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Last 12 term end exams of IGNOU BA, MA history course code: EHI6, EHI7 and MHI2
2.
Previous papers of UPSC (History) Optional Subject Paper II from 1979 to 2012
3.
Old NCERT Class 10 (Arjun Dev): all the relevant chapters already uploaded on Mrunal.org/History
Some of these questions are outside the syllabus and/or beyond the (expected) difficulty level of General Studies Mains
paper, hence Readers discretion is advised.
Copy pasting the Official syllabus for Mains GS Paper 1:
History of the world will include events from 18th century such as industrial revolution, world wars, redraw of national boundaries,
colonization, decolonization, political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc.- their forms and effect on the society
Where are the answers?
the foundation material for most of these questions=available in Old NCERTs, uploaded on Mrunal.org/history
for additional points to make up a 10-12-15 marks content, selective study of those IGNOU courses: EHI6, EHI7, MH2 (from
Egyankosh.ac.in) or Arjun Dev / Norman Lowe / Jain-Mathur
and search google/Britannica as and where necessary.
Imperialism and Colonization
1.
Discuss the basic feature of colonialism in what ways colonialism is different from imperialism?
2.
3.
Explain the workings of Imperialism in the context of any one imperialist country.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Write a note on the process of the expansion of the world by European powers.
8.
Write a note on the process through which the European powers conquered the entire world.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Write a note on the imperialist rivalries that developed in the late 19th and the early 20th century.
13.
Define nation. What is the process through which nations have emerged in the world?
14.
15.
16.
17.
Examine the features of colonialism with reference to the stages through which it developed.
18.
19.
20.
A cleaver conquer will always impose his demands on the conquered by installments.
21.
After 1757 there grew up a State of Bengal which was a sponsored state as well as a plundered state.
22.
Assess critically the economic impact of the British rule in India till the end of the nineteenth century.
23.
At the end of the battle of Sedan (1870), Europe lost a mistress and gained a master.
24.
By 1914, the sick man of Europe was no longer just Turkey : it was Europe itself. Explain.
25.
Colonies are like fruits which cling to the tree only till they ripen.
26.
Critically examine the culture system in the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) during the nineteenth century. Why was it
dismantled?
27.
28.
29.
Discuss the view that the British rule brought about economic changes in India to serve the needs of the imperial economy and
establish a dependent form of underdevelopment in this country.
30.
Explain how American imperialism in Philippines differed with European imperialism in Indonesia and Indo-China.
31.
Explain the British policy of Subordinate union of Indian States with British India from 1858 onwards? How did the
Government of India implement this policy during this period?
32.
33.
Holland was engaged in a systematic exploitation of Indonesia in the nineteenth century. Elucidate.
If imperialism is viewed as a phase of the struggle for power between States, its result must be judged in terms of its role in
power politics.
34.
35.
In all the long annals of Imperialism, the partition of Africa is a remarkable freak.
36.
Mercantilist philosophy was based upon a belief that private & social interests are not necessarily in harmony.
37.
38.
39.
40.
One great effect of the geographical discoveries of the 15th century was the growing belief that America, Asia and Africa were to
be used extensively for the benefit of Europeans.
Orientalism produced a knowledge of the past to service the needs of the Colonial States. Elucidate.
Plantations and mines, jute, banking, insurance, shipping and export-import concerns in India were run through a system of
interlocking managing agencies.
41.
Portugal and Spain, the pioneers in world exploration, were also first in the race to conquer overseas countries
42.
43.
The British conquest of Sind was both a political and moral sequel to the first afghan war. Comment.
44.
The British industrial policy in the nineteenth century ruined the Indian handicrafts.
45.
The British Raj had a deeply racist aspect and it ultimately existed to protect colonial exploitation.
46.
The Christian Missionary propaganda from 1813 onwards was often insensitive and wounding.
47.
The countries in the Middle East became, after 1919, the scene of constant effervescence and some striking changes.
48.
The Crimean War was the most useless war ever waged.
49.
The discovery of the new world, coinciding with the swift diffusion of printed books, taught the Europeans that Truth is the
daughter not of authority, but of time.
50.
