INDIAN COUNCIL OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH

Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Govt. Of India

Quarterly Update
of
Forthcoming Conferences, Seminars and Workshops on History
(October, 2015December, 2015 in India and Abroad)

LibraryCum-Documentation Centre
35, FEROZESHAH ROAD, NEW DELHI 110 001

Phone No. 011- 23384829, 23009546

ichr.library@gmail.com
http//:www.ichr.ac.in

Email-

FOREWORD

The ICHR Library-cum-Documentation Centre has been bringing out Conferences Alert
services. It is updated quarterly. This will alert the scholars in the area about the prospective
conferences, seminars and workshops that are to be held in the next quarter of the year
concerning various areas of History including Archaeology, Art, Culture & Literature,
Biography, Cultural & Literature, Cultural History, Economic History, Freedom
Movement, Historiography , History of Art & Culture ,History of Literature, History of
Religion, History of Science & Literature, International Relation , Medieval History,
Miscellanies, Modern History ,National Movement , Social History, Socio & Economic
History, Socio & Political History , Socio Culture , Sultanate Period Women Study, etc.
The list of forthcoming conference is available at the ICHR website: - www.ichr.ac.in I have
received valuable assistance from my professional colleagues. I acknowledge with a sense of
gratitude the kind cooperation and encouragement extended to me by the authorities of ICHR.
While adequate care has been taken to cull the requisite information from various sources, we
shall appreciate suggestions for improvement.
.

Ramesh Yernagula
Dy. Director
(Documentation)

CONTENTS

Area of History
Page No
Archaeology -

Art, Culture & Literature1

Biography

Cultural & Literature

2-3

Cultural History

3-7

Economic History

7-8

Freedom Movement

Historiography

History of Art & Culture

History of Literature
10
History of Religion
11
History of Science & Literature

1011

International Relation

12

Medieval History

12

Miscellanies
14

13-

Modern History

14

National Movement

15

Social History
17

15-

Socio & Economic History

17

Socio & Political History

17-18

Socio Culture

18

Sultanate Period

19-20

Women Study

20

Quarterly Update of Forthcoming Conferences,

Seminar and Workshops on History October, 2015
December, 2015
Archaeology
Theme of the
Conference/Seminar
/

One day Workshop on Marine Archaeology

Workshop
Venue

Tentative Date
For more details
Contact Conference
Coordinator/
Secretary

Dept. of Maritime History & Marine Archaeology,

Tamil University
Mob: 09442117151,04362226720
Email: tamilunivreg@gmail.com
rajachidam@gmail.com
th
20
November 2015
Dr. N. Athiyaman
Professor
Dept. of Maritime History & Marine Archaeology,
Tamil University
Mob: 09442117151,04362226720
Email: tamilunivreg@gmail.com
rajachidam@gmail.com

Art, Culture & Literature

Theme of the
Conference/Seminar
/

Three Day National Seminar on History, Literature,

Translation: Bhasha Culture and its Pervasive
Networks

Workshop
Venue

Centre for Comparative Literature

University Of Hyderabad
Hyderabad-500 046

Tentative Date

Contact to Conference Coordinator

For more details

Contact Conference
Coordinator/
Secretary

Dr. Tutun Mukherjee

Prof. & Head
Centre for Comparative Literature
University Of Hyderabad
Hyderabad-500 046

Biography
Theme of the
Two Days Seminar
on Rethinking
Conference/Seminar
Aurobindo and Indian Culture: 21 st
/
Theme of
the
Two days National Seminar on Life & Contribution
Century
Perspective
Conference/Seminar
of
Ibn
Al-Haytham
Workshop
/
(Al Hazen)
Venue
Society for Social Empowerment
Workshop
Venue

24-C, Evershine Apartment

Ibn Sina Accademy,
D-Block Vikaspuri
Tijara House, Dodhpur,
New Delhi - 110018
Aligarh-202002, U.P. India.
October 2015
th

Tentative Date
Tentative Date
10th -11 October 2015
For more details
Sudhir Kumar
For moreDr.
details
Prof. Singh
Syed Zillur Rahman
Contact Conference President
Contact Conference Ibn Sina Accademy,
Coordinator/
Society for Social
Coordinator/
Tijara Empowerment
House, Dodhpur,
Secretary
Secretary
Aligarh-202002,
24-C, Evershine ApartmentU.P. India.

