A Model Answer for

Problem Set #7

Pipe Flow and Applications

Problem.1

A pipeline 720 m long connects two reservoirs having

a difference in water level of 6.0 m. The pipe rises to
a height of 3.0 m above the water level in the upper
reservoir at a distance of 240 m from the entrance
before falling to the lower reservoir. If the pipe is 1.2
m diameter and the friction coefficient f = 0.015, find
the discharge and the pressure at highest point in the
pipeline

Problem.1 - sol

Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2 datum @ 2 (Neglect minor losses)

6 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 0 + hf1-2

hf1-2 = 6 = ( 8fL/g 2 D5) Q2 = (8*0.015*720 / g 2 (1.2)5) Q2

Q = 4.09 m3/sec --------- v =Q/A = 3.62 m/sec

Apply B.E bet. 1 & 3 datum @ 2 (Neglect minor losses)

6 + 0 + 0 = 9 + v2 / 2 g + P3 / + hf1-3
hf1-3 = (8fL/g 2 D5) Q2 = (8*0.015*240 / g 2 (1.2)5) Q2
P3 / = -3 - (3.62)2 / 2 g - (8*0.015*240 / g 2 (1.2)5) (4.09)2 =
- 5.67

Problem.2

Water discharges from a reservoir into the

atmosphere through a pipeline 39 m long.
The pipeline, which has a sharp entrance, is
50 mm diameter (f = 0.02) for the first 15
m then suddenly enlarges to 75 mm
diameter (f = 0.025) for the rest of its
length. If the discharge is maintained at
2.8x10-3 m3/sec, calculate the water head in
the reservoir taking into account all losses.

Problem.2 - sol

v1= Q/A1 = 1.426 m/sec

m/sec

& v2= Q/A2 = 0.634

Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2

H + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + v22 / 2 g + hl1-2

H = v22 / 2 g + 0.5 v12 / 2g + (8f1L1/g 2 D15) Q2 + (

v1- v2)2 /2g + (8f2L2/g 2 D25) Q2
H = 0.89 m

Problem.3

Oil of kinematic viscosity 0.1 stoke

flows through a smooth pipe of 30 cm
diameter. If the virtual slope is 1/800,
obtain the discharge

Problem.3 - sol

hf = (8fL/g 2 D5) Q2
The virtual slope = slope of total energy line = hf/L =(8f/g 2
D5) Q2 = 1/800
f Q2 =3.67617 * 10-5 -----(1)
assume
f0 = 0.03 ---sub. In (1) ---- Q0 = 0.035006 m3/sec
v0 = Q0 / A = 0.495 m/sec
Rn0 = v0 D / = 14856.8 ----Moody chart --- Smooth pipe
-- f1 = 0.0265
f1 = 0.026503 ---sub. In (1) ---- Q1 = 0.0372456 m3/sec
v1 = Q1 / A = 0.527 m/sec
Rn1 = v1 D / = 15807.51 ----Moody chart --- Smooth pipe -- f2 = 0.026
f2 = 0.026503 ---sub. In (1) ---- Q2 = 0.037602 m3/se

Problem.4

Water from a large reservoir discharges into

the atmosphere through a 100 mm
diameter pipe 450 m long ending with a
nozzle of diameter 2.45 cm. If the pipe,
which discharges at a level 12 m below that
of the water in the reservoir, has a sharpedged entrance and roughness of 0.1 mm,
calculate the discharge knowing that the
coefficient of the nozzle is 0.98 and the
viscosity of water is 0.01 poise.

Problem4 - sol

Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2

12 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + v22 / 2 g + hl1-2
H = v22 / 2 g + 0.5 vp2 / 2g + (8fLp/g 2 Dp5) Q2 + 0.98 v22 /
2g
v2 = Q / A2 & vp= Q / Ap
H = Q2 / 2gA22 + 0.5 Q2 / 2gAp2 + (8fLp/g 2 Dp5) Q2 + 0.98 Q2
/ 2gA22
454482.379 Q2 + 3718208.57 fQ2 = 12 --------(1)
S / D = 0.1/10 = 0.001
assume
f0 = 0.02 ---sub. In (1) ---- Q0 = 0.0047635 m3/sec
Rn0 = v0 D / = Q0 D / A = 60650.7---Moody chart --- S /
D = 0.001---f1 = 0.023 ---sub. In (1) ---- Q1 = 0.00471404 m3/sec
Rn1 = Q1 D / = 60021.02
----Moody chart --- S
/ D = 0.001--f2 = 0.0235
---sub. In (1) ---- Q2 = 0.000470595 m3/sec

Problem5

Two reservoirs are connected by a pipeline, which

is 150 mm diameter for the first 6 m and 255 mm
diameter for the remaining 15 m. The difference in
water levels is 6 m. If the entrance and exit are
sharp-edged and the change in diameter is sudden,
determine the losses and calculate the discharge.
Sketch the hydraulic gradient and the total energy
lines. (f = 0.04).

