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Introduction of cement
1.1 When was cement Begin?
Throughout history, cementing materials have played a vital role and were
used widely in the ancient world. The Egyptians used calcined gypsum as a
cement and the Greeks and Romans used lime made by heating limestone
and added sand to make mortar, with coarser stones for concrete.
The Romans found that a cement could be made which set under water and
this was used for the construction of harbours. This cement was made by
adding crushed volcanic ash to lime and was later called a "pozzolanic"
cement, named after the village of Pozzuoli near Vesuvius.
In places where volcanic ash was scarce, such as Britain, crushed brick or tile
was used instead. The Romans were therefore probably the first to
manipulate systematically the properties of cementitious materials for
specific applications and situations.
Uses of cement
Cement is a very useful binding material in construction. The applications of
cement over various fields of construction have made it a very important civil
engineering material. Some of the numerous functions of cement are given
below.
1. It is used in mortar for plastering, masonry work, pointing, etc.
2. It is used for making joints for drains and pipes.
3. It is used for water tightness of structure.
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Types of Cement.
Types of
Cement
Rapid
Hardening
Cement
Composition
Purpose
Quick setting
cement
Small percentage of
aluminium sulphate as
an accelerator and
reducing percentage of
Gypsum with fine
grinding
Manufactured by
reducing tri-calcium
aluminate
It is prepared by
maintaining the
percentage of tricalcium
aluminate below 6%
which increases power
against sulphates
It is obtained by
grinding the clinkers
with about 60% slag
and resembles more or
less in properties of
Portland cement
Low Heat
Cement
Sulphates
resisting
Cement
Blast Furnace
Slag Cement
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High Alumina
Cement
White Cement
Coloured
cement
Pozzolanic
Cement
Air Entraining
Cement
Hydrographic
cement
It is obtained by melting
mixture of bauxite and
lime and grinding with
the clinker it is rapid
hardening cement with
initial and final setting
time of about 3.5 and 5
hours respectively
It is prepared from raw
materials free from Iron
oxide.
It is produced by mixing
mineral pigments with
ordinary cement.
It is prepared by grindin
pozzolanic clinker with
Portland cement
It is produced by adding
indigenous air
entraining agents such
as resins, glues, sodium
salts of Sulphates etc
during the grinding of
clinker.
It is prepared by mixing
water repelling
chemicals
(2) The cement should be free from any hard lumps. Such lumps are formed
by the absorption of moisture from the atmosphere. Any bag of cement
containing such lumps should be rejected.
(3) The cement should feel smooth when touched or rubbed in between
fingers. If it is felt rough, it indicates adulteration with sand.
(4) If hand is inserted in a bag of cement or heap of cement, it should feel
cool and not warm.
(5) If a small quantity of cement is thrown in a bucket of water, the particles
should float for some time before it sink.
(6)Date of manufacture should be seen on the bag. It is important because
the strength reduces with age.
(7) A thick paste of cement with water is made on a piece of glass plate and it
is kept under water for 24 hours. It should set
and not crack.
(8) The briquettes with a lean or weak mortar
are made. The size of briquette may be about
75 mm x 25 mm x 12 mm. The proportion of
cement and sand may be 1: 6. The briquettes
are immersed in water for a period of 3 days. If
cement is of sound quality, such briquettes will
not be broken easily and it will be difficult to convert them into powder form.
(9) A block of cement 25 mm x 25 mm and 200 mm long is prepared an it is
immersed for 7 days in water. It is then placed on supports 150 mm apart and
it is loaded with a weight of 340 N. The block should not show signs of failure.
A thick paste of cement with water is made on a piece of thick glass and it is
kept under water for 24 hours. It should set and not crack.
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Despite the importance of the cement, the production process emit large
amounts of greenhouse gases, most notably carbon dioxide, the main culprit
in the occurrence of global warming, where the production of one ton of
cement in emissions cause about tons of this gas, and appreciates the
research that the process manufacturing of cement in the world contribute
about 5% of the total carbon dioxide a negative impact on the Earth's
environment emissions.
Many researches have been conducted in order to make adjustments to the
cement manufacturing process in order to reduce gas emissions from
industry, and suggested that added about 50% of the industrial Buzlana (coal
ash or slag iron) to cement, which reduces carbon dioxide emissions, which
will resulting from the provision of burning fuel for cement clinker, and will
reduce the mixing water required for the formation Buzlanah concrete. Also
use the carbon dioxide emitted from power plants in the cement industry
through this gas mixing with salt water to produce carbonate necessary for
the cement industry, which will reduce the amount of limestone used.
The company "Ceramics" in Virginia specialized in providing alternatives to
traditional cement companies, has been used a sort of industrial Buzlana a fly
ash that is collected by special filters from the combustion gases in power
plants by burning coal, where the ash is finely very, US facilities and produces
about seventy million tons of it a year, and get rid of this ash in landfills, has
Seeratak company benefited from the ash by mixing some special for the
production of a type of cement additives, and concrete that cement proved to
be stronger than concrete traditional cement
This cement is characterized by a number of important qualities, resistance
and natural resistance and continuity of salts in the soil and groundwater
factors, as well as the lack of porosity and impermeability and resistance to
thermal cracks that plague conventional cement.
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Conclusion.
Summary
In summary, Cement is a hydraulic powder material, which reacts with water to
produce strength-bearing lattices. moreover, Cement is a very useful binding
material in construction. However there are different type of cement like White
Cement and High Alumina Cement . also There are some tests for cement
firstly is Field tests It gives some idea about cement quality based on colour.
and secondly is Laboratory tests. The exhaustive tests are carried out in
laboratory to decide precisely the equal The extreme care should be taken to
collect the sample of cement.
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http://civilblog.org/2014/03/30/field-tests-on-cement-for-quality-controlpurpose/
http://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/cement
http://www.wbcsdcement.org/index.php/en/about-cement
http://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/cement/10-cementingradients-with-functions
https://translate.google.com.om/translate?
hl=ar&sl=en&u=http://www.wbcsdcement.org/&prev=search
http://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/cement
http://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/field-tests-oncement.
http://www.sika.com/en/cement-redirect/sika-cementsolutions/sustainability-cement.html
http://civilblog.org/2014/03/30/field-tests-on-cement-for-quality-controlpurpose/
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