D-Block Vikaspuri
New Delhi - 110018

Cultural & Literature

Theme of the
Conference/Seminar
/

Three days Seminar on Contribution of Folklores

in History Writing (Itihas
Lekhan mein Lok
Gathaon ka Yogdaan)

Workshop
Venue

Thakur Jagdev Chand Samrsiti Shodh Sansthan,

Neri, PO. Khaggal,
Distt. Hamirpur (HP)-177 001

Tentative Date

2nd -4th October 2015

For more details

Contact Conference
Coordinator/
Secretary

Shri Chet Ram Garg

Organizing Secretary
Thakur Jagdev Chand Samrsiti Shodh Sansthan,
Neri, PO. Khaggal,
Distt. Hamirpur (HP)-177 001

Cultural History

Theme of the
Two day International Seminar on
Conference/Seminar Culture and Cognition in Reconstructing the
/
past
Theme of
the
Three day national Conference on
Conference/Seminar
:
Workshop
/

Venue
Department of History
Workshop
University of Hyderabad
Hyderabad-500046
Venue
Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana
Tentative Date
17th -20th December, 2015.
Apte Bhawan, KeshavKunj,
D.B.Rod,Jhandewala
For more details
Pulla Rao Kudupudi
Contact Conference
Department of NewDelhi-110055
History
Coordinator/ TentativeUniversity
of Hyderabad
Date
24th 26th December, 2015.
Secretary
Hyderabad-500046
For more details
Prof. S. C. Mittal
Mob:09440375303,040-23133159
Contact Conference
Akhil
Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana
Email: office-hss@uohyd.ernet.in
Coordinator/
drkprao@gmail.com
Apte Bhawan, KeshavKunj,
Secretary
D.B.Rod,Jhandewala
NewDelhi-110055
Theme of the
Ten day Exhibition on Know Your Documentary
Conference/Seminar Heritage
/
Theme of the
Seven days International Seminar on
Conference/Seminar
Unfolding Central Himalaya: the cradle of
Workshop
/
culture
Venue
Department of Art & Culture
WorkshopGovernment of Nagaland
Lower Bayavii
Venue
Doon Library &Research Centre,
Kohima- 797001, Nagaland
21 Parade Ground
Tentative Date
1st to 10th December
2015
Dehradun-248001
For more details
Nagaland StateUttarakhand
Archives
th
th
Tentative Department
Date
December 2015
Contact Conference
of11
Art &-17
Culture
Coordinator/
Government of Nagaland
For more details
Mr.B.K. joshi
Secretary
Lower Bayavii
Contact Conference Director,
Kohima- 797001, Nagaland
Coordinator/
Doon Library &Research Centre,
Secretary
21 Parade Ground
Theme of the
Four Days Conference
on Cultural
Dehradun-248001
Theme of theConference/Seminar
Three
on
Heritage
of
Kerala
Theme of
the day Seminar
Two
day
National
Seminar
on
Folk
culture
of the
the
Continuities
in Peninsular India:
From
Uttarakhand
/Theme
of
the
Two
Days
National
Seminar
on

State
and
Conference/Seminar
Conference/Seminar
Theme
of the
Two
day Age
National
Seminar
onofCulture,
Identity
Indigenous
communities
Northeast
India and
Stone
to the
Early
Historical
Period
Conference/Seminar
/
/
Religion
in
Indian
History

Conference/Seminar
Diplomacy:
Revisiting Concept of an Inclusive
its future prospect
Workshop
//
Bharat
Rashtra
Workshop
Workshop
Venue
Indian Archaeological Society
Workshop
Workshop
rd
th
Venue
2015 of
Centre
for Heritage
Studies
Venue 3 -5 NovemberInstitute
B-17,Qutab
TaiInstitutional
Studies
& Research
Area,
Venue
Department
of
History
Hill
Place
,Tripunithura,
Moranhat;
Sivasagar
Venue
UGC
Centre
for Southern Asia Studies,
New
Delhi-110016
Assam

