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Presented By:
Nguyen Tan Khoa
Lead Well Operations Engineer
KNOC Vietnam
Contents
Contents
Part 2: Coiled Tubing Applications
Circulating, Cleanouts & N2
Lifting
Milling, Fishing
Logging & Perforating
Fluid / Chemical Placement
Down-hole Camera
Gravel Packs & Sand Control
Hydra-Jet Technology
Fracturing
Con
Cable is gravity fed into the
well
Steep deviations and
horizontal wells can be unreachable.
Cannot set-down much
weight on bottom.
Drilling rig
Con
10
Con
Large footprint on the
platform. (A lot of
equipment)
More expensive than E-Line
and Coiled Tubing
Heavy weights on the
platform structure.
Uses joints of pipe, like a
drilling rig = slow
operations.
11
12
Con
Large footprint on the
platform. (A lot of
equipment)
More expensive than E-Line
Coiled tubing reel is heavy
to pick up.
14
15
16
Steel is
rolled
into
sheets.
17
Sheets are
pressed to
an exact
thickness
18
40,000 lb
rolls.
Each roll is a
specific
thickness of
steel plate.
19
Rolls are
cut down
into
slits.
20
21
Slits are
prepared
for the
next
process.
22
23
Bias welds:
End of Strip A
Start of Strip B
- Distribute the
weight
- Distribute the
Fatigue
- Can only be made
before the metal
is rolled to a tube.
24
26
Making
a Bias
Weld
27
Computer
assisted welding.
Results
recorded.
Approved weld
procedure
.134
.125
.118
.109 Wall
29
30
The spool
has become
larger after
many strips
are joined
together.
31
Tube
Forming
Accumulator
HFI
ERW
Take-up
Spool
Air
Cool
Water
Bath
Sizing
Rolls
Seam
Anneal
Air Cool
Full Body
Stress Relief
Water
Bath
Eddy Current
NDE
32
33
34
Knife cuts off material that is extruded from the welding process
Any impurities on edge of strip are pushed out of the weld
35
36
Spool
rotates at
mill speed
Tubing laid
properly
on spool.
37
3.500 in
2.875 in
2.625 in.
2.375 in
2.000 in
1.750 in
1.500 in
1.250 in
1.000 in
0.750 in
0.625 in
Hydrotest/ Drift
Laboratory Testing
True OD on tensile
samples
measured
Used to compute
metal crosssectional area
Microhardness Testing
Knoop hardness
testing conducted
axially in weld, HAZ
(heat affected zone)
and body.
Convert to HRB/C
(Hardness Rockwell
B/C).
Tensile Testing
Flaring Tests
Flaring tests
expand
pipe wall
and weld.
Meet API
5LCP
From stock to
Coiled Tubing
Unit
48
49
50
51
52
53
Reels
Used to store tubing
Must provide back tension during all injection
operations
Equipped with rotating swivels for fluid injection
while turning (running pipe in or out of well)
Core diameters variable for specific tubing
diameters
Includes a level wind assembly to wrap tubing on
and off reel
Offshore and land based designs
New designs have a shaftless reel for higher
tubing capacities and lower CG on units
Reel Plumbing
Broken Reels !
Level-Wind (or,
Horses-Head)
Helps guide the CT
onto the reel
57
58
Injector
60
Injector Chains
Move the coiled
tubing
Two sets of chains
Are rotated by the
injector, to move
the coil in/out of
the well.
61
Injector Blocks
Make contact
with the coil.
Two shapes
round or V
62
63
Weight Indicators
Tubing Guide
(95K)
Stripper
68
Stripper
Common design: A door opens to expose the rubber
sealing material inside. This allows it to be changed
during the job.
69
Quad BOPs
Blind
Shear
Slip
Pipe / Tubing
72
Dual-Combi BOPs
Save space vs Quad BOPs
Typical configuration
shown (top to bottom).
