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Dr. Issa E.

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Chapter 3: Hydraulic Jump and Stilling Basins
1- The Hydraulic jump
Hydraulic jump is one of the most frequently encountered phenomena of rapidly varying flow. It is a sudden
and turbulent change in flow from a low stage below critical depth to the conjugate depth above critical
whilst the velocity changes from supercritical to sub-critical. During the course of this transition
considerable energy is dissipated, principally in turbulence. Formation of hydraulic jump is usually required
for energy dissipation in stilling basins.

Fig. 1: Definition sketch of hydraulic jump


1.1- Functions and classification of the Hydraulic Jump
The hydraulic jump has many applications. Chow (1959) and (1988) cited them in the field of open channel
flow that they can:
1. Dissipate energy in hydraulic structures thus preventing scour at their downstream
2. Reduce the net uplift pressure under the hydraulic structures
3. Raise the water level on the downstream side of the structures
4. Aerate flows and de-chlorinate wastewaters
5. Remove air pockets from open channel flows
6. Mix chemicals used for water purification
The geometry and characteristics of the hydraulic jump vary considerably depending on the incoming flow
conditions and the tailwater depth. Hydraulic jumps on a horizontal floor are of several distinct types.
According to the USBR they can be classified according to the Froude number of the incoming flow as
follows:
a. Undular jump (Surface waves) 1.0 Fr11.7
b. Weak jump (Pre-jump) (Low energy loss) 1.7 Fr12.5
c. Oscillating jump(Transition jump) (Large irregular waves) 2 Fr1 4.5
d. Steady jump (Stabilised jump) 4.5 Fr1 9.0
e. Strong jump (Choppy jump) Fr1 9.0
1) For F1=1-1.7, water surface shows undulation and the jump is called undular jump.
2) For F1=1.7-2.5, a series of small rollers on the surface of the jump develop, but the downstream
water surface remain smooth. The energy loss is low. The jump is called weak jump.
3) For F1=2.5-4.5, there is an oscillating jet entering the jump bottom to surface and back again with no
periodicity. Each oscillation produces a large wave of irregular period which can travel for large
distances doing unlimited damage to earth banks and ripraps. This jump is called oscillating jump
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4) For F1=4.5-9, the downstream extremity of the surface roller and the point at which the high velocity
jet tends to leave the flow occur at practically at the same vertical section. This jump is least sensitive
to variation in tailwater depth. The energy dissipation ranges from 45% to 70%, this jump is called
steady jump.
5) For F1=9 and greater, the high velocity jet grabs large slugs of water rolling down the front face of
the jump generating waves downstream and a rough surface can prevail. The energy dissipation may
reach 85%. The jump is called a strong jump.

Fig.2: Types of Hydraulic Jumps


1.2- Parameters defining of hydraulic jump
There are three parameters of the jump that are of principal importance to the design of energy-dissipating
structures:
a. The ratio of the incoming depth to the sequent (post jump) depth
b. The magnitude of the energy loss for any given set of incoming flow conditions
c. The length of the jump

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1. Froude number
The main characteristics of flows in open channels are that:
If the flow has characteristic length scale L and velocity scale U then the ratio of inertial forces (mass
acceleration) to gravitational forces (mass g) is of order
v
Fr =
.(1)
gy
Fr = Froude number, v = average velocity of flow, g = acceleration due to gravity, y = depth of flow
A flow with Fr < 1 is called subcritical or tranquil.
A flow with Fr > 1 is called supercritical or rapid.
A flow with Fr =1.0 is called critical flow.
Since Fr determines the ratio of inertial to gravitational forces, one might expect very different behavior
according as Fr < 1 or Fr > 1 and this is indeed the case.
2.

