Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Submitted By
Ashiqul Karim Bhuiyan
ID: 132 0534 030
Tamrin Al-Deen
ID: 132 1098 030
Mahir Sadnam Mollah
ID: 122 0995 030
Najnin Sultana
ID: 123 0274 030
Introduction
The concept of car sharing has emerged in different types of forms in different times throughout
the world. Car sharing is basically a membership system of sharing cars where car owners share
their car with other people heading towards the same destination. According to Transportation
Research Board, Washington D.C. (2005) Car sharing is a membership program intended to
offer an alternative to car ownership under which persons or entities that become members are
permitted to use vehicles from a fleet on an hourly basis. Car sharing may be of different types
such as formal which means using an organized car share scheme or it could be informal.
Though there are some drawbacks of car sharing, it is getting popularity for its manifold
advantages including reduced fuel cost and parking fees, lower carbon emission, less traffic
congestion etc.
This report is mainly focused on the various forms of processes or schemes on different car
sharing systems. The whole car sharing systems is divided into three main category in which
first two processes are more or less focused on unused car sharing through using a big
business platform. The last scheme are mainly focused on ride sharing by individual owners
by interacting with some other passengers. The categories are: 1) Business to Consumer Car
Sharing System (B2C); 2) Peer to Peer Car Sharing System (P2P); 3) Dynamic Car Sharing
System through Mobile Application. Typically all the processes has own advantages and
disadvantages. The three processes has some common basic characteristics instead of having
lots of distinctive parts. Although three systems operates in three different ways, eventually
all are extracting benefits towards the users of the systems.
Registration Process
Users generally can become a member of car sharing system through website or mobile
application. In both the platform, users need to provide their general information such as
name, contact address, email address etc. and have to fulfil requirements for joining system.
A one-time fee is charged upon initial membership registration. Both platform works very
fast access based because here a central business organization manage all steps to keep the
operation smooth. Operators frequently changes the information in platform which eliminates
the probability of outdated information. In a sense B2C car sharing system does not
differentiate between static and dynamic system. On contrary, there are also difference
between two platforms in terms of registration and reservation.
Registration Process through Website and Mobile Application
Users need to submit the driving and accident record declaration documents along with a
copy of license and passport or ID into the record submission section in the website for
joining and using services. In case of sharing the driving time, users need to add names and
relevant documents such as license of fellow family members or friends to his or her account
so they can drive too.
Users can only be able to be a member of the system through mobile app based systems but
they cant be able to use services until they verify their documents either through website or
local office branch. The entrepreneur takes the sole risk in this system of car sharing system
which force them to restrict users from using services before proper verification.
Mainly applications are used for conveniently providing later on services like choosing and
searching the routes. It is at a time cost efficient to use because most of those applications are
freeware and copyrighted. Freeware applications are free for everybody and copyrighted
applications give the owner rights to place restrictions on its use at any time if needed.
1. Station-based car-sharing: This car sharing services mainly replacing traditional car
rental. In this type of system vehicles are located at stations covering a specific area.
Vehicles should be returned to the same pick-up station after finishing the journey by
the users. Standardized fees and usage time calculated in one-hour intervals or km
driven (An & Gu, 2014).
2. Free-floating car-sharing: Here vehicles are spread out across the city. No specific
standardized pick-up and return points exists in this systems. Users can pick up and
return anywhere within a prescribed area. Standardized fees and usage times
calculated in minute intervals (An & Gu, 2014). It is a kind of one way service and it
is flexible. There are reserved parking on both ends (pick up and drop off end), so
when users book for a car, need to choose where they want to go.
Cancellation Process of a Reservation
For reservations that are less than 8 hours long, users can cancel or shorten their reservation
up to 3 hours before the start time without charge. For reservations that are 8 hours or longer,
users have to do it at least 24 hours in advance. If users don't cancel or shorten with the
required advance notice, they will be responsible for the full amount of the reservation. For
example, there's a 30-minute window in Zipcar after users book their car where they can
make any changes without incurring a charge. If the Vehicle is subsequently used by another
Member during the cancelled period, this portion of the cancellation fee will be waived
(MODO, 2014).
In case of an un-cancelled reservation and a no show by the User, the User will be:
(i)
(ii)
Driving Process
Customers can sign up for Text Alerts - reminders about reservations. Users need to arrive
at their chosen pick up station of car sharing company on the booked day. Users can find the
Car-Sharing vehicles at local sites, in reserved parking spaces. The mobile app allows
customers to locate the car. The whole driving process are divided into some sub stages;
those are:
1) Unlocking the Reserved Car: At the time of travel, users must hold their smartcard
against the card reader in the windshield. Holding it steady for a few seconds the doors
will unlock. Subsequently customers can use either their smartphone or smartcard to lock
and unlock the vehicle. A car-key, if needed (some cars have start buttons instead of
keys), is stored inside the car, attached to the steering column (Walker, 2015).
