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Third Class in
Indian Railways
THIRD
CLASS
IN
INDIAN
RAILWAYS
BY
M. K. GANDHI
GANDHI
PUBLICATIONS
BHADARKALI
LEAGUE
LAHORE
-161-
THIRD
CLASS
I have
half
after
trains
in India
of that
third
travelled
north
up
and
Tranquebar,
resorted
Having
to
other
conditions
under
I
travel,
railway
that
have
I have
the
have
come
time
and
the
public
much
though
On
the
Madras
have
to
the
be
that
the
press
ance
griev-
unredressed,
without
in
than
of
exception
to
find
or
this
22
two
There
sleep
Raichur
September
others
three
or
it
at
insistent
being
the
25, 1917.
102
Madras.
seated
pressure
way
into
because
was
bay.
any
nights
two
reaching
Poona,
only
lie with
their
was
bunks
no
were
found
reached
the
could
could
before
for
It
were
There
train
13-9.
These
passengers
their
reaching
*Ranchi,
paid Rs.
comfort.
Bombay
at
passengers
carriage before
we
bolder
kept
ones
After
I think
redress
of
passengers.
whereon
of safety
more
and
accommodation.
passed
not
had
defects
against
booked
train
22
carry
seating
degree
instant
in this carriage
my
long
is capable
it
12th
by the
labelled
If
the
remained
too
of
ment
manage-
invite
crusade
then
difficulty.
great
to
join
to
has
I should
in
and
the
But
of
majority
about
notice.
tions
observa-
Now
with
railways
when
come
which
the
this period.
my
passengers
critical
as
correspondence
under
has
of
fairly covered
different
of
the
into
up
Calcutta.
to
class
made
south
travelling, among
of
the
studying
purpose
during
systems
class
this
naturally
entered
I have
the
which
I could.
as
third
for
reasons,
down
Karachi
from
to
Over
Africa.
Lahore,
as
and
years
class
far
as
two
over
South
I have
time
travelling
for
from
return
my
quarter
one
been
now
RAILWAYS*
INDIAN
IN
With
passengers,
all the
became
the
all
time.
un-
rush
be
bearable. The
of passengers
could
not
found
the task almost
stayed. The fighters among
us
The
beyond them.
guards or other railway servants
in only to push in more
came
passengers.
A defiant Memon
merchant
protested against
this packing of
In vain did
passengers like sardines.
he say
this was
that
the train.
his fifth night on
The
the
and
him
referred
guard insulted him
to
management
this
the
at
night
as
many
35
as
during
in the carriage
There
terminus.
were
passengers
during
the greater
lay on the floor
part of it. Some
in the midst of dirt and some
had
keep standing.
to
A free fight was,
time, avoided
at
only by the
one
intervention
not
want
of
to
did
who
of the older passengers
the discomfort
by an exhibition
some
add
to
of temper.
On the way
tannin
water
got for tea
passengers
with filthy sugar
called
and
whitish
looking liquid misa
milk which
muddy
a
gave this water
ance.
appearbut I cite the
I can
vouch
for the appearance,
of the
compartment
or
once
that
was
rather
every
cut
your
swept
time
you
the floor,you
The
closet
journey and there
Refreshments
looking, handed
went
of
Many
quality but
helpless
was
as
they
On
wala
cleaned.
walked
the
the
was
result
The
on
by
These
flies. I
were
the
floor
or
tank.
water
dirty-
the passengers
were
dirtier hands, coming
to
of
out
ive
weighed in equally unattractby
previously sampled
were
asked
dainties
of the
some
choice
satisfied to
matter
in the
water
no
sold
in for these
used
them
in
journey
seated
through the passengers
waded
through dirt.
cleaned
also not
during the
was
who
taste.
way
on
scales.
millions
of
the
to
as
passengers
they
to
state
had
that
to
they
were
things
take
came.
reaching the
station
I found
unless
I
take me
would
not
wanted.
I mildly protested and
that
paid
the
the
told him
ghari-
fare he
I would
resister
he
the
authorised
before
I could
him
pay
would
have
be
to
passive
turn
taken.
pull me
to
I had
fare.
out
policeman.
The
return
journey
was
The
carriage
was
manner.
for
friend's
able
to
performed in no better
packed already and but
I could
intervention
secure
even
the authorised
certainly beyond
constructed
was
to
number.
9
carry
it had
constantly 12 in it. At
at
railway servant
swore
a
This
was
partment
com-
but
passengers
place
one
been
admission
My
seat.
have
not
protestant,
important
an
threatened
the passengers
strike him and locked the door over
he had
with
whom
difficultysqueezed in. To this
to
there
compartment
designed
was
be
used
There
such.
as
and
water,
as
It
closet falselyso called.
European closet but could hardly
was
without
I say
pipe in it but
was
fear
of
no
challenge that
it
pestilentiallydirty.
was
The
lying thick
was
know
itself
compartment
that it had
The
of
wood
the
upon
ever
seen
passengers.
