Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 436 (1999) 443}444

TREDI: fully 3D beam dynamics simulation of RF guns,

bendings and FELs
L. Giannessi*, P. Musumeci, M. Quattromini
ENEA, Dip. Innovazione, Div. Fisica Applicata, Centro Ricerche Frascati, C.P. 65, 0044 Frascati, Rome, Italy
Received 6 April 1999; accepted 30 April 1999

Abstract

We describe a three-dimensional code modelling the propagation of charged beams in accelerator devices. The
inclusion of space charge "elds is taken into account by means of the Lienard}Wiechert retarded potentials. As an
illustration of the capabilities of the program, the results of a simulation are given that, describe the beam dynamics from
the cathode to the undulator through the whole accelerating system. Evidence of bunching in the undulator, as an
indication of SASE is observed. ( 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Free electron laser; Self-ampli"ed spontaneous emission

1. The simulation code TREDI the occurrence of Self-Ampli"ed Spontaneous

TREDI is a numerical code devoted to the simu-
lation of charged beam dynamics in three spatial
dimensions, in contexts where the space charge and
radiative e!ects give a signi"cant contribution to
the dynamics and cannot be treated perturbatively.
The development of TREDI was originally moti-
vated by the necessity of simulating radiofrequency
(RF) injectors in non axisymmetric conditions [1].
The code may be used in the simulation of
emittance dilution in beam compressors, long
wavelength ultrashort optical pulses production,
coherent harmonic emission and superradiance in
FELs. In this paper the #exibility of the program
has been exploited to investigate numerically
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 39-6-94005-1800; fax: 39-6-
94005334.
E-mail addresses: giannessi@frascati.enea.it (L. Giannessi),
piedro@vesta.physics.ucla.edu (P. Musumeci), quattromini@
frascati.enea.it (M. Quattromini)
Emission (SASE) in a high-gain, single-pass, long-
wavelength FEL.
The code is based on the solution of the Lorentz
force equation for each simulated macroelectron.
The electromagnetic (EM) "elds are the super-
position of two terms: external (static or RF) and
space charge (SC) "elds. This approach is parti-
cularly e!ective in the case of three spatial dimen-
sions, where the simulation of dynamics is
performed by solving ordinary di!erential equa-
tions in the phase space coordinates and evaluation
of SC "elds is only needed on a small volume
surrounding the beam.
This approach di!ers from the usual techniques,
which require the solution of a set of partial di!er-
ential equations (Maxwell's equations) and impose
strong constraints on the mesh size and the time
step to ensure both numerical stability and correct
reproduction of the physics. Moreover, the mesh
itself must "ll the volume enclosed by the walls of
the accelerating device (e.g. the resonating cavity)

0168-9002/99/$ - see front matter ( 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 1 6 8 - 9 0 0 2 ( 9 9 ) 0 0 5 2 7 - 6
444 L. Giannessi et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 436 (1999) 443}444

to ensure ful"lment of boundary conditions. In

three dimensions this leads to very large memory
and CPU time requirements, specially in the
simulation of very short bunches where the
high-frequency content of "elds is more signi"cant.
To take into account the "nite propagation velo-
city of light the SC "elds must be evaluated accord-
ing to the Lienard Wiechert retarded potentials.
Each macroelectron contributes to the "elds at
a given grid point X when the retarded condition is
satis"ed: Fig. 1. Outline of the acceleration system and the undulator
magnet.
X!r (t@)
t!t@"
c

i.e., when its trajectory r (t@) crosses the light cone of

space-time event (t, X ). This way of evaluating the
"elds makes not trivial the inclusion of the e!ects of
wake "elds from cavity walls or other boundaries
and allows the correct evaluation of radiative
e!ects.
The "elds regularization is a very well-known
topic to be addressed when modelling the dynamics
of a large ensemble of mutually interacting particles
[2]. The problem of charge screening has been
analysed in a fully covariant form and some general
recipes for charge assignment and noise reduction
have been used [3].
In recent years considerable e!ort has been
devoted to obtain experimental evidence of self-
ampli"ed spontaneous emission. For this reason
the possibility of investigating numerically the con-
ditions under which the radiation ampli"cation
occurs is an opportunity worth exploiting.
The beam dynamics is simulated from the cath-
ode to the undulator magnet through the whole
accelerating system, which is composed of a 1.625
Fig. 2. Phase space at the beginning (a) and at the end (b) of the
cells/120 MeV/m of peak "eld, S-band injector, undulator.
a focusing solenoid and a 6 cells S-band linac. The
beam "nal energy is 18 MeV, and the charge is
1 nC. The beam is injected in an undulator with References
5 cm of period and 3.2 KG of peak "elds. The reso-
nant wavelength is 40 lm. An outline of the setup is [1] F. Ciocci, L. Giannessi, A. Marranca, L. Mezi, M. Quat-
shown in Fig. 1. tromini, 18th International Free-Electron-Laser Confer-
In Fig. 2 it is shown the longitudinal phase space ence, August 26}30, 1996, Rome, Italy.
[2] J.M. Dawson, Rev. Mod. Phys. 55 (1983) 403.
before the undulator (a) and after the undulator (b). [3] L. Giannessi, M. Quattromini, Workshop on Single Pass,
The evidence of both energy modulation and High Gain FELs Starting from Noise, Aiming at Coherent
bunching at the resonant wavelength is clear. X-Rays, AIP Conference Proceedings 413 (1997) 313.