Reviewer in BioLab Organhistology Allen

What is a tissue?
- A tissue s an assembly of similar cells from the same origin that works
together for a common and a specialized function.
Animal Tissues are classified into four types:
1. Epithelial
- All glands have this.
- Has free or apical surface and a basal surface. (Because epithelia line hollow
organs and cavities, covers our body surface in our skin, and make up many
small tubes and ducts in the body.)
o Lumen free surface that faces the opening in the organ or tube or
what faces outside of the skin.
o Basal Surfaces firmly bound to underlying connective tissue by a
thin membrane called basal lamina or basement membrane.
- Tightly packed due to the presence of junctional complexes on their
surfaces.
- Lacks a vascular supply but are nourished by diffusion from capillary beds
present in the underlying connective tissues.
o Two Types of Epithelial Tissue:
Simple single layer
Pseudostratified special type of simple epithelia;
arranged in single layer but appear as several layers.
o Usually covered in cilia.
Stratified arranged in several layers.
Transitional special type of stratified epithelum; shape
of the surface layer varies depending on the degree of
stretching.
o Shapes of Apical Cells

 Squamous flat cells with a clear cytoplasm and an eccentric

oval nucleus. On the surface view, their outlines are wavy,
serrated to sometimes smooth.
Cuboidal cells are roughly hecagonal in shape and nucleus is
at the enter when viewed from the surface. In a vertical section
they may appear square. When they surround the lumen of the
small duct, their cube-like shape is modified to that of a
trapezoid.
Columnar cells that resemble cuboidal cells when viewed
from the surface. In vertical sections, they appear taller than
broader, i.e., they appear rectangular and their nucleus is
located near the base.
2.
-

Connective
Inside, fills up spaces, connect organ to another
Bind, anchor, and supports body parts.
Do not have free surfaces and junctional complexes
However one may see a lot of open spaces when looking at a prepared slides
of connective tissues.
o Matrix extracellular material
Usually mas madaming extracellular matrix than e. material
this is made up of fibers, fluid and ground substance
o Fibroplasts most common connective cells
Form matrix of connective tissue
Have large oval nuclei with widely dispersed cytoplasmic
processes.
Appearance of cells varies depending on the available space in
the matrix.
In tendons, they became compressed between bundles of
collagen, and the nuclei appear small and dark.
o Different types of connective Tissue fibers:

 Collagen thick and unbranched and in spreads, they

commonly appear wavy.
Elastic comparatively thin, less wavy than collagen fibers,
and branched
Reticular Fibers fine and delicate, branch extensively to form
a delicate supporting network.
o Connective Tissue Proper
Loose Connective Tissue matrix is made of a loose network
of fibers, filled with a substantial amount of amorphous ground
substance.
Areolar Tissue no obvious patterns of structures. Fibers
can be observed to run in all directions. Made up of cells
and extracellular matrix. The e. matrix is outside of cells.
It has two components called fibres and ground
substance. Fibers with biggest diameter (collagen fibres)
Adipose Tissue made of fat cells called adipocytes
Dense Connective Tissue more fibers and less ground
substance.
o Specialized Type of Connective Tissue:
a. Cartilage soft and pliable aka chondrocytes.
- Housed inside spaces in the cartilage matrix called lacuna.
Types of cartilage based on their matrices:
1. Hyaline Cartilage clear homogenous matrix.
a. At the periphery of the cartilage is a dense connective
tissue called perichondrium.
2. Elastic Cartilage contains a network of elastic fibers that
contain may readily be demonstrated using the appropriate
stain.
3. Fibrocartilage network of collagenous fibers.

o Bone support, protection, movement, forming blood cells and a

reservoir for calcium.
Lamellae cylinder-shaped layers
Harvesian Canal central longitudinal canal
Osteocytes bone cells
Lacuna small spaces
Canaliculi minute canals
Harvesian System harvesian canal, lamellae, osteocytes,
lacunae, canaliculi.
Volkmanns Canals cannals running diagonally
o Blood transport medium of the body.

3.
-

4.
-

Nerve
Impulses or transitions
Most complex tissue of the body.
Elaboration of chemical messages and the development of channels of
communication for the coordination of body functions.
o Neurons
o Neuroglia
Muscle
Movement
Specialized for contractility.
Muscle Fibers elongated.
o Skeletal Muscle periphery of the cell, connected to the skeleton, and
is concerned with body movement.
Fasciculi fiber bundles
Endomysium envelopes the muscle fiber
Permyslum joins fasciculi together
Epymysium the whole muscle mass
o Smooth Muscle part of the walls of the viscera.
o Cardiac Muscle contractile wall of the heart.

(However, sponges even though they are animals do not have tissues.)
I.