Punjabi Mahomedans,
water.
or
soap
had
compartment
evil looking.
Dirt
and
work
I do not
was
exceptional
an
There
three
were
refined
two
ment
assort-
stalwart
Tamilians
and
who
joined us later.
related the bribes they had to give to
The
merchants
One
of the Punjabis had already
comfort.
procure
and fatigued.
travelled
three nights and
was
weary
He
said he had
stretch himself.
But he could
not
Station
the whole
day at the Central
sat
watching
two
Mahornedan
merchants
to
giving bribe
passengers
said he had himself
Another
could
were
of travel
What
normal.
pur,
for them.
described
I have
I have
got down
in
junctionstations
to
to
pay
three men
These
had still more
nights
seat.
and
store
Chakradharpur,
attached
his
their tickets.
Rs. 5 before
he
procure
these
and
exceptional but
Raichur, Dhond, Soneat
and
other
Purulia, Asansol
been
stations.
is
at
not
the
They
'
are
Mosafirkhanas
discreditable-
'
ness
is no
order, no cleanliand horrible din and noise.
but utter
confusion
benches
have
not
enough to sit
Passengers
no
or
there
on.
but
a
squat
third
certain
fit only
in
to
yet
class
that
more
Indian
trains
alone
passengers
fair
where
go and
smoke
endemic
other
result is impossible
Any
dirt where
always leave some
they
on
leaving.
passengers
On
purpose.
wonder
Is it any
India ?
take
no
destroyed.
be
to
on
with
presence
and
of
irrespective of the protest
non-smokers.
And
this, notwithstanding a bye-law
which
from
without
a
smoking
prevents
passenger
the
sex
permission
of his fellows
in the compartment
allotted to smokers.
is not
which
be
The
existence
awful
of the
cannot
war
allowed
stand in the way
ot this
to
of the removal
never
no
warrant
One
could
for tolerating
understand
an
of passenger
traffic in a crisis like
accentuation
of
continuation
a
or
and
undermine
conditions
that
must
stoppage
this, but
be
insanitation
health and morality.
with
that
first
class
third
fare.
one-fifth,
fellow
and
cost
second
Instead
receiving
class
passengers
dealing
get
travel
go
in
ordinary
and
for
return
being
creature
high
carried
comforts.
they
from
places,
who
and
then
conditions
place
of
under
then
soon
millions
to
the
previous
now
pay
for
rajas,
Maha-
others,
would
perience.
ex-
made
Rajas,
uncomplaining
fares
decency
fully
respect-
without
experiences
the
the
be
and
the
lost.
matters
I would
the
We
being
of
can
in
classes,
in
life and
travelling
that
Councillors
change
millions
in these
their
life.
tunity
oppor-
is
sense
people
travelling.
of
composite
described,
the
ger
passen-
to
lesson
during
the
class
tastes
and
first
passengers,
their
superior
through
class
of
clean
here
let
of
education
suggestions
remarkable
some
class
have
Imperial
travelling
class
the
traffic
necessities
Commander-in-Chief,
the
generally
bare
object
an
evil
this
the
and
many
the
with
include
first
that
class
third
decent
blunted
the
Viceroy,
third
simple
cleanliness
see
his
between
luxuries
splendid
of
third
get
claim
to
third
the
the
sanitation,
of
Among
of
of
observed
that
to
the
giving
cultivation
warning,
the
as
passenger
justice
Surely
least
at
orderliness,
and
fact
neglecting
of
third
comforts
be
travelling.
is entitled
in
the
ever-increasing
the
class
In
class
the
case
much
as
third
simple
proportion
known
for
pays
but
Madras
the
times
of
passengers
comfort.
is
It
the
It is
relative
some
Does
one-tenth,
even
In
five
class
first
class.
over
is
fare
the
of
third
the
of
class
class
lot
the
Compare
the
place
third
will
pectation
ex-
with
VERNACULARS
is
It
love
be
to
will
India.
by him
for
printed
in their
is
of
of
continued
fact
the
custodians
of
if it
monstrous
in
given
The
this
not
were
is
country
fact, however,
is
proportionate
to
We
reacted
have
not
time
the
the
on
cons
of his
collected
The
arguments.
subject
necessity
latest
the
vernaculars.
who
Europe,
world,
finding it
for
mutual
to
the
in
translating
found
not
the
satisfy
foreign
the
and
pros
in
support
the
on
to
have
necessary
of
and
the
Dr.
Mehta's
they
*'
common
Yiddish
books
through
are
of
succeeded
have
best
and
parts
Even
yearning
which
all
raised
have
literature.
soul's
to
in
Yiddish
world's
the
scattered
language,
into
tongues
Introduction
are
Middle
of
Jews
intercourse,
of
status
in
He
earnest.
pronouncement
The
Eastern
tongue
in
must
Whilst
His Excellency
Viceroy.
offer a solution, he is keenly
alive to the
to
of
in
schools
instruction
imparting
our
is unable
the
is
of the
is that
through
But
evidence
of
education.
our
examined
mass
to
all
not
are
masses.