The educated middle class in the 19th century often found the domain of reason to be oppressive, as it implied the historical
necessity of civilizings colonial rule.
51.
The forces of free trade and the British determination to create a political and administrative environment conductive to trade
and investment had shaped the British policy towards India in the first half of the nineteenth century. Elucidate.
52.
The Government of India from Canning to Curzon was regarded as a white mans burden rather than as a call to creative effort
or the preparation for a new era.
53.
54.
country.
The Indian Middle Class firmly believed that Britain had imposed a colonial economy on India which had impoverished the
The Montague Declaration (20 August 1917) was observed more closely in the realm of imperial relations than anything else.
55.
The period 1919 to 1945 is important in the history of Egypt for the explanation of its resources by Great Britain and rise of
strong nationalism. Discuss.
56.
The railways, instead of serving as the catalyst of an industrial revolution as in Western Europe and the USA, acted in India as
the catalyst of complete colonization.- Examine.
57.
The rise and expansion of British empire was an accident rather than the result of a deliberate policy and design. Critically
examine this statement.
58.
The simultaneous expansion of European powers overseas during the last quarter of the 19th century brought them into
frequent collisions at a remote points all over Africa and Asia.
59.
60.
61.
Trace the stages in the partition of Africa after 1870. How did it affect international relations?
62.
Trace the various stages of European imperialism in Africa in the nineteenth century.
63.
What do you understand by Imperialism? How did it affect the people of Asia in the nineteenth century?
64.
What do you understand by imperialism? State briefly its unique features in the case of Africa?
65.
What was the culture system in the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) during the 19th century? Why was it dismantled?
66.
Write a critique on the partition of Africa from 1870 to 1914, with particular reference to Germanys imperial designs in the
Continent.
67.
Describe the steps, giving examples, by which the imperialist countries took over most of Africa.
68.
Why were Asian and African countries so easily dominated by the Western powers?
69.
70.
Describe the emergence of the United States of America as an imperialist power Give examples
71.
Explain the meaning of the following terms, with examples: Sphere of influence, exploitation, extraterritorial rights,
protectorate, Monroe Doctrine, Dollar diplomacy.
72.
Prepare maps of Asia and Africa showing the colonies and spheres of influence of the various imperialist powers before the First
World War
73.
74.
75.
76.
Write an essay on Slavery and Slave Trade and the Struggle for their Abolition
How did the empires of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries differ from the empires of ancient times for example, those of
the Mauryas, the Romans and of Alexander?
Discuss the differences between the imperialist expansion during the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries and 1870 to 1914
Name and discuss some of the big problems faced by newly independent countries Why are their problems also the problems of
all countries?
77.
Discuss the long-term impact of imperialist control on the countries of Asia, Africa and South America
78.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
How did the industrialisation of Russia take place in the period prior to the Russian Revolution?
6.
7.
Give a critical account of the Agricultural Revolution in Western Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. How did it
affect the social and economic life of the people?
8.
The Industrial Revolution brought about great changes in the social and economic life of Europe. Explain.
9.
10.
11.
The period 1500 to 1700 in Europe has been called the heyday of the Commercial Revolution. Explain the causes that led to this
Revolution examine its impact on society.
12.
The process of industrialization in some other countries of Europe was different from that in England.
13.
What was the extent of industrialization in western Europe by the end of the nineteenth century?
14.
15.
16.
Identify the main features of industrial development in India from 1914 to 1947 with special reference to the emergence of a
class of factory laborers.
What conditions are most favourable or essential for industrialization?
17.
Give examples to show that the Industrial Revolution with its demand for raw materials and markets made nations more
dependent on one another.
18.
Describe the conditions which prevailed in industrial cities and factories as the Industrial Revolution spread. How these
conditions were slowly improved?
19.
20.
21.
How does industrialization help in raising the level or the standard of living?
22.
Would you say that industrialization was a natural step in mans progress? Why or why not?
Socialism, Communism, Capitalism, Revolutions
1.
The ideology of Subhash Chandra Bose was a combination of nationalism, fascism and communism.
2.
What were the features of the lower middle classes and the working classes in Europe in the 18th century?
3.
Analyze the changes in social structure as a result of modernization in the western world.