785670
AMU,Aligarh-202001
(India
Pondicherry
(Central)
University
TentativeErnakulam,
Date
Contact to Conference
Coordinator
Kerala,
Puducherry-605014
rd
th
th
th th November- 2015
Tentative Date
Tentative
Date
-5th November09
2015
- 10
For more3details
29
-30
Contact
toDecember
Conference 2015
Coordinator
Dr.
B.R.Mani
Contact Conference Indian Archaeological Society
For more details
For
more
details
T.P.SankaranProf
Prof.
kutty
Girin
Nair
Phukon
Irfan
For
moreDr.
details
Prof
N.
K.Habib
Jha
Coordinator/
B-17,Qutab
Institutional
Area,
Contact Conference
Contact
Conference
Centre
for
Heritage
Professor
Studies
&
Director
Contact
Conference
UGC Centre
for
Southern Asia
Studies,
Secretary
Professor
Emeritus
Coordinator/ Coordinator/
Hill
Place
,Tripunithura,
Institute
of
Tai
Studies
&
Research
New
Delhi-110016
Coordinator/
Pondicherry
(Central)
University
Department of History
Secretary
SecretaryErnakulam,
Moranhat;
Sivasagar
Secretary
Puducherry-605014
AMU,Aligarh-202001
(India
Kerala,
Assam
785670

Theme of the
One day state level Workshop on
Conference/Seminar Preservation of Historical Records and
Theme of
the
Three day International
Seminar on
/
Monuments
Conference/Seminar Knowledge Transfer of Panchatantra from the
Workshop
/
East Via Persia and Arabia to the West.
Venue

Department of History
Workshop
Devanga Arts College.
Venue Aruppukottai Deptt. Or Persian
Virudhunagar Gauhati University
Guwahati-14 (Assam
District-Tamil Nadu
Tentative Date
4th -6th February- 2016
Tentative Date
Contact to Conference Coordinator
For more details
Dr. Rekibuddin Ahmed
Contact Conference
For more details
Dr. B.RavikumarProfessor & Head,
Coordinator/
Deptt. Or Persian
Contact Conference
Principal
Secretary
Gauhati University
Coordinator/
Department of History
Guwahati-14 (Assam)
Secretary
Devanga Arts College.
Aruppukottai
Virudhunagar
District-Tamil Nadu

Economic History
Theme of the
Two Day National seminar on History of Indian
Conference/Seminar Economy from olden days to now a days
/
Theme of the
Two days International Seminar on Trade Routes
Conference/Seminar
and Trade Centers in India (Up to 19th Century)
Workshop
/
Venue
Koundinya Rural Development Society
Workshop
D.NO.5-6-329 a,1ST Model Colony,
Hindupur,
Venue
Shri Natnagar Shodh Samsthan
Ananthapuramu District,
Sitamau,Dist.Mandsaur
Andhra Pradesh nd
State,
Tentative Date
2 -4th October 2015
Pin No. 515201
Tentative Date
to Conference
For moreContact
details
Prof. Coordinator
Dr. Manohar Singh Ranawat
Contact Conference Shri Natnagar Shodh Samsthan
For more details
Mrs.G.Lakshmidevi,
Coordinator/
Sitamau,Dist.Mandsaur
Contact Conference
SecretarySecretary
Coordinator/
Koundinya Rural Development Society
Secretary
D.NO.5-6-329 a,1ST Model Colony,
Hindupur,
Ananthapuramu District,
Andhra Pradesh State,
Pin No. 515201

Freedom Movement

Theme of the
Conference/Seminar
/

Two days National Seminar on

Surendra Sai in 1857 Mutiny: A Historical
Review

Workshop
Venue

Department of History ,
C.J.Degree College, Borda.
Dist. Kalahandi.
Odisha. Pin-766036
23rd 24th January 2016

Tentative Date
For more details
Contact Conference
Coordinator/
Secretary

Dr. Mohhammed Yamin

Head
Department of History ,
C.J.Degree College, Borda.
Dist. Kalahandi.
Odisha. Pin-766036

Historiography
Theme of the
Conference/Seminar
/

Two
day
National
Seminar
on
Historiography & Changing Trends

Workshop
Venue

Tentative Date
For more details
Contact Conference
Coordinator/
Secretary

. Raghunath Arts, Comm.& Sci. College,

Jintur Road ,
Parbhani 431 401
Maharashtra
12th to 13th January 2016
Dr.Mrs. Barhate Sanjivani C. Shekhar
B. Raghunath Arts, Comm.& Sci. College,
Jintur Road ,
Parbhani 431 401
Maharashtra