He
not
only education
English language.
give
we
sole
would
It
results
the
the
are
work.
the
through
that
being
the
For
so.
of
pointing
Indians
patriotic
of
hears
language
instruction
of
and
public
One
suicide.
English-educated
that
media
neglect
English
medium
the
as
the
now
out
through-
as
importance
national
protagonists
many
are
circulation
for
national
means
and
of vernaculars
question
vernaculars
the
form
written
were
of Madras
Kesari
English-
of
pages
of
labour
attention
following
present
The
instruction
be
The
Mehta's
Dr.
serious
Vedanta
the
India.
to
the
receive
educated
that
hoped
INSTRUCTION*
OF
MEDIA
AS
masters
Self-Government
be
to
could
they
the
;
many
nor
Series".
did
learned
the
of
few
wish
them
among
to
the
tax
masses
learn
the
having to
Jewish population with
a
realise
their
foreign language before
they could
enriched
what
at
dignity. So they have
was
looked
time
as
mere
one
a
jargon but what
upon
the Jewish children
mothers
learnt from
their
by
taking special pains to translate into it the best
This
is a truly marvellous
thought of the world.
It has been done
work.
during the present
tion,
generaand
Webster's
defines
it as
Dictionary
a
for
inter-communication
by
polyglot jargon used
Jews from different nations.
would
and Eastern
But a Jew of Middle
Europe
"
"
feel insulted
if his mother
tongue
cribed.
des-
so
now
were
have
succeeded,
Jewish scholars
within
generation, in giving their masses
age
a
a languof which
feel proud, surely it should
they may
be an
task for us to supply the needs of our
easy
vernaculars
which
cultured
own
languages.
are
If
South
was
of
teaches
Africa
us
duel there between
English.
and
Dutch,
Boer
these
fathers
the
same
lesson.
the
Taal,
The
determined
were
Boer
that
There
corrupt
mothers
they would
form
and the
not
let
with
whom
their
children,
they in their infancy
talked in the Taal, be weighed down
with
having to
for
instruction
receive
case
through English. The
It had able pleaders
English here was
a strong
one.
for it. But
It may
High
are
English had
be observed
Dutch.
accustomed
Europe,
school
The
masters,
therefore,
of
to
an
excellent
character
is at
the present
in the Taal,
medium
in South
Africa
growing up
the
only a few
was
ago,
years
of speech between
simple but brave
If
have
moment
which
we
who
of
speak the published Dutch
compelled to teach the easier Taal. And
are
literature
to
lost
faith
in
our
vernaculars,
common
rustics.
it is
of faith in ourselves
surest
sign of want
; it is the
And
scheme
of self-government,
sign of decay.
no
be
however
benevolently
or
generously it may
bestowed
make
self-governus
a
upon
us, will ever
10
no
respect
SWADESHI*
It
speak
to
it in
a
And
all.
at
you
took
I under-
that
diffidence
great
hard
was
to
put
chosen
I have
subject.
difficult
and
It is delicate
delicate
subject.
of the peculiar views
Swadeshi,
I hold
upon
because
of
to
selection
the
very
and
without
not
was
of
it is difficult
language
my
because
which
I have
command
that
not
for
giving
in what
adequate
I know
that I may
rely
thoughts.
to
expression
my
indulgence for the many
shortcomings
you
upon
your
will no
doubt
find in my
when
address, the more
so
I tell you
that
say
I have
bear
word
fruit
with
After
the
for
use
the
and
place of
I
what
I know
am
of my
ability.
last month
you
that
that
or
to
that
address.
an
about
am
will
you
to
bless
say
my
prayer.
tion
definiat
thinking I have arrived
a
illustrates
that, perhaps, best
my
Swadeshi
to
as
similar
much
meaning.
to
and
practising
in the
prayer
prayed
Swadeshi
of
us
to
to
about
am
best
the
observe
to
week
earnestly
may
practise
to
me
already
either
not
am
encourages
devoted
is nothing
there
preparing
not
It
that
is necessary
spirit in
is that
of
service
of
exclusion
religion, in order
our
the
to
which
us
ings
surround-
immediate
more
restricts
Thus,
requirements
remote.
satisfy the
restrict
myself to my
definition, I must
cestral
anof my
immediate
is the
religion. That
use
If I find it defective, I should
religious surrounding.
domain
In the
it by purging it of its defects.
serve
make
of
the
of politics I should
indigenous
use
of their
and
them
institutions
by curing them
serve
In that
I should
of economics
use
proved defects.
immediate
that
by my
produced
only things
are
of
the
*Address
February
delivered
before
the
Missionary
Conference
on
14, 1916.
11
neighbours
and serve
those
industries
by making
them
efficient and complete where
they might be
found wanting.
It is suggested that such Swadeshi,
if reduced
to
practice, will lead to the millennium.
do not
And, as we
abandon
our
pursuit after the
millennium, because
do not
we
quite to
expect
reach it within our
abandon
not
times, so may
we
Swadeshi
even
though it
may
not
be
fullyattained
12
I have
"
"
Lead kindly light and several
I sing
with which
of a similar nature.
