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TAKS REVIEW World History Pre-AP DUEZ
Democratic Heritage of United States from the World-TAKS Objective 4
Event Date Significance
Greek City States-Athens Approximately 500 B.C. First known democracy where all male citizens
met to decide on matters of government-direct
democracy
Roman Republic 509 B.C.-27 B.C. Republican form of democracy-where the citizens
of Rome elected officials to run the government
for them
Magna Carta in England 1215 English King John agreed to follow the laws of
the land, follow due process before imprisoning a
free man or seizing his property, and agreed to
seek the approval of nobles before taxing-King
was not above the law
Establishment of Parliament in 1295 House of Lords (hereditary) and Commons
England (elected representatives) formed to give advice
and approval to the king, especially over matters
of taxation
English Revolution 1640-1660 and 1688 Two revolutions (Puritan and Glorious) where
Parliament rebelled against kings of England over
violations of principles of the Magna Carta and
king who did not respond to the wishes of his
people; resulted in a limited monarchy ruled by
law in England instead of an absolute monarchy
Writ of Habeas Corpus 1679 English king could not hold a person in jail
without telling him of the charges
English Bill of Rights 1689 List of basic rights of Englishmen: no standing
army; no taxes without the permission of
Parliament; basic freedoms and liberties for
citizens such as freedom of speech and right to
trial by jury
Writings of John Locke 1690 Justified the English revolution when he asserted
that the people had the right to rebel against the
government if they did not guarantee their
“inalienable rights” of life, liberty, and property;
major influence on Thomas Jefferson in the
writing of the Declaration of Independence
Many of the ideas of the Declaration of Independence reflect the thinking of the English philosopher, John Locke as
well as other Age of Reason thinkers (Hobbes -social contract, Rousseau-will of the majority)
Major Grievances of the Declaration of Independence, 1776 /Corrections in U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights-
TAKS Obj 4
Grievance Correction-Constitution or Bill of Rights
King imposed taxes without consent of colonists All taxes must be approved by Congress; Congress is made up of
House of Representatives and Senators who are elected by
citizens
King made the military superior to the civil The commander-in-chief of the military is a civilian-the President
government
King kept a standing army among the colonists Congress is the only one that can raise and support the army;
they fund the army
King housed troops in the homes of colonists 3rd Amendment of the Bill of Rights-no quartering of soldiers
without consent of citizens
King refused petition of citizens 1st Amendment-citizens have the right to petition government
King controlled the judges Federal judges are appointed for a life term; approved by the
Senate
King denied colonists a trial by jury 6th Amendment guaranteed trial by jury-7th Amendment
guarantees a jury in civil cases
Those believing the Constitution created too powerful a central government and did not protect the rights of the
people were called Anti-Federalists (Patrick Henry and Richard Henry Lee of Virginia). Their argument against
ratification included:
1. Ratification of the Constitution endangered the rights of the states.
2. Slavery would be a divisive issue and might lead to a war.
3. A consolidated government would result in tyranny.
4. A national government would have unrestricted power over trade and commerce that
could hurt some states.
5. The federal government would be too large to protect liberty and preserve property.
6. Federal (national) authority would undermine state authority.
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TAKS REVIEW World History Pre-AP DUEZ
Bill of Rights- 1791 A list of the rights of the people the government was to protect and guarantee-TAKS Obj. 4
Amendment Provision Example/Significance
First Freedom of speech, press, assembly, petition, Called the Liberty Amendment
and religion-Freedom of Expression
Second Right to bear arms Reason for debate over gun control
Third No quartering of soldiers in citizens’ homes British had done this before the Revolution
Fourth No unreasonable searches and seizures Keeps the government from searching without a
warrant or in special situations where safety is an
issue
Fifth Due process Certain legal procedures must be carried out before
a person can be tried and punished-example-can’t be
forced to testify against self.
Sixth Guarantees a fair and impartial trial in criminal Keeps trial public to protect the person; requires a
cases jury of citizens to decide unless waived by the
defendant
Seventh Jury trial in civil cases Jury decides a law suit
Eighth No cruel and unusual punishment or Punishment is to fit the crime
unreasonable bail for those found guilty of a
crime
Ninth Rights not specified are kept by the people Privacy is one of these rights
Tenth Reserved powers to the states Powers not given to the federal government are
guaranteed to the states-states rights
Issues Surrounding Freedom of Expression (First Amendment): Free Speech and Free Press
Speech-Opinions on issues that might be unpopular with the majority must be protected. However, this right
can be restricted during times of war. Speech can also be curtailed when urging resistance to authority or advocating
the overthrow of the government. Inaccurate speech that damages a person’s reputation (libel) is illegal.
Press-Free press is basic and necessary for a free society. It allows a variety of opinions to be written as well
as viewed on television. This is the principle way we get information about government activities. Unlike other
countries, where the government can censor or control the press, the U.S. can only censor in cases of national security.
Untrue stories that damage a person’s reputation cannot be legally published.