Skin

FROG SKIN.
Maam Simeon Trivias:
Toads vs Frogs
Toads.
- Less Movable
- More poison glands
- More rough skin
Frogs.
- More movable
- Less poison glands
- Less Rough Skin
Epidermis.
- More superficial part of the skin which conists of two layers:
Stratum Corneum
o Slowly being removed and replaced by S. Germinativum through
the process of Ecdysis (molting or shedding)
o Made up of simple squamous epithelial layer.
Stratum Germinativum
o Mitotically active
o Several layers of tail cells.
Dermis.
- Also called CUTIS
- A lot thicker than the epidermis
Stratum Spongiosum

o
o
o
o

Loosely arranged connective tissues.

Looks like sponge.
Aka dermis
This is where all the glands can be found:
Mucous Glands have tissue linings that are less clearer

than the sebaceous glands. Smaller than poison glands.

Poison Glands bigger than mucous glands.
Stratum Compactum
o Subcutaneous lymph tissue
o More dense
Chromatophores
o Darkly stained layer of pigment cells located between the dermis
and the epidermis.
o Brown to dark brown in color, flanked and large and branching.
Subcutaneous Lymph Tissue
o Connective tissues and lymph sinuses.
II.

Blood Vessels

1. Artery
Layers of the Artery: (Outside to Inside)
Tunica Intima consists of endothelial cells resting on a basal lamina.
- Provides a completely smoothlining in the artery.
Tunica Media consists of mainly smooth muscle tissues interposed with
elastic layer. This permits change in the diameter of the blood vessel when
needed.
o Elastic Lamina separates media from intima.
Composed of elastin and appear as dark, wavy bands under the
microscope.
o Thickest layer of the artery.

 Tunica Adventitia consists principally of longitudinally arranged

collagenous and elastic fibers. Gradually becomes continuous with the
enveloping connective tissue.
2. Veins.
Tunica Intima smooth unlike arteries (corrugated due to the presence of
elastic lamina)
Tunica Media a lot thinner than arteries.
Tunica Adventitia thinner than arteries but thicker than its tunica media
unlike in arteries.
Veins are always observed as collapsed structures, unlike arteries which
always assume a spherical shape.

III.

Stomach

Rugae portrusions along the lumen of the organ

- Increases the surface area of the stomach.
- Cells in here secrete enzymes among others that re needed for digestion.
Tunica Serosa outermost single cell layer made of simple squamous
epithelial tissue. Appears like a line made by a sharp tip of a pencil/
Tunica subserosa layer which flanks serosa is made of connective tissues.
Tunica Muscularis smooth muscles. Responsible for the churning action of
the stomach.
(part of the rugae)
Tela Submucosa outermost layer of the tissue that makes up the rugae.
- Embedded blood vessels.
Muscularis Mucosa several layers of smooth muscle.
o Stratum Circulare outer

o Stratum Longitudinale - inner

Tunica Mucosa made of simple epithelial cells.
- Outermost part is composed of simple epithelial cells.
o Gastric Pits deep depressions of the tunica mucosa.
Mouth of the gastric glands
o Gastric Cells behind the gastric pits.
Parietal Cells or the oxyntic cells which secretes HCI
Chief cells aka zygomatic cells, secretes pepsinogen.
These cells make up the bulk of the cells in the lamina propia.

IV. Small Intestine

- Has villi (rugae in stomach)
Tissues arranged from the outermost to the lumen of thesmall intestine:
Tunica Serosa same as stomach.
Tunica Muscularis made of smooth tissues
o Stratum longitudinale outer
o Stratum Circulare inner
(part of the villae)
Tunica Submucosa thinner than that of the stomach, blood vessels and
lymph sinuses are found here.
Tunica Mucosa-a lot thinner than that of the stomach.
o Nucleus dark stains in each cell
o Ctyoplasm colorless part of the cell
o Goblet cells glandular simple columnar epithelial cells whose sole
function is to secrete mucin, which dissolves water to form mucus.
Appears as large empty cells
V.
Liver
- Large, obulated gland that produces the substance called BILE.
- Substance is divided into sections by connective tissue fibers derived from
the connective tissue covering the gland (Glissons Capsule)
o Lobule each section of the liver.

 Polygonal in shape
1. Central Vein seen at the center of the lobule and appears as a big space.
2. Hepatic Chords- liver cells arranged in double rows. Hepatocyes = liver cells.
- made of simple cuboidal epithelial cells.
3. Sinusoids spaces between chords. Observed to be filled with red blood cells.
4. Hepatic Trinity/Triad. found at the junction of each lobule.
> Made up of three structures: which forms a triangle
1. hepatic artery
2. hepatic portal vein
3. bile duct made up of cuboidal cells.