I have
other
inspired hymns
of noted
Christian
under
the influence
sionaries
miscome
And
belonging to different denominations.
of friendship with
enjoy to this day the privilege
will perhaps, therefore, allow
You
of them.
some
that I have offered the above
suggestion not
as
a
and impartial student
biased Hindu, but as a humble
of religionwith great^
leanings towards
Christianity.
all
Go
be
the world
that
unto
it
not
May
ye
somewhat
has been
narrowly interpreted
message
be denied, I
and the spiritof it missed ? It will not
of the conversions
speak from experience, that many
the appeal has
cases
are
only so-called. In some
but to
the stomach.
the heart
And
to
not
gone
leaves
conversion
in every
a
behind
case
a
sore
"
it which, I
again from
"
think, is avoidable.
Quoting
birth, a change of
experience, a new
to
venture
every
one
of
the
thin
treading upon
not
ice.
apologise
closing this part
for
that
the frightfuloutrage
of my
subject,
saying
in Europe, perhaps shows
that is just going on
that
of Jesus of Nazareth, the Son of Peace,
the message
in Europe, and that light
had been little understood
faiths.
great
But
am
now
do
in
upon
Following out
the
Swadeshi
spirit,I observe the indigenous institutions
and the villagepanchayats hold me.
India is really
country
is in
happy
state.
13
it is because
it is that,
shock hitherto delivered.
and potentates,
whether
Indian
Princes
they were
born
the vast
or
foreigners, have hardly touched
for collecting revenue.
latter
The
masses
except
rendered
have
Caesar
in their turn
to
unto
seem
Caesar's and for the rest have done
what
much
was
they have liked. The vast
organisation of caste
as
answered
of the comnot
only the religiouswants
munity,
but it answered
needs.
its
The
to
political
villagersmanaged their internal affairs through the
and through it they dealt with
caste
system,
any
It
or
oppression from the ruling power
powers.
not
14
well
have
been
made
by foreigners. Had instruction in all the branches
of learning been
given through the vernaculars, I
bold to say that they would have been enriched
make
wonderfully. The question of villagesanitation, etc.,
been
solved
would
have
The
long ago.
village
be now
in a special
a livingforce
panchayats would
and
India
almost
would
be
enjoying selfway,
suited
its requirements and would
to
government
have been spared the humiliating spectacle of organised
assassination
sacred
soil.
its
It is not
on
And
late to mend.
too
can
help if you
will,
you
other body or bodies can.
as
no
And
for the last division
of Swadeshi,
now
much
of the deep poverty
of the masses
is due
the
Swadeshi
to
ruinous
in the
departure from
industrial
life.
and
economic
If not
article of
an
had been brought from outside India, she
commerce
would
be
milk
today a land flowing with
and
But that was
be.
We
not
to
honey.
were
greedy
and
The
connection
between
so
was
England.
based
and
India
England
was
clearlyupon
an
error.
great
discoveries
might
as
in India in error.
she does not
remain
It is
her declared
policy that India is to be held in trust
for her people. If this be true, Lancashire
must
aside.
And
if the Swadeshi
stand
doctrine is a
sound doctrine, Lancashire
stand aside without
can
sustain
shock
for the time
hurt, though it may
a
not
being. I think of Swadeshi
as
boycott movea
ment
undertaken
I concieve
by way of revenge.
it as
religious prir.cipleto be followed by all. I am
no
I
have
read
but
treatises which
economist,
some
show
could
that England
easily become
selfa
sustained country,
growing all the produce she needs.
This
be an
utterly ridiculous preposition, and
may
be true, is
perhaps the best proof that it cannot
is one
of the largest importers
that England
in
But
India cannot
live for Lancashire
the world.
other
before
she is able to
live
or
any
country
And
for herself.
she
live for herself only if
can
she produces and is helped to produce everything
But
15
poison
Swadeshi
cannot
adopt
life at any
Those
economic
rate.
who
look
advance
this objection do
not
upon
Swadeshi
is
of
life.
With
them
it
rule
a
as
a
mere
be made
if it involved
to
patriotic effort not
any
self-denial. Swadeshi, as defined here, is a religious
disciplineto be undergone in utter
disregard of
the physical discomfort
it may
to individuals.
cause
Under
its spell the deprivation of a pin or
a
needle,
because these are
in India,need
manufactured
not
A Swadeshist
will learn to dq without
terror.
cause
no
which
he
hundreds
of things
considers
today
those who
dismiss Swadeshi
Moreover,
necessary.
from
their minds
by arguing the impossible,forget
that Swadeshi, after all, is a goal to
be reached
by steady effort. And we would be making for the
confined
if we
Swadeshi
to
a
goal even
given set
of articles allowing ourselves as a temporary
measure
be procurable in
such
to
use
things as might not
the country.
remains for me
There now
to consider
one
more
been
that
has
raised
objection
against Swadeshi.