Problem5 - sol

Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2

6 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 0 + hl1-2
6 = 0.5 v12 / 2g + (8f1L1/g 2 D15) Q2 + ( v1v2)2 /2g + (8f2L2/g 2 D25) Q2 + v22 / 2 g
v1= Q/A1 & v2= Q/A2

6 = 0.5 Q2 / 2g A12 + (8f1L1/g 2 D15) Q2 +

(Q/A1- Q/A2)2 /2g + (8f2L2/g 2 D25) Q2
+ Q2 / 2g A22
Q = 0.1083 m3/sec

Problem.6

A tank delivers water through a pipeline to

a lower tank with a rectangular sharpedged weir of 25 cm width and (0.00) crest
level; refer to figure (1). If the weir
coefficient of discharge is 0.6, determine
the steady discharge and the water head
(h) above the weir crest taking into account
all losses.

Problem.6 - sol

Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2 (the crest level is the datum )

2.5 + 0 + 0 = h + 0 + 0 + hl1-2
2.5 = h + [ 0.5 v2 / 2g + (8fL/g 2 D5) Q2 + v2 / 2 g ]
2.5 = h + [ 1.5 Q2 / 2gA2 + (8fL/g 2 D5) Q2 ]
2.5 = h + 17.52 Q2 -----------(1)
Q = 2/3 Cd B 2g h1.5
Q = 2/3 * 0.6 * 0.25 2g h1.5
Q = 0.44294 h1.5
------------(2)
From 1 & 2
2.5 = h + 3.437 h3
h = 0.8 m & Q = 0.1 m3/sec
H = 2.5 h = 1.7 m

Problem.7

A, B, C and D are four points on a pipeline.

Sections AB, BC and CD are straight with
lengths 200 m, 300 m and 200 m,
respectively. Elevations above datum of
points A, B, C and D are 782 m, 764 m, 620
m and 614 m respectively. If the pressure at
point A is 1.2 kg/cm2 and at point D is 19.3
kg/cm2, find the pressure at a point 700 m
above datum. (Neglect minor losses )

Problem.7 - sol

T.EA = ZA + v2 / 2 g + PA / = 782 + 1.2 * 104/1000 + v2 / 2g

= 794 + v2 / 2 g
T.ED = ZD + v2 / 2 g + PD / = 614 + 19.3 * 104/1000 + v2 /
2g = 807 + v2 / 2g
T.ED > T.EA ----- The flow direction from D to A
hl = T.ED - T.EA = 13 m
hl / m= 13 / 700 m
EC/300 = 80/144
------ EC = 166.67 m
Apply B.E bet. D & E
614 + v2 / 2 g + 19.3 * 104 /1000 = 700 + v2 / 2 g + PE / +
hlD-E
Where hlD-E = hl/m * DE = 13/700 * (200 + 166.67) = 6.81 m
PE / = 100.19 m
PE = 100.19 t/m2

Problem.8

A compound pipeline 8 km long is made up

of a pipe 10 cm diameter for length of 1
km, 20 cm for 2 km, 25 cm for 1.5 km and
30 cm for 3.5 km. It is required to replace
the compound pipe by an equivalent pipe
for the same total length and discharge.
Find the diameter of the new pipe assuming
all pipes have the same friction coefficient.

Problem.8 - sol

Neglect the minor losses

hf (pipe1) = hf (pipe 2)
(8fL1/g 2 D15) Q2+ (8fL2/g 2 D25) Q2 +
(8fL3/g 2 D35) Q2 + (8fL4/g 2 D45) Q2
= (8fL/g 2 D5) Q2
1000/(0.10)5 + 2000/(0.20)5 +
1500/(0.25)5 + 3500/(0.30)5 = 8000/D5
D = 14.89 cm

Problem.9

Two reservoirs are connected by a 600 m

long, 30 cm diameter pipe ( f = 0.03). The
flow produced by the difference in the water
levels is 170 lit/sec. If a new pipe 200 m long,
30 cm diameter (f = 0.02) is laid parallel to
an equal length of the old pipe, determine
the new discharge. If it is required to double
the original discharge, calculate the required
length of the new pipe

Problem.9 - sol

Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2

H + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 0 + hf = 0 + 0 + 0 + (8fL/g
2 D 5 ) Q 2
H = 17.69 m
hf = 8f L/g2D5 Q2 = k Q2
k1 = 8f L1/g2D15 = 408.034
k2 = 8f L2/g2D25 = 204.017
k3 = 8f L3/g2D35 = 136.011
Q1 = Q2 + Q3 -----------------(1)
Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2
17.69 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + k1Q12 + k2 Q22
17.69 = k1Q12 + k2 Q22 ---------(2)

