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Epidermis
Ungual
crest
Coronary
band
Claw fold
Basal layer
(dorsal epidermis)
Second
phalanx
(P2)
Dermis
Distal
phalanx
(P3)
Coronary
Digital pad band
Ungual
crest
Ungual
process
Claw
fold
Ventral
sole
Lateral wall
(claw plate)
Ventral
epidermis
DERMATOLOGY
Term
Definition
Environmental
Onychopathy/
Onychosis
Paronychia
Caustic agents
Onychitis
Anonychia
Leukonychia
Infectious
Micronychia
Viral
Distemper
Macronychia
Bacterial
Onychodystrophy
Onycholysis
Fungal
Onychomadesis
Onychalgia
Claw pain
Onychogryphosis
Onychomycosis
Onychorrhexis
Protozoal
Leishmania spp
Onychomalacia
Helminth
Ancylostoma spp
Onychophagia
Onychoschizia
Onychocryptosis
Ingrown claws
Uncinaria spp
Arthropods Demodex spp
Neotrombicula autumnalis larvae
Immune-mediated
Hypersensitivities
Autoimmune
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Metabolic
Endocrine
Hyperadrenocorticism
Hypothyroidism
Diabetes mellitus
Acromegaly
Other
History
As in any other dermatological condition, a good history may
give crucial clues as to the underlying aetiology, and is a very
important step in the diagnostic approach. Age of onset, breed,
Atopic dermatitis
Neoplastic
Squamous cell carcinoma (Figure 4)
Companion animal | June 2013, Volume 18 No 4
DERMATOLOGY
Table 2. Continued
Squamous papilloma
Melanoma
Osteosarcoma
Mast cell tumour
Metastatic neoplasia affecting multiple digits
Keratoacanthoma
Eccrine adenocarcinoma
Neurofibrosarcoma
Haemangiopericytoma
Idiopathic
Symmetrical lupoid onychodystrophy (Figures 5 and 7)
Congenital
Anonychia
Dermatological examination
All claws should be thoroughly examined and the following noted:
how many claws are affected; whether the lesions are symmetrical
(multiple claws on multiple feet) or asymmetrical (one or multiple
claws on one foot); and whether pain or pruritus is present.
Symmetrical disease is more likely to be associated with metabolic,
immune-mediated, nutritional or congenital aetiologiesalthough
leishmaniasis, multicentric neoplasia and idiopathic disease should
also be considered. Asymmetrical disease strongly suggests trauma,
infectious disease or neoplasia. Figures 2 to 9 illustrate possible
presentations of the more common claw diseases in dogs.
Onychogryphosis
Diagnostic procedures
Dermatomyositis (Figure 6)
Ichthyosis
Neuropathy/self-mutilation
Acral mutilation syndrome (Figure 9)
Clinical examination
A full clinical examination of the entire patient is important
in order to identify any evidence of systemic disease or
Table 3. Useful diagnostic procedures to investigate claw and claw fold diseases
Procedure
Indications
Comments/material submitted/methods
Fungal culture
Radiography
Biopsy
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DERMATOLOGY
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DERMATOLOGY
Further reading
Conclusions
Although rare, claw and claw fold diseases can present a
diagnostic challenge for practitioners as the list of differential
diagnoses can be numerous. A conscientious, methodical
approach should be adopted as part of a thorough investigation in
order that a specific diagnosis can be made (if possible) and an
appropriate treatment plan instituted. Regular and long-term
follow-up is necessary as treatment success may take many
months to become evident. CA
Mueller RS (1999) Diagnosis and management of canine claw diseases. Vet Clin
North Am Small Anim Pract 29(6): 135771
Mueller RS, Friend S, Shipstone MA et al (2000) Diagnosis of canine claw
disease a prospective study of 24 dogs. Vet Dermatol 11(2): 13341
Mueller RS, Olivry T (1999) Onychobiopsy without onychectomy: description of a
new biopsy technique for canine claws. Vet Dermatol 10(1): 559
Ziener ML, Bettenay SV, Mueller RS (2008) Symmetrical onychomadesis in
Norweigian Gordon and English Setters. Vet Dermatol 19(2): 88-94
Boord MJ, Griffin CE, Rosenkrantz WS (1997) Onychectomy as a therapy for
symmetric claw and claw fold disease in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33(2):
1318
Scott DW, Rousselle S, Miller WH Jr (1995) Symmetrical lupoid onychodystrophy
in dogs: a retrospective analysis of 18 cases (19891993) J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
31(3): 194201
Patel A, Forsythe P (2008) Saunders Solutions in Veterinary Practice: Small Animal
Dermatology. 1st edn. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia: 31621
Adjunctive tests
zzClaw and claw fold diseases in the dog are relatively rare
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KEY POINTS