Specific Energy (Total Head)

The general expression for the total energy E


2
v
. (2)
E=z + y +
2g
where:
y is the vertical distance from the bed to the water surface
z is the height of the bed above some datum
v is the velocity of flow gives rise to the definition of Specific Energy, E, which is the energy of flow
referred to the channel bed as datum:
v 2 .(3)
E= y+
2g
And for a rectangular channel:
q2
(4)
E= y+
2
2g y
where:
q is the discharge per unit width of channel.
Both of these expressions involve a cubic in y, but only two of the roots are real. The third being negative is
of no practical interest. The two possible values for y are the Alternate Depths. The Specific Energy function
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is plotted in Figure 1(a). One of the solutions will lie on the upper limb of the graph (subcritical flow
-typically slow and deep); the other, representing supercritical flow which is typically fast and shallow will
fall on the lower limb. For a non-rectangular channel section Equation 2 can be rewritten to incorporate a
mean channel velocity derived from the total discharge, Q, and the total cross sectional area, A:
E= y+

Q2
2 g A2

.(5)

At critical condition Fr=1, for rectangular channel


v c =g y c ..(6)
2
y c = Ec .(7)
3
3 2
y c = q / g .(8)
Emin =

3 q2
2 g

1/ 3

( )

..(9)

Where:
vc = velocity in critical conditions
yc = depth in critical conditions
and Ec = Emin =specific energy in critical conditions
To summaries, in critical flow: specific energy is a minimum for a given flow rate. The depth of flow equals
2/3 of the specific energy for a given specific energy, discharge is a maximum.
v
.(10)
gy
For a non-rectangular channel section, the conditions for critical flow can be derived by differentiating
Equation (6), using the total discharge, Q, and the total cross sectional area, A, thus:
2
3
Q T =g A .(11)
and the Froude Number is given by:
Q2 T
.(12)
Fr =
g A3
where:
T = water surface width
When the Froude number = 1 (critical flow) it will be seen that Equation (14) reduces to the expression in
Fr =

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a. The ratio of the incoming depth to the sequent (post jump) depth

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b. The magnitude of the energy loss for any given set of incoming flow conditions

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Another method

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c. The length of the jump


There are various interpretations of the end of the jump. It has been defined either as the point where
the reverse surface roller ends or the point of maximum water depth. Results for the case of the rectangular
channel section, due to USBR, are shown in Figure 3(c).
The Bureau of Reclamation (1955) presented a plot to Lj/y2 versus F1 as shown in Fig. (2-2). Also,
the length of the jump cannot be determined theoretically, but it was investigated experimentally as:
LJ= 6.9 (y2 y1)

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Examples

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2- Stilling Basins and its Appurtenances


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When water is released over the spillway, the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy at the base
of spillway. This energy must be dissipated in order to prevent the possibility of sever scouring of
downstream riverbed and the undermining of foundation which may cause failure of spillway and dam. For
this purpose energy dissipaters must be used which perform the energy reduction by converting the kinetic
energy into turbulence and finally into heat. The dissipation of energy can be achieved by means of several
methods such as stilling basins. The formation of hydraulic jump in the stilling basin will lead to dissipation
of excess energy. In the stilling basin, the exiting supercritical flow from the spillway is reduced to
subcritical flow by a hydraulic jump. Stilling basins with all its types (USBR, SAF) are external energy
dissipaters placed at the outlet of a culvert, chute, or rundown. These basins are characterized by some
combination of chute blocks, baffle blocks, and sills designed to trigger a hydraulic jump in combination
with a required tail water condition.
Design of stilling basin is governed by several parameters such as:
1. Nature of foundation,
2. Approach Froude number..
3. Flow conditions (Impact angle of flow with respect to stilling basin floor).
4. Tail water level and
5. Economic considerations.
Optimum energy dissipation will occur when the flow enters the dissipater uniformly. To ensure that a
stilling basin performs its function efficiently (i.e. dissipation of energy is occurred properly), basin should
be designed in such a way that
# the elevation of tail water depth in the downstream channel not be much less than the elevation of
conjugate depth of jump. Otherwise sweep out of the jump from the basin takes place and as a result
scouring of downstream river bed will occur.
# if the conjugate depth is too low the jump will be drowned. As a result, it will lose its function as an
energy dissipater.
In order to reduce the cost of project, certain components, such as baffle blocks, end sills and chute blocks
are installed along the basin floor to control and stabilize the jump which helps to the dissipation of excess
energy (Fig. 1). The use of these devices permits the shortening of the basin and acts as a safety factor
against sweep out of the jump.
The basins are usually provided with special appurtenances including chute blocks, sills and
baffles piers.
Chute blocks: are used to form a serrated device at the entrance to the stilling basin. Their function
is to furrow the incoming jet and lift a portion of it from the floor producing a shorter length of jump
than would be possible without them.
The sill: is usually provided at the end of stilling basin. Its function is to reduce further the length of
the jump and to control scour. The sill has additional function of diffusing the residual portion of
high velocity jet that may reach the end of the basin.
Baffle piers: are blocks placed in the intermediate position across the basin floor. Their function is to
dissipate energy mostly by impact action. They are useful in small structures with low incoming
velocities. They are unsuitable where high velocities make cavitation possible.