4.
5.
Explain the views of Rousseau, Karl Marx and Mahatma Gandhi on the nature of State.
6.
How did a nation state system develop among the countries of Europe in the 19th century?
7.
8.
How was the socialist pattern of industrialization different from the capitalist one?
9.
10.
Make a comparison between the Capitalist and the Socialist patterns of industrialization.
11.
12.
13.
14.
What do you understand by the state? What is the Marxist understanding of the state?
15.
What do you understand by the state?Write a note on the major theories of the state.
16.
What is capitalist industrialization?Write a note on the various theories for the emergence of capitalism. Write a note on the
European penetration of the New world.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Comment on the formation of the Nation State in Britain. How was the British national identity fostered?
21.
22.
Define class society. Distinguish between pre- modern and modern class society.
23.
Analyse the factors that helped the growth of nationalism in Eastern Europe.
24.
25.
Review the background of the Chartist Movement. Despite its failure how had their demands been met in the succeeding years?
26.
The roots of Chartism are partly political and partly economic. Elaborate.
27.
Discuss some features of the socialist Europe in the post war world.
28.
29.
30.
Discuss the position of the peasantry with the development of capitalism in Europe.
31.
Discuss the process through which Britain made a transition to a modern polity.
32.
Discuss the role of bureaucracy in the foundation of the Modern State in Europe.
33.
Discuss the role of the bureaucracy in the formation of modern European states.
34.
35.
36.
What was the nature of the liberal democratic regimes that developed during the period after the First World War?
37.
What was the process through which a modern class society emerged in Europe?
38.
39.
40.
41.
Write a note on the emergence of new social groups in 19th century Europe.
42.
43.
44.
45.
How did the landed classes in England respond to the changes in the economy?
46.
How did the Ottoman Empire break down and make way for the emergence of a nation-state system?
47.
Revolutions of 1848
48.
49.
Was the British state able to develop a notion of liberty between 1780 1850?
50.
51.
52.
What are the main features of the modern state and polity?
53.
54.
55.
What is class society? Discuss the transition to the modern class society.
56.
57.
What is socialism? Why did the first socialist revolution occur in Russia?
58.
What led to the Revolutions of 1848 in Europe? What were its consequences?
59.
What was the demographic pattern in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries?
60.
Account for the growth of Liberalism in Britain in the nineteenth century. How far did it influence the contemporary social and
economic issues-in the country?
61.
Discuss the nature of the leadership and programme of the Congress Socialist party.
62.
Effect of British liberalism on the social or economic life of the people of England.
63.
64.
France was more fertile than Britain in producing new Socialist theories and movements, though they bore less concrete results
in France than in Britain.
Marxian Communism is primarily the offspring of German Hegelianism and French Socialism.
65.
Most of the European Revolutions of 1848 were nationalist as well as popular insurrection against foreign rule and repressive
policy of Metternich.
66.
President Franklin Roosevelts New Deal had the wish to start the political economy in a fresh, more promising direction. Do
you agree?
67.
68.
Rousseaus political philosophy contains the seeds of Socialism, Absolutism and Democracy.
69.
The Bill of Rights (1688) set the seal on Parliamentary supremacy in England.
70.
The capitalism which gave the European empires their apparent solidarity and permanence also hastened their downfall.
71.
The characteristic motive of this period (1830-1871) was not so much Liberalism as Nationalism.
72.
The Communist international and the League of Nations both announced the end of the Balance of Power.
73.
The emergence of left-wing group in the (Indian) congress radicalized its social economic agenda.
74.
75.
The perpetuation of the economic malaise was the main cause of the political instability of Europe during the next two decades
(1919-39). Explain.
The promptings of the heart are more to be trusted than the logic of the mind. Rousseau.
76.
Trace the growth of capitalism in Britain in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Why was France, as compared to Britain,
late in developing the capitalist spirit and the institutional framework of capitalism?
77.
Trace the growth of Capitalism in England in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. How did it affect the Wage System in
the country?
78.
Trace the rise and growth of the New European Society in the inter-war period.
79.
Explain the meaning of the following terms : Industrial Revolution, capital, capitalism, socialism, protective tariff, laissez faire.
