Livro Resumos ISSS 2011

ISSN 0103-667X
Volume 21, n 1
April, 2011
`` INFORMATIVO ABRATES
BRAZILIAN ASSOCIATION OF SEEDS TECHNOLOGY

Special Issue
10th conference of the International
Society for seed Science
April 10th to 15th, 2011 - Costa do Saupe - BA
President
Francisco Carlos Krzyzanowski
1st Vice Event Manager

Antonio Laudares de Farias (EMBRAPA /SNT)
1st Vice President

Jos de Barros Frana Neto
2nd Vice Event Manager

Gilda Pizzolante Pdua (EMBRAPA)
2nd Vice President

Norimar Dvila Denardini
Fiscal Advice
Titulars
Roberval Daiton Vieira (UNESP)
Julio Marcos Filho (ESALQ/USP)
Ivo Marcos Carraro (COODETEC)
Financial Director
Ademir Assis Henning
Vice Financial Director
Alberto Srgio do Rego Barros (IAPAR)
Technical Affairs Diretor
Maria Laene Moreira de Carvalho (UFLA)
Vice Technical Affairs Diretor
Denise Cunha Fernandes Santos Dias (UFV)
Event Manager
Maria Selma (APSEMG)
Informativo
A B R AT E S
Substitutes
Silmar Peske (UFPEL)
Alessandro Lucca Braccini (UEM)
Sebastio Medeiros Filho (UFC)
Editors of this Issue
``Informativo da ABRATES
Maria Laene Moreira de Carvalho (UFLA)
Renato Delmondez de Castro ( UFBA)
Francisco Carlos Krzyanowski (EMBRAPA SOJA)
vol.21, n.1, 2011
General Information
The Informativo ABRATES is a quadrimestral
publication of the Brazilian Association of Seeds Technology.
It publishes technical articles of pratical character
wich will effectively contribute for the
technological development of seed industry.
The contents of the articles are of entire responsability of the authors

Printing
450 copies
Layout
Claudinia Sussai de Godoy
Bibliographical standardization
Maria Jos Ribeiro Betetto
CRB 9/ 1.596
Informativo ABRATES, Londrina

Informativo
A B R AT E S
v. 21, n. 1,
April, 2011
vol.21, n.1, 2011
Summary
1 Organizing Comittee............................................................................................................................................ 005
2 Message of Abrates............................................................................................................................................. 006
3 Message of the Conference and ISSS Presidents............................................................................................ 007
4 10th Conference of the International Society for Seed Science Program................................................. 008
5 List of Papers..................................................................................................................................................... 017
6 Lectures....................................................................................................................................................... 047
6.1 Seed science in the 21st century and its role in emerging economies.................................................................. 048
6.2 mapping the seed: global dissection of gene activity during arabidopsis seed development............................. 048
6.3 A seed coat bedding assay reveals the role of the seed coat, phytochromes, della factors and aba to control
seed germination................................................................................................................................................. 049
6.4 Putting omics tools to work: unraveling the complex trait of seed quality......................................................... 049
6.5 Surviving winter: a molecular genetic approach to understanding seasonal seed dormancy cycles.................. 050
6.6 Modifying expression of thioredoxin in cereals leads to improved resistance to pre-harvest sprouting and
other grain properties.......................................................................................................................................... 050
6.7 Seed bank persistence in the future: the mechanistic impacts of climate change on key functional traits......... 051
6.8 Seeds as natural capital: the science and economics of conservation................................................................ 051
6.9 Production, purification and clinical testing of recombinant human insulin from transgenic safflower seeds... 052
6.10 Oilseed transcriptomics....................................................................................................................................... 052
6.11 Global agriculture needs an industrial revolution. how and when can biotechnology contribute?.................... 053
6.12 Breeding business. the future of plant breeding in the light of developments in patent rights and plant
breeders rights..................................................................................................................................................... 053
6.13 Physiological, biochemical and molecular markers of seed quality.................................................................... 054
6.14 The use of germinated orthodox seeds in studies on desiccation sensitivity...................................................... 054
6.15 knowledge based research towards accurate and rapid testing of seed quality in winter rape.......................... 055
6.16 The interface of seed treatment and coating technologies with seed biology...................................................... 055
6.17 Evaluation of seed quality: from physiology to international standardisation.................................................... 056
6.18 From high-throughput phenotyping to omics data-analysis and back...............................................................
056
6.19 Desiccant beads for efficient seed drying and storage......................................................................................... 057
6.20 Amazon seed network - the state of art............................................................................................................... 057
6.21 cerrado seeds network........................................................................................................................................ 058
6.22 Validation of methodology for seed germination tests of native brazilian tropical forest species...................... 058
Informativo
A B R AT E S
vol.21, n.1, 2011
6.23 Advancing seed science by joint efforts of academia and seed industry............................................................ 059
7 Oral Presentations.............................................................................................................................................. 061
7.1 Session 01 Seed Development and Maturation................................................................................................... 061
7.2 Session 02 Seed Dormancy and Germination..................................................................................................... 067
7.3 Session 03 Seed and Seedling Stress Tolerance................................................................................................... 081
7.4 Session 04 New seed uses and Seed Biotechnology............................................................................................ 089
7.5 Session 05 Seed Ecology.................................................................................................................................... 095
7.6 Session 06 Biodiversity and Germplasm Conservation...................................................................................... 099
8 Poster Presentations........................................................................................................................................... 107
8.1 Session 01 Seed Development and Maturation................................................................................................... 107
8.2 Session 02 Seed Dormancy and Germination.................................................................................................... 119
8.3 Session 03 Seed and Seedling Stress Tolerance.................................................................................................. 203
8.4 Session 04 New Seed Uses and Seed Biotechnology.......................................................................................... 241
8.5 Session 05 Seed Ecology.................................................................................................................................... 257
8.6 Session 06 Biodiversity and Germplasm Conservation...................................................................................... 273
8.7 Session 07 Especial Themes............................................................................................................................... 285
9 Index by Authors............................................................................................................................................. 311
10 Index by Subject................................................................................................................................................ 322
Informativo
A B R AT E S
vol.21, n.1, 2011
Institutions
Conference Promotion:
International Society for Seed Science (ISSS)
Realization:
Federal University of Bahia - UFBA
Resource Managing Institution:

Foundation for Research and Development Support of
Agribusiness - FAPEAGRO
Organizing Committee
Dr. Renato D. de Castro
(Conference President) - Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
Dr. Luzimar G. Fernandez

(Conference Vice-President) - Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
Dr. Marta Bruno Loureiro

Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
Dr. Claudineia R. Pelacani Cruz

State University of Feira de Santana, Brazil
Dr. Renata Silva Mann

Federal University of Sergipe UFS, Brazil
Dr. Claudio J. Barbedo

Jardim Botnico - So Paulo, Brazil
Scientific Committee
Dr. Henk W.M. Hilhorst
(co-chair) - Wageningen University, The Netherlands
Dr. Kent J. Bradford

(co-chair) - University of California, Davis, USA
Dr. Maria Laene M. de Carvalho

Universidade Federal de Lavras, Brazil
Dr. Alison A Powell

University of Aberdeen UK
Dr. Roberto Benech-Arnold

UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Dr. Frank Gubler CSIRO

Plant Industry, Australia
Dr. Oscar Lorenzo Snchez

Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
Dr. Kenneth Thompson

University of Sheffield, UK
Dr. Peter Toorop

Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, MSB, UK
Dr. Juliano Pdua

EMBRAPA - Center for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brazil
Dr. Marcos Gimenes

