1

5200 MeV m 3
E
E

V
V
r 1 AU 1.5 1013 cm 1.5 1011 m
4 3 4
3
volume of sphere V
r
1.5 1011 m 1.4 1034 m3
3
3
3
34
E
5200 MeV m
1.4 10 m3 7.3 1037 MeV
total energy of cosmological constant in sphere of 1 AU
Rest energy E mc2
Rest energy of sun Esun Msun c2
Msun 2.0 1033 g
c 3.0 1010 cm s 1
Esun

2.0 1033 g 3.0 1010 cm s 1

1 g cm2 s

Esun

1.8 1054 g cm2 s

624 151 MeV

624 151 MeV
1.8 1054 g cm2 s 2
g cm2 s 2

1.1 1060 MeV

The cosmological constant should not have a significant effect on the motion of the planets in
the solar system because the energy inside the Earths orbit due to the cosmological constant
energy density is smaller than the rest energy of the sun by 22 orders of magnitude. The
Energy and hence curvature due to the sun should dominate.
2 i
1
R2

is called the curvature term because it captures the effect of different geometries of the

i
where c is the critical density needed for a flat universe
c
0
r,0
m,0
,0 is equal to one in a flat universe and hence the curvature term is zero
When 0 1, the curvature term is 0 and this represents a positive spatial curvature and when
1 the curvature term is 0
0
universe in the Friedmann equation.

2 ii
H2

r,0

m,0

,0

H0 2
R4
R3
 2
R
1
r,0
m,0
2
4
R H0
R
R3
2
r,0
m,0
R H0 2
H0 2
2
R
R

R2
,0

H0 2

R2
,0

R2

H0 2 1

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R
R

aassignment 2.nb

r,0

H0 2


RH0 2

R2
r,0

H0 2

R2


2
RH0

r,0

R2

r,0

2
H0

m,0

H0 2

H0 2

m,0

,0

H0 2

R
m,0

2
,0 R

H0 2

H0 2

R2

m,0

H0 2

H0 2

R2
,0

12

H0 2 1
H0 2 1

R2

2
,0 R

12
0

12

H0 2 1
H0 2 1

12
0

2 iii
If the radiation term dominates and the universe is flat can remove the other terms from the integral
R

r,0

2
H0

R2

r,0

2
H0

R2

r,0

H0 2

,0

R2

H0 2 1

12
0

12

R
H0

m,0

H0 2

12

R
R

R2 R

H0 r,01 2 t
0
2
2
R 2 H0 r,0 1 2 t
R
2 H0 1 2 r,0 1 4 t1 2

2 iv
Because the Radiation term in

H2

r,0

H0 2

R4

m,0

R3

,0

R2

is divided by the highest value

of R means that it will dominate when R is small

And this in turn means that it was dominant in the very early times in the universe when R was
much smaller big bang model

2 v
Transition occurs when the matter and radiation densities are equal m
m,0 r,0
m,0
r,0
m
r
R3
R4
R3
R4
m,0

r,0

R3

R4

r,0

m,0

R0
R

1
R

R0

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aassignment 2.nb

1
R

z
m,0

r,0

0.265
8.4 10

m,0
r,0

0.265

3.2 103

8.4 10
redshift when universe transitions from radiation dominated to matter dominated

2 vi
If the matter term dominates the other terms can be removed from the integral
R

r,0

2
H0

R2

m,0

2
H0

H0

m,0

H0 2

,0

R2

H0 2 1

12
0

12

R1 2

m,0

H0 2

12

R
R

R
2
R3 2
H0 m,0 1 2 t
0
3
R
2
H0 m,0 1 2 t
R3 2
0
3
3
R3 2
H0 m,0 1 2 t
2
3 23
R t H0 2 3 m,0 1 3 t2 3
2

2 vii
Transition occurs when the matter and Lambda densities are equal m
m,0

,0

R3
m,0

R3

,0
m,0

13

,0

R0
R

1
R

,0

13

1
R

R0

m,0

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aassignment 2.nb

m,0
,0
13

0.265
0.73

0.73
1 0.40

0.265
redshift when universe transitions from matter dominated to Lambda dominated

2 viii
This is the type of universe we find ourselves in today
according to measurements the universe is approximately flat and the values given give
0.995 flat
0
Measurements have also found m,0 0.27 r,0 8.24 x 10 5 and ,0 0.73 WMAP
These are all very close or the same as the values given for our model
values from http: hyperphysics.phy astr.gsu.edu hbase astro denpar.html
And it is currently thought the universe is lambda dominated although it only relatively recently
made the transition. Before that it was matter dominated and before that radiation dominated
again consistent with the redshifts found for the transitions

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aassignment 2.nb

3
iii
Interpretation of Luminosity Distance vs Redshift Graph
In the graph the luminosity distance changes approximately linearly with redshift and this can
be explained by the fact that photons from a source will be spread over an area 4 r R0 2 if flat
and each photon will have reduced energy by 1 z and the rate at which the photons arrive will
be reduced by 1 z
L
so the observed flux f
4 r R0 2 1 z 2
L 12
Luminosity distance is DL

4 f
L4 r R0 2 1 z 2 1 2
so DL
r R0 1 z
4 L
giving a linear relationship between Luminosity Distance and Redshift as we would expect
Interpretation of Angular Diameter Distance vs Redshift Graph
l
Angular diameter distance DA
l known length of object

When the photons were emitted by the object the universe was smaller and as the photons travel
the universe expands which increases distance between the emitted photons. This means that
photons do not travel in a straight line to reach the observer because the more space between
the photons means more expansion between the photons. The photons from the ends of the object
that reach the observer will converge more slowly initially and become more convergent as they
travel. This increases the angular diameter observed and so reduces the angular diameter distance
As the redshift of these objects increase there is more expansion during their flight and so there
is a greater effect. This can be seen in the graph where for small redshifts there is little impact
from this effect and the angular diameter distance increases with redshift. For higher redshifts
the angular diameter distance increases more slowly until at a redshift of about 1.7 the angular
diameter distance now reduces with redshift as this effect dominates any actual increase in distance.

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