80.
What are the main features which distinguish capitalism from feudalism?
81.
How did the growth of trade unions help to put on end to the idea of laissez faire?
82.
Study the weaknesses and disadvantages of producing goods and services under the capitalist system of production. What are
the advantages that a socialist system can have over a society based on capitalism?
83.
Explain the following terms: Third Estate, Bourgeoisie, Proletariat, Junkers, Paris Commune, Means of Production, Socialism,
Utopian Socialists.
84.
Two markers: Jefferson, Washington, Thomas Paine, Louis XVI, Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Napoleon, Simon Bolivar,
Mazzini, Garibaldi, Cavour, Bismarck, Babeuf, Karl Marx, Rosa Luxemburg.
85.
86.
When was the First International formed? What were its main contributions to the growth of the socialist movement?
When was the Second International formed? For which other great event is that year important? What were the main aims of
the Second International?
87.
88.
89.
90.
Critically examine the New Deal of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Did he want to introduce a sort of socialism?
France
1.
French political writers of the eighteenth century were influenced by Locke and also by the curious contrast. Which they
perceived between the government of his country and their own.
2.
How did Napoleon Bonaparte heal the wounds of France inflicted by the Revolution and correct the errors perpetrated by its
leaders?
3.
How did Napoleon fuse the French of the ancient regime with the France of the post-revolutionary ear?
4.
How did Nepoleon Bonapart fuse the old France with the new?
5.
If monarchical misrole ignited the French revolution, lofty ideas both inspired and sustained it.
6.
Napoleon was the child of the Revolution, but in many ways he reversed the aims and principles of the movement from which
he sprang
7.
8.
The connection between the philosophers and the outbreak of the French Revolution (1789) is somewhat remote and indirect.
9.
The French Revolution (1789) really achieved far less than what it intended to effect. Do you agree?
10.
The French Revolution (1789) sought to remove both the religious and secular props of the existing social order. Elucidate.
11.
12.
The most important single factor in the years following 1919 was the French demand for security.
13.
The Napoleonic Empire was doomed because of its inherent and self-defeating contradictions. Elucidate.
14.
15.
16.
17.
The writings of the philosophers had a tremendous influence on the minds of the people and created a revolutionary awakening
in their minds and formed the intellectual creed of the French Revolution
To what extent did Napoleons economic war with England become his undoing?
What were the ideals of the French Revolution of 1789? How far is it correct to say that it overthrew mercantilism and the
surviving relics of feudalism and contributed to the political supremacy of the middle class?
What were the main ideas behind the French Revolution?
18.
Explain why the following documents were revolutionary when they were written : Declaration of Independence, Declaration
of the Rights of Man and Citizen, Communist Manifesto,
19.
Explain the impact of the French Revolution on the Spanish colonies in America.
20.
21.
What is the legacy of the French Revolution for the modern world?
22.
What was the impact of the French Revolution on the social and political life of France?
23.
24.
Write a note on Bonapartism. What led to the failure of the Second Empire in France?
25.
Write a note on the process through which a modern state developed in France.
26.
27.
28.
Explain how repression was combined with mobilisation of popular support under Bonapartism.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
What are the salient features of modern politics as it developed in Europe after the French Revolution?
34.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Discuss the important factors responsible for the American Revolution. What were the effects of the Revolution?
5.
How did the peculiarity of being a new society affect the American Revolution?
6.
7.
8.
At the news of the Declaration of Independence crowds gathered to cheer, fire guns and cannon and ring church bells in
Philadelphia. Boston and other places, but there were many people in America who did not rejoice.
9.
10.
The American Revolution was a natural and even expected event in the history of colonial people who had come of age.
11.
The American Revolution was essentially as economic conflict between American capitalism as British mercantilism.
12.
The American War of Independence deprived Great Britain of one empire, but it strengthened the foundations of another .
13.
14.
The Great Depression (1928-34) was attended by momentous consequences in the economic as well as in the political sphere.
15.
To some extent, the American War of Independence inspired the French Revolution
16.
What were the factors that worked in the drafting of the American Constitution? Do you agreee the US constitution being an
Economic Document?