Blind + Shear
Slip + Pipe
73
Control House
Cabin for personnel to operate all CT controls
Data storage, display, recording.
74
Power Pack
Diesel engine supplies Hydraulic energy to operate
the BOPs, Injector, and Reel (connected through
hydraulic hoses).
76
77
78
79
N2 Converter
Converts liquid N2 to gas form by applying heat.
Pumps gaseous N2 at specified pressure and rate
(up to 300,000 scf/hr and 15,000 psi is common)
80
N2 Tanks
2,000 gal liquid N2 is
common
Cannot store long time
they are well insulated but
heat does get in, N2
vaporizes every Part.
81
Batch Mixer
Large mixing tanks
(typically 50 - 100
BBL) with paddles
inside to mix
chemicals, fluids.
Acid Tank
Generator
with Lights
Sand Trap
Prevent
returned sand
from entering
production
83
Submersible Pump
Fluid Filtration
Unit (ensure
clean fluid is
pumped into
formation)
Transfer Pump
(moving fluids
between tanks,
storage drums,
etc)
84
Engineering, Job
planning, and
communications hub.
85
Air Compressor
(used to start the
diesel engines)
87
Coil Connector
a. Attaches to the coiled
tubing with rolls/dimples,
or grapples.
b. Provides a threaded
connection for the
remaining tools.
89
MHA
1. Double Flapper Check Valve
a. Allows pressure and fluid to flow out of the
coil, but not in.
b. This is a critical safety tool in the event that
CT develops a leak or break on surface. In
that case, only the DFCV will be preventing
wellbore pressure escape.
c. Spring actuated flappers automatically close
when flow is stopped
d. Balls can be pumped through the flappers
90
MHA
2. Hydraulic Disconnect
91
MHA
3. Circulating Sub
MHA
4. Rupture Disc Sub
a. Provides a method of establishing
circulation in a bull - plugged
situation or in emergencies
b. Available in a wide range of burst
pressures
c. Generally run as a component of
the BHA in CT drilling applications
Motorhead Assembly
Double Flapper
Check Valve
Hydraulic
Disconnect
Ball Drop
Circulating
Valve
Rupture
Disc Sub
95
Length:
Long enough to reach the deepest zone +
contingency
Weight issues if its too long?
Diameter:
1.00 - 1.250 - 1.500 - 1.750 - 2.000 2.375
2.875 3.500
96
Smaller Coil
Larger Coil
1 Smallest
3.5 Largest
97
98
12,000 ft
10,000 ft
Advantages of Tapering:
1. Deeper reach.
2. Delivers more working
force at depth (pick up, set
down).
99
Grade of steel
80,000 lb to yield
? lb to yield
Depends on:
-Diameter
-Thickness
QT-800
1
1
100
Safety Considerations
&
Failure Modes
101
Fatigue
failure
Including
beach marks
102
Axial failure,
too much tension.
Notice the necking.
103
Surface buckling,
too much compression
(RIH or Sit-Down weight).
104
Collapse,
too much external pressure.
105
Burst,
too much internal
pressure.
106
107
Job Modeling
108
What is Fatigue?
Its an invisible phenomenon (lab cannot test a sample and conclude the
degree of material fatigue).
Only occurs when the pipe is being bent, while moving in/out of the hole
(stationary pumping does not accumulate fatigue).
110
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
111
CT Diameter
CT Material
CT Wall Thickness
Pressure in the CT while it is being bent
Radius of bending at the reel, guide arch
Tension in the coil while bending
Fluid contacting the coil while bending (H2S, Acid, CO2)
Stress risers (cuts, step wall changes)
Previous fatigue history
112
113
Base Fatigue
90
80
Operators watch
fatigue progress
and get instant
feedback on
fatigue tracking
70
Fatigue (%)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
HALLIBURTON
INSITE for Well Intervention v4.1.0
18-May-10 21:34
114
1000 lb set-down on
surface
100 lb
Mechanical Friction
100 lb
100 lb
100 lb
100 lb
How much set-down
reaches TD?
