ANALOG COMMUNCIATION

1.

What are the main components needed for a

communication?

Sender, Transmission line and Receiver.

1. What is Sampling? What is Sampling Theorem?
Sampling is defined as the process in which an analog signals are converted into digital signals. It means that a
continuous time signal is converted into a discrete time signal.
Sampling Theorem is defined as : The continuous time signal that can be represented in its samples and
recovered back if the sampling frequency (fs) is greater than the maximum frequency of the signal (fm) that is fs
>2fm.
2. Define PAM and write down its drawbacks?

Pulse Amplitude Modulation is the process by which the amplitude of the regularly spaced pulses varies according
to the the amplitude of the modulating signal.

The drawbacks are:

a. Since the amplitude of the pulses varies therefore the peak power of the modulating s/g is much greater.

b. The bandwidth required for transmitting is greater since the amplitude varies.

3. What is Modulation? What happens in over modulation?

Ans: Modulation is defined as the process in which some characteristics of the signal called carrier is varied
according to the modulating or baseband signal. For example Amplitude Modulation, Phase Modulation,
Frequency Modulation.

In case of over modulation, the modulation index is greater than one and envelope distortion occurs.

4. What do you mean by Nyquist rate?

Ans: In case of Nyquist rate, the sampling frequency is equal to the maximum frequency of the signal and
therefore the successive cycles of the spectrum does not overlap.

5. What do you mean by FM and classify FM?

Ans: Frequency Modulation can be defined as the frequency of the carrier (wc) is varied acc. to the modulating
signal about an unmodulated frequency.

FM are of 2 types:

a. Narrowband FM

b. Wideband FM

6. What is under sampling?

Ans: Under sampling is also known as aliasing effect in which the the sampling frequency is less than the
maximum frequency of the signal and therefore the successive cycles of the spectrum overlap.

7. State the advantages of superheterodyning?

Ans: The advantages are:

a. High selectivity and sensitivity.

b. No change in Bandwidth that is bandwidth remains same all over the operating range.

c. High adjacent channel rejection.

To heterodyne means to mix to frequencies together so as to produce a beat frequency, namely

the difference between the two. Amplitude modulation is a heterodyne process: the information
signal is mixed with the carrier to produce the side-bands. The side-bands occur at precisely the
sum and difference frequencies of the carrier and information. These are beat frequencies
(normally the beat frequency is associated with the lower side-band, the difference between the
two).

superheterodyne refers to creating a beat frequency that is lower than the original
signal
the superheterodyne receiver always reduces to the same value
of IF. we have discussed that superheterodyning is simply reducing
the incoming signal is frequency by mixing. In a radio application we
are reducing the AM or FM signal which is centered on the carrier

frequency to some intermediate value, called the IF (intermediate

frequency).
8. What is multiplexing? Name the types of multiplexing?

Ans: Multiplexing is defined as the process in which a number of message signals are combined together to form
composite signals so that they can be transmitted through the common channel.

The two types of multiplexing are:

a. Frequency Division Multiplexing: In this technique, fixed frequency bands are allotted to every user in the
complete channel bandwidth. Such frequency is allotted to user on a continuous basis.

b. Time Division Multiplexing: When the pulse is present for the short time duration and most of the time their
is no signal present in-between them than this free space between the two pulses can occupied by the pulses from
other channels. This is known as Time Division Multiplexing.

9. What is Amplitude Modulation?

Ans: Amplitude Modulation is defined as the process in which the instantaneous value of the amplitude of the
carrier is varied according to the amplitude of the modulating or base band signal.

10. How can be aliasing be avoided?

Ans: Aliasing can be avoided if:

a. Sampling frequency must be greater than the frequency of the modulating signal.

b. The frequency should be band limited to maximum frequency of the signal(fm) Htz.

uestion-2: Draw the Basic Block Diagram of Communication System.

Answer: The block diagram of communication system is given as follow:

Question 3: Explain different modes used for communication.

Answer: According to the mode of communication, it is divided into

1) Line Communication: In this mode of communication, the medium of transmission is a pair of conductors
called transmission lines. Both the Tx and Rx are connected via a wire or line.
2) Wireless or Radio Communication: In this mode, a message is transmitted through a open medium as in
space by electromagnetic wave which are known as radio waves.

Question 4: What are different types of communication system.

Answer: Their are three basic types of communication system, which are1) Simplex Communication System:

Simplex Communication System

Here, the communication system that is capable of transmitting information through, called simplex transmission
system. In simplex type, one unit is equipped with a transmitter and the other side is equipped with only one
receiver

but

communication

is

done

only

one

way

by

transmitter.

For Example: T.V. broadcast system.

2) Half-Duplex Communication System:

Half-Duplex Communication System

Here, the communication system that is capable of transmitting information in both directions but the flow is only
one way at a given time that why it is known as half-duplex. In HDX type, one unit is equipped with transmitter as
well receiver at one end and a transmitter-receiver at the other end but information cant flow simultaneously in
both

the

For Example: Walkie-Talkie

3) Full Duplex Communication System:

Full Duplex Communication System

directions.

Here the flow of communication takes place in both the direction simultaneously. Full-duplex Ethernet connections
work on the principles of full-duplex where data packets are received and sent simultaneously at a given time.
For Example: Phone
Question 7: What is the difference between analog modulation and digital modulation.
Answer: In analog modulation bandwidth required is low while in digital modulation due to higher bit rate, heigher
channel bandwidth are required.
Question 10: Explain the term companding.
Answer: Companding is the term derived from the combination of two terms
COMPANDING= COMPRESSION + EXPANDING

1.

What is known as Bandwidth?

Bandwidth is the frequency range, in hertz (Hz), between the upper

and lower frequency limits.

1.

Range of Audio Frequency?

20Hz to 20 KHz

1.

Range of Radio Frequency?

10 KHz to 1000GHz.
13. What is the range of frequency in commercial AM broadcasting?

540 KHz to 1600 KHz has a 10 KHz bandwidth.

What is baseband?

It is a band of frequencies occupied by a message signal.

Modulation index?

Modulation index (m) is the ratio between the amplitude of the

message signal to the amplitude of the unmodulated carrier signal.
25. What is envelope detector?

A circuit containing a diode in series with an RC network, used to

perform demodulation. An envelope detector, which demodulates
an AM signal, cannot demodulate an SSB signal

Balance modulators translate a message signal to two

sidebands and suppress the carrier signal frequency to
produce a DSB signal.

FM modulation index the ratio of frequency deviation to the

message signal frequency.
35. What is signal to noise ratio?

A signal-to-noise ratio is the ratio of the magnitude of the signal to

that of noise (often expressed in decibels).
37. What is phase-locked loop (PLL)?
Phase-locked loop (PLL) is a circuit that locks onto a phase
relationship between an input signal and a VCO signal, and
produces an error signal. The error signal is fed back to control the
VCO frequency so that it equals the input frequency.
39. What is voltage controlled oscillator (VCO)?

Voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) an oscillator that uses an input

voltage to control its output frequency.

44. What is white noise?

A noise is white if its PSD (Power Spectral Density) equals constant
for all frequencies.
49. Vestigial Sideband Modulation?

Instead of transmitting only one sideband as SSB, VSB modulation

transmits a partially suppressed sideband and a vestige of the other
sideband.
Eg: Television Signals