Card N11.

1. Family planning: definition, functions, provided

services. Indicators of womens health and child
health.
1. Importance of family planning for reproductive
health. Services of medical providers for
maintenance of reproductive health.
Family planning reduces maternal mortality in several ways.

At the individual level, family planning reduces the

number of times woman becomes pregnant. Generally
speaking, women of higher parity face greater risks in
pregnancy. For example, a woman who has been
pregnant six times has twice the risk of dying a
maternal death as a woman who has been pregnant
only three times.

Family planning reduces the number of unintended and

unwanted pregnancies. Unwanted pregnancies are far
more likely to end in induced abortion, and are far less
likely to receive adequate prenatal care than wanted
pregnancies. In some situations, abortions account for
up to half of all pregnancy-related deaths. The potential
for family planning to reduce these deaths is very great.

At the national level, family planning reduces the

number of pregnancies and births. Even without any
improvement in obstetric care, a 10% reduction in the
number of pregnancies will produce a 10% (or greater)
reduction in the number of maternal deaths.

Family planning can be targeted to reduce the number

of pregnancies to women in groups at increased risk of
maternal death, that is women who are too young
(<20), too old (>35 or >39), or women who are high
parity (more than 5 previous births).

By far the most important way of reducing maternal

deaths

is

simply

by

reducing

the

number

of

pregnancies. By itself, this is very effective. But it is

important to pay simultaneous attention to improving
obstetric care. Most women want to have at least two
children, and they should have good quality care during
pregnancy

and

for

delivery.

Ideally,

these

two

interventions -- family planning and obstetric care -should go hand-in-hand.

Family Planning services include:
Contraceptive methods & supplies
Hormonal contraception without a
Pregnancy testing with counseling required pelvic exam
Testing & treatment for sexually Breast & prostate
cancer screening transmitted infections (STIs) & self
examination instruction
HIV screening
Cervical cancer screening
Education & counseling for all
Limited infertility services method options

 Referrals for services not covered

Periodic physical exam by the program
Preconception counseling
2. Components of health care to provide
motherhood and infancy: prenatal care

safe

Prenatal care refers to the medical care recommended

for women before and during pregnancy. The aim of good
prenatal care is to detect any potential problems early, to
prevent them if possible (through recommendations on
adequate nutrition, exercise, vitamin intake etc), and to
direct the woman to appropriate specialists, hospitals, etc.
if necessary. The availability of routine prenatal care has
played a part in reducing maternal death rates and
miscarriages as well as birth defects, low birth weight, and
other preventable infant problems in the developed world.
Prenatal care includes:
Periodic, regular visits to a health care provider
Good nutrition
Regular physical activity
Awareness
and
monitoring
of
warning
signs
Avoidance of the use of unhealthy substances
3. Components of health care to provide safe
motherhood and infancy: delivery care
Proper care can virtually eliminate postpartum infection
and prevent many deaths and illnesses from labor and
delivery complications. by some estimates, better care
during labor and delivery could prevent 50 to 80 percent
of maternal deaths
General aspects of care:
-Assessing the Well-being of the Woman during Labour
-Routine Procedures (BP, PR, Temperature)
-Nutrition

-Place of Birth ( safe and low risked)

-Moral Support in Childbirth
-Labour Pain control
4. Components of health care to provide
motherhood and infancy: postnatal care

safe

Postnatal is the period beginning immediately after the

birth of a child and extending for about six weeks. The period
is also known as postpartum period and, less commonly,
puerperium.
Biologically, it is the time after birth, a time in which the
mother's body, including hormome levels and womb size,
return to pre-pregnancy conditions. During the first stages of
this period, the newborn also starts her or his adaptation to
extrauterine life, the most significant physiological transition
until death. During this time bleeding, bowel and bladder
function, and baby care are monitored.
The mother is assessed for tears, and is sutured if necessary.
Also, she may suffer from constipation or hemorrhoids, both
of which would be managed. The bladder is also assessed for
infection, retention and any problems in the muscles.
The major focus of postpartum care is ensuring that the
woman is healthy and capable of taking care of her newborn,
equipped with all the information she needs about
breastfeeding, reproductive health, contraception, and the
imminent life adjustment.
Postpartum depression is very common, with approximately
85% of women suffering from it, potentially as early as 24
hours postpartum. It is usually limited in duration, lasting 36
to 48 hours. Treatment may be required if it lasts longer than
72 hours, or is associated with lack of interest in the infant,
suicidal or homicidal thoughts, hallucinations, or psychotic
behaviour.

5. Statistic measures used to judge about maternal,

fetal and infant health
??? ( No idea)
2. Studying of associations in biostatistics by
correlation coefficient. Methods of its calculation.
1. Define an independent variable(exposure) and a
dependant
variable
(outcome)
in
medical
statistics.
- Independent variable is the variable that is manipulated
or selected by the experimenter to determine its
relationship to an observed phenomenon (the
dependent variable).
- Dependant variable is is a factor whose values in
different treatment conditions are compared
2. Differentiate
intermediate
and
confounding
variables. Give examples
- Confounding variable s an extraneous variable (i.e., a
variable that is not a focus of the study) that is
statistically related to (or correlated with) the
independent variable.
This means that as the
independent variable changes, the confounding
variable changes along with it.
Eg.Obesity CHD
Obesity HT CHD
- Intermediate variable is a dependant variable in
relation to the causal variable, and independent in
relation to the subsequent condition.
Eg. Salt intake HT coronary heart disease (CHD)
3. The
term
correlation.
Interpretation
of
correlation coefficient.
Correlation, or correlation coefficient indicates the
strength and direction of a linear relationship between two
random variables. In general statistical usage, correlation

refers to the
independence.

departure

of

two

variables

from

4. Methods of detecting correlation and calculation

of a correlation coefficient
Pearsons product moment correlation coefficient
Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient
Kendall tau correlation coefficient
- The dependant variable is plotted on the Y axis and the
independent one on the X axis. If an association occurs,
changes in Y will coincide with X.
5. Coefficient
of
interpretation
r
1.0
0.7 to 1.0
0.4 to 0.7
0.2 to 0.4
0.01 to 0.2
0.0

determination

and

its

Degree of association
Perfect
Strong
Moderate
Weak
Negligible
No association