The
objectors consider it to be a most selfish doctrine
in the civilised code of morawithout
warrant
lity.
any
With
is to revert
them
to
practise Swadeshi
barbarism.
I cannot
into a detailed analyto
enter
sis
Swadeshi
of the position. But I would
that
urge
in the
17
41
giveth life."
18
"
AHIMSA*
There
belief
that
with
been
dominated
have,
irreligion
I do
ness
much
be
for
have
how
made
good
them.
from
world.
of
Ahimsa
manly
have,
we
chronise
syn-
virtues.
nation,
as
religion.
far
know
the
against
birth
By
in
taught Ahimsa
religious benefit
was
bereft
years
of
than
rather
not
can
brief
1,500
past
of
practice
the
for
warrant
but we
have
proof of physical courage,
been
and
have
dissensions
by internal
of country.
of love
by love of self instead
that is to say, been
swayed
by the spirit of
torn
We
historical
no
exaggerated
becoming
our
an
the
During
given ample
be
to
seems
of unmanlicharge
I hold
the Jains.
no
am
childhood.
my
derived
I have
from
the
scriptures of
and
Vaishnavite,
other
faiths
great
as
of the
of the
living company
deceased
who
Kavi,
was
a
philosopher, Rajachand
Ahimsa
views
Jain by birth.
Thus,
though
on
my
result
of my
of the
faiths of the
are
study of most
a
the
world, they are
longer dependent
now
no
upon
of my
life,
authority of these works.
They
are
a
part
the religious books
and, if I suddenly discovered
that
lead
from
bore
the
different
by me
interpretation
a
I had
still hold
learnt
I should
one
to
give them,
to
the
much
owe
view
of
the
to
Ahimsa
as
am
about
to
forth
set
here.
Our
Shastras
really practises
at
the
his
feet
snakes
harm.
In
'The
so
and
This
St. Francis
Ahimsa
he
of
in its
affects
other
is
said
teach
to
seem
has
fulness
his surroundings
have
man
who
the
world
that
reptiles do
venomous
to
that
been
the
even
him
experience
no
of
Assisi.
its negative
form
Modern
October,
Review.
it
means
not
injuring
any
1916.
19
livingbeing whether
therefore, hurt
any
ill-will to
by body
the person
him and so
or
of any
cause
mind.
It may
not,
wrong-doer, or bear
him mental
suffering.
suffering caused to
does not
cover
do not
the wrong-doer by natural acts of mine which
proceed from ill-will. It,therefore,does not prevent
from
child
withdrawing from his presence
me
a
shall imagine, is about
whom
strike.
he, we
to
Indeed, the proper
practice of Ahimsa
requires me
intended
the
victim
from
the
withdraw
to
doer,
wrongin any
if I am,
whatsoever, the guardian
way
of such a child. It was,
for
therefore, most
proper
the passive resisters of South Africa to have resisted
Government
the evil that the Union
sought to do
them.
They bore no ill-will to it. They showed
to
whenever
this by helping the Government
it needed
consisted of disobedience
their help. Their resistance
to the extent
of the orders of the Government, even
Ahimsa
of suffering death at their hands.
requires
deliberate
deliberate
not
a
self-suffering,
injuring
This
statement
statue
on
as
bearing only
Ahimsa.
the road
to
the protectionof even
stick.
But
a
stick,is
a
that
extent
so
much
the
less
soldier.
is
He
how
stand his
the true
soldier who
knows
to die and
ground in the midst of a hail of bullets. Such a one
who stood his ground without lifting
Ambarisha,
was
The
Moors
a
finger though Duryasa did his worst.
and
who were
being pounded by the French gunners
Allah
rushed
with
who
the guns' mouths
on
to
of courage.
their lips,showed
much
the same
type
the courage
of desperation. AmbaOnly theirs was
due to love.
risha's was
Yet the Moorish
valour,
the
readiness
They
die, conquered
to
gunners.
their hats, ceased
firing, and
frantically waved
comrades.
And
as
greeted their erstwhile enemies
to
so
the South
African
passive resisters
in their
'
sands
thou-
sell their
rather than
Ahimsa
This was
for a little personal ease.
honour
A
honour.
in its active form.
barters away
It never
helpless girl in the hands of a follower of Ahimsa
finds better and surer
protection than in the hands
were
ready
to
die
the
him.
The
would
point to which his weapons
carry
in the first instance, will have to walk to his
tyrant,
the dead body of her defender
victim
over
; in the
the defender ; for it
second, he has but to overpower
the
is assumed
of propriety in
that the cannon
second
the defender
instance will be satisfied when
In
has fought to the extent
of his physical valour.
his
has matched
the first instance, as the defender
soul against the mere
body of the tyrant, the
very
odds "are
that the soul in the latter will be awakened,
and the girl would
stand and infinitelygreater
of her honour
chance
being protected than in any
other conceivable
circumstance,
barring of course,
that of her own
personal courage.