Embrapa Center for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brazil
Informativo
ABRATES
vol. 21, n. 1, 2011
Message of Abrates
The ABRATES fulfilling its role in spreading the seed science had the privilege to participate in the organization
of the 10th Conference of the International Society for Seed Science, an event sponsored by the International Society
for Seed Science ISSS (International Society for Seed Science). The ISSS is a professional organization of scientists
committed to the promotion of seed and the promotion of research, education and communication of scientific
knowledge in this area.
The event was held in partnership with the Federal University of Bahia, with the participation of ISTA (International
Seed Testing Association), which together with the ABRATES (Brazilian Association of Seed Technology), was
responsible for a Special Session designed to reduce possible bottlenecks between science and seed technology.
The conference brought together students and professionals working in the area of seeds and promoted debates
on the future of science in global agricultural scenario in the seed and plant biodiversity, with the main theme Seed
Science in the XXI Century.
We are pleased to offer our associates the abstracts of papers presented at this important event which brought
together scientists from around the world committed to the task of generating innovative scientific information to solve
technological problems in producing high quality seeds.
President of Abrates
Francisco Carlos Krzyzanowski / EMBRAPA SOJA
Informativo
ABRATES
Tecnical and Marketing Director of Abrates

Maria Laene Moreira de Carvalho / UFLA
vol. 21, n. 1, 2011
Message of the Conference and ISSS Presidents

The 10th Conference of the International Society for Seed Science was conceived to be hosted for the first time
in Brazil and South America where a high demand exists for seed science as well as relevance in the face of local
and global future scenarios of seed uses and of plant biodiversity, which justified the Conference theme as Seed
Science in the 21st Century.
The venue represented not only the beauty and relaxing nature of the coastal Northeast of Brazil, but also a
region rich in multiple and contrasting social-economical, cultural, environmental and biodiversity aspects, which
is also reflected in increasing demands for state-of-the-art science and technology in tropical regions and upcoming
economies worldwide.
The organization and realization of the 10th ISSS Conference was made possible as there was mutual understanding
and confidence among the different partners in terms of the relevance of the meeting and the desired technical and
scientific quality. The organization turned out to be a constructive effort, resulting from excellent collaboration
among the ISSS as the promoting organisation, UFBA as the executing institution, and ISTA and ABRATES
and all other partners represented in the organization and scientific committees, along with F&B Eventos for the
logistic support and all governmental and private sponsors including those which were represented in the Trade
Exhibition.
We believe that the 10th ISSS Conference came to be one of the most important global seed science forums,
gathering over 400 delegates, including seed researchers, students and professionals from the seed industry,
from such disciplines as biodiversity conservation, bioprospection and intellectual property, as well as chemical,
biochemical, molecular and laboratory equipment sectors among other seed science related professionals. The
Conference also offered the opportunity to companies to introduce their brands and products to a selected public of
decision makers, thus bringing their business to a region undergoing intense social-economic development.
The present book reflects a vast set of contributions as a positive result of the 10th ISSS Conference. We want to
compliment all the participants who contributed to the success of the 10th ISSS Conference, making it a significant
milestone towards the progress of seed science and technology not only in Brazil and South America, but also
worldwide.
Renato D. de Castro
10th ISSS Conference President
Patricia Berjak
ISSS President
Luzimar G. Fernandes
10 ISSS Conference Vice-president
th
Informativo
ABRATES
Bill Finch-Savage
ISSS President-elect
vol. 21, n. 1, 2011
program of the
10th conference of the international Society for Seed Science
Sunday 10th April 2011
14.00 - 16.00
17.30 - 18.30
18.30 - 19.30
19.30
19.30 - 21.00
Registration
Official Opening & Welcome by the ISSS President
Session 1 - Alfred Mayer Plenary Lecture
Key Speaker: Roberto Benech-Arnold, University of Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA.
Lecture: SEED SCIENCE IN THE 21ST CENTURY AND ITS ROLE IN EMERGING ECONOMIES.
Chair: Patricia Berjak
Bahias folklore show
Welcome Cocktail
Monday 11th April 2011

08.00 - 08.30
08.30 - 10.20
08.30 - 09.00
09.00 - 9.20
09.20 - 9.40
09.40 - 10.00
10.00 - 10.20
10.20 - 11.00
11.00 - 12.50
11.00 - 11.30
11.30 - 11.50
11.50 - 12.10
Informativo
ABRATES
Registration
Session 2 - Seed Development and Maturation
Chair: Roberto Benech-Arnold
Key Speaker: John Harada, University of California, Davis, USA.
Lecture: MAPPING THE SEED. GLOBAL DISSECTION OF GENE ACTIVITY DURING
ARABIDOPSIS SEED DEVELOPMENT
Oliver Leprince, National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRA), FRANCE
LEA PROTEINS AND SURVIVAL IN THE DRY STATE. LESSONS TO BE LEARNED FROM
PROTEOME ANALYSES IN DEVELOPING ORTHODOX AND RECALCITRANT SEEDS
Verdier Jerome, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, USA
FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS OF M. TRUNCATULA SEED DEVELOPMENT
Hao Ma, Nanjing Agricultural University, CHINA
COMPARATIVE PROTEOMICS ANALYSIS REVEALS THE MECHANISM OF PRE-HARVEST
SEED DETERIORATION OF SOYBEAN UNDER HIGH TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE
HUMIDITY STRESS
Ljudmyla Borysyuk, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, GERMANY
DYNAMIC 13C/1H NMR IMAGING UNCOVERS SUGAR ALLOCATION IN THE LIVING SEED
Coffee break & Trade Exhibition
Session 3 - Seed Dormancy and Germination
Chair: Steven Penfield
Key Speaker: Frank Gubler, CSIRO, AUSTRALIA
Lecture: HORMONAL AND MOLECULAR REGULATION OF GRAIN DORMANCY IN WHEAT
AND BARLEY
Loc Rajjou, AgroParisTech , FRANCE
CONTROL OF SEED GERMINATION BY PROTEIN POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS
Kent J. Bradford, University of California, Davis, USA
EXPRESSION OF LSNCED4 ENCODING AN ABA BIOSYNTHETIC ENZYME IS REQUIRED FOR
THERMOINHIBITION OF LETTUCE SEEDS
vol. 21, n. 1, 2011
12.10 - 12.30
12.30 - 12.50
12.50 - 14.00
14.00 - 16.00
14.00 - 14.30
14.30 - 14.50
14.50 - 15.10
15.10 - 15.30
15.30 - 15.50
15.50 - 17.00
17.00 - 18.00
17.00 - 17.40
17.40 - 18.20
18.20 - 18.40
18.40 - 19.40
19.40 - 21.30
20.00 - 22.00
Informativo
ABRATES
Krystyna Oracz, University of Freiburg, GERMANY