500 lb set-down on
bottom
115
116
Lockup 1
Trip Out 1
2500
Yield
5000
Depth (ft)
Lockup
7500
RIH Weight
POOH Weight
10000
12500
-20000
-10000
10000
20000
30000
40000
HALLIBURTON
INSITE for Well Intervention v4.1.0
18-May-10 23:41
117
Trip In 1
Yield 1
2500
Depth (ft)
5000
7500
10000
12500
-20000
Ans: ~ 5,000 lb
-10000
10000
20000
30000
40000
HALLIBURTON
INSITE for Well Intervention v4.1.0
18-May-10 23:41
118
Notice, the
tapered
section is
reflected in
the yield
limit.
Trip In 1
Yield 1
2500
Depth (ft)
5000
7500
10000
12500
-20000
-10000
10000
20000
30000
40000
HALLIBURTON
INSITE for Well Intervention v4.1.0
18-May-10 23:41
119
Trip In 1
Yield 1
2500
Depth (ft)
5000
7500
10000
12500
-20000
-10000
10000
20000
30000
40000
HALLIBURTON
INSITE for Well Intervention v4.1.0
18-May-10 23:41
Ans:
Mechanical
Friction.
120
1000 lb set-down
on surface
200 lb
200 lb
200 lb
200 lb
0 lb set-down on
bottom
= LOCKUP
121
What is lockup?
Run (Class Example) - Weight [Trip In/Out]
Trip In 1
Yield 1
2500
5000
Depth (ft)
Lockup 1
Trip Out 1
7500
10000
12500
-20000
-10000
10000
20000
30000
40000
HALLIBURTON
INSITE for Well Intervention v4.1.0
18-May-10 23:41
122
Sinusoidal
Helical
123
124
125
126
100
90
80
Fatigue (%)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
1
0
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Length from Reel End (ft)
10000
12000
127
Part 2
129
Contents
130
Contents
Part 2: Coiled Tubing Applications
Circulating, Cleanouts & N2
Lifting
Milling, Fishing
Logging & Perforating
Fluid / Chemical Placement
Down-hole Camera
Gravel Packs & Sand Control
Hydra-Jet Technology
Fracturing
132
133
Fluid Types:
Brine water (to protect open formation from
water/clay damage)
Sea or Fresh water, (if clays are not present)
Gel (guar-based additive + water)
Acid (to remove scale from the wellbore)
Solvents (to remove waxes, parrafins, etc)
N2 gas (inert, easy to transport, inexpensive)
135
Wash Nozzles
Most cleanouts and circulating
treatments only require a simple
wash nozzle on the bottom of the
coiled tubing string.
136
-2500
1.50
1.25
Depth (ft)
2500
5000
1.0 BPM
7500
10000
12500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Pressure (psi)
Project Name:
HALLIBURTON
INSITE for Well Intervention v4.1.0
26-May-10 15:40
137
-4000
Velocity in 1.50 CT
Range: 650-700 ft/min
-2000
0
2-7/8 Tubing
7 Casing
Depth (ft)
1.0 BPM
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
-500
-250
250
500
750
Velocity (ft/min)
Project Name: CTU simulation class
HALLIBURTON
138
Fluid Velocity UP
Resulting
Upward
Motion of
particle
139
140
141
Just a few
inches
142
Just a few
inches
143
144
145
Sea Water
8.6 ppg
Hydrostatic
@ perfs
3,500 psi
Reservoir
4,000 psi
147
Sea Water +
Too Much Sand
Over-Balanced Condition
No Returns at surface
(No solids being removed)
Surface pressure < Header Pressure
Hydrostatic @
perfs
4,500 psi
149
Annulus N2 Quality
-2500
Depth (ft)
2500
85 Q on surface
5000
60 Q at bottom
7500
10000
12500
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
90
80
N2 Quality (%)
Project Name: CTU simulation class
HALLIBURTON
INSITE for Well Intervention v4.1.0
26-May-10 21:24
150
151
152
153
ROTOR / STATOR
DRIVE SECTION
FLEX
SHAFT
BEARING
SECTION
BIT
SUB
WATERMELON
BLADED JUNK
TAPERED
FLAT
BOTTOM
MILL
PDC
MILL
156
157
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
1
0
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Length from Reel End (ft)
10000
12000
Torque:
BI-DI INTENSIFIER
JAR
WEIGHT
BAR
159
Impact Hammer
160
Overshot
GUIDE
PACK- S-150
OFF
KELO
SOCKET
HOOK
WALL
161
Spears
CRANK
SPEAR
2 OR 3
PRONG
SPEAR
WIRE
SPEAR
162
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
How to do it?