The Challenges of the New Nation Under the Constitution-1791-1877 (Underlying Causes of the Civil War)-
TAKS Objective 1
Nullification Crisis- Southern states led by South Carolinian Senator John C. Calhoun who decided they could
1832 nullify or ignore a law passed by the federal government if it hurt their interests-STATES
RIGHTS superior to national rights. At first it was over tariff (taxes over imports from other
countries). Later it was used to rebel against attempts to prevent the spread of slavery
Sectionalism Regional differences between different areas of the country
North-manufacturing, shipping, fishing, small farms
South-plantation farming with slave labor
West-agriculture and shipping-bread basket of the country
Slavery With invention of the cotton gin, slavery grew as did the debate over its morality.
Abolitionism grew especially in the North.
Western Expansion As more territory was added to the country, the struggle by the North to prevent the extent
of slavery collided with the Southern desire to spread slavery; Compromises such as the
Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850 had to be made to keep a balance
between free and slave states.
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TAKS REVIEW World History Pre-AP DUEZ
Civil War-1861-1865 Fought between the North and South over the difference mentioned above. Began when
Abraham Lincoln was elected president and seven Southern states withdrew from the union. After fighting began,
four more states joined the Confederacy.-TAKS Objective 1
Advantages of the North Population, industry, resources, transportation, navy
Advantages of the South Military Leadership-Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, etc.; experienced military
Emancipation Issued by Lincoln after the bloodiest single day battle of the Civil War at Antietam-freed
Proclamation-1863 the slaves to keep France and Britain from helping the South
Gettysburg, July, 1863 Bloodiest three days of the war; South’s attempt to invade the North
Surrender at Appomattox General Lee surrendered to General Grant; North Victorious
Reconstruction Period after the Civil War-rebuild the nation. Many people didn’t like Lincoln’s plan to
treat the South leniently. When he was assassinated a harsh plan followed.
Physical Features-Place Distinct features that impact life 1. Topography-mountains vs. desert living
1. Topography or terrain of the land 2. Access to bodies of water-Greek city state
2. Bodies of water (seas, rivers, etc.) of Athens became a trading power because of
Aegean Sea; Italian city states in Renaissance
wealthy because of trade in the Mediterranean
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TAKS REVIEW World History Pre-AP DUEZ
Physical Features-Place 3. Climate-location, altitude, and 3. Climate-further north of equator, the colder
(continued) proximity to water and longer the winter; the closer to the equator,
4. Vegetation the warmer the climate, unless at a high altitude
forest 4. Vegetation-Middle section of the United
savanna (grassland with trees) States, grassy plains-grows much of the wheat
grassland (no trees) of the world-“Breadbasket”
deserts 5. Resources-can impact economy if valuable,
5. Available natural resources i.e. oil in the Middle East, gold in California
Region An area with common characteristics 1. Physical-Sahara Desert-similar topography,
Physical climate, and vegetation
Cultural 2. Cultural-Middle East or Latin America-
these share similar language and religion
Human-Environmental How humans interact with their Culture is often determined by what they have
Interaction geographic features done to adapt to the geography; example-
building materials for home based on
availability of wood, clay for bricks, etc.
Movement Position of objects on earth’s surface Migration-movement of plants, animals,
and people from one place to another.
Example when the Europeans came to the
New World after Columbus
Spatial diffusion-spread of ideas, beliefs.
Example-spread of Greek culture by
Alexander the Great or the spread of
Christianity through the Roman Empire by
Peter and Paul
Irish Potato Famine- Disease destroyed the potatoes in the Promise of wealth and opportunity in United
1840’s ground-starvation due to lack of food States
Slave Trade-1500-1800’s Economic gain available in the New World if
a labor force could be provided. Forced
migration of Africans needed by large
plantation owners because the Indians had not
proved viable as a labor force
Conquering of the Aztec, Lure of gold and riches of these civilizations
Mayan, and Incan by the Spanish
Civilzations-1500’s
French Revolution-1789-1799 challenged the idea of hereditary rule of an absolute monarch and social
equality. Ideas swept Europe.
Russian Revolution-1917 Attempt to rid Russia of an absolute monarch called the tsar. Resulted in a
second revolution when the new theory of communism was attempted.
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TAKS REVIEW World History Pre-AP DUEZ
The types of data that can be used with the following skills:
1. Sequencing events-what is the order of events
Examples: A timeline will be given with one event missing and one will have to provide that event.
A series of events will be given and students will identify the correct order.
2. Comparison and contrast-what are the similarities and differences
Example: Two pieces of data will be given and one will have to point out the similarities and differences
3. Categorizing-what are the common characteristics between different pieces of information
Example: Two pieces of data will be given and the question will ask for the common characteristics between them.
4. Determining cause and effect-relationship between what happened and why it happened
Example: Either the cause or effect will be given and one will have to provide the other
5. Drawing conclusions-use facts presented in the question and prior knowledge
Example-One will have to draw a conclusion from the information in the question or the data given as well as applying
personal knowledge
6. Summarize-identify the main points of the passage
Example-One will identify the main points from the data given
7. Generalizations-a general statement about the facts given
Example-One will have to pick the correct generalization to fit the facts seen in the data
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TAKS REVIEW World History Pre-AP DUEZ
8. Inferences-detecting bias, recognizing points of view, predicting, making applications, inferring relationships.
Example: One will have to identify the point of view expressed in an editorial cartoon
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