UNRAVELING THE ROLE OF THE UBIQUITIN/PROTEASOME PATHWAY IN GERMINATION
OF BRASSICACEAE SEEDS
Christophe Bailly, Universit Pierre et Marie Curie, FRANCE
TARGETED OXIDATION OF STORED MRNA DURING DRY AFTER-RIPENING AS A
MECHANISM OF SEED DORMANCY ALLEVIATION
Lunch & Trade Exhibition
Session 4 - Seed and Seedling Stress Tolerance
Chair: Henk Hilhorst
Key Speaker: Wilco Ligterink, Wageningen University and Research Center, THE NETHERLANDS
Lecture: PUTTING OMICS TOOLS TO WORK. UNRAVELING THE COMPLEX TRAIT OF SEED
QUALITY
Ilse Kranner, Royal Botanic Gardens, UK
NON-INVASIVE DIAGNOSIS OF SEED STRESS AND VIABILITY
Julia Buitink, National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRA), FRANCE
OLIGOSSACHARIDES AND SEED VIGOUR REVISITED USING THE LEGUME MODEL
MEDICAGO TRUNCATULA
Andreas Brner, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, GERMANY
ASSOCIATION GENETICS - A NEW STRATEGY TO STUDY SEED AND SEEDLING STRESS
TOLERANCE IN CROP PLANTS
Wanda Waterworth, University of Leeds, UK
SAFEGUARDING GENOME INTEGRITY IN GERMINATION IS IMPORTANT FOR SEED
VIABILTY AND LONGEVITY
Poster Session 1:
Seed Development and Maturation / Seed and Seedling Stress Tolerance / New Seed Uses and
Seed Biotechnology
Special Session 1 - Biotechnological applications in crop improvement
Chair: Renato D. de Castro
Key Speaker: Maurice Moloney - Rothamsted Research Institute, UK
Lecture: PRODUCTION, PURIFICATION AND CLINICAL TESTING OF RECOMBINANT HUMAN
INSULIN FROM TRANSGENIC SAFFLOWER SEEDS
Key Speaker: Paulo Arruda - University of Campinas, BRAZIL
Lecture: OILSEED TRANSCRIPTOMICS
Panel (questions/discussion)
Drinks & Trade Exhibition
Poster Session 1 (continuation):
Seed Development and Maturation / Seed and Seedling Stress Tolerance / New Seed Uses and
Seed Biotechnology
Live Music at the Village Theater
Sauipe Thematic Dinner
vol. 21, n. 1, 2011
10
Tuesday 12th April 2011
08.00 - 09.00
09.00 - 10.30
09.00 - 09.30
09.30 - 9.50
09.50 - 10.10
10.10 - 10.30
10.30 - 11.00
11.00 - 13.00
11.00 - 11.30
11.30 - 11.50
11.50 - 12.10
12.10 - 12.30
12.30 - 12.50
12.50 - 14.00
14.00 - 16.00
14.00 - 14.30
14.30 - 14.50
14.50 - 15.10
Informativo
ABRATES
Session 5 - Michael Black Founders' Plenary Lecture

Steven Penfield, University of York, UK
Lecture: SURVIVING WINTER. A MOLECULAR GENETIC APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING
SEASONAL SEED DORMANCY CYCLES
Chair: Bill Finch-Savage
Session 6 - New seed uses and seed biotechnology
Chair: Kent Bradford
Key Speaker: Peggy G. Lemaux - University of California, Berkeley, USA
Lecture: MODIFYING EXPRESSION OF THIOREDOXIN IN CEREALS TO IMPROVE PREHARVEST SPROUTING RESISTANCE AND OTHER GRAIN PROPERTIES
Simon Vaughan, Rothamsted Research, UK
THE ROLE OF GIBBERELLIN IN DETERMINING WHEAT GRAIN SIZE AND QUALITY
Ronny Joosen, Wageningen University and Research Center , THE NETHERLANDS
GENES FOR SEED QUALITY. FROM GENETICS TO MOLECULAR PATHWAYS
Hiroyuki Nonogaki, Oregon State University, USA
CHANGE IN 9-CIS-EPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE ALTERS SEED DORMANCY AND
GERMINATION
Session 7 - Seed Ecology
Chair: Warley M. Nascimento
Key Speaker: Mark Ooi - University of Sheffield, UK
Lecture: SEED BANK PERSISTENCE IN THE FUTURE. THE MECHANISTIC IMPACTS OF
CLIMATE CHANGE ON KEY FUNCTIONAL TRAITS
Steven Footitt, University of Warwick, UK
DORMANCY CYCLING IN ARABIDOPSIS. WHAT CAN MOLECULAR-ECOLOGY TELL US
ABOUT THE BET-HEDGING OF GERMINATION TIMING IN THE SOIL SEED BANK
Fatima Conceio Mrquez Pia-Rodrigues, Federal University of So Carlos, BRAZIL
ARE ECOLOGICAL TRAITS CONSTRAINTS TO TROPICAL FOREST SEED ANALYSES?
K.M.G. Gehan Jayasuriya, University of Peradeniya, SRI LANKA
DORMANCY AND STORAGE BEHAVIOUR OF SEEDS OF 102 TROPICAL FABACEAE SPECIES
FROM SRI LANKA
Fernando Augusto de Oliveira e Silveira, Federal University of Minas Gerais, BRAZIL
EVOLUTIONARY ECOPHYSIOLOGY OF SEED DORMANCY AND GERMINATION IN
NEOTROPICAL MONTANE SAVANNAS
Session 8 - Biodiversity and germplasm conservation
Chair: Oliver Leprince
Key Speaker: Hugh Pritchard, Royal Botanic Gardens, Seed Millennium Bank, UK
Lecture: SEEDS AS NATURAL CAPITAL. THE SCIENCE AND ECONOMICS OF
CONSERAVTION
Christina Walters, The National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation (NCGRP), USA
THE EX SITU CONSERVATION STRATEGY FOR ENDANGERED PLANT SPECIES. SMALL
SAMPLES, STORAGE AND LESSONS FROM SEED COLLECTED FROM US NATIONAL PARKS
Sheila Adimargono, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, GERMANY
UNRAVELLING THE CRYPTIC LIFE OF SEEDS OF HORDEUM VULGARE L. THROUGH
QUANTITATIVE GENETICS
vol. 21, n. 1, 2011
11
15.10 - 15.30
15.30 - 15.50
15.50 - 17.00
17.00 - 18.30
17.00 - 17.40
17.40 - 18.20
18.20 - 18.40
18.40 - 19.40
20.00 - 22.30
Norman W. Pammenter, University of Kwazulu-Natal, SOUTH AFRICA

THE EFFECT OF DRYING RATE ON THE RESPONSE OF RECALCITRANT SEEDS OR
EMBRYOS/EMBRYONIC AXES TO DEHYDRATION. THE INVOLVEMENT OF OXIDATIVE
PROCESSES
Patricia Berjak, University of Kwazulu-Natal, SOUTH AFRICA
CATHODIC QUENCHING OF ROS. A CASE STUDY ON DESICCATION SENSITIVE STRYCHNOS
GERRARDII ZYGOTIC EMBRYOS
Poster Session 2:
Seed Dormancy and Germination
Special Session 2 - Seed Biobased Industry / Bioeconomy and Intellectual Property
Chair: Renato D. de Castro
Key Speaker: Marc van Montagu, Institute of Plant Biotechnology for Developing Countries Ghent University, BELGIUM
Lecture: GLOBAL AGRICULTURE NEEDS AN INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. HOW AND WHEN
CAN BIOTECHNOLOGY CONTRIBUTE?
Key Speaker: Niels Lowaars - Wageningen University and Research Centre, Center for genetic
Resources, THE NETHERLANDS
Lecture: BREEDING BUSINESS. THE FUTURE OF PLANT BREEDING IN THE LIGHT OF
DEVELOPMENTS IN PATENT RIGHTS AND PLANT BREEDERS RIGHTS
Panel. questions / discussion
Poster Session 2 - Seed Dormancy and Germination
Main Conference Dinner with Brazilian music show
Wednesday 13th April 2011

08.00 - 11.00
08.00 - 08.30
08.30 - 09.00
09.00 - 09.20
09.20 - 09.50
09.50 - 10.20
10.20 - 10.50
Informativo
ABRATES
Session 9 - ISTA / ABRATES Session