17.
How far is it correct to say that every feature of the American Constitution was ultimately of English Origin?
18.
Explain briefly the conditions that brought about the American and French revolutions.
19.
20.
Write a note on People Revolt when Conditions become Unbearable, using the either French, Russian or American revolutions
as evidence.
Examine the issues involved in the American Civil War. Was it a contest between two separate nations?
Russia
1.
2.
Bolsheviks
3.
4.
5.
6.
Write a note on the significance of Russian Revolution for 20th century politics.
7.
8.
9.
Analyze the causes of the Russian Revolutions of 1917. Why was the second Revolution significant in more than one way?
10.
Examine the causes of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and indicate its significance in world history.
11.
12.
13.
In Russia, Lenin was the father of socialism, organizer of the revolution and the founder of the new Russian society. Examine
the statement.
Lenins role in the Russian Revolution of 1917
The impact of the French Revolution (1789) was initially confined the Europe, but, that of the Russia Revolution (1917) was
global. Critically review.
14.
The Russian Revolution (1917) was an economic explosion hastened by the stupidities of the autocratic Governments
15.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a single revolution which developed two phases. Elucidate.
16.
What were the causes for the success of Bolshevik Revolution of 1917? Discuss its significance in the history of the world.
17.
18.
Explain the following terms: Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, Soviet, February Revolution, October Revolution, Bloody Sunday,
Communist International
19.
Describe the social and economic conditions in Russia before the Revolution of 1917. How did Russias participation in the First
World War help create conditions for the fall of the Russian autocracy,
20.
21.
22.
Explain the attitude of the USSR. towards the movements for independence in Asia.
23.
24.
Discuss the view that the Russian Revolution was brought about by a small group of revolutionaries without the support of the
masses.
China
1.
What were the basic characteristics of traditional Chinese economy? What was the attitude of Chinese bourgeoisie towards the
1911 Revolution?
2.
3.
By 1861, China may be said to have been fully though grudgingly opened to the Westerner.
4.
Critically analysis the cause and the results of the Chinese revolution of 1940
5.
Discuss the circumstances leading to the Chinese Revolution of 1949 and analyse its significance.
6.
7.
Discuss the internal problem of China after the First World War and account for the establishment of Communist rule in the
China in 1949
to it?
Divided into spheres of influence by foreign powers, China in the 19th century presented a sorry spectacle. How did China react
8.
Examine the circumstances in china in the years 1945-49. What did the United States do to resolve the conflict between the
Nationalists and the Communists there?
9.
How did the Treaty Port System in China develop between 1840 and 1860? What was its inference on Chinese attitude to
foreigners?
10.
Importance of the Opium War in the history of China. Give a critical account of the progress of merchantalism in the 17th
century. How far is it correct to say that it paved the way for the Industrial Revolution?
11.
Review the political circumstances in China in the years 1945-49 leading to the establishment of the Communist rule in the land.
How did the United States seek to resolve the conflict between the Nationalists and the communists in the period?
12.
The Treaty of Nanking is the basic act in the imposing but unstable structure of international relations which governed China
for a hundred years.
13.
14.
With the proclamation in Nanking of a Chinese Republic with Sun-Yat-Sen as the President in 1911, the old China wilted rapidly.
The years 1840 to 1860 confronted the Ching dynasty and the people of China with unprecedented crises due to imperialist
designs of western powers. Discuss critically.
15.
16.
17.
To what extent did the Western powers bring China under their domination without annexation?
and free.
Trace the distinct phases of the Sino-Japanese War. Assess its political economic and cultural impact on China, both occupied
Why is the period from 1842 to 1900 considered as half a century of humiliations in the history of China? What was the reaction
of China?
18.
19.
Analyse the factors responsible for the victory of the Communists in the civil war in China during 1945-49.
20.
21.
Analyse the various factors responsible for the early nineteenth-century crisis in China.
22.
Boxer Rebellion
23.
Canton system
24.
25.
Critically analyse the factors responsible for Boxer Rebellion. What was its significance?
26.
27.
Discuss the agrarian programme of the Taipings. Why did the uprising fail?
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
Discuss the factors which led to the Boxer Uprising. Explain the Boxer Protocol.