Problem.9 - sol

Apply B.E bet. 1 & 3

17.69 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + k1Q12 + k3 Q32
17.69 = k1Q12 + k3 Q32 ---------(3)
from 2 & 3
k 2 Q 2 2 = k3 Q 3 2
Q2 = 0.8615 Q3
--------------(4)
Sub. from 4 in 1
Q1 = 1.8615 Q3 -----------------(5)
Q3 = 0.1092 m3/sec
Q2 = 0.0892 m3/sec

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Problem.9 - sol

Sub. from 5 in 3
Q1 = 0.1984 m3/sec
k1 = 8f (600 L)/g2D15 = 612.051 1.02L
k2 = 8f L/g2D25 = 1.02 L
k3 = 8f L/g2D35 = 0.68 L
0.34 = Q2 + Q3 -----------------(1)
Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2
17.69 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + k1Q12 + k2 Q22 17.69 = k1Q12 + k2 Q22 ---------(2)
Apply B.E bet. 1 & 3
17.69 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + k1Q12 + k3 Q32 17.69 = k1Q12 + k3 Q32 ---------(3)
from 2 & 3
k2 Q22 = k3 Q32 Q2 = 0.8615 Q3
--------------(4)
Sub. from 4 in 1
0.34 = 1.8615 Q3 Q3 = 0.1872 m3/sec
Q2 = 0.1528 m3/sec
Sub. in 2
17.69 = (612.2051 1.02 L) * (0.32)2 + 1.02 L * (0.1528)2
L = 557.88 m

Problem.10

A water main is 100 mm diameter and 4.8

km long. Supplies, that are arranged along
the water main, uniformly draw a discharge
q of 7.5 lit/hr per meter of its length.
Calculate the difference in head between
the pipe entrance and the last point of
supply. Take f = 0.02.

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Problem.10 - sol

Q= (Qin Qout) / L
If Qout = 0
Qin = q L = 7.5 / (1000 * 60 * 60 ) * 4.8 *
1000 = 0.01 m3/sec
hf = 1/3 [8f L/g2D5 Q2 ]
hf = 1/3 [8*0.02*4.8*1000 /g2(0.10)5
(0.01)2 ] = 26.44 m

Problem.11

Water flows between two reservoirs with

water level difference of 12.5 m through a
pipe 4 km long, 50 cm diameter. It is
required to feed a third reservoir, which is
15 m lower than the highest reservoir. The
new pipe is 1.5 km long and is connected to
the main pipe at a point 1.0 km from its
entrance. Find the diameter of this new
pipe such that water discharges equally into
both reservoirs. Take f = 0.032 for all pipes
and plot the Hydraulic Gradient line.

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Problem.11 - sol

Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2

15 + 0 + 0 = 2.5 + 0 + 0 + hf1 + hf2 = 2.5 +
(8fL1/g 2 D15) Q2 +(8fL2/g 2 D25) (Q/2)2
Q = 0.2906 m3/sec
Apply B.E bet. 1 & 3
15 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 0 + hf1 + hf3 = (8f1L1/g 2
D15) Q2 +((8f2L2/g 2 D25) Q2
D3 = 0.403 m

Problem.12

A pump delivers water through two pipes laid parallel

and connected to each other at the pump outlet. One
pipe is 100-mm diameter and 45 m long and the
other pipe is 150 mm diameter and 60 m long. They
both discharge to the atmosphere at 6 m and 8 m,
respectively, above pump outlet. Determine the total
head at the pump outlet if the flow rate through it is
0.037 m3/sec. Take the datum at the pump outlet
and assume f = 0.032.

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Problem.12 - sol

0.037 = Q2 + Q3 . Q2 = Q3 - 0.037 ------(1)

Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2
HP = 6 + 0 + v22/2g + 8f L2/g2D25 Q22
HP = 6 + Q22/2gA22 + 8f L2/g2D25 Q22
HP = 6 + 12725.54 Q22
-------(2)
Apply B.E bet. 1 & 3
HP = 8 + 0 + v32/2g + 8f L3/g2D35 Q32
HP = 8 + Q32/2gA32 + 8f L3/g2D35 Q32
HP = 8 + 2252.347 Q32
-------(3)
From 2 & 3
6 + 12725.54 Q22 = 8 + 2252.347 Q32 --------(4)sub. From 1 in 4
12725.54 (0.037 - Q3)2 = 2 + 2252.347 Q32Q3 = 0.0685 >
0.037 (rejected)
OR. Q3 = 00.021268 m3/sec. Q2 = 00.0157324
m3/sec
Sub in 3
The total head at the pump outlet = 9.02 m

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