Application of seed science to the evaluation and improvement of seed quality
Chair: Alison Powell / Francisco Krzyzanowski
Key Speaker: Franoise Corbineau, Universit Pierre et Marie Curie, FRANCE.
Lecture: PHYSIOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR MARKERS OF SEED QUALITY
Key Speaker: Jos Marcio Faria, Federal University of Lavras, BRAZIL
Lecture: THE USE OF GERMINATED ORTHODOX SEEDS IN STUDIES ON DESICCATION
SENSITIVITY
Coffee break, Trade Exhibition and Poster Session 2 - Seed Dormancy and Germination
Key Speaker: Marie-Helene Wagner, National Seed Testing Station, FRANCE
Lecture: KNOWLEDGE BASED RESEARCH TOWARDS ACCURATE AND RAPID TESTING OF
SEED QUALITY IN WINTER RAPE
Key Speaker: Alan Taylor, Cornell University, New York, USA.
Lecture: THE INTERFACE OF SEED TREATMENT AND COATING TECHNOLOGIES WITH
SEED BIOLOGY
Key Speaker: Stan Matthews, University of Aberdeen, UK
Lecture: EVALUATION OF SEED QUALITY. FROM PHYSIOLOGY TO INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDIZATION
vol. 21, n. 1, 2011
12
11.00 - 12.00
Lunch
12.00 - 19.00
Half-day Excursions
20.00 - 22.30
Saupe Thematic Dinner
21.00
Ax Night at Village Theater
Thursday 14th April 2011

Session 10A
Seed Development and Maturation
Chair: Francoise Corbineau
Cristiane D. de Brito, State University of
Feira de Santana, BRAZIL
EMBRYONIC MORPHOLOGY IN
JATROPHA CURCAS L. INDICATE A
NOVEL SEED MECHANISM AS
ADAPTATION TO DROUGHT TOLERANCE
Session 10B
Biodiversity and Germplasm Conservation
Chair: Christina Walters
Sheila Adimargono, Max Planck Institute For Plant
Breeding Research, GERMANY
THE ISOTHERM CURVE. A BIOPHYSICAL TOOL
TO PREDICT SEED VIABILITY AND
LONGEVITY?
8.50 - 9.10
Artigot Marie-Pierre, Universit De

Toulouse- Inp Ei Purpan, FRANCE
DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF
ISOFLAVONOID PATHWAY GENES IN
COTYLEDONS AND HYPOCOTYL OF
SOYBEAN SEED DURING ITS
DEVELOPPEMENT
Kent J. Bradford, University Of California, USA

RELATIONSHIPS OF SEED SORPTION AND
DESORPTION ISOTHERMS TO SEED
STORABILITY
9.10 - 9.30
Ralph l. Obendorf, Cornell University, USA

SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATES IN LEGUME
SEEDS
9.30 - 9.50
Renganayaki P. Raju, Tamil Nadu

Agricultural University, INDIA
IMAGE ANALYSIS FOR ASSESSING
PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY IN FODDER
SORGHUM
Manuela Nagel, Genbank, GERMANY

CONSERVATION OF GERMPLASM
COLLECTIONS - BIOCHEMICAL AND GENETIC
IMPACTS ON SEED AGEING IN BARLEY
David Mycock, University of the Witwatersrand,
SOUTH AFRICA
EARLY EVENTS DURING IMBIBITION OF MAIZE
EMBRYONIC AXES AND THE IMPACT OF
CRYOPRESERVATION
08.30 - 10.30
8.30 - 8.50
9.50 - 10.10
10.10 - 10.30
Informativo
ABRATES
Vilmos Soos, Agricultural Research Institute

of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences,
HUNGARY
THE EFFECT OF SMOKE-DERIVED KAR1
ON SEED GERMINATION AND ITS
INTERPLAY WITH THE INHIBITORY
COMPOUND 3,4,5-TRIMETHYLFURAN2(5H)-ONE
Warley M. Nascimento, Embrapa
Vegetables, BRAZIL
CARROT SEED GERMINATION AND
ETHYLENE PRODUCTION AT HIGH
TEMPERATURE IN RESPONSE TO SEED
PRIMING
Cassandra Naidoo, University of Kwazulu-Natal,

SOUTH AFRIACA
USE OF ANTIOXIDANTS TO PROMOTE SHOOT
DEVELOPMENT BY AXES FROM
RECALCITRANT SEEDS DURING PROCEDURES
ASSOCIATED WITH CRYOPRESERVATION
Steven P.C. Groot, Wageningen University and

Research Center, THE NETHERLANDS
ELEVATED PARTIAL PRESSURE OF OXYGEN A
NOVEL METHOD TO STUDY SEED AGEING AND
LONGEVITY
vol. 21, n. 1, 2011
13
10.30 - 11.00
11.00 - 13.00
11.00 - 13.00
13.00 - 14.00
14.00 - 16.00
14.00 - 14.20
14.20 - 14.40

Session 11A Technical Session - A
Wilco Ligterink, Henk W. M. Hilhorst,
Ronie Joosen, Wageningen University and
FROM HIGH-THROUGHPUT
PHENOTYPING TO OMICS DATAANALYSIS AND BACK
Lunch and Trade Exhibition
Session 12A
Chair: Peter Toorop
Bas J.W. Dekkers, Wageningen University
and Research Center, THE NETHERLANDS
IDENTIFICATION OF REFERENCES FOR
GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS BY RTQPCR IN ARABIDOPSIS AND TOMATO
SEEDS
Marina J. Azarkovich, Timiryazev Institute
of Plant Physiology RAS, RUSSIA
PROTEOME AND METABOLIC ACTIVITIES
OF DORMANT RECALCITRANT HORSE
CHESTNUT SEEDS
Session 11B Technical Session - B

Johan Van Asbrouck, Rhino Research
Group, THAILAND, Kent Bradford, University of
California, Davis, USA
DESICCANT BEADS FOR EFFICIENT SEED
DRYING AND STORAGE
Lunch and Trade Exhibition
Session 12B
Seed and Seedling Stress Tolerance
Chair: Steven P.C. Groot
Cimille G. C. Antunes, State University of Bahia,
BRAZIL; Wageningen University and Research
Center , THE NETHERLANDS
DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES IN
CAESALPINIA PYRAMIDALIS L. SEEDS DURING
OSMOPRIMING
Julio Maia de Oliveira, Wageningen University
and Research Center , THE NETHERLANDS
THE RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF DESICCATION
TOLERANCE IN GERMINATED ARABIDOPSIS
SEEDS AND ITS ASSOCIATED TRANSCRIPTOME
Noorullah Khan, Wageningen University and

