
The main characteristics of flows in open channels are that:
If the flow has characteristic length scale L and velocity scale U then the ratio of inertial forces (mass
acceleration) to gravitational forces (mass g) is of order
v
Fr =
.(1)
gy
Fr = Froude number, v = average velocity of flow, g = acceleration due to gravity, y = depth of flow
A flow with Fr < 1 is called subcritical or tranquil.
A flow with Fr > 1 is called supercritical or rapid.
A flow with Fr =1.0 is called critical flow.
Since Fr determines the ratio of inertial to gravitational forces, one might expect very different behavior
according as Fr < 1 or Fr > 1 and this is indeed the case.
2.
Q2
2 g A2
.(5)
3 q2
2 g
1/ 3
( )
..(9)
Where:
vc = velocity in critical conditions
yc = depth in critical conditions
and Ec = Emin =specific energy in critical conditions
To summaries, in critical flow: specific energy is a minimum for a given flow rate. The depth of flow equals
2/3 of the specific energy for a given specific energy, discharge is a maximum.
v
.(10)
gy
For a non-rectangular channel section, the conditions for critical flow can be derived by differentiating
Equation (6), using the total discharge, Q, and the total cross sectional area, A, thus:
2
3
Q T =g A .(11)
and the Froude Number is given by:
Q2 T
.(12)
Fr =
g A3
where:
T = water surface width
When the Froude number = 1 (critical flow) it will be seen that Equation (14) reduces to the expression in
Fr =
a. The ratio of the incoming depth to the sequent (post jump) depth
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Examples
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a- Jump position
Case 1: Represents the pattern in which tailwater depth (Tw) equals sequent depth (D2). In this case values
of F1, D1 and D2 will satisfy the general equation of hydraulic jump (Eq. 3.3) and the jump will occur on a
solid apron. For scour protection, this is an ideal case.
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Case 2: Represents the pattern in which the tailwater depth is less than sequent depth D2, this means that the
tailwater in Case 1 is deceased. As a result, the jump will move downstream to a point where Eq. (3.3) is
again satisfied. This case must be avoided because the jump is taken place on a loose rubble bed or
unprotected channel resulting severe erosion. The purpose of design is to increase Tw to insure a jump
within the protected apron.
Case 2: D2Tw
Case 3: Represents the pattern in which the tailwater depth Tw > sequent depth D2 as a result the jump will
be forced upstream and may finally be drowned out at the source (structure), becoming a submerged jump
this is the safest case in the design because the position of the submerged jump can be fixed but the design is
not efficient because only little energy will be dissipated.
Case 3: D2Tw
b. Tailwater conditions
Class 1 Ideal conditions in which the two rating curves always coincide. Such conditions are rarely
encountered in practice. Tw=D2
Class 2 Conditions in which the jump rating curve is always at a higher stage than the tailwater rating
curve (for all discharge). This means that the jump will sweep downstream unless effective measures are
taken (deepening the basin, constructing sills). The energy dissipation can be achieved in any of the
following ways:
Lowering the floor level downstream of the dam in order to make the tailwater depth in the stilling
basin equal to the jump height for all discharges.
Stilling basin with baffles or sills at bed level.
Stilling basin with a low secondary dam downstream.
Bucket type energy dissipaters (ski-jump).
Class 3 Conditions in which the tailwater rating curve is always higher than the jump rating curve. The
jump is forced upstream and will probably be drowned out. To ensure a jump, the downstream channel
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bed needs to be dropped relative to the structure or a sloping apron can be constructed. These may not be
practical options. It may be necessary to accept that the structure is going to be less effective than
desirable and protect the downstream channel accordingly.
Class 4 The jump rating curve is higher than the tailwater rating curve at low discharges but lower at
high discharges. One option is to provide a stilling basin for low discharges and a sloping apron for high
discharges.
Stilling basin for forming a jump at low discharges and to combine with the basin a sloping apron for
developing a satisfactory jump at high discharge.
Stilling basin with baffle piers or dentated sill.
Class 5 The jump rating curve is lower than the tailwater at low discharges but higher at high discharges.
The stilling basin design is governed by conditions at maximum discharge.
Fr 21
T w = 1.1
Y for Fr1 =1117 .(4)
800 2
9. Height of side wall above tailwater Z =Y 2 /3 .
10. Wing walls should be equal in height to stilling basin side walls. The top of the wing wall should
have a slope of 1:1. (Length = +Y 2 ).
11. The wing wall should be placed at an angle 45 to the outlet centerline.
12. Cutoff wall of normal depth should be used at the end of stilling basin
The effect of entrained air should be neglected in the design of stilling basin. The SAF stilling basin is very
economical to construct because the size of the SAF stilling basin has been reduced to a minimum that will
ensure protection to the structure and prevent excessive erosion in the downstream channel. Use of the SAF
stilling basin under actual field conditions has demonstrated its effectiveness and has verified the predictions
based on the model studies. An example of an SAF type hydraulic jump stilling basin is shown in Fig.
below:
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III.
This stilling basin is recommended for Fr1= 2.5-4.5 which usually occur on canal structures and diversion
dams. For this range of Froude number an oscillating jump will be produced in the stilling basin generating a
wave that is difficult to dampen. U.S.B.R. Stilling Basin IV is designed to solve this problem. See Figure 22.
For better performance, it is desirable to make the blocks narrower than Y1 preferable 0.75Y1 and to set the
tailwater (Tw) = (1.05-1.1) Y2. The length of basin equals the length of the jump. Basin IV is applicable to
rectangular cross-sections only.
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III.
U.S.B.R Stilling Basin II and III.
Structure II is suited to high velocity flows with Froude numbers above 4.5, conditions occurring typically
below high spillways, and it is therefore not considered here in detail. The type II basin is not recommended
for Froude numbers less than 4.5 where the hydraulic jump becomes unstable. The type II basin was
designed for both large unit discharges and high approach velocities. The type II basin should never be
designed for a tailwater depth less than the computed conjugate depth. The type II basin is recommended for
unit discharges up to 500 ft3/s per foot of basin width, provided the jet entering the basin is reasonably
uniform in both velocity and depth. For larger unit discharges, a model study or selection of an alternate
energy dissipator is recommended. The details of design are in fig. 32
The type III basin (figure 33) contains an additional set of blocks (baffle blocks) within the basin to create
additional turbulence. Cavitation and transverse loads on the baffle blocks have required the development of
special shapes for high head installations. The addition of the chute blocks and the baffle blocks permits the
length of the stilling basin to be reduced. The energy dissipation for this basin is based on the change in
momentum of the water through the structure.
For Froude numbers higher than 4.5, a true hydraulic jump forms. A type III basin can be used for Froude
numbers higher than 4.5. The type III basin is limited to velocities less than 60 ft/s, and the cavitation index
should be considered as discussed in section 2.7. A type II basin is better suited for incoming velocities
greater than 60 ft/s. For a type III basin, the tailwater depth should at least be equal to the computed
conjugate depth, as shown on figure 33.
A type III basin is shorter than a type II basin and is typically used for canal structures, small outlet works,
and small spillways. The reduction in length is mainly achieved by baffle blocks. Figure 33 shows the
recommended basin lengths for a type III basin based on the Froude number of the incoming flow and the
conjugate depth (d2). The recommended type III basin length is also shown on figure 20.
This design is recommended for large and medium spillways and large canal structures. The length of basin
is 33% reduced with the use of appurtenances. The basin contains chute locks and dentated sill. No baffle
piers are used because high velocities might cause cavitation on piers. See fig 15-16 (Chow) or Fig. 3.22,
Varshney.
To ensure that a stilling basin performs its function efficiently, it should be designed in such a way that
the elevation of the tail water depth at the downstream channel is relatively equal to the conjugate depth of
jump. Otherwise, the jump will be swept out of the basin or the jump will be drowned. This will lead to the
loss of its function as an energy dissipater. The higher the Froude numbers at the entrance to a basin, the
more efficient the hydraulic jump and the shorter the resulting basin. To increase the Froude number, many
methods are available, among them, for example, adding an expansion and depression. The expansion and
depression converts depth, or potential energy, into kinetic energy by allowing the flow to expand, drop, or
both. The result is that the depth decreases and the velocity and Froude number increase.
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