2) Checking Car before Driving: Since there are no staff at the car park, users need to
check the condition of the car themselves. They are expected to return it in the same state.
In case users have to refill the tank, there is a fuel-card on-board for easy cash-free
transactions. If any kind of damages exist, have to report to authority through provided
contact number of the services and have to demonstrate the details of damage as much as
possible (TOSCA, n.d.).
3) Fuel and Parking Related Cost: Usually parked car contains with fully loaded fuel tank.
Each User can use the Car Sharing Service free of charge. All additional costs related to
the use of the Car Sharing Service, such as fuel and parking costs, are for the account of
the User. The User must return the Vehicle with a full fuel tank. If the User returns the
vehicle without a full fuel tank, company will refill the fuel tank with the User's expense
(FIAT, 2015).
Alternatively, some car sharing company provides a fuel card in their car. User just need
to use it when fuel tank becomes empty.
4) Use of the Vehicle: The Vehicle may not be driven by anyone other than the User and
cannot be given to third parties, not even in the presence of the User. Only can drive the
registered fellow members from users side.
5) Extending Reservation while Driving: If the reservation is too short, the member will
need to extend it, which is cumbersome and can only be done if there are no reservations
immediately afterwards. Users can extend using the iPhone or Android app, SMS,
mobile website or calling on operator office. Car sharing operators typically charge a high
penalty if members return the vehicle after their reservation has ended (e.g., Zipcar
charges $50 as of 2011) (Barrios, 2012).
6) Clearing Toll Passes and Commercial Parking Zone: If car sharing service comes with
an own toll pass, users don't need to use their own personal pass instead as this may
confuse the system and result in double-charging. If user are in one of the cities that does
not offer toll passes, they may use own pass as long as following the rules and regulations
set up by the toll authority. In the case of an unpaid toll, company should have to redirect
expense to user, along with a penalty charge.
Many of the cars of car sharing services have commercial plate. So user should avoid
commercial parking place area because it will cost a heavy parking ticket and toll
expense.
7) Roadside Assistance: In case of an unexpected breakdown, the roadside assistance
service offers convenient help based on location information and remote diagnostics
(EVERIS, 2014). For Example, Zipcar membership includes roadside assistance 24 hours
a day, 365 days a year.
8) Accident and Breakdown: The User shall promptly report to the central system about
any breakdowns, accidents or mechanical problems of the Vehicle and complete and sign
the agreed statement of facts on the motor vehicle accident claim form. In case of a
breakdown, the Customer must immediately contact the assistance service as indicated on
the sticker displayed in the sun visor of the Vehicle (FIAT, 2015).
9) Return the Car: At the end of the trip, users have to return the car to its parking space.
Cars home location directions are available on reservation confirmation and in the
mobile apps. They must put the keys back in their place, and close car or locker using
smart card. As modern Car-Sharing is increasingly relying on electronic systems, ride
data (mileage and time) are usually recorded and transmitted automatically. Otherwise
users need to fill in a simple receipt showing mileage and time of start and return
(TOSCA, n.d.). In case of station based drop off location, users need to return the car in
exact place where they picked it up. On contrary, free floating drop off location selection
gives users flexibility to return the car in the preferred parking place of their destination
area.
Returning a car after booking period associated with some additional expense.
Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
Disadvantages
Limited Fleet
Start-up Cost (e.g., securing parking spaces)
2) Book: Users can book cars near them with GoGets app, mobile site or online booking
system. Booking period based on hourly basis, or for a full day. Users need to select
places to pick up car, booking period (starting and ending time), car type and special
features. Types of car includes:
Audis
SUVs
Commercial Vans
Handyman Utes
People Movers
Wagons
Hybrid and Electric Cars
Special feature includes:
Bluetooth
Child Seats
Pet Friendly
Roof Racks
Cruise Control
All plans include petrol, dedicated parking, insurance, maintenance and cleaning.
3) Swipe: Users just need to take a short walk to car pick up place and hold their smart card
over the reader on the cars windscreen. The doors will unlock and the keys are in the car
ready with full fuel tank for users.