171
172
173
Perf Balls
Ball OD should be larger than perf OD
Bio-degradable balls available
Temperature dependent
174
Foam Diverter
65% -80% Foam quality
Vgas / ( Vgas + V liq)
175
Pulsonix, Continued..
Fluid bursts generate
pulsating pressure waves
within the wellbore and
formation fluids, thus aiding
in placement of treatment
fluids through acoustic
streaming.
Pressure waves can break
up many types of nearwellbore damage through
cyclic loading.
Pressure waves push the
fluid deeper into formation.
177
Down-hole Camera
178
Downhole cameras
Can be run on
communicating coil
Generates down and sideviews
Often, not very clear,
unless in dry gas or clear
fluid wells.
In the right circumstance,
better than LIB (or
guessing!)
179
180
181
183
184
185
Hydra-Jet Technology
186
Hydra-Jet Technology:
Strong jets of fluid, mixed with abrasive (sand),
pumped against the tubulars.
Creates holes in the tubulars, in about 5 minutes,
with 1,500-4,000 psi differential pressure.
Jet size ~
Perforation size ~ 1
Perforation depth 3-10 is common.
187
188
10
189
Hydra-Jetting Perforations
Eroded Perf Tunnels
Reduced Near-Wellbore
Fracture Entry Issues
High Concentration of
Proppant at the
Perforations
Slots can be created
NWB Damage and Rock
Stress Greatly Reduced.
190
191
192
Fracturing
193
194
195
196
Side
View
Hydraulic Fracture
KOP
HM
AX
HM
AX
Pzy
L
f
HMI
N
197
198
200
Tractors
201
202
An alternative design:
Video V11 crawler action
204
E-Coil
205
Returned Fluid
to Storage Tank
Cable
Injector
Coiled Tubing
Reel
206
207
208
Cable
Valve
Rotary
Connector
Swivel
Joint
Valve
Output to
Logging Unit
Fluid In
Reel Core
209
E-Coil can:
Send activation signals to the tool (Perforation,
plug setting, etc)
Read data from the tool, live-data feed at surface
Formation data
Depth (gamma ray/CCL)
Fluid properties and velocity
Etc.. (same as Electrical-Line service)
210
211
212
Re-Entry drilling
Wellbore extensions
Sidetracks
Economically access new/bypassed payzones
Slim-hole exploration wells
213
214
215
216
217
CT Boat Operations
218
CT Boat Operations
When the platform is too small
Or the crane capacity too light (20 MT crane =
minimum)
220
Catenary Operations
Reel Control house
Main-Gooseneck
Deck-Gooseneck
Video Monitoring
221
Catenary Operations
222
223
224
225
226
227
Con
Very low pumping rates (2-4
gpm)
Low pickup / setdown
capability
Low torq resistance (cannot
use a rotating motor)
Easy to get stuck (in waxes,
sludge, etc) and very little
over-pull available to get
free.
228
Conclusions
CT can be scaled up & down, but it remains an
extremely versatile Well Intervention technology
Work under pressure
High tech, low-tech, large and small
Overlaps abilities of HWO, Eline, Wireline, Drilling Rig