History of Art & Culture

Feminist

Theme of the
Conference/Seminar
/

Two day National Seminar on Pre-Colonial Deccan:

History, Culture & Literature

Workshop
Venue

Tentative Date
For more details
Contact Conference
Coordinator/
Secretary

Department of History
Central university of Karnataka,
Kadganchi village, Aland Road,
Gulbarga 585311.
Karnataka.
26th to 27th November 2015
Dr. Mohammad Nazrul Bari
Department of History
Central university of Karnataka,
Kadganchi village, Aland Road,
Gulbarga 585311.
Karnataka.

History of Literature
Theme of the
Conference/Seminar
/

Three Days Seminar on Dimensions of Persian

Language and Literature available During
Akbars Reign (1556-1605)

Workshop
Venue
Tentative Date

03rd 05th February, 2016

For more details

Contact Conference
Coordinator/
Secretary

Prof. Azarmi Dukht Safavi

Director,
Institute of Persian Research,
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.
Ph: 0571-2701454
Email: azarmidsafavi@gmail.com

History of Religion

Theme of the
Three Days Conference on 39 th Session of Indian of
Conference/Seminar Folklore Congress Folk Epics of India with special
/
reference
to Gujarat
and Western
Theme of
the
Two Days
Seminar India
on
Order of Hierarchy
Conference/Seminar
in the Realm of Religion and Society: A Study of
Workshop
/
Temple Institutions in Early Medieval India
Venue
N.S. Patel Arts College
Workshop
Bhalej Road,
Anand-388001
Venue
Department of Ancient Indian History culture &
Gujarat
Archaeology
Tentative Date
9th 11th October,2015
Visva Bharti
For more details
Dr. Mohan PatelShantiniketan
District: Birbhum
Contact Conference Principal
State: West Bengal-731 235
Coordinator/
N.S. Patel Arts College
Secretary
Bhalej Road,
TentativeAnand-388001
Date
14th -15th January 2016
Gujarat
For more details
Dr. D. Gunasekaran
Contact Conference Department of Ancient Indian
Coordinator/
Archaeology
Secretary
Visva Bharti
Shantiniketan
History
District: Birbhum
State: West Bengal-731 235
of

History

Science
& Technology
Theme of the
Conference/Seminar
/
Workshop

Five day Short Term Course Cum Workshop on

History, Science and Technology of
Stone
Beads

Venue

Indian Institute of Technology,

Gandhinagar
Shed-5, Room-327/1
VGEC Campus, Chandkheda
Ahmedabad
Gujarat- 382424

Tentative Date

Contact to Conference Coordinator

For more details

Contact Conference
Coordinator/
Secretary

Dr. Alok Kumar Kanungo

Asst. Research Professor (Archaeology)
IIT Gandhinagar
Indian Institute of Technology,
Gandhinagar
Shed-5, Room-327/1
VGEC Campus, Chandkheda
Ahmedabad
Gujarat- 382424

culture

&

International Relation
Theme of the
Conference/Seminar
/

Five
day International Seminar on Indo-Turkic
Relations: Perspectives and its Contemporary
Relevance

Workshop
Venue

Turkish Language and Literature

Programme
Faculty of Humanities and Languages
Jamia Millia Islamia,
New Delhi-25

Tentative Date

1st to 5th November 2015

For more details

Contact Conference
Coordinator/
Secretary

Dr. Mohsin Ali

Assistant Professor
Turkish Language and Literature
Programme
Facullty of Humanities and Languages
Jamia Millia Islamia,
New Delhi-25

Medieval History
Theme of the
Conference/Seminar
/

Two days National Conference on

New Dimension of Early Medieval India

Workshop
Venue

B-424
Malviya Nagar
Jaipur 302017
Rajasthan

Tentative Date

24th -25th September 2015

For more details

Contact Conference
Coordinator/
Secretary

The Secretary
Shodhak
B-424
Malviya Nagar
Jaipur 302017
Rajasthan

Miscellanies

Theme of the
Conference/Seminar
/
Workshop
Venue

Three Day International

History Conference

Third

South

Asian

Theme of the
Two days Seminar on Does History Breathe? Some
Conference/Seminar Perceptions
Jaspal Kaur Professor & Head, Department of
/