14.40 - 15.00
ASSOCIATION OF METABOLITES WITH SEED
AND SEEDLING QUALITY IN A TOMATO
RECOMBINANT INBRED POPULATION
Marc Galland, Physiology of Seed
Hongyan Cheng, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Germination. Route de St-Cyr, FRANCE
CHINA
OMICS COMPARISON OF BOTH EMBRYO AN INCREASE ALTERNATIVE OXIDASE
CAPACITY IS ASSOCIATED WITH PREVENTION
15.00 - 15.20 AND ENDOSPERM DURING RICE SEED
GERMINATION REVEALED BY OMICS
OF DESICCATION DAMAGE TO
EXPERIMENTS - FOCUS ON NUTRITION
MITOCHONDRIA DURING DESICCATIONTOLERANCE ACQUISITION OF MAIZE
EMBRYOS
Hiroyuki Nonogaki, Oregon State University, Songquan Song, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
CHINA
USA
A PROTEOMIC ANALYSIS ASSOCIATED WITH
THE
MECHANISMS
OF
ENDOSPERM
CAP15.20 - 15.40
SPECIFIC GENE EXPRESSION IN TOMATO THE CHANGES IN DESICCATION TOLERANCE
DURING DEVELOPMENT AND GERMINATION
SEEDS
OF MAIZE EMBRYOS
Paulo Roberto de Moura S. Filho, State
Johann Pierre, National Institute of Agronomic
University of So Paulo, BRAZIL
Research (INRA), FRANCE
COMBINED ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND
15.40 - 16.00 DIMORPHIC CYPSELA GERMINATION
AND PLANT GROWTH IN SYNEDRELLA
TRANSCRIPTOMIC ANALYSIS OF MEDICAGO
NODIFLORA (L.) GAERTN (ASTERACEAE)
TRUNCATULA SEEDLING GROWTH IN COLD
CONDITIONS
Jan Kodde, Wageningen University and
A FAST ETHANOL ASSAY TO MONITOR
SEED QUALITY
Informativo
ABRATES
vol. 21, n. 1, 2011
14
16.00 - 16.20
16.20 - 17.20
17.20 - 18.15
17.00 - 17.25
17.25 - 17.50
17.50 - 18.15
18.15 - 18.30
18.30 - 19.30
19.30 - 21.30
20.00 - 22.00
Matthieu Villegente, University of New Caledonia,

Sergi Munne-Bosch, Barcelone University,
FRANCE
SPAIN
DISSECTING THE PROTECTIVE STRATEGY
COMMON AND DISTINCT RESPONSES IN
DEVELOPED BY THE SEED OF THE NICKEL
PHYTOHORMONE AND VITAMIN E
HYPERACCUMULATOR SHRUB PSYCHOTRIA
CHANGES DURING SEED BURIAL AND
DOUARREI
DORMANCY IN XYRIS BIALATA AND X.
PEREGRINA
Coffee break, & Trade Exhibition
Poster Session 3
Seed Ecology / Biodiversity and Germplasm Conservation / Especial Themes
Special Session 3 - Brazilian Seed Networks
Chair: Jos Marcio Faria
Amazon Seed Network
Key Speaker: Isolde D. K. Ferraz, National Institute of Amazon Research (INPA), BRAZIL
Lecture: AMAZON SEED NETWORK - THE STATE OF ART
Cerrado Seed Network
Key Speaker: Magaly Wetzel, Cerrado Seeds Network, BRAZIL
Lecture: CERRADO SEEDS NETWORK
Research Network - Validation of tests for forest seed species
Key Speaker: Denise G. Santana, Federal University of Uberlndia, BRAZIL
Lecture: VALIDATION OF METHODOLOGY FOR SEED GERMINATION TESTS OF NATIVE
BRAZILIAN TROPICAL FOREST SPECIES
Poster Session 3 (Continuation)
Seed Ecology / Biodiversity and Germplasm Conservation / Especial Themes
Live Music at the Village Theater
Saupe Thematic Dinner
Friday 15th April 2011

08.30 - 10.30
08.30 - 08.50
08.50 - 9.10
Informativo
ABRATES
Session 13A
Chair: Frank Gubler
Elwira Sliwinska, University of Technology
and Life Sciences, POLAND
DYNAMIC CELLULAR AND NUCLEAR
CHANGES DURING GERMINATION AND
COLLET HAIR FORMATION IN
ARABIDOPSIS
Letcia Vesz Cattelan, Federal University of
Lavras (UFLA); Wageningen University and
GENETIC DISSECTION OF GENES
INVOLVED IN SEEDLING
ESTABLISHMENT IN ARABIDOPSIS
THALIANA
Session 13B
New Seed Uses and Seed Biotechnology
Chair: Alan Taylor
Roberta S. Guedes, Federal University of Paraba
(UFPB); So Paulo University (ESALq), BRAZIL
PROCEDURES FOR EVALUATION OF
AMBURANA CEARENSIS ALL. A.C. SMITH. SEED
VIGOR, INCLUDING AN AUTOMATED
COMPUTER IMAGING SYSTEM
Roberta S. Guedes, Federal University of Paraba
(UFPB); So Paulo University (ESALq), BRAZIL
RADIOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS IN AMBURANA
CEARENSIS ALL. A.C. SMITH
vol. 21, n. 1, 2011
15
09.10 - 09.30
09.30 - 09.50
09.50 - 10.10
10.10 - 10.30
10.30 - 11.00
11.00 - 13.00
11.00 - 11.20
11.20 - 11.40
11.40 - 12.00
Informativo
ABRATES
Luis Sanz, Salamanca University, SPAIN

THE CLADE-A PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE
2C HAB2 IS AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT
OF THE ABA SIGNALLING PAHTWAY IN
ARABIDOPSIS SEEDS
Emma Miatton, Max Planck Institute for
Plant Breeding Research, GERMANY
PDF1 IS A PHOSPHATASE INVOLVED IN
SEED DORMANCY IN ARABIDOPSIS
THALIANA
Bas J.W. Dekkers, Wageningen University
and Research Center, THE NETHERLANDS
DETAILED ANALYSIS OF TISSUE
SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTOME CHANGES
DURING ARABIDOPSIS SEED IMBIBITION
AND GERMINATION
Xingyou Gu, South Dakota State University,
USA
GENETIC AND MOLECULAR
CHARACTERIZATION OF GENES
CONTROLLING SEED DORMANCY
THROUGH THE MATERNAL, EMBRYO,
AND ENDOPSERM TISSUES IN RICE
Calmon Anne, Toulouse University, FRANCE

MEASURING SPECIFIC FATTY ACIDS IN OIL
SEEDS FOR INDUSTRIAL USES BY HIGH
THROUGHPUT OR NON DESCTRUCTIVE
METHODS . THE INTEREST OF NEAR
INFRARED SPECTROMETRY
Fabio Gorian, State Forestry Corps, ITALY
NON INVASIVE VITALITY EVALUATION OF
TREE SEEDS (FAGUS SYLVATICA L.) BY MEANS
OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
SPECTROSCOPY
Renganayaki P. Raju, Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University, INDIA
INTEGRATED SEQUENTIAL SEED TREATMENTA SOLUTION FOR ESTABLISHMENT AND YIELD
IMRPOVEMENT IN MAIZE HYBRID CO(H)M 5
Sentraya P. Sundareswaran, Tamil Nadu
Agricultural University, INDIA
CHANGES IN PROTEIN PROFILE, DNA,
PHYTATE AND POTASSIUM CONTENT DUE TO
PRIMING IN MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) HYBRID
SEEDS

Session 14A
Chair: Oscar Lorenzo
Arc Erwann, National Institute of
Agronomic Research (INRA), FRANCE
TOWARD THE CHARACTERIZATION OF
NITRIC OXIDE IMPLICATIONS IN
ARABIDOPSIS SEEDS
Rashid Kazmi, Wageningen University and
DECIPHERING COMPLEX GENETIC
CONTROL OF SEED QUALITY
PHENOTYPES BY INTEGRATION OF
METABOLIC AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL
PROFILING IN TOMATO
Kai Graeber, Albert-Ludwigs-University,
GERMANY
CROSS-SPECIES INVESTIGATIONS ON
THE SEED DORMANCY GENE DELAY OF
GERMINATION1
Session 14B
Seed Ecology
Chair: Patricia Berjak
Tasmien Horsley, Sappi Forests Shaw Research
Centre, SOUTH AFRICA
EFFECT OF VARIOUS PRETREATMENTS ON
PINUS ELLIOTTII AND PINUS TAEDA SEED
DORMANCY
Francoise Corbineau, Universit Pierre et Marie
Curie, FRANCE
INVOLVEMENT OF ABA METABOLISM IN THE
INDUCTION OF SECONDARY DORMANCY IN
BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L.) SEEDS
Nomali Ziphorah Ngobese, University of