If we
because
are
are
unmanly today, we
so, not
do not know
fear
how
strike, but because
we
to
we
die. He
is no
of Mahavira, the apostle
follower
to
of Jainism, or of Buddha
of the Vedas, who
or
being
afraid to die, takes flight before any
danger, real
of
or
one
who
is
prepared
else
would
remove
to
while
the
defend
her
only
to
wishing that
somebody
danger by destroying the
21
causing
person
does
not
it.
care
is
He
if
straw
follower
no
he
kills
Ahimsa
of
by
man
who
by
inches
deceiving
force
of
arms
butcher
his
these
Here
love
the
stinging
of
for
We
can
it
of
practice
in
is
vanity,
to
officials.
and
country
fear
vague
soothe
or
other
soldiers,
truer
of
be
joint
and
into
will
sharers
once
with
more
it
Only
these
be
the
and
abode
be
godly
and
of
tice
prac-
practised
Buddha
found
teachers,
displace
their
thej7
and
extra-
present
not
can
and
profession,
at
renders
but
before
honourable
Just
does
Ahimsa
Tolstoy.
their
and
it.
Mahavira
was
happy,
true,
overdo
virtues,
humble
my
mundane
evils
necessary
so
in
is
all.
at
rudiments.
its
all
never
doing
not
imperatively
ours
the
understood
panacea
are
and
few
the
good
cowardice
one's
satisfy
truly
mundane.
even
off
hatred,
or
cow
supposed
killing
with
away
conscience.
opinion
the
mind
the
do
by
protect
make
to
by
to
Ahimsa
we
order
not
intended
thing
in
actuated
are
and
cows
does
who
or
few
who,
or
country,
All
trade,
in
him
would
gods.
were
saw
the
life.
this
deeper
secret
Let
land
us
of
THE
The
that
a
claim
only
I have
months
some
of
meeting
CO-OPERATION*
OF
BASIS
MORAL
on
I attended
ago
mill-hands
Ewbank
Mr.
with
whom
to
wanted
he
be.
Recent
And
Mr.
Ewbank's
his
I should
own,
we
surrounded
on
Ewbank
by
men,
fire
opened
forward
and
who
other
he
people
wanted
me
I naturally
pressed
I fancy
in
manner
tion
from
My
is
man
the
children.
had
the
himself
put
of tion.
co-operaliked
the
rather
the
invitation
to
a
me
subject.
to
tax
your
consideration
Hence,
patience
of co-opera-
"
moral
standpoint.
of the
knowledge
technicality
a
Mr.
moralities
Ewbank
Mr.
upon
charpai,
I handled
which
moments
next
made
to
home
that
him
of the
there
But
particularly innocent
and
had
the
him
engaged
in Gujrati
conversation,
the
the people.
to
Owing
first spoken
who
was
to,
he
speak
for
made
has
worn-out
who
man
not
about
looks
suspicious
for
on
been
he
task.
and
women
wore
to
the
worse.
not
cause
fairly
After
countenance.
the
shirked
have
seated
were,
for
zeal
great
it
well
it
matters
that, had
frankly confess
must
made
had
rains
to
chawl
The
explain the principles of co-operation.
in which
filthy as
living was
they were
as
could
is
indulgence
your
to
My
nothing.
subject
his
brother,
own.
of
tion
co-opera-
Devadhar,
Whatever
he
has
does,
think
to
predisposes
me
that
there
be
the
must
something
good in it and
Ewbank
be fairly difficult.
Mr.
handling of it must
literature
kindly placed
disposal some
at
very
my
the
And
had
I have
too
on
subject.
unique
a
of
of
effect
the
opportunity
watching
some
co-opera-
naturally
*Paper
Conference,
attracts
contributed
September
and
me
to
the
Bombay
Provincial
Co-operative
17, 1917.
23
tive
Mr.
effort
in
Ewbank's
Champaran.
gone
main
are
I have
points which
through
like rhe
and I-have gone through the twelve
Commandments,
remind
points of Mr. Collins of Behar, which
me
of the law of the Twelve
Tables. There are so-called
agricultural banks in Champaran.
to me
They were
ten
disappointing efforts,
be
if they were
to
meant
demonstrations
On
of co-operation.
of the success
the other hand, there is quiet work
in the same
direction being done
by Mr. PJodge,a missionary
whose
efforts are
those
leaving their impress on
who
in
with him.
Mr. Hodge
is a
come
contact
co-operative enthusiast and probably considers that
the result which
he sees
flowing from his efforts are
due to the working
of co-operation. I, who
was
able to watch
had
in
the efforts,
hesitation
ring
inferno
that the personal equation counted
for success
in the one
and failure in the other instance.
I am
enthusiast myself, but twenty-five years
an
of experimenting and
me
experience have made
a
and
cautious
Workers
discriminating enthusiast.
in
quite unconsciously,
and often succeed
in turning
its merits
exaggerate
its very
defects into advantages. In spite of my
a
cause
necessarily,though
I consider
the little institution I am
ducting
conin Ahmedabad
the finest thing in the
as
world.
sufficient inspiration.