History Punjabi University, Patiala

Workshop
Tentative Date
Contact to Conference Coordinator

Venue
Shivaji College, University of Delhi
For more details
Jaspal Kaur Professor & Head, Department
Delhi-110027
Contact Conference History PunjabiNew
University, Patiala
Coordinator/
Tentative Date
Contact to Conference Coordinator
Secretary
For more details
Contact Conference
Coordinator/
Secretary

of

Mr. Amarjiva Lochan ,

Shivaji College, University of Delhi
New Delhi-110027

Theme of the
Three Day 29th Annual National Level Conference of Karnataka
Conference/Seminar Itihasa Academy
/
Theme of the
Two day National Conference on
Conference/Seminar 35th National Conference of Marathwada Itihas
Workshop
/
Parishad
Venue
Karnataka Ithihasa Academy
Workshop
B.M. Shri Kala Bhavan
3rd Main Road
Venue
Arts. Commerce &Science College,
N. R. Colony
Kannad Dist. Aurangabad(M.S.)- 431103
Bengaluru-560019
Tentative Date
16th 18th October, 2015
Tentative Date
10th -11th December2015
For more details
Karnataka Ithihasa Academy
For more details
Dr. H.J. Narke,
Contact Conference B.M. Shri Kala Bhavan
Contact Conference
Principal, V.P.S.P.M.S.,
rd
3 Main Road
Coordinator/
Coordinator/
Arts. Commerce &Science College,
N. R. Colony
Secretary
Secretary
Kannad Dist. Aurangabad(M.S.)- 431103
Bengaluru-560019
Mob: +91-9591987918, 9480410507
Email: gkdevarajawamy@gmail.com
gkdevarajawamy@yahoo.com
karnatakaitihasaacademy25@gmaul.com

Modern History

Theme of the
Conference/Seminar
/

Two day national Seminar on

Perspectives on the History of Jammu and
Kashmir (1846-1947)

Workshop
Venue
Tentative Date
For more details
Contact Conference
Coordinator/
Secretary

Department of History
University of Kashmir
Srinagar
6th -8th October, 2015.
Dr. Muhammad Yusuf Ganai
Department of History
University of Kashmir
Srinagar
Mob:9906834321,01944240078
Email: historydepartment12ku@gmail.com

National Movement
Theme of the
Conference/Seminar
/

Two Day Seminar Indian National Movement With Special reference to Sardar Vallabhbhai
Patel

Workshop
Venue

Danavaipeta,
SKVT College, Rajahmundry, 533103
Andhra Pradesh

Tentative Date

Contact to Conference Coordinator

For more details

Contact Conference
Coordinator/
Secretary

Sri. P. Srirama Murthy

Danavaipeta,
SKVT College, Rajahmundry, 533103
Andhra Pradesh

Social History

Theme of the
Conference/Seminar
Two day National Seminar on Nagapattinam in the
/
Theme of the
Two day Seminar on Tribal Participation in the Anti
Colonial Map of India
Conference/Seminar Colonial Movement: A Case Study of Odisha
Workshop
/
Venue

Department of History
Workshop
TBMS College,
Porayar
Venue
Anchalika Mahavidyalaya
Tamil Nadu - 609307
Jagannath Prasad,
Tentative Date
4th - 5th March- Ganjam
2016
,
Odisha-761121
For more details
Dr. D. Julius Vijaykumar
Contact Conference
Associate
Professor
Tentative Date
Contact to Conference Coordinator
Coordinator/
Department of History
Secretary
College, The Principal
For more TBMS
details
Porayar
Contact Conference
Anchalika Mahavidyalaya
Tamil
Coordinator/ Nadu - 609307
Jagannath Prasad,
Secretary