Kwazulu-Natal, SOUTH AFRICA
THE EFFECTS OF SOME OF THE STEPS OF
CRYOPRESERVATION ON THE VIABILITY OF
THE ZYGOTIC EMBRYOS OF SELECTED
AMARYLLID SPECIES
vol. 21, n. 1, 2011
16
12.00 - 12.20
12.20 - 12.40
12.40 - 13.00
13.00 - 14.00
14.00 - 15.00
14.00 - 14.30
Jan Kepczynski, University of KwaZuluNatal, SOUTH AFRICA

ROLE OF SMOKE-DERIVED BUTENOLIDE
IN GERMINATION OF DORMANT AND
NON-DORMANT AVENA FATUA L.
CARYOPSES
Izulm R. I. Santos, National Research Centre for

Genetic Resources and Biotechnology
(CENARGEN), BRAZIL
CRYOPRESERVATION OF BUTIA CAPITATA
(MARTIUS) BECCARI - ARECACEAE
To be defined
Guillermina M. Mendiondo, University of
Nottingham, ARGENTINA
THE ROLE CTS PLAYS IN BARLEY
PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT
To be defined
Kathryn Steadman , The University of
Queensland, AUSTRALIA
ANACTION SPECTRUM FOR INHIBITION
OF DORMANCY RELEASE IN IMBIBED
ANNUAL RYEGRASS SEEDS
Special Session 4 - Seed science developments and demands by the seed industry
Chair: Francisco Krzyzanowski
Key Speaker: Ruud Nabben, Nunhems, THE NETHERLANDS
Lecture: ADVANCING SEED SCIENCE BY JOINT EFFORTS OF ACADEMIA AND SEED
INDUSTRY
14.30 - 15.00
Key Speaker: To be confirmed - CROP SEED INDUSTRY
15.00 - 15.15
15.15 - 16.15
ISSS Annual General Meeting
16.15 - 16.45
16.45 - 17.15
21.30
Informativo
ABRATES
Conference Closing
Henk Hilhorst
Closing Ceremony
Patricia Berjak, ISSS President
Bill Finch-Savage, ISSS President-elect
Samba Night at the Village Theater
vol. 21, n. 1, 2011
17
List of Papers
Oral Presentations and Poster Sessions
List of Oral Abstracts of Session 1
number
Abstracts
01.
LEA PROTEINS AND SURVIVAL IN THE DRY STATE: LESSONS TO BE LEARNED FROM
PROTEOME ANALYSES IN DEVELOPING ORTHODOX AND RECALCITRANT SEEDS. Leprince,
O., Chatelain, E., Hundertmark, M., Le Gall, S., Bove, J., Buitink J.
02.
FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS OF m. truncatula SEED DEVELOPMENT. Verdier J., Torres-Jerez I.,

Wang M., Zhao J., He J., Buitink J., Young N., Dixon R.A., Thompson R.D., Udvardi M.K.
03.
Comparative Proteomics Analysis Reveals the Mechanism of Pre-harvest Seed

Deterioration of Soybean under High Temperature and Relative Humidity
Stress. Ma, H.,Wang, L. Q., Song, L. R., Gu, W. H.
04.
Dynamic 13C/1H NMR imaging uncovers sugar allocation in the living seed.
Ljudmilla Borisjuk, Gerd Melkus, Johannes Fuchs, Hardy Rolletschek,
05.
embryonic MORPHOLOGY IN Jatropha curcas L. INDICATE A NOVEL SEED mechanism AS

ADAPTATION TO drought tolerance. Brito, C.D., Loureiro, M.B., Teles, C.A.S., Vasconcelos,
P.T., Fernandez, L.G., de Castro, R.D.
06.
Differential expression of isoflavonoid pathway genes in cotyledons and

hypocotyl of soybean seed during its developpement. Artigot, M.-P., Berger, M.
and Dayd, J.
07.
SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATES IN LEGUME SEEDS.Obendorf, R. L., Grecki, R. J.
08.
IMAGE ANALYSIS FOR ASSESSING PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY IN FODDER SORGHUM.

Renganayaki, P. R, Ramamoorthy.K. and Sumathi, S.

Nmero
Abstracts
09.
HORMONAL AND MOLECULAR REGULATION OF GRAIN DORMANCY IN WHEAT AND

BARLEY. Barrero J. M., White R., Jacobsen J.V, and Gubler F.
10.
expression of LsNCED4 encoding an ABA biosynthetic enzyme is required for

thermoinhibition of lettuce seeds. Huo, H., Dahal, P., Kunusoth, K., Zuchi, J., Yoong,
F.-Y., McCallum, C., Bradford, K. J.
Informativo
ABRATES
vol. 21, n. 1, 2011
18
11.
UNRAVELING THE ROLE OF THE UBIQUITIN/PROTEASOME PATHWAY IN GERMINATION OF

Brassicaceae SEEDS. Oracz K., Weitbrecht K., Leubner-Metzger G.
12.
TARGETED OXIDATION OF STORED mRNA DURING DRY AFTER-RIPENING AS A MECHANISM

OF SEED DORMANCY ALLEVIATION. Bazin J., Langlade N., Vincourt P., Arribat S., Balzergue S.,
El-Maarouf-Bouteau H. and Bailly C.
13.
THE EFFECT OF SMOKE-DERIVED KAR1 ON SEED GERMINATION AND ITS INTERPLAY WITH
THE INHIBITORY COMPOUND 3,4,5-TRIMETHYLFURAN-2(5H)-ONE. Sos, V., Sebestyn, E.,
Juhsz, A., Light, M. E., Kohout, L., Posta, M., Szalai, G., Van Staden, J., Balzs, E.
14.
CARROT SEED GERMINATION AND ETHYLENE PRODUCTION AT HIGH TEMPERATURE IN

RESPONSE TO SEED PRIMING. Nascimento, W.M., Huber, D.J., Cantliffe., D.J.
15.
IDENTIFICATION OF REFERENCES FOR GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS by RT-qPCR IN

ARABIDOPSIS AND TOMATO SEEDS. Dekkers, B.J.W., Willems, L.A.J., Bassel, G.W., Van Bolderen,
M., Ligterink, W., Hilhorst H.W.M., and Bentsink, L.
16.
A fast ethanol assay to monitor seed quality. Kodde J., Buckley W.T., de Groot
C.C., Santos da Silva C., Viquez Zamora A.M., Groot S.P.C.
17.
Omics comparison of both embryo and endosperm DURING Rice seed

germination revealed by omics experiments focus on nutrition. Galland M.,
Lounifi I., Cueff G., Arc E., Job D. and Rajjou Loc.
18.
The mechanisms of endosperm cap-specific gene expression in tomato seeds.

