Computer Aided Power System Analysis Laboratory [Spring 2016]

Experiment No: 02

Convergence Characteristics of Different Load Flow

Methods for Different Power Systems

Date of Assignment: 22 /02/2016

Date of Submission: 02/03/2016

Submitted by
Bonu Ramesh Naidu
T15EE001
M.Tech PES

Evaluated by

Faculty-In charge

Marks Obtained

Out of [ 20 ]

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Computer Aided Power System Analysis Laboratory [Spring 2016]

Experiment No: 2

Convergence Characteristics of Different Load Flow

Methods for Different Power Systems
Objective: To draw the convergence characteristics of Gauss-Siedal, Newton-Raphson and
Decoupled Newton-Raphson methods load flow solution for IEEE 14 Bus & IEEE 24 Bus power
system.

Software used: PSS@E and MATLAB/SIMULINK

Theory:
In power engineering, the power-flow study, or load-flow study, is a numerical analysis of the
flow of electric power in an interconnected system. A power-flow study usually uses simplified
notation such as a one-line diagram and per-unit system, and focuses on various aspects of AC
power parameters, such as voltages, voltage angles, real power and reactive power. It analyzes
the power systems in normal steady-state operation. In literature there are many power flow
solution methods, out of which Newton-Raphson method is one prominent method. A rough
outline of solution of the power-flow problem using Newton-Raphson method is:
1. Make an initial guess of all unknown voltage magnitudes and angles. It is common to use
a "flat start" in which all voltage angles are set to zero and all voltage magnitudes are set
to 1.0 p.u.
2. Solve the power balance equations using the most recent voltage angle and magnitude
values.
3. Solve for the change in voltage angle and magnitude
4. Update the voltage magnitude and angles
5. Check the stopping conditions, if met then terminate, else go to step 2.
The output of Newton-Raphson method is a set of power mismatches in MW w.r.t iterations
and voltage in PU, angle in degrees at each bus. To plot the convergence characteristics, we
need to take the maximum of del-P and del-Q and convert them to per unit values by dividing
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Computer Aided Power System Analysis Laboratory [Spring 2016]

each mismatch with the highest MVA rating of machine i.e., 650 MVA for 14 bus power
system and 100 MVA for 24 bus power system. Now. These PU values are plotted against
iterations for convergence characteristics.
Similarly the output of Gauss-Seidal load flow method is mismatch in voltage per iteration in
volts. To plot the convergence characteristics, we need to convert them to per unit values by
dividing each mismatch with the Base KV of the system i.e., 138 KV for 14 bus power
system and 230 KV for 24 bus power system. Now. These PU values are plotted against
iterations for convergence characteristics. While plotting the Gauss-Seidal convergence
characteristics, only 30 iterations were taken against 99 iterations because the visualization of
convergence in graph after 30 iterations is negligible.
Decoupled-load-flow method is a variation on Newton-Raphson that exploits the
approximate decoupling of active and reactive flows in well-behaved power networks, and
additionally fixes the value of the Jacobian during the iteration in order to avoid costly matrix
decompositions. Also referred to as "fixed-slope, decoupled NR". The output of Decoupled
method is a data containing real power mismatch per iteration in MW. To plot the
convergence characteristics, we need to convert them to per unit values by dividing each
mismatch with the highest MVA rating of machine i.e., 650 MVA for 14 bus power system
and 100 MVA for 24 bus power system. Now. These PU values are plotted against iterations
for convergence characteristics.

Procedure:

The network data of IEEE 14 power system was entered on a new network case and
saved in .sav file.

The codes for different buses were entered as:

PQ bus: 1
PV bus: 2
Swing bus: 3

The single line diagram was drawn in the diagram window such that no overlap occurs
and it is saved in .sld file.

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Computer Aided Power System Analysis Laboratory [Spring 2016]

The load flow solution was carried out using Gauss-Siedal, Newton-Raphson and
Decoupled Newton-Raphson and corresponding mismatches, observations in the output
bar are saved to an external file.

The graphs of mismatches versus no. of iterations were plotted for each method of load
flow using MATLAB/SIMULINK

The above procedure is repeated for IEEE 24 power system and its convergence
characteristics are drawn.

Steps followed in PSSE:

Open IEEE 24 bus.sav file from the disk.

In the Menu Bar, go to Power Flow > Solution > Solve NSOl/FNSL...

Select Full Newton-Raphson from Solution Method.

Select Flat Start from Area Interchange Control.

Click Solve.

Export the data from Output Bar to an external data storage file for plotting.

IEEE 14 Bus Test System Data:

Table 1: Machine data
Bus No Code PGen (MW) QGen (Mvar) QMax (Mvar) QMin (Mvar)
1
3
232.392
-16.549
0
0
2
2
40
43.556
50
-40
3
2
0
25.075
40
0
6
2
0
12.73
24
-6
8
2
0
17.623
24
-6

Table 2: Line data

From Bus Number To Bus Number Line R (pu) Line X (pu) Charging B (pu)
1
2
0.01938
0.05917
0.0528
1
5
0.05403
0.22304
0.0492
2
3
0.04699
0.19797
0.0438
2
4
0.05811
0.17632
0.034
2
5
0.05695
0.17388
0.0346
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Computer Aided Power System Analysis Laboratory [Spring 2016]

3
4
6
6
6
7
7
9
9
10
12
13

4
5
11
12
13
8
9
10
14
11
13
14

0.06701
0.01335
0.09498
0.12291
0.06615
0
0
0.03181
0.12711
0.08205
0.22092
0.17093