33.
34.
35.
36.
The announcement of the creation of the Peoples Republic of China on October1, 1959 by Mao Zedong ended the civil war
between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Nationalist Party (KMT). Elaborate.
37.
Discuss the role of students and intellectuals in the development of new culture after the revolution of 1911.
38.
What led to the emergence of the New Culture movement in China after the revolution of 1911? What was the role of
intellectuals in this movement?
39.
Discuss the role of Sun Yat Sen in the anti- imperialist struggle in China.
40.
Discuss the role of the communist party in the success of the Revolution of 1949 in China.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
Manchukuo
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
What was the nature of Chinese response to western imperialism in the second half of the nineteenth century. Discuss the
growth of Japanese industrial economy between the two World Wars.
56.
57.
What were main reasons for the failure of the Taiping Rebellion?
58.
What were the causes of the Opium Wars? How did they affect Chinas relations with the Western powers?
59.
What were the initiatives taken by the Meiji government to establish a centralized political system
60.
What were the main features of the self-strengthening movement in China? Examine.
61.
What were the Twenty One Demands? Discuss the reaction of China on these demands.
62.
63.
Write an essay on Sun Yat Sen and the rise of Nationalism in China.
64.
Kuomintang
Japan
1.
How did Japan develop between 1868 and 1894? Did the Restoration of Meiji mark a sharp break with the past?
2.
How did the Japanese occupation of South-East Asian countries during the Second World War give a boost to nationalize in the
regions? Explain with examples.
3.
Show how the presence of a weak and helpless China next door brought about the rise of militarism and collapse of democracy
in Japan.
4.
The Anglo-Japanese Treaty (1962) marks a milestone in the development of Japan as an Asiatic power.
5.
6.
Trace the growth of militarism in Japan in the inter-war years. What international reaction did it provoke?
7.
8.
Militarism in Japan
9.
Analyse the main factors responsible for the decline of the Tokugawa Shogunate.
10.
11.
12.
Discuss the causes of the Russo-Japanese War. What was its impact on the nationalism in Asian countries?
13.
14.
Discuss the factors which led to the decline of the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Discuss the political and economic implications of the Allied occupation of Japan.
19.
Discuss the political and economic reforms which contributed towards the modernisation of Japan.
20.
21.
Explain the developments in the economy of Japan prior to World War II.
22.
23.
Outline the stages of Japans emergence as an imperialist power during the period 1894 1912.
24.
25.
What was the political implication of the Allied Forces occupation of Japan after the Second World War?
26.
What were the main economic reforms carried out in Japan after the First World War?
27.
What were the political and economic reforms which contributed towards the modernization of Japan?
28.
What were the primary issues in the economic development of Japan between 1868 1885?
29.
What were the various ideologies behind the expansionist policy of Japan?
30.
What was the role of political parties in Japan between the two World Wars?
31.
32.
Account for the rise of militarism in Japan between the two World Wars. How did it affect the peace of the world?
33.
1.
2.
Did the Weimar Republic represent liberal democratic experiment in Germany? How successful was this experiment?
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Gestapo
11.
12.
Besmirch created a new Germany with the policy of blood and iron.
13.
Bismarck united Germany not by majority of votes and speeches but by a policy of Blood and iron. In the light of this statement
assess the contribution of Bismarck to the unification of Germany.
14.
Comparison of the fascist regime in Italy with the National Socialist regime of Germany is almost inevitable. The similarities are
obvious, but there is one point of difference which is worth mentioning.
15.
Critically examine the main features of the foreign policy of Nazi Germany.
16.
What were the weaknesses and difficulties of the Weimer Republic? How did Hitler succeed in establishing his dictatorship?
17.
Hitler did not really want a world War. His intention was only a short war with Poland.
18.
Hitler was a creature flung to the top by the tides of revolutionary change, or the embodiment of the collective unconsciousness
of a people obsessed with violence and death.
19.
How did the policy of appeasement escalate the problem of Nazi aggrandizement?
20.
21.
It is one of the ironies of history that Napoleon was the creator of modern Germany.
22.
Napoleon kindled the national sentiment, but German unity was achieved by Bismarck. Discuss.