Martnez-Andjar, C., Pluskota, W.E., Bassel, G.W., Asahina, M., Pupel, P., Nguyen, T.T., Goloviznina,
N.A., Gorecki R., Takeda-Kamiya, N., Yamaguchi, S, Kamiya, Y., Nonogaki, H.
19.
COMMON AND DISTINCT RESPONSES IN PHYTOHORMONE AND VITAMIN E CHANGES

DURING SEED BURIAL AND DORMANCY IN Xyris bialata and X. peregrina. Garcia, Q. S. Giorni,
V. T. Mller, M. Munn-Bosch, S.
20.
DYNAMIC CELLULAR AND NUCLEAR CHANGES DURING GERMINATION AND COLLET HAIR
FORMATION IN Arabidopsis. Sliwinska, E., Mathur, J., Bassel, G.W., Bewley, J.D.
21.
Control of seed germination by protein post-translational modifications.

Arc, E., Galland, M., Cueff, G., Godin, B., Job, D., Marion-Poll, A., Rajjou, L.
22.
PROTEOME AND METABOLIC ACTIVITIES OF DORMANT RECALCITRANT HORSE CHESTNUT

SEEDS.Azarkovich, M.I., Gumilevskaya, N.A.
23.
THE CLADE-A PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2C HAB2 IS AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF THE ABA

SIGNALLING PAHTWAY IN ARABIDOPSIS SEEDS. Fernndez-Arbaizar, A., Nonogaki, H., Sanz,
L., Lorenzo, O.
24.
PDF1 IS A PHOSPHATASE INVOLVED IN SEED DORMANCY IN arabidopsis thaliana. Miatton E.,

Nakabayashi K., Philipp C., Soppe W.
25.
DETAILED ANALYSIS OF TISSUE SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTOME CHANGES DURING

ARABIDOPSIS SEED IMBIBITION AND GERMINATION. Dekkers, B.J.W., Pierce, S., van Bolderen,
M., Wood, A., King, J., Leubner-Metzger, G., Holdsworth, M., Bentsink, L.
26.
GENETIC AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF GENES CONTROLLING SEED

DORMANCY THROUGH THE MATERNAL, EMBRYO, AND ENDOPSERM TISSUES IN RICE. Gu
X.-Y., Zhang J., Feng J., Ye H.
Informativo
ABRATES
vol. 21, n. 1, 2011
19
27.
TOWARD THE CHARACTERIZATION OF NITRIC OXIDE IMPLICATIONS IN ARABIDOPSIS

SEEDS. Arc, E., Echtler, A.L., Godin, B., Cueff, G., Perreau, F., Job, D., Marion-Poll, A., Rajjou, L.
28.
DECIPHERING COMPLEX GENETIC CONTROL OF SEED QUALITY PHENOTYPES BY

INTEGRATION OF METABOLIC AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILING IN TOMATO. Kazmi, R.,
Kahn, N., Willems, L.A.J., Ligterink, W., Hilhorst, H.W.M
29.
CROSS-SPECIES INVESTIGATIONS ON THE SEED DORMANCY GENE Delay of germination1.

Graeber, K., Buller, L., Leubner-Metzger, G.
30.
ROLE OF SMOKE-DERIVED BUTENOLIDE IN GERMINATION OF DORMANT AND NONDORMANT Avena fatua L. CARYOPSES. Kpczyski, J., Cembrowska, D., Van Staden, J.
31.
The role CTS plays in barley physiology and DEVELOPMENT. Mendiondo G., Medhurst
A., Scholefield D., Sparkes D., Cook, D., Theodoulou F. and Holdsworth M.
32.
AN ACTION SPECTRUM FOR INHIBITION OF DORMANCY RELEASE IN IMBIBED ANNUAL

RYEGRASS SEEDS.Goggin, D. E., Powles, S. B., Steadman, K. J.
33.
EFFECT OF VARIOUS PRETREATMENTS ON Pinus elliottii AND PINUS TAEDA SEED DORMANCY.
Horsley, T. N., Jones, W. R.
34.
INVOLVEMENT OF ABA METABOLISM IN THE INDUCTION OF SECONDARY DORMANCY IN

BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare L.) SEEDS. Hoang, H.H., Sotta, B., Corbineau, F., Leymarie, J.

Abstracts
number
35.
NON-INVASIVE DIAGNOSIS OF SEED STRESS AND VIABILITY. Ilse Kranner, Hugh W

Pritchard.
36.
OLIGOSSACHARIDES AND SEED VIGOUR REVISITED USING THE LEGUME MODEL Medicago
truncatula. Buitink, J., Vandecasteele, C., Teulat-Merah, B., Morre-Le Paven, M-C, Leprince, O.,
Gallardo, K., Huguet, T., Limami, A.M., Prosperi, J.-M.
37.
ASSOCIATION GENETICS A NEW STRATEGY TO STUDY SEED AND SEEDLING STRESS

TOLERANCE IN CROP PLANTS. Brner, A., Rehman Arif, M. A., Neumann, K. Nagel, M., Lohwasser,
U., Kobiljski, B.,
38.
SAFEGUARDING GENOME INTEGRITY IN GERMINATION IS IMPORTANT FOR SEED VIABILTY

AND LONGEVITY. Waterworth, W.M., Drury, G.E., Bhardwaj, R.M., Bray, C.M., West, C.E.
39.
DIFFERENTIALLYEXPRESSED GENES IN Caesalpinia pyramidalis L. SEEDS DURING OSMOPRIMING.

Antunes, C.G.C., Ligterink, W., Pelacani, C.R., Aflitos, S.A., De Castro, R.D., Fernandez, L.G.,
Toorop, P.E., Hilhorst, H.W.M.
40.
The re-establishment of Desiccation tolerance in germinated Arabidopsis

seeds and its ASSOCIATED transcriptome. Maia, J., Dekkers, B.J.W., Ligterink, W.,
Hilhorst, H. W. M.
Informativo
ABRATES
vol. 21, n. 1, 2011
20
41.
ASSOCIATION OF METABOLITES WITH SEED AND SEEDLING QUALITY IN A TOMATO

RECOMBINANT INBRED POPULATION. Kahn, N., Kazmi, R., Willems, L.A.J., Ligterink, W.,
Hilhorst, H.W.M.
42.
AN INCREASE ALTERNATIVE OXIDASE CAPACITY IS ASSOCIATED WITH PREVENTION

OF DESICCATION DAMAGE TO MITOCHONDRIA DURING DESICCATION-TOLERANCE
ACQUISITION OF MAIZE EMBRYOS. Wu, J.H., Wang, W. Q., Mller, I. M., Song, S. Q., Cheng, H. Y.
43.
A PROTEOMIC ANALYSIS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CHANGES IN DESICCATION TOLERANCE

DURING DEVELOPMENT AND GERMINATION OF MAIZE EMBRYOS. Huang, H., Moller, I. M.,
Song, S. Q.
44.
COMBINED ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC ANALYSIS OF Medicago truncatula

SEEDLING GROWTH IN COLD CONDITIONS. 1Pierre, J.,1Teulat-Merah, B., 2Juchaux, M., 3Ledroit,
L., 4Wagner, M-H, 5Huget, S., 3Drr, C.
45.
Dissecting the protective Strategy DEVELOPED BY the seed of the NICKEL

hyperaccumulator shrub Psychotria douarrei.Villegente M, Zongo C, Job C, Job D, Van
Dorsselaer A, Strub J-M, Burtet-Sarramegna V, Fogliani B.

New seed uses and Seed Biotechnology
number
Abstracts
46.
THE ROLE OF GIBBERELLIN IN DETERMINING WHEAT GRAIN SIZE AND QUALITY. Vaughan,
S.P., Wanchoo, A., Patil, A., Huttly, A., Phillips, A., Hedden, P.
47.
GENES FOR SEED QUALITY: FROM GENETICS TO MOLECULAR PATHWAYS. Joosen, R.V.L.,
Willems, L. A. J., Van der Plas, L. H. W., Ligterink, W., Hilhorst, H. W. M.
48.
CHANGE IN 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase ALTERS SEED DORMANCY AND GERMINATION.