It alone
gives me
Critics tell me
that it represents
a soulless soul-force
and
that
its severe
it merely
disciplinehas made
mechanical.
the critics and I are
both
I suppose
It is, at best, a humble
to
place
wrong.
attempt
where
the disposal of the nation a home
and
at
men
unfettered
have
for free and
women
scope
may
development of character, in keeping with the
national
genius, and, if its controllers do not take
the disciplinethat is the foundation
of character
care,
end in view.
frustrate the very
I would
may
enthusiasts in co-operatherefore, to warn
venture,
tion
false
against entertaining
hopes.
With
Hamilton
Sir Daniel
it has become
a
religion. On the 13th January last,he addressed the
caution
"
"
24
students
of the
Churches
College and, in
order
Scotland's
to
point a moral, he instanced
how
hundred
of two
poverty
ago and showed
years
that great
of
raised from
a condition
was
country
which
There
to plenty.
two
were
poverty
powers,
and the Scottish
the Scottish
raised her
Church
and the
banks.
Church
manufactured
The
the men
banks
manufactured
the money
to
a
give the men
'in life.
Church
The
start
disciplined the
nation in the fear of God
which
is the beginning of
wisdom
and in the parish schools of the Church
the
children learned that the chief end of man's life was
Men
for ever.
to
glorify God and to enjoy Him
and in themselves,
trained to believe in God
were
created
and
the trustworthy
character
the
on
so
Scottish
"
"
"
25
it
purse
It was
perhaps never
so
true
looking on.
is today that, as in law so in war,
the longest
ventured
I have
to give promifinally wins.
nence
belief about
credit
system
in order
to
operative
emphasise the point that the cowill be a blessingto India only
movement
the extent
that it is a moral
movement
to
strictly
fired with
directed
It
religious fervour.
by men
fined
follows, therefore, that co-operation should be conto
men
wishing to be morally right,but failing
of the
of grinding poverty
do so, because
to
or
Facility for obtaining loans at
grip of the Mahajan.
immoral
make
moral.
But
will not
fair rates
men
the wisdom
of the Estate or philanthropistsdemands
the onward
that they should
help on
path, men
struggling to be good.
believe that material prosperity
Too
often do we
to
the
current
that a movement
growth. It is necessary
is fraught with so much
good to India
for merely advancing
should not degenerate into one
therefore
delighted to read
cheap loans. I was
in the Report of the Committee
the recommendation
they wish clearly
Co-operation in India, that
on
their opinion that it is to true co-operato
express
means
moral
which
"
26
tion
the moral
look
must
and
aspect
amelioration
for the
of the
masses
not
by the
number
of co-operative societies formed, but by the
moral
condition of the co-operators.
The
registrars
the
moral
will, in that event,
ensure
growth of
And
the
existing societies before multiplying them.
Government
will make
their promotion conditional,
the number
not
of societies they have
tered,
regisupon
tions.
but the moral success
of the existing instituof every
This
will mean
tracing the course
Those
pie lent to the members.
responsible for
not
the
measure
the
of
success
movement
will
conduct
of co-operative societies
does
it that
advanced
not
to
the
see
money
find its way
into the toddy-seller'sbill or
into the
I would
pockets of the keepers of gambling dens.
the
proper
ceeded
Mahajan if it has suckeeping the gambling die or toddy from
the
excuse
rapacity of the
in
be
out
will not
device.
birds
or
word
of
The
ryots
that
co-operate
to
drum
monkeys
out
They
to
co-operate
use
them
found
I have
operate
coof
their
cattle
their
to protect
to the extent
devoting the best land for the grazing of their
cattle.
And
been
found
co-operating
they have
Doubts
against a particular rapacious Mahajan.
have been expressed as to the success
of co-operation
because
of the tightness of the Mahajan's hold
the
The
the
fears.
on
I do
share
not
ryots.
evil
if he represent
mightiest Mahajan
an
must,
force, bend
before
an
as
co-operation, conceived
common
But my
essentiallymoral movement.
of the Mahajan
of Champaran
revise
the accepted opinion about
influence/
have
found
him
to
limited experience
has
^made
me
his
blighting
be
not
always
27
relentless,not
sometimes
and even
in the hour
of their distress.
to their rescue
comes
is so limited that I dare not
draw
My observation
conclusions
from
it, but I respectfully enquire
any
whether
it is not possible to make
effort to
a serious
draw
the good in the Mahajan and help him or
out
induce him to throw
the evil in him.
out
May he
be induced
not
of co-operation,
to
join the army
has experience proved that he is past praying
or
for?
I note
that the movement
takes note
of all indigenous
I beg publicly to
industries.
express
my
for helping me
in my
gratitude to Government
humble
effort to improve
the lot of the weaver.