23.
24.
The Unification of Germany was the one thing Bismarck was determined to prevent.
25.
There was an element of system in Hitlers foreign policy His outlook was continental.
26.
Was German unification achieved more by coal and iron than by blood and iron?
Italy
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Italian Nationalism
6.
7.
8.
What led to the rise of fascism in Italy? Discuss the nature of the fascist state.
9.
Corporate State was Mussolinis answer to sociopolitical problems of his country. Elucidate.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Extreme nationalism of the Fascist Variety has various faces in various countries, but it has everywhere certain common
characteristics.
The roots of the rise of Fascism lay in Peace Treaties.
The unification of Italy and that of Germany constituted a contrast in respect of the ways they were affected and impact they left
on later international politics. Elucidate.
The unification of Italy completedthe destruction of the European order.
14.
Trace the course of the movement for Italian Unification from 1848 with special reference to the contribution of Mazzini.
15.
Trace the various stages that led to the Unification of Italy between 1848 and 1870.
16.
What were the obstacles to Italian unification till 1852? How and with what methods was the unification of Italy achieved?
17.
18.
What were the main features of the fascist and Nazi movements?
19.
20.
What were the main aims of the foreign policies of Italy, Germany and Japan?
21.
What were the views of Jawaharlal Nehru and the Indian National Congress on fascism?
World Wars
1.
How did the two World Wars affect politics in the 20th century?
2.
3.
Chemical Warfare
4.
5.
6.
7.
How did the two World Wars affect the politics and economy of Europe?
8.
9.
Analyze the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 and examine the validity of Germanys objections to the treaty.
10.
Any single explanation for the outbreak of the First World War likely to be too simple. An amalgam of factors intellectual, social,
economic as well as political and diplomatic contributed to this horrifying conflict of monumental propositions. Explain.
11.
12.
In the long run, the Locarno Treaty (December 1925) was descriptive both of the Treaty of Versailles and of the Covenant.
In the post -Second World War scenario friends in war did not remain friends in peace. Examine the truth of this view in the
period of your study.
13.
Show how the Spanish Civil War a prelude to World War II.
14.
15.
16.
17.
The Wars (First World Wars) most permanent contribution to the spirit or the post-War years was disillusion.
18.
19.
20.
Thus the League sought to achieve to profoundest of all psychological revolutions to transform the war mentality of man into a
peace mentality.
Treaty of Versailles contained the seeds of future conflicts.
Until December 1941 the battlefield of the Second World War was exclusively European and Atlantic; thereafter it became also
Asiatic and Pacific.
21.
What led to the formation of the Berlin-Rome Tokyo axis? Indicate its impact on international politics.
22.
Explain the basic reasons for the conflicts between European nations from the late nineteenth century to the early years of the
twentieth century.
23.
What were the countries comprising the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente? What were the main aims of these groupings?
24.
What is meant by the Pan-Slav movement? Why did it add to the conflict between Russia and Austria?
25.
Explain the reasons for the entry of the United States in the First World War.
26.
Why the war that broke out in 1914 is called the First World War?
27.
Explain the consequences of the First World War on Germany, Austria, Hungary and Turkey
28.
What were the purposes for which the League of Nations was established?
29.
Why did Russia withdraw from the war after the 1917 Revolution?
30.
On a map of the world, show the areas in Asia and Africa which caused conflicts among various European countries Also show
the European countries which emerged as independent states after the First World War.
31.
How was the world redivided among the victorious powers? Prepare a map to show the territories which were taken over from
the defeated countries by the victorious countries.
32.
How far were imperialist rivalries the basic cause of the First World War?
33.
Do you think the peace treaties laid the foundations of a just and stable peace? Discuss.
34.
How is it that an otherwise minor incident led to the outbreak of a world war? Discuss.
35.
36.
Describe the main events between 1936 and 1939 which created conditions for another world war
37.
What did the Western powers do to counter the aggressive acts of Japan, Italy and Germany between 1931 and 1938?
38.
Explain the terms: Phoney War, Second Front, the Battle of Britain
39.
Do you think Western policy of appeasement of the fascist powers brought about the Second World War? Why? Or why not?
