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A. Abou El-Ela
Ahmed M. Azmy
I.
INTRODUCTION
847
( IC i + UC i ) + m * R C + j * R IC
i,
Re i is the load percentage of residential customers,
Imi is the load percentage of very important places,
Ini is the load percentage of industrial customers,
Where:
(1)
i =1
Where:
IC i is the customer outage cost due to outage in section i,
fault at section i.
848
A. Evolution process
The GA searches for the global optimum value of the
objective function through a search space, which is called
population. The size of the initial population is varied by the
size of the feeder system. The population is constituted from a
number of possible solutions known as individuals, where
each individual is also called chromosome. In this
mathematical analysis, a set of chromosomes is randomly
generated as initial population. The performance of each
individual is evaluated by calculating the total cost. The
individuals are then ranked depending on their corresponding
costs and a suitable fitness value is assigned to each one. The
fitness values are calculated depending on the position of the
individuals within the population rather than their distinct
performance. Fitness values between maximum and minimum
limits are calculated with fixed incremental steps and assigned
to the ranked individuals.
The main implementation steps of the GA-based
optimization are summarized in the flowchart shown in Fig 1.
Where:
Cre is the average sale price of residential customer per kWh.
Cco is the average sale price of commercial customer per
kWh.
Cin is the average sale price of industrial customer per kWh
T
+
T
,
i
>
j
,
L
>
L
k T
r
f
k =j
ODij =
(6)
, i > j , Lk LT
T f +Ts
k =j
,
i
j
<
f
Where:
Tf is the amount of time for finding a faulty location and
isolating it (hours).
T r is the amount of time for repairing a fault (hours).
Start
Initialize chromosome population
Calculate the cost of each member
Evaluate fitness of each individual and perform fitness scaling
Parent chromosomes selection
Create a new offspring (Crossover& Mutation)
Yes
Number
of generations
between migrations
is reached?
IV.
Migrate
individuals
between
subpopulations
No
No
Maximum
number of
generation is
reached?
Yes
Stop
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TABLE I
PARAMETERS USED IN THE GA-BASED OPTIMIZATION PROCESS
Number of subpopulations
20
60
200
0.8
0.8
Crossover rate
0.8
Mutation rate
0.02
100
0.2
10
V. CASE STUDY
A part of the Egyptian distribution network is used as a
real distribution test system to show the capability of the
proposed technique to improve the feeder performance
through optimally sitting of the RTUs. There are 28 points
that are considered for placing RTUs. Therefore, 28 unknown
variables are associated with each individual in the GA. A
ring distribution system is assumed, which is divided into two
radial feeders where each feeder has many sections and each
section has a lumped load center as shown in Fig. 2.
Table 2 shows the results when the optimization
technique is applied to the investigated network to express the
positions of RTUs. In addition, the suitable relocations of
RTUs on these feeders can be obtained. With reasonable
number of generations, the optimal locations in addition to the
total cost including utility cost can be obtained.
TABLE 2
OPTIMAL LOCATIONS OF RTUS USING GA
Bus.ID 2
Initial 0
Optimal 0
4
0
1
6
0
0
8
0
0
10
0
0
12
0
0
14
1
0
16
0
1
18
0
0
20
0
0
22
0
0
Bus.ID 24
Initial 1
Optimal 0
26
0
0
28
0
0
30
0
0
32
0
0
34
0
0
36
0
0
38
0
0
40
1
1
42
0
0
44
0
0
Bus.ID 46
Initial 0
Optimal 0
48
0
0
50
1
0
53
0
0
55
0
0
57
0
1
9380.9
7579.1
850
TABLE 3
OPTIMAL LOCATIONS OF RTUS USING GA CONSIDERING THE CUSTOMER
INTERRUPTION COST
Bus.ID 2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Initial 0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Optimal 0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Bus.ID 24
Initial 1
Optimal 0
26
0
0
28
0
0
30
0
0
32
0
1
34
0
0
Bus.ID 46
Initial 0
Optimal 0
48
0
0
50
1
1
53
0
0
55
0
1
36
0
0
57
0
1
38
0
1
40
1
1
42
0
0
44
0
0
27078
18806
Fig 3 Voltage profile for the first feeder at the left hand side of test system
Voltage
(kv)
kw
Loading
kvar
loading
B1
B2
B4
B6
B8
B10
B12
B14
B16
B18
B20
B22
B24
B26
B28
B30
B32
B34
B36
B38
B40
B42
B44
B46
B48
B50
B53
B55
B57
10.516
10.507
10.505
10.499
10.495
10.491
10.489
10.483
10.481
10.48
10.479
10.479
10.439
10.439
10.442
10.442
10.442
10.443
10.452
10.456
10.459
10.463
10.467
10.47
10.471
10.484
10.486
10.49
10.503
2875
1100
1058
899
770
668
598
546
380
210
94.586
34.423
34.25
113
139
184
316
346
434
550
716
827
953
1086
1212
1434
1452
1640
1772
1814
695
669
568
486
423
378
345
240
132
59.368
21.518
21.734
71.734
87.911
116
199
218
273
347
452
521
602
685
765
904
915
1035
1118
Amp
loading
(A)
186.6
71.49
68.79
58.45
50.09
43.5
38.93
35.56
24.77
13.64
6.153
2.237
2.243
7.418
9.094
12
20.67
22.63
28.33
35.92
46.77
53.93
62.18
70.82
79.02
93.37
94.51
106.7
115.1
Cable
Length
(m)
270
70
210
200
200
80
380
170
150
420
50
650
30
650
50
100
100
850
250
200
200
170
100
40
350
40
100
270
240
Fig 4 Voltage profile for the second feeder at the right hand side of test system
851
Bus.ID 24
Initial 1
Optimal 1
26
0
1
28
0
0
30
0
0
32
0
1
Bus.ID 46
Initial 0
Optimal 0
48
0
0
50
1
1
53
0
0
55
0
1
34
0
0
57
0
1
36
0
0
38
0
1
40
1
1
42
0
0
44
0
0
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