4) Go: Now users can visit their friends, go to a business meeting or get away for the
weekend. All they need to do is return the car to where initially picked it up. So GoGet
only provides station based service. Users must be sure to leave at least a quarter tank of
fuel in the car. Theres a fuel card in the car, users should fill up and the company will
cover the cost. Cleaning, registration, insurance and maintenance are also included. All
the cost will be redirected to users registered debit/credit card.
The owners need to follow some steps to get the P2P car sharing service. The steps are
described below.
1. Listing the Vehicles:
1.1 Creating account: At first, the owner needs to create an account profile via the website of
the system or using the mobile application. Here the owner needs to open an account through
which the payment system will work. Its based on credit card and the account is connected to
the system. When the payment is done, certain amount of money is transferred to the owners
account. After analysing the credit card information, the system allows the owners to join and
share the car.
1.2 Naming the Vehicle: Here, the owners need to name their car. This name will be used to
create the distinct URL for that particular car. The owners can use the URL to promote the car
(Cardiff Council Travel Planning Resources, 2009) by posting on Facebook, twitter, and other
social media.
1.3 Setting Location, Price, and Availability: Then the owner sets the location to let renters
know where to pick up and return the car. Other location details will be sent privately with the
rental instructions. The owners then set a repeating weekly schedule or use robust calendar to
block off days when the car isn't available. The car is available for rentals otherwise. The
owners also set price either manually or using dynamic pricing. Dynamic Pricing is an
intelligent feature that adjusts the owners listings daily prices automatically, which is
designed to maximize the earnings with data-driven prices. Its based on a powerful algorithm
that incorporates seasonality, demand, geography, and car type.
1.4 Providing Descriptions and Pickup Instructions: Here, the owners write down the
descriptions of their cars. Usually they mention benefits, extra features, the driving experience,
and anything the renter should know. Moreover, they clearly explain pickup and return
instructions with location and parking details. The P2P car sharing system sends this
information privately to the renter. The owners also need to share the photos of the cars to grab
attention.
2. Installing Security Devices:
The P2P car sharing service providers pick up the owners cars or send technicians to set up a
vehicle technology for maximum security and convenience. Its required for certain rides while
strongly recommended for others. Users need to pay a certain amount of money to the service
provider to get this service. Its a small, hidden device installed by one of the trained technicians
and it does some pretty cool stuff. Key features of this device are listed below:
Keyless Entry: No need to hand over keys-unless owner want to. Renters can use the
mobile app or call 24/7 Customer Service to access their vehicle during reservation.
GPS & Accelerometer: It monitors every vehicle, keeping an eye out for sings towing,
break in, harsh breaking and turns or reckless driving in general. If the vehicle needs to
be located due to an emergency, the system provider can access its coordinates.
Geo-fencing: You can designate a boundary for your vehicle. Borrowers who go
beyond this area will receive an alert
Recovery & Immobilization: In the unlikely event that your vehicle is stolen, or taken
outside of a designated area, has the ability to notify the authorities of the vehicle
location and immobilize it.
3. Insurance:
Rentals of this system are insured through a certain amount of money as a primary insurance
policy. Coverage includes liability, collision, property damage, uninsured motorist protection,
and theft. All cars on this system include primary insurance during rentals. But owners need to
maintain their own insurance outside of rentals.
4. Responding to Requests:
The owner of the car gets notified when someone requests his/her car. Then the owner confirms
or declines the trip as soon as possible, and contacts the traveller if the owner has any questions.
The owner can get the renters identity when the request notification comes. The P2P car
sharing service providers work with the Department of Motor Vehicles to check for good driver
history as well as verify identity through Facebook, the credit bureau, and sixteen other points
of reference. After observing the condition of the driver and the trip, the owner takes decision
whether he/she would respond or not.
5. Exchanging Virtual Key and Renting out:
After accepting the renter the owner send a text through the app or GSM network to the renter.
The owner provides all necessary information about the condition of the car such as the fuel
condition. After the conversation between the owner and the renter, the owner allows the renter
to get access to the car. Here the system of the service provider gets notification from the owner
to give permission to the renter regarding the access to unlock the car with the mobile app. The
mobile app communicates directly with the company's in-vehicle telematics device in the car
(Mller & Schnabel, n.d.). Finally, the car is rented out to the renter and the system starts
tracking the renters trip.
6. Getting paid:
When the trip is accepted, the payment is made by the renter. Then the system calculates the
amount needed to be transferred to the owners account. Then the owner gets notification about
the payment. Moreover, the owner can track the location of the car when the renter is ridding
the car.
7. Receiving the Car:
When the trip is over, the owner gets notification from the system. The owner checks whether
the car is returned to the location he/she mentioned. Then the owner rate the renter according
to the overall performance of the renter.
8. Other options:
The owner can cancel the reservation at least 8 hours before the ride
If the owner wants, he/she can meet the renter for further information
is done, certain amount of money is transferred to the owners account. The renter also need to
submit his/her driving license number and the scanned license copy to the service provider.
The system analyses the license information and credit card validity to allow the renter to join
and rent the vehicles.
2. Finding and Reserving the Car:
After signing up, the renters searches for the cars according to his/her preference, and timing.
The system shows all the available cars within the location set by the renter. Once the renter
has selected the car he/she simply sends a booking request to the car owner. At this point the
system also sends notification to the owner of the car. As soon as the request has been accepted,
the booking is confirmed (Hampshire & Sinha, 2011). The renter will be sent a booking
confirmation notification which will contain the location of the car and all the details he/she
needs to get on the road.
3. Collecting the Virtual Key:
Once the reservation is confirmed, the system takes permission from the owner to allow the
renter to unlock the car by using the mobile application. The mobile application communicates
directly with the company's in-vehicle telematics device in the car. Finally, the car is rented out
to the renter and the system starts tracking the renters trip.
4. Making Payment
The renter has to make the payment just after the confirmation of the ride. Here, the renter is
notified about the amount to be paid. The system calculates the total amount and send
notification to the renter. Then the renter makes payment by credit card with the help of the
mobile app.
5. Picking up Car and Riding:
After making payment, the renter picks the car and rides confidently. The system tracks the
renters car and provides 24/7 roadside assistance (David & August, 2005). If the renter gets a
flat or have other mechanical troubles the system provider wont leave the renter hanging on
the side of the road. The renter can contact with the system provider through the mobile
application. The renter also gets the comprehensive insurance benefits. This insurance includes
partial recovery to the renter.
6. Returning the Car:
When the ride is over, the renter returns the car to the place mentioned by the owner. Finally,
the renter gives a rating to the owner and the system blocks the permission to unlock the car
by the renter.
7. Other options:
The renter can cancel the reservation at least 8 hours before the ride
If the renter wants, he/she can meet the owner for further information
A car owner can recover a portion of his or her monthly vehicle costs.
Renters can save money because they dont have to buy a car
It makes more efficient use of existing cars which dramatically reduce the number of
cars needed to serve our communitys transport needs
Reducing the number of car leads to reduce the carbon emission
Vehicle Pick
Up Location
Vehicle Drop
off Location
Cost Structure
Maintenance
Responsibility
Possible Trip
Types
Refuelling
Use of Smart
Card
Example
Renter.
Customer responsibility.
No.
green colour and another point is blue colour. Green point will indicate the pick-up location
and blue point will indicate the drop off location. When a driver accepts the request of any
passenger then, this green point speaks to where the driver will expect to pick them up. They
can also manually type in the pickup and drop off location.
They need to confirm their choice on the screen that shows up.
There will be given the option to pay with credit card. This option will turn on by default.
Passengers need to wait exactly in front of the given street address: Passengers will be
given estimation on how long the car will take to appear. On the other hand if there was no
car available, they have to attempt again for a few minutes, as a driver may have dropped his
current passenger and get to be accessible.
The application will provide the phone number of the driver. Passengers can utilize this
number to contact with the driver if they have any extraordinary contemplation.
If any passenger has to cancel the reservation, there are three possible situations here.
(a) If passengers make the cancel request less than five minutes ago, they can cancel it for
free.
(b) If drivers late more than five minutes behind the estimated arrival time, no matter how
long ago passengers make the cancel request, they can cancel it for free.
(c) If passengers make the cancel request after five minutes, and the driver reached on time,
they will be charged a fee based on the area.
Normal pickup times fluctuate by city, time etc.
Knowing the rates: Charges are based on a combination of time and distance. If the car
travel under 17 mph (19 km/h), there will be charged by the minute, and if passengers are
travel over 17 mph (20 km/h), there will be charged by the distance. They will also have to
pay a base rate that varies by location. Waiting charges also will be applicable if drivers have
to wait for more than 15 minutes.
No cash payment: All charge instalments are taken care of consequently by the companys
superintendence from passengers credit card on file.
Driver & passenger ratting: After reached to the desired destination passenger can rate the
driver through the app. The ratting will be based on stars in an ascending order. There will be
comment box so that passenger can leave his/ her comment blow in the comment box based
on their experience. Thats why the company can know about the drivers and other
passengers can also know about the drivers.
Driver also can rate the passengers based on their experience with the passengers. So that
other drivers would be able to know about the passenger as well.
Conclusion
This report concludes with the detail process of three types of car sharing systems; one is about
business to consumer car sharing system, one is about peer to peer car sharing system, and the
other one is about dynamic car sharing system. Three are different types of advantages and
disadvantages of the three car sharing system. All the pros and cons of these ca sharing systems
are discussed in the report. There is another section in this report which includes the comparison
and contrast among the three car sharing systems. That section comes with a clarification about
the selected three systems of car sharing. Finally, it can be concluded that, the report reviles a
lot of information regarding the process of three car sharing systems along with other relevant
aspects related to them.
References
An, H. & Gu, L., 2014. Main Success Factors for Developing Car-sharing in China, Sweden:
Blekinge Institute of Technology.
Anon., 2015. Zipcar. [Online]
Available at: http://www.zipcar.com/how
[Accessed 1 December 2015].
Armet, I. B., Shaheen, S. A., Clonts, K. & Weinzimmer, D., 2014. Peer-to-Peer Carsharing:
exploring Public Perception and Market Characteristics in the San Francisco Bay area,
California. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board,
pp. 27-36.
Barrios, J. A., 2012. On the Performance of Flexible Carsharing.
Bealtaine, 2006. PAY AS YOU DRIVE CARSHARING. [Online]
Available at: http://www.ecoplan.org/library/carshare-paydrive.pdf
[Accessed 2 December 2015].
Cardiff Council Travel Planning Resources, 2009. A Guide to Setting up a Journey Share
Scheme. Cardiff Council Travel Planning Resources.
David, L. A. & August, A., 2005. Car-Sharing: Where and How It Succeeds. Transit
Cooperative Research Center.
EVERIS, 2014. Everis Connected Car Report, Tokyo: s.n.
FIAT, 2015. FIAT Likes U. [Online]
Available at:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=7&ved=0ahUKEwj
M5fjYrrJAhVKkI4KHYs_A3YQFghCMAY&url=http%3A%2F%2Flikesu.fiat.it%2Fstatic%2FPD
F%2FTerms_conditions_EN.pdf&usg=AFQjCNEY5A_bCwrr0ntcLZB1G2bHln6Fgw&bvm
=bv.108194040,d.c2E&cad=rja
[Accessed 1 December 2015].
Hampshire, R. C. & Gaites, C., 2011. Peer-to-Peer Carsharing: Market Analysis and Potential
Growth. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board,
pp. 119-126.
Hampshire, R. C. & Sinha, S., 2011. A Simulation Study of Peer-to-Peer Carsharing. IEEE
Forum on Integrated and Sustainable Transportation Systems.
Kay, M., McCoy, K. & Lyons, W. M., 2013. Moving Together in the 21st Century: How
Ridesharing Supports Livable Communities, Washington, DC : Transportation Research
Board.
MILLARD-BALL, A. et al., 2005. Car-Sharing: Where and How It Succeeds,
WASHINGTON, D.C.: TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD.
MODO, 2014. MODO. [Online]
Available at:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=9&ved=0ahUKEwj
M5fjY-rrJAhVKkI4KHYs_A3YQFghOMAg&url=http%3A%2F%2Fmodo.coop%2Fwp-
content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F03%2Fmodo_Carsharing_handbook.pdf&usg=AFQjCNHz
19ziMPq3iETE7Ir-qP1Wdps_7w&bvm=bv.1081940
[Accessed 1 December 2015].
Mller, A. & Schnabel, I., n.d. Near Field Communication (NFC) in an Automotive
Environment. German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.
Shaheen, S., 1999. CarLink - A smart carsharing system. THE JOURNAL OF WORLD
TRANSPORT POLICY & PRACTICE, 5(3), pp. 121-128.
Shaheen, S. A., Mallery, M. A. & Kingsley, K. J., 2012. Personal vehicle sharing services in
North America. Research in Transportation Business & Management, pp. 71-78.
Swenson, B. & Beiker, S., 2011. Peer-to-Peer Carsharing: Short-Term Hype or Long-Term
Trend?. Independent Study.
Team, N. M., 2014. Zipcar And Car-Sharing Services: Better Than Rentals?. Forbes, 7
January.
TOSCA, n.d. Car-Sharing Intelligent Mobility for European Cities, Montreal: Communauto.
Walker, D. J., 2015. Intelligent Transportation Systems Report for Mobile, London: GSM
Association.