40.
41.
Do you think the United States was justified in using the atom bomb against Japan?
42.
Why did the Soviet Union sign the Non-Aggression Pact with Germany? What did she gain from it? Discuss
43.
What were the immediate consequences of the Second World War in Europe?
44.
For a tired and timid generation Metternich was the necessary man.
45.
The Brussels Treaty of 17 March, 1948 paved the way for the formation of NATO.
46.
The international situation that confronted the peacemakers in Paris was in the brutal realities of history, the result of a
temporary redistribution of the balance of power in the world.
47.
There was not only a difference of principles at Paris (Peace Conference) but a clash of personalities.
48.
What do you understand by the notion of Total War? How did it affect military strategy?
Decolonization, Nationalism, Redrawing Boundaries Post WW2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Write an essay on the nature of international relations during the post-World War period.
6.
What was the nature of politics and economy in Europe after the Second World War?
7.
8.
9.
What was the nature of politics and economy in Europe after the Second World War?
10.
11.
12.
What were the kind of challenges faced by the liberal democratic polities in the initial years of the 20th century?
13.
the European nations in emphasizing their solidarity, their Europeans in dealing with Asian countries inevitably gave rise
to a feeling of Asianness.
14.
Arab nationalism and oil these were the principal Factors in complicating the relations of Middle Eastern countries with the
outside world.
15.
Asian Nationalism is just a product of Western impact on the Asian intelligentsia in the last decades of the nineteenth century.
16.
Both freedom and partition were the work of Indian middle classes.
17.
Discuss the aims of the establishment of the Arab League and assess it role in safeguarding the interests of the Arab nations.
18.
Europe faced peace in 1945 politically disorganized and economically crippled. Elaborate.
19.
Explain the circumstances leading to the emergence of Third World and analyze its impact on world affairs.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Nascent nationalism in Indo-China developed within both an Asian and a European context with but scanty reference in either
case to traditionalist considerations.
Nominally the new Turkey was republican and democratic.
One of the last Strongholds of oil imperialism and European colonialism it (Middle East) cultivates a fiery nationalism as a
weapon against foreign oppression
One of the most important consequences of the Second World War was division of Europe, eastern and western.
The Arab nationalism had a peculiar character. It stood for nation independence for separate Arab States as well as for the unity
of all Arabs irrespective of their state boundaries. Examine.
26.
The Collapse of Berlin Wall in 1989 brought new ideas of co-operation in Europe.
27.
28.
Trace the growth of Arab nationalism after the, First World War. How far was it a reaction to oil imperialism?
29.
Turkish renaissance guided by Kemal Pasha revolutionized the Turkish life a many levels. Amplify.
30.
31.
Why did Vietnam go through thirty years of war after the Second World War?
32.
Would you argue that the Non-Aligned Movement played a crucial role in dismantling the colonialism?
33.
Write a critical note on the process of decolonization accelerated by the second World War.
34.
Identify the main strands in the Egyptian nationalist movement in the first half of the present century and explain the role
played in it by Zaghlul Pasha.
35.
Identify the main strands in the Nationalist Movement in Indonesia between the two World Wars. How did Japanese
occupation of land influence the course of the Movement?
36.
Describe the growth of national movements in Asia after the First World War. Name the Asian countries which won their
independence between 1919 and 1939
37.
38.
39.
What was the impact of the Portuguese revolution of 1974 on the Portuguese colonies in Africa?
40.
What is meant by nonalignment? Why did most of the newly independent countries follow this policy?
41.
42.
Describe the changes which have taken place in South Africa after 1989
43.
Trace the developments that led to the collapse of the Soviet Union.
44.
Describe the main changes which have occurred in Germany and the countries of Southern Europe since 1989
45.
Discuss the factors which led to the weakening of imperialism after the Second World War
46.
47.
48.
Some countries of Asia had become members of military alliances. Do you think it helped in strengthening their independence?
Why? Or why not? Give arguments with examples
Discuss the impact of the emergence of Asian and African countries as independent nations on the world.
Do you think the post-Cold War world is a safer place to live in and there is no danger of any country dominating over other
countries unlike the Colonial times?