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PILED RAFT
by
Prof. V.S.Raju
(Formerly: Director, IIT Delhi
& Professor, IIT Madras)
V.S.Raju Consultants
20-Oct-15
The Piled Raft Foundation for The Burj Dubai Design and
Performance , IGS-Ferroco Terzaghi Oration 2008, by Prof.Harry
Poulos.
V.S.Raju Consultants
Load (t)
20-Oct-15
Raft
Piles
Settlement (mm)
Fig. 1 Load settlement curves for piles and Raft on cohesion-less soils
(sands & non plastic silts)
Prof. V.S.Raju Consultants
V.S.Raju Consultants
20-Oct-15
Step 3:
If the settlements are > 75 mm, then piles are provided to act as
settlement reducers. The number of piles is estimated so that the
settlements of the piled raft foundation system are less than 75
mm. The ultimate capacity of the pile is used in design.
Prof. V.S.Raju Consultants
V.S.Raju Consultants
20-Oct-15
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Step 6:
The settlements of the raft due to the load shared by the raft are estimated
Total settlement of the piled raft = Raft contribution + Pile contribution
< 100 mm
S modulus of raft =
( )
*** More appropriate would be to use net bearing pressure. But in the structural
Analysis of the raft gross bearing pressure (actual loading from superstructure) is
used.
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Zone of Influence
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Soil
Es (kN/m2)
Sand (Normally
consolidated)
500(N+15)
Silty Sand
300 (N+6)
Clayey sand
320 (N+15)
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Settlement
Soil Modulus
Es is determined by correlating
(a)
(b)
(c)
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800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
N - Va l ue f or 3 0 c m Sta nda re d
pe ne tr a ti o n
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For N = 40 and P0 = 0, Ev is
800 kgf/cm2
For N = 40 and P0 = 1.5 kgf/cm2,
Ev is 400 kgf/cm2 (For ~ 10 m
of soil)
(Remarks: The reduction in Ev
value with overburden pressure is
difficult to explain.)
Prof. V.S.Raju Consultants
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1981
(Reaffirmed1998):
=
SPT N =
50
Size of footing =
Sandy silt
Load Vs Settlement Curve for DIAL FLT 1
1.5 m x 1.5 m
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
For q = 40 t/m2 =
4 Kg/cm2,
Settlement (S) =
4 mm
.
.
* 0.82
Settlement (mm)
= 1119 Kg/cm2
As per Shultze and Muhs for SPT N = 50
Es = 800
5
10
15
20
25
Kg/cm2
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20-Oct-15
SPT N
22
1.5 m x 1.5 m
q = 38 t/m2
3.8 Kg/cm2
Settlement (S) =
= .
5.4 mm
.
.
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Settlement (mm)
Size of footing =
* 0.82
= 787 Kg/cm2
As per Shultze and Muhs for SPT N = 22
5
10
15
20
25
Es = 530 Kg/cm2
Ratio = 787/530 = 1.48
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S. No
SPT N
Es as
per
Bowles
book
Es as
per IS
Code
Es as per
From
Schultze
Footing
and
Load test at
Muhs
DIAL
50
325
820***
800
1119
22
185
710+++
530
787
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Permissible settlements:
As per IS 1904, 1986 (Reaffirmed1995):
Isolated
foundation
Raft
foundation
50
75
27
Messe
Torhaus
Messeturm
DG-Bank
(Westend
Strasse 1)
American
Express
130
256.5
208
74.7
2 x 430
3457
2940
3570
-3
-14
-12.0/-14.0
-14
2.5
3.0-6.0
3.0-4.5
Number of piles
2 x 42
64
40
35
1.7-6.9
5.8-20.1
9.2-14.9
2.7-5.1
150
144
110
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Observed Max.
settlements (mm)
Contd
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Structure
Congress
Forum(Kastor
Taunustor
centre
Main Tower Eurotheum
and pollux)
JapanMesse
Centre
Frankfurt
115.3
94/130
51.6
198
110
1920
14000
10200
3800
1830
-15.8
-13.5
-8
-21
-13
1.0-3.5
1.0-3.0
0.8-2.7
3.0-3.8
1.0-2.5
25
26/22
141
112
25
7.9-13.8
7.4-11.7/5.012.6
4.2-6.5
1.4-8.0
1.8-6.1
60
80
40-60
25
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diameter, 50 m long).
Estimated total settlement is 45 mm to 75 mm.
Settlements under dead load (February 2008) 43 mm.
Extrapolated to full load is 55 mm to 60 mm
Predicted final settlement is 70 to 75 mm
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26 mm
40 mm
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Method:
Any precision leveling will be O.K
Fix plates on the floor or to the columns ( basement is
ideal), ground floor level is also adequate.
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Area
Number of storeys
Ground
Water
Table (m)
Foundation
Recommendations
103
Gurgaon
1B + S + 14
Raft Foundations
68
Gurgaon
1B + G+ 13 to 25
2B + G+ 25 to 33
21
Raft Foundations
86
Gurgaon
1B + G+ 13 to 17
28
Raft Foundations
16 B
Gurgaon
3B + G+ 17 to 39
11
67
Gurgaon
2B + G+ 18 to 33
20
Raft Foundations
62
Gurgaon
3B + G+ 29 to 37
102
Gurgaon
1B + G+ 26
1.5
Pile Foundations
128
Noida
2B + G+ 35 to 38
Contd
Sector
Area
Number of
storeys
Ground
Water
Table (m)
Foundation
Recommendations
16
Noida
G + 22 to 34
18
Gwalpahari
Gurgaon
3B + G+ 17
21
Raft Foundations
48
Gurgaon
2B + G+ 34
21
58
Gurgaon
2B + G+ 23
to 30
Raft Foundations
Gwalpahari
Gurgaon
2B + G+ 28
Not met
Raft Foundations
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
Prof. Harry Poulos for the very good reference of his IGS-Ferroco
Terzaghi Oration 2008, The Piled Raft Foundation for The Burj Dubai
Design and Performance.
L&T Construction team at DIAL for carrying out the tests and sharing
the information.
Contd
Prof. V.S. Raju Consultants
V.S.Raju Consultants
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All our Clients and many others who are in the process of executing the
foundations based on our recommendations and also monitor the settlements.
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THANK YOU
V.S.Raju Consultants
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