Martinez-Andujar, C., Ordiz, I. M., Huang, Z., Nonogaki, M., Beachy, R.N. Nonogaki, H.
49.
PROCEDURES FOR EVALUATION OF Amburana cearensis ALL. A.C. SMITH. SEED VIGOR,
INCLUDING AN AUTOMATED COMPUTER IMAGING SYSTEM. Guedes, R. S., Alves, E. U.,
Marcos Filho, J., Gomes Junior, F. G.
50.
RADIOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS IN Amburana cearensis ALL. A.C. SMITH. Guedes, R. S., Alves, E. U.,
Marcos filho, J., Gomes Junior, F. G.
51.
MEASURING SPECIFIC FATTY ACIDS IN OIL SEEDS FOR INDUSTRIAL USES BY HIGH
THROUGHPUT OR NON DESCTRUCTIVE METHODS : THE INTEREST OF NEAR INFRARED
SPECTROMETRY. Calmon A.,Berger, M., Levasseur, C., Labalette.F., Castellanet, P., Florin, C.
52.
NON INVASIVE VITALITY EVALUATION OF TREE SEEDS (Fagus sylvatica L.) BY MEANS OF
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING SPECTROSCOPY. Gorian, F., Pasquini, S., Sequi, P., Valentini,
M., Marconi, S.
53.
INTEGRATED SEQUENTIAL SEED TREATMENT A SOLUTION FOR ESTABLISHMENT AND

YIELD IMRPOVEMENT IN MAIZE HYBRID CO (H)M 5. Renganayaki, P. R. and Ramamoorthy.K.
Informativo
ABRATES
vol. 21, n. 1, 2011
21
54.
CHANGES IN PROTEIN PROFILE, DNA, PHYTATE AND POTASSIUM CONTENT DUE TO

PRIMING IN MAIZE (Zea mays L.) HYBRID SEEDS. Sathish, S., Sundareswaran, S., Ganesan, K. N.
and Senthil, N.

Seed Ecology
Abstracts
number
55. Dormancy cycling in Arabidopsis: What can molecular-ecology tell us
about the bet-hedging of germination timing in the soil seed bank.Footitt, S.,
ler-Footitt, H., Douterelo Soler, I., Clay, H., Dent, K., Finch-Savage, W.E.
56.
ARE ECOLOGICAL TRAITS CONSTRAINTS TO TROPICAL FOREST SEED ANALYSES? PiaRodrigues, F. C. M., Figliolia, M. B.
57.
DORMANCY AND STORAGE BEHAVIOUR OF SEEDS OF 102 TROPICAL FABACEAE SPECIES

FROM SRI LANKA. Jayasuriya, K.M.G.G.S Baskin, J.M., , Baskin, C.C., Wijetunga, A.S.T.B.
58.
evolutionary ecophysiology of seed dormancy and germination in

Neotropical montane savannas. Silveira, F. A. O., Robles, N. C., Sales, N. M., Fernandes,
G. W., Lemos-Filho, J. P.
59.
DIMORPHIC CYPSELA GERMINATION AND PLANT GROWTH IN Synedrella nodiflora (L.)

GAERTN (ASTERACEAE). Souza Filho, P. R. M., Takaki, M.

number
Abstracts
60.
The ex situ conservation strategy for endangered plant species: Small samples,
storage and Lessons from seed collected from US National Parks. Walters, C.,
Kennedy, K., Brian, N., Strong, A., Hill, L.M., Luhman, R., Mehrhoff, L., Dratch, P., and Raven, P.
61.
Unravelling the cryptic life of seeds of Hordeum vulgare L. through quantitative

genetics. Adimargono P. S., Effgen S., Harperscheidt M., Koornneef M.
62.
THE EFFECT OF DRYING RATE ON THE RESPONSE OF RECALCITRANT SEEDS OR EMBRYOS/

EMBRONIC AXES TO DEHYDRATION: THE INVOLVEMENT OF OXIDATIVE PROCESSES.
Pammenter, N.W., Varghese, B. , Sershen, Berjak, P.
63.
CATHODIC QUENCHING OF ROS: A CASE STUDY ON DESICCATION SENSITIVE Strychnos

gerrardii zygotic EMBRYOS. Berjak, P., Sershen, Varghese, B., Pammenter, N.W.
64.
The isotherm curve: a biophysical tool to predict seed viability and

longevity? P. Sheila Adimargono, and Richard H. Ellis.
Informativo
ABRATES
vol. 21, n. 1, 2011
22
65.
Relationships of SEED sorption and desorption isotherms to seed storability.

Bello, P. H. N., Zuchi, J., Schwember, A. R., Bradford, K. J.
66.
Conservation of Germplasm Collections - Biochemical and Genetic Impacts

on Seed Ageing in Barley. Nagel, M., Kranner, I., Brner, A.
67.
EARLY EVENTS DURING IMBIBITION OF MAIZE EMBRYONIC AXES AND THE IMPACT OF
CRYOPRESERVATION. Mycock, D. J.
68.
USE OFANTIOXIDANTS TO PROMOTE SHOOT DEVELOPMENT BYAXES FROM RECALCITRANT

SEEDS DURING PROCEDURES ASSOCIATED WITH CRYOPRESERVATION. Cassandra, Berjak,
P., Pammenter, N. W.
69.
Elevated Partial Pressure of Oxygen a novel method to study seed ageing

and longevity. Groot S.P.C., Abbasi Surki A., Kodde J.
70.
THE EFFECTS OF SOME OF THE STEPS OF CRYOPRESERVATION ON THE VIABILITY OF

ZYGOTIC EMBRYOS OF SELECTED AMARYLLID SPECIES. Ngobese, N.Z., Berjak, P., Pammenter
N.W.
71.
CRYOPRESERVATION OF Butia capitata (MARTIUS) BECCARI ARECACEAE. Santos, I. R. I.,

Salomo, A. N., Mundim, R. C.
72.
DESICCATION AND TEMPERATURE RESPONSE ON SEED STORABILITY IN MEDICINAL TREE

SPECIES OF THE INDIAN SUB-CONTINENT. Phartyal, S. S., Thapliyal, R. C., Ginwal, H. S
73.
A MS EXCEL IMPLEMENTATION OF SEED VIABILITY MODEL. Daniel I. O., M. Kruse, G. Muller

and A. Brner.
List of Posters of Session 1

number
Abstracts
74.
ALANINE AS AN In vivo VISUAL MARKER FOR METABOLIC COMPARTMENTATION WITHIN

THE CEREAL ENDOSPERM. Hardy Rolletschek, Gerd Melkus , Eva-Grafahrend-Belau , Johannes
Fuchs , Peter Jacob , Ljudmilla Borisjuk .
75.
MORPHO-ANATOMY OF FRUIT, SEED AND POST-SEMINAL DEVELOPMENT OF TENTO

(Ormosia paraensis Ducke - Fabaceae). Silva, b.m.s., Oliveira, C., Moro, f.v., Vieira, r.d.,
76.
SCARIFYING SEEDS AND DORMANCY BREAK OF MULUNGU (Erythrina velutina WILLD. LEGUMINOSAE). Galdiano-Jnior, R. F., Rissi, R. N., Sotrati, V. V.
77.
PROTEOMIC ANALYSIS OF SEEDCOATS