Ganjam ,
Odisha-761121

Theme of the
Two Day International Seminar on Interpreting
Conference/Seminar Historical Sources
/
Theme of the
Three Days National Seminar on
Conference/Seminar Intellectual Traditions of Ancient India
Workshop
Theme of the/
Three Days Conference on Tribal Art
Conference/Seminar
Venue
Department of History and Ethnography,
Workshop
/
Mizoram University,
Tanhril,Aizawl, Mizoram
Venue
Centre for Ancient History & Culture
Workshop
P.O.Box No.190 Jain University
Tentative Date
Contact to Conference
CMS Coordinator
Complex,25th Main,
Venue
Drawing & Painting
JP Nagar, 6th Phase
Kumaun
University
For more details
Prof. O.Rosanga,Head,
Bangalore 560078
Contact Conference S.
Department
of History
and Ethnography,
S. J. Campus,
Almora
Coordinator/
Mizoram University,
Uttarakhand
Tentative Date
Contact to Conference Coordinator
Secretary
Tanhril,Aizawl,
Mizoram
Tentative Date
4th 6th October,
2015
For moreP.O.Box
detailsNo.190 Dr. R.N.Iyengar
For more details
Contact Conference
Dr. Shekhar Director
Chandra Joshi
Contact Conference
Coordinator/
Centre
for Ancient History & Culture
Professor
Coordinator/ Secretary
Jain University
Drawing & Painting
Secretary
CMS Complex,25th Main,
Kumaun University
JP Nagar, 6th Phase
S. S. J. Campus,
Almora
Bangalore
560078

Uttarakhand

Theme of the
Conference/Seminar
/

Two Days Seminar on Ethno History of the Tribes

of North East India

Workshop
Venue

Bodoland University
P.O.Rangalikhata
Dist. Kokrajhar
B.T.C. Assam -783370

Tentative Date

Contact to Conference Coordinator

For more details

Contact Conference
Coordinator/
Secretary

Dr. Sekhar Brahma

Registrar
Bodoland University
P.O.Rangalikhata
Dist. Kokrajhar
B.T.C. Assam -783370

Socio & Economic History

Theme of the
Conference/Seminar
/

Two day National Seminar on The Jats : Their Role

and Contribution to the Socio-Economic Life and
Polity of North and North West India

Workshop
Venue

Maharaja Surajmal Centre for Research and Publication

Surajmal Memorial Education Society(Regd.)
C- 4, Janakpuri,
New Delhi-110058

Tentative Date

10th - 11th October- 2015

For more details

Contact Conference
Coordinator/
Secretary

Dr. Rajendra Kumar

Director Maharaja Surajmal Centre for Research and
Publication
Surajmal Memorial Education Society(Regd.)
C- 4, Janakpuri,
New Delhi-110058

Socio & Political History

Theme of the
Conference/Seminar
/
Workshop
Venue

Tentative Date

Seminar on Rayalaseema Identity, Development

& Politics from the formation of Andhra state to
the partition of Andhra Pradesh state In 2014
Dept of History
SKR & SKR Govt. Degree College
for Women KADAPA,
YSR (District),
Andhra Pradesh
Sept/Oct, 2015

For more details

Dr. B. Gangadhar
Contact Conference
Dept of History
Coordinator/
SKR & SKR Govt. Degree College
Secretary
for Women KADAPA,
YSR (District),
Andhra Pradesh

Socio Culture History

Theme of the
Conference/Seminar
/

Three Day Conference on

The
Impacts of Buddhism in Kerala

Socio-Cultural

Workshop
Venue

Catholicate College
Pathanamthitta
Kerala-689645

Tentative Date

18th - 20th November,2015

For more details

Contact Conference
Coordinator/
Secretary

Dr. Mathew P Joseph

Principal
Catholicate College
Pathanamthitta
Kerala-689645

Sultanate Period
Theme of the
Conference/Seminar
/

Two days Seminar on The Sultanate Period and the

Early Mughal Empire

Workshop
Venue

Department of Persian,
University of Delhi

Tentative Date

Contact to Conference Coordinator

For more details

Contact Conference
Coordinator/
Secretary

Prof. Chander Shekhar

Head,
Department of Persian,
University of Delhi

Women Study
Theme of the
Conference/Seminar
/

Two Days National Seminar on Women Through

the
Ages:
with
Special
Reference
to
Maharashtra

Workshop
Venue

Vivekanand College,
2130, EWard, Tarabai Park,
Kolhapur-416103 (Maharashtra)

Tentative Date

Contact to Conference Coordinator

For more details

Contact Conference
Coordinator/
Secretary

Dr. H.B.Patil
Principal,
Vivekanand College,
2130, EWard, Tarabai Park,
Kolhapur-416103 (Maharashtra)