0.17103
0.04211
0.1989
0.25581
0.13027
0.17615
0.11001
0.0845
0.27038
0.19207
0.19988
0.34802

Table 3: Shunt data

Bus Number Code G-Shunt (MW) B-Shunt (Mvar)
9
1
0
19

Table 4: Load data

Bus Number Code Pload (MW) Qload (Mvar)
2
2
21.7
12.7
3
2
94.2
19
4
1
47.8
-3.9
5
1
7.6
1.6
6
2
11.2
7.5
9
1
29.5
16.6
10
1
9
5.8
11
1
3.5
1.8
12
1
6.1
1.6
13
1
13.5
5.8
14
1
14.9
5

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0.0128
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Computer Aided Power System Analysis Laboratory [Spring 2016]

Single line diagram

Fig 1: Single Line Diagram of 14 Bus Power System

Graphical Reports
-4

4.5

x 10

4
Newton-Raphson
Gauss-Seidal
Decoupled N-R

3.5

Mismatch in PU

3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

10

12

14

16

No of Iterations

Fig 2: Convergence Characteristics of 14 Bus Power System

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Computer Aided Power System Analysis Laboratory [Spring 2016]

IEEE 24 Bus Test System:
Table 5: Machine data
Bus Number Code PGen (MW) QGen (Mvar) QMax (Mvar) QMin (Mvar)
1
3
804.575
-159.287
9900
-9900
2
2
100
282.726
9900
-9900
7
2
97
69.584
9900
-9900
13
2
100
107.331
9900
-9900
14
2
100
60.226
9900
-9900
15
2
100
67.689
9900
-9900
16
2
100
17.813
9900
-9900
18
2
0
40.737
9900
-9900
21
2
100
-32.948
9900
-9900
22
2
100
-28.333
9900
-9900
23
2
100
6.433
9900
-9900

Table 6: Line data

From Bus Number To Bus Number Line R (pu) Line X (pu) Charging B (pu)
1
2
0.0007
0.00123
0.00065
1
3
0.05419
0.21114
0.0613
1
5
0.02243
0.0849
0.0244
2
4
0.03361
0.1273
0.0366
2
6
0.05064
0.19201
0.0557
3
9
0.03148
0.11921
0.0343
4
9
0.02692
0.10779
0.0279
6
10
0.02262
0.03333
0.13029
7
8
0.01614
0.06103
0.0179
8
9
0.04234
0.16482
0.0478
8
10
0.04234
0.16482
0.0478
11
13
0.00583
0.04746
0.0959
11
14
0.00513
0.04172
0.0843
12
13
0.00583
0.0476
0.0959
12
23
0.01224
0.09644
0.1984
13
23
0.0106
0.08643
0.1752
14
16
0.00477
0.03884
0.0785
15
16
0.00212
0.17269
0.0349
15
21
0.00607
0.04899
0.1006
15
21
0.00607
0.04899
0.1006
15
24
0.00642
0.05187
0.1066

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Computer Aided Power System Analysis Laboratory [Spring 2016]

16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
21

17
19
18
22
21
21
20
20
23
23
22

0.00318
0.00283
0.00177
0.01225
0.00331
0.00331
0.00505
0.00505
0.00276
0.00276
0.00829

0.0259
0.02302
0.01439
0.10527
0.02595
0.02595
0.03964
0.03964
0.02163
0.02163
0.06769

Table 7: Load data

Bus Number Code Pload (MW) Qload (Mvar)
2
2
97
20
3
1
90
19
4
1
74
15
5
1
71
14
6
1
68
14
7
2
62
13
8
1
85
18
9
1
175
36
10
1
100
23
13
2
130
27
14
2
92
20
15
2
158
32
16
2
100
20
18
2
162
34
19
1
90
18
20
1
65
13

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0.0523
0.0465
0.0291
0.2116
0.0533
0.0533
0.0814
0.0814
0.0444
0.0444
0.1367

Computer Aided Power System Analysis Laboratory [Spring 2016]

Single Line Diagram

Fig 3: Single Line Diagram of 24 Bus Power System

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Computer Aided Power System Analysis Laboratory [Spring 2016]

Graphical Reports
-3

3.5

x 10

N-R Method
G-S Method
Decoupled N-R

-4

x 10

2.5
4

Mismatch in PU

2
2

1.5

0.5

10

15

20

25

30

Iterations

Fig 3: Convergence Characteristics of 24 Bus Power System

Observations

Different load flow methods were carried out on the given systems and the results were
obtained.

We observe that in convergence characteristics, at some points, the curve violated the
rule of convergence i.e., the mismatch has increased for consecutive iterations which
means that, during that iteration, in that particular load flow method, the reactive power
limit of the system is violated.
Eg: Violation in Reactive power limits occurred at 3rd iteration of Gauss-Seidal Load
flow solution for 24 Bus power system and Violation in Reactive power limits occurred

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Computer Aided Power System Analysis Laboratory [Spring 2016]

at 2nd iteration of Decoupled Newton-Raphson Load flow method for 14 Bus power
system.

We also observe that the number of iterations taken to converge are drastically increasing
with increase in number of buses in the test system for Gauss-Seidal load flow method,
decreasing for Decoupled Newton-Raphson load flow method and slightly increasing for
Newton-Raphson load flow method
Load flow Method Iterations for 14 Bus system Iterations for 24 Bus system
Newton-Raphson

Gauss-Seidal

17

99

Decoupled N-R

Result: Convergence characteristics of Gauss-Seidal, Newton-Raphson and Decoupled N-R

methods during load flow solution of IEEE 14 Bus & IEEE 24 Bus power system were obtained
and plotted. Prominent observations were listed from the obtained outputs.

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