Basics of LED technology

www.be-light.lu
1
 Content

1. LEDs as components 3. Characteristics of LED’s

- Principle - LEDs in the colour space
- Photo SMD - White LED’s technique
- Photo HighPower - Colour mix and luminescent substance
- Light distribution of a LED without leses - Selections of white LEDs

2. Chromaticity diagram 4. Colour differences

- Principle
- Black body curve 5. Brightness & lifetime
- Monitor-display - Temperature & lifetime
- Human spectral sensitivity - Light output (lm/W) of different technics

www.be-light.lu
2
 LEDs as components

 By the recombination of electrons (n,-) and defect-electrons (p,+)

energy is emitted in semiconductors; in LEDs in the form of visible
light.

www.be-light.lu
3
Different semiconductor materials give different light

 Red, Orande, Amber: Gallium arsenid phosphide (GaAsP) and

Aluminiumindium-gallium phosphide (AlInGaP)
 Green: Gallium phosphide (GaP)
 Blue: Siliciumcarbide (SiC)
 UV, blue and green: Indium gallium nitride (InGaN)/Gallium nitride (GaN)
 Near infraret (NIR): Copper plumbide (CuPb)
 White: Mostly blue LEDs with luminescent material

www.be-light.lu
4
Mounting forms of LED chips

www.be-light.lu
5
Detail of a bonding connection with a cut
through a LED-Chip

www.be-light.lu
6
Thermal resistance of LEDs

www.be-light.lu
7
Cut through a PowerLED

www.be-light.lu
8
 Light distribution of a LED without lens

Distribution 120°
nearly „Lambertian”
for
 SMD-LED’s esw
 PowerLED’s without lens

www.be-light.lu
9
LED’s with narrow light distribution

www.be-light.lu
10
 CIE-colour space

 All theoretically possible colours, weighted by the human

perception.
 purely monochromatic colours are placed on the outer
border.

www.be-light.lu
11
CIE 1931
Color Space

www.be-light.lu
12
Spectral sensitivity of the human eye

www.be-light.lu
13
 Black body curve
 Colour temperature is
about the temperature
of a black body emitting
light.

www.be-light.lu
14
Spectral distribution of an ideal black body at differ.
temperatures

 An incandecent lamp (~2800K) is emitting

only a small percentage of visible light

www.be-light.lu
15
 Monitor-colour space (sRGB/NTSC)
Possible colours with LED’s

 Add. example for colour

mix with two colours

www.be-light.lu
16
 Light spectrum of a fluorescent lamp

 Gaz is emitting UV-light

 Inner fluorescent material
converts UV-light into visible light

www.be-light.lu
17
Additive colour mix

www.be-light.lu
18
 Additive colour mix

 White light by blue LED and

yellow “phosphor”
by this all colour temperatures
between ca. 2,800K and
10,000K can be reached.

www.be-light.lu
19
White LED function

www.be-light.lu
20
Spectrum of a white LED

www.be-light.lu
21
Selections of white LED’s
(close to black body curve)

Different LED components producers (Philips-

Lumileds, Osram, Nichia, CREE, Seoul, offer
different selection grids.

www.be-light.lu
22
Selections in detail

www.be-light.lu
23
Lifetime diagram (SEOUL P1)

www.be-light.lu
24
Lifetime diagram (SEOUL P1)

90

www.be-light.lu
25
Degradation of a brand LED vs. a No-name LED

no-name-LED

www.be-light.lu
26
Luminous efficiency (lm/W) for different illuminants

www.be-light.lu
27
 Colour temperature at different natural situations
Light Colour-temperature
Late evening sun before dusk 3500 K
Morning and evening sun 5000 K
Late morning and afternoon sun 5500 K
Sun at noon 5500 - 5800 K
Cloudy heaven 6500 - 7500 K
Fog 8000 K
Blue heaven in shade 9000 - 12000 K
Northern (polar) heaven 15000 - 25000 K

www.be-light.lu
28