The experiment I am
conducting shows that there is
in this direction.
field for work
vast
No
wella
wisher
of India, no
look
the
patriot dare
upon
with
impending destruction of the hand-loom
weaver
has stated, this industry
equanimity. As Dr. Mann
used to supply the peasant
with an additional source
and
of livelihood
insurance
against famine.
an
back to life this
will nurse
Every registrar who
the gratitude
important and graceful industry will earn
of India.
humble
effort
consists
My
firstlyin
researches
the
of simple
as
to
possibilities
making
orthodox
in the
reforms
hand-looms, secondly, in
youth from the craving for
weaning the educated
other services and the feeling that
Government
or
renders him unfit for independent occupaeducation
tion
and inducing him to take to weaving as a calling
honourable
that of a barrister or a doctor,
as
as
and
who
have
thirdly by helping those weavers
their occupation to revert
abandoned
to
it., I will
the audience
with any
the
statement
not
on
weary
The third may
be
first two
parts of the experiment.
it has a direct bearing
allowed a few sentences
as
able to enter
I was
the subject before
us.
upon
Five families that had
it only six months
ago.
upon
leverted
it and
to
left otf the calling have
they
Ashram
business.
The
doing a prosperous
supplies
are
28
serves
many
ways
them
their
at
volunteers
them
has
as
loss
to
interest
on
yet
suffered
figure.
We
All
able
are
received.
is
finish.
The
such
help
have
no
could
of
the
loan
middlemen,
into
entering
and
their
lifted
being
has
not
early
date,
these
families
touched
to
sure
it, but
at
it
there
scoundrels
should
need
be
"
that
what
no
Ruskin
education
till
This
shall
cease
fear
so
by
to
strive
of
rightly
**
for
the
an
of
too
reality
small
tion
co-opera-
to
it.
co-operation
dreaded.
at
not
Let
fail
them
have
we
be
upon
ever
for
too
is
mean
of
ship
relation-
hope,
imitation.
for
We
never
last
we
dilate
to
others
to
ideal.
our
we
ventured
the
I hope,
lift
willing, it will
illustrate
to
present
of
God
The
privilege
cannot
but
that
we,
families,
point.
can
again.
the
satisfied
rest
on
weavers
And
the
to
start
existence
This
hand
every
I have
experiment
together
We
not
dream.
day.
some
in
and
them
ambitious
put
developed,
take
to
audience
The
Whole
these
the
on
families
obtain
ot
the
therefore,
We,
ourselves.
been
yet
cloth
its
it.
betterment.
our
without
are
lives
for
interest.
volunteers,
the
cash.
the
pre-determined.
is
being
it.
with
pieces
to
strictly
from
for
charging
saddled
breaking
like
its
lar
particu-
therefore,
character
render
for
to
sale
It
yarn.
restrict
to
loan
depends
friends
be
not
were
use
I would
moral
the
for
are
negligible.
warrant
merely
the
interest,
Ashram
as
Ashram
is able
of
purely
its
note
The
ready
loss
The
paying
transactions
command
to
transaction
to
future
woven,
and
limiting
its
cloth
advanced
loss
no
by
the
need
they
yarn
rate.
loan
the
minimum
of
market
the
at
the
with
delivery
take
cash
loses
door
us
be
realise
Then
of
NATIONAL
I have
Nor
to
DRESS*
about
and
upon
trouble
of
remarks
on
being
Western
civilisation
national
know
costume,
that
the
dress
I have
very
short
of
wearing
elsewhere
I
has
it may
I
the
of
outside
21
now
in
in
prey
the
to
the
and
courts
before
the
precisely the
in
ago
the
for
that
easy
I appeared
years
to
is
except
an
my
Irwin
countrymen
dress
of
respect
Mr.
Champaran
my
Kathiawar.
courts
to
me
interest
in
wear
rest
his
to
amenities
minor
taught
semi-European
Kathiawar
dress
dress
I refer
in India
always worn
I fell
period in India
with
common
the
with
and
the
taken
even
dressing.
of
"
not
informed.
correctly
familiarity
has
he
manner
my
"
My
which
in Champaran.
wear
made
and
it is that, having
change I have
and agriculture
taken
of weaving
the
to
occupation
and
of Swadeshi,
clothing
having taken the vow
my
and
and
is now
hand-sewn
entirely hand-woven
Irwin's
made
Mr.
fellow
workers.
by me
or
my
One
letter
suggests
I have
dress
Champaran
the
wear
natural
and
believe
that
sign
of
discarding
degradation,
that
a
*Reply.to
30
of
we
dress
Mr.
are
which
Irwin's
the
for
the
our
national
suited
of his dress
to
is that
most
dtess
and
a
in
Indian.
an
European
committing
criticism
is
it
humiliation
is best
in
ryots
fact
The
because
becoming
most
copying
our
our
and
the
etfect.
dress
the
specially adopted
and
temporarily
produce an
to
national
before
I appear
that
is
ness,
weaksin
in
the
Indian
in the
Pioneer.
climate
and
and
ness,
cheap-
not
to
on
"
kt
"
"
"
"
countrymen.
31
Printed
by K. R. Sondhi
at
the Allied
Press, Lahore,
Publications League,
and
published
Lahore.
Qandhi Series
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