VI. Pancreas
- Has dual functions.
- Exocrine Gland secrete digestive juices
o Made up of acinar cells.
Darkly stained and arranged circularly surrounding a lumen.
Ducts may be seen associated with these cells since their
secretion is carried out by pancreatic ducts and deposited in the
duodenum.
- Endocrine Gland secretes hormones
o Isle of Langerhans isolated lightly stained structures.
Associated with blood capillaries since their secretion is
directly carried out by blood to the target cells.
Two kinds of cells:
Alpha cells insulin
Beta cells glucagon

VII. Reproductive Organs

A. Frogs Ovary
- Female reproductive organ.
- Two layers of connective tissue covers this organ:
o Theca Externa - layers of connective tissue that covers the organand is
more external.
o Theca Interna envelopes each oogenic cell.
- Follicle Cells: minute cells that can be seen surrounding each of the oogenic
cells.
- Oogenesis: the process which produces the ova or eggs.
o Oogonia observed lying in the periphery.
A lot smaller than the cells farther from the ovarian envelope.
Nucleus lightly stained structure in the center.
The nuclear membrane has a corrugated part.
Nucleoli inside the nucleus
After growth will become a primary oocyte which will divide to
make secondary oocyte.
o Oocytes cells a lot bigger than oogonia.
B.
-

Cats Ovary
Germinal Epithelium outer surface; composed of cuboidal cells
Tunica Albuginea layers of connective tissue.
Stroma beneath the t. albuginea.
o Penetrates the substance of the ovary and consists of connective tissue
fibers and spindle shaped cells.

Stages of Development:
1. Oogonium a potential ovum.
o Embedded in the stroma nearest the tunica albuginea and occurring
in clusters.
o Usually doesnt have follicle cells surrounding them.
2. Primary Follicle Stage immature cell that is embedded in the stroma
now becomes surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells.

Structures of a primary follicle:

Follicles surround the developing germ cell.
Oogonium potential ovum surrounded by a single layer of
follicle cells.
3. Growing Follicle Stage cells have proliferated by dividing
mitotically and are now several layers thick.
Follicle Cells several layers thick na, composing og low
columnar or cuboidal cells enclosing the oocyte.
Antrum follicular cavity growing within the growing
follicle and is formed by the union of spaces between
follicle cells.
Liquor Folliculi follicular fluid secreted by the follicle
cells and appear as a light pink coagalum within antrum.
Oogonium
Zona Pellucida deeply staining membrane surrounding the
egg cell
4. Graafian Follicles large follicle that bulges on the free surface
Antrum
Stratum Granulosum
Cumulus oophorus
Primary Oocyte
Stratum Granulosum
Corona Radiata
Zonna Pellucida and Liquor Folliculi
Arteric Follicles unsuccessful follicles undergoing degenerative process
Corpus Iutem what remains of the Graafian follicle after the ovulation
of the egg
o Corpus Albicans if there is no pregnancy
C. Mouses Testis
- Organ that produces the male gametes, the spermatozoa through a process
called spermatogenesis.
o Tunica Albuginea peritoneum that lines the organ.

o Seminiferous tubules spherical compartments

Seminiferous Epithelium
Two kinds of cells
o Sertoli Cells somatic
o Male Sex Cells undergoing spermatogenesis and
spermiogenesis.
o Spermatogenic Cells cells inside.
The spermatogonia youngest cell.
Primary spermatocytes - spermatogonia that have grown and
ready to divide.
Secondary Spermatocytes spermatogenic cells resulting
from the first meiotic division.
Spermatids- result of division II
Spermiogenesis when they became sperms
spermatozoa
o Interstitial or Leydig Cells found in areas between the seminiferous
tubules and assume a round or polygonal shape.
Produces testosterone
o Sertoli Cells sustenacular or nurse cells.

VIII. Kidney
Nephron - the unit of structure of the vertebrate kidney.
Renal Cortex outer portion of each kidney.
- Primary site of blood filtration.
Renal Medulla inner portion of the kidney.
- Oriented towards renal pelvis.
Glomerolus specific part of the nephronthat does the filtering of the blood.

- Made up of tuft of capillaries

Bowmans Capsule- double-walled, cup-shaped structure enclosing the glomerulus
Bowmans Space the space inside bowmans capsule
Proximal Tubules tubules that is continuous with the BM
Renal Corpuscle Glomerulus and Bowmans Capsule
Distal Tubules connected to the many collecting ducts of the kidney.

- Spinal Cord
- Together with the brain , this forms the vertebrates central ervous system.
o White Matter peripheral regioncomposed of myelinated axons that
are bundled together to form tracts.
o Gray Matter composed of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and some
unmyelinatedaxons.
o Meninges sheath-like protective membrane
The Dura Matter one in direct contactwith the vertebrae.
Arachnoid matter middle layer. Attached to the innermost lyer
Pia matter direct contact with the spinal cord.
o Canalis Centralis spinal canal
o Anterior Median Fissure deep invagination found on the anterior
o

portion of the spinal cord.

Posterior Median Fissure depression on the posterior position of the
spinal cord.