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2.1- Relationship between tailwater depth and sequent depth


If the tailwater is deeper than the sequent depth required to form a jump corresponding to the incoming flow
conditions, the jump will be submerged or drowned. A large reverse surface eddy will be created above the
jet. With increasing submergence the efficiency of energy dissipation is reduced. Quantitative data on the
relationship are not readily available. Deepening the tailwater excessively by, for example, lowering the
level of the structure apron is not hydraulically efficient, though it might be required if there is considerable
uncertainty as to the stability of the tailwater channel.
In design, the jump rating curve defining the sequent depth throughout the flow range and the tailwater
rating curve indicating the tailwater depth at the same flow increments, need to be compared.
Leliavsky(1979) defined five cases, shown in Figure 8.

a- Jump position
Case 1: Represents the pattern in which tailwater depth (Tw) equals sequent depth (D2). In this case values
of F1, D1 and D2 will satisfy the general equation of hydraulic jump (Eq. 3.3) and the jump will occur on a
solid apron. For scour protection, this is an ideal case.
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Case 2: Represents the pattern in which the tailwater depth is less than sequent depth D2, this means that the
tailwater in Case 1 is deceased. As a result, the jump will move downstream to a point where Eq. (3.3) is
again satisfied. This case must be avoided because the jump is taken place on a loose rubble bed or
unprotected channel resulting severe erosion. The purpose of design is to increase Tw to insure a jump
within the protected apron.

Case 2: D2Tw
Case 3: Represents the pattern in which the tailwater depth Tw > sequent depth D2 as a result the jump will
be forced upstream and may finally be drowned out at the source (structure), becoming a submerged jump
this is the safest case in the design because the position of the submerged jump can be fixed but the design is
not efficient because only little energy will be dissipated.

Case 3: D2Tw

b. Tailwater conditions

Class 1 Ideal conditions in which the two rating curves always coincide. Such conditions are rarely
encountered in practice. Tw=D2
Class 2 Conditions in which the jump rating curve is always at a higher stage than the tailwater rating
curve (for all discharge). This means that the jump will sweep downstream unless effective measures are
taken (deepening the basin, constructing sills). The energy dissipation can be achieved in any of the
following ways:
Lowering the floor level downstream of the dam in order to make the tailwater depth in the stilling
basin equal to the jump height for all discharges.
Stilling basin with baffles or sills at bed level.
Stilling basin with a low secondary dam downstream.
Bucket type energy dissipaters (ski-jump).
Class 3 Conditions in which the tailwater rating curve is always higher than the jump rating curve. The
jump is forced upstream and will probably be drowned out. To ensure a jump, the downstream channel
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bed needs to be dropped relative to the structure or a sloping apron can be constructed. These may not be
practical options. It may be necessary to accept that the structure is going to be less effective than
desirable and protect the downstream channel accordingly.
Class 4 The jump rating curve is higher than the tailwater rating curve at low discharges but lower at
high discharges. One option is to provide a stilling basin for low discharges and a sloping apron for high
discharges.
Stilling basin for forming a jump at low discharges and to combine with the basin a sloping apron for
developing a satisfactory jump at high discharge.
Stilling basin with baffle piers or dentated sill.
Class 5 The jump rating curve is lower than the tailwater at low discharges but higher at high discharges.
The stilling basin design is governed by conditions at maximum discharge.

2.2- Classification of Stilling Basins


A very large number of designs for low- to medium-head energy-dissipating structures exist in the world.
Most countries have their own type designs. The selection of a stilling basin depends on several
considerations including:
Hydraulic limitations
Constructability
Basin size
Cost
Stilling basins can be classified into:
1. Stilling basins in which Fr1 4.5 . This is generally encountered on weirs and barrages.
2. Stilling basins in which Fr1 4.5 . This is a general feature for medium and high dams.
1) Stilling Basin Design for Low Froude Numbers F1<4.5
i.
R.S. Varshney
ii.
S.A.F. (Saint Anthony Falls) Stilling Basin
iii.
Indian Standard Stilling Basin
iv.
IV U.S.B.R. Stilling Basin
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I. The S.A.F. Stilling Basin
This stilling basin was developed at the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, University of Minnesota for
use on small drainage structures. The SAF stilling basin is recommended for use on small structures such as
small spillways, outlet works, and small canal structures where the Froude number is between 1.7 and 17.
The reduction in basin length achieved through the use of appurtenances designed for this basin is about 80
percent. The Reclamation type III basin is similar in design, but has a higher factor of safety against the
hydraulic jump. The design rules are:
1. The stilling basin can be designed for Froude numbers F1=1.7 and 17. Length of basin
4.5Y
LB = 0.762 .(1)
Fr 1
2. The height of chute blocks and floor blocks= Y1 and the width and spacing= 0.75 Y1.
3. The distance from chute blocks to floor blocks= LB /3
4. No floor blocks should be placed closer to side wall than 3Y1/ 8
5. The floor blocks should be placed downstream from the openings between chute blocks.
6. The floor blocks should occupy between 40-55% of basin width.
7. The height of end sill C=0.07 Y 2
8. Tailwater depth above stilling basin floor is given by:
Fr 2
T w = 1.1 1 Y 2 for Fr 1=1.7 5.5 .(2)
120
T w =0.85 Y 2 for Fr 1=5.5 11 ..(3)

Fr 21
T w = 1.1
Y for Fr1 =1117 .(4)
800 2
9. Height of side wall above tailwater Z =Y 2 /3 .
10. Wing walls should be equal in height to stilling basin side walls. The top of the wing wall should
have a slope of 1:1. (Length = +Y 2 ).
11. The wing wall should be placed at an angle 45 to the outlet centerline.
12. Cutoff wall of normal depth should be used at the end of stilling basin
The effect of entrained air should be neglected in the design of stilling basin. The SAF stilling basin is very
economical to construct because the size of the SAF stilling basin has been reduced to a minimum that will
ensure protection to the structure and prevent excessive erosion in the downstream channel. Use of the SAF
stilling basin under actual field conditions has demonstrated its effectiveness and has verified the predictions
based on the model studies. An example of an SAF type hydraulic jump stilling basin is shown in Fig.
below:

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Fig. 1: SAF Stilling Basin


II. Indian Standard Stilling Basin type I
This structure is an alternative to the USBR Type IV basin for Froude Numbers in the range 2-4.5. The
apron is shorter than the equivalent USBR structure but it is achieved using a more complex end sill and an
extra set of baffles. The structure is also only partially effective in reducing downstream surface turbulence.
It appears to have no clear technical advantage over its USBR equivalent and the overall cost is likely to be
similar.

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III.

U.S.B.R. Stilling Basin IV

This stilling basin is recommended for Fr1= 2.5-4.5 which usually occur on canal structures and diversion
dams. For this range of Froude number an oscillating jump will be produced in the stilling basin generating a
wave that is difficult to dampen. U.S.B.R. Stilling Basin IV is designed to solve this problem. See Figure 22.
For better performance, it is desirable to make the blocks narrower than Y1 preferable 0.75Y1 and to set the
tailwater (Tw) = (1.05-1.1) Y2. The length of basin equals the length of the jump. Basin IV is applicable to
rectangular cross-sections only.

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2) Stilling Basin Design for Froude Numbers Fr1>4.5


I.
S.A.F. Stilling Basin.
II.
Indian Standard Stilling Basin II.
The dimension sketches are given in Fig. 3.21Varshney. The structure is intended for Froude Numbers above
4.5, high velocities (15m/s and above), and is an alternative to the USBR Type III basin for medium to high
heads. For given conditions the structure appears to be longer than the US structure. It is not considered in
further detail here.
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III.
U.S.B.R Stilling Basin II and III.
Structure II is suited to high velocity flows with Froude numbers above 4.5, conditions occurring typically
below high spillways, and it is therefore not considered here in detail. The type II basin is not recommended
for Froude numbers less than 4.5 where the hydraulic jump becomes unstable. The type II basin was
designed for both large unit discharges and high approach velocities. The type II basin should never be
designed for a tailwater depth less than the computed conjugate depth. The type II basin is recommended for
unit discharges up to 500 ft3/s per foot of basin width, provided the jet entering the basin is reasonably
uniform in both velocity and depth. For larger unit discharges, a model study or selection of an alternate
energy dissipator is recommended. The details of design are in fig. 32
The type III basin (figure 33) contains an additional set of blocks (baffle blocks) within the basin to create
additional turbulence. Cavitation and transverse loads on the baffle blocks have required the development of
special shapes for high head installations. The addition of the chute blocks and the baffle blocks permits the
length of the stilling basin to be reduced. The energy dissipation for this basin is based on the change in
momentum of the water through the structure.
For Froude numbers higher than 4.5, a true hydraulic jump forms. A type III basin can be used for Froude
numbers higher than 4.5. The type III basin is limited to velocities less than 60 ft/s, and the cavitation index
should be considered as discussed in section 2.7. A type II basin is better suited for incoming velocities
greater than 60 ft/s. For a type III basin, the tailwater depth should at least be equal to the computed
conjugate depth, as shown on figure 33.
A type III basin is shorter than a type II basin and is typically used for canal structures, small outlet works,
and small spillways. The reduction in length is mainly achieved by baffle blocks. Figure 33 shows the
recommended basin lengths for a type III basin based on the Froude number of the incoming flow and the
conjugate depth (d2). The recommended type III basin length is also shown on figure 20.
This design is recommended for large and medium spillways and large canal structures. The length of basin
is 33% reduced with the use of appurtenances. The basin contains chute locks and dentated sill. No baffle
piers are used because high velocities might cause cavitation on piers. See fig 15-16 (Chow) or Fig. 3.22,
Varshney.
To ensure that a stilling basin performs its function efficiently, it should be designed in such a way that
the elevation of the tail water depth at the downstream channel is relatively equal to the conjugate depth of
jump. Otherwise, the jump will be swept out of the basin or the jump will be drowned. This will lead to the
loss of its function as an energy dissipater. The higher the Froude numbers at the entrance to a basin, the
more efficient the hydraulic jump and the shorter the resulting basin. To increase the Froude number, many
methods are available, among them, for example, adding an expansion and depression. The expansion and
depression converts depth, or potential energy, into kinetic energy by allowing the flow to expand, drop, or
both. The result is that the depth decreases and the velocity and Froude number increase.

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Design Steps
1. Set apron elevation to use tailwater depth (Tw) plus an added factor of safety (use Fig. 15- 16b, Chow) on
the figure there is a minimum Tw depth line which indicates the point at which the front of the jump moves
away from the chute blocks. Any lowering would cause the jump to leave the basin. Bureau recommends a
minimum safety margin of 5% of D2 be added to sequent depth.
2. Basin II maybe effective down to Froude No. 4.
3. Length of the basin can be obtained from Fig. 15-16c, Chow.
4. Height of chute blocks= D1, width and spacing= D1. Space of 0.5D1 is preferable along each wall to
reduce spray and maintain desirable pressure.
5. Height of the dentated sill= 0.2 D2. Maximum width and spacing= 0.15 D2. The block is placed adjacent
to each side wall. The slope of the continuous portion of the end sill is 2H:1V.
6. The slope of the chute varies from 0.6H:1V to 2H:1V.
7. This type of basin is suitable for spillways with fall up to 200 ft and flows 500 cfs/ft of basin width.
8. Water surface and pressure profiles of a jump in the basin are shown in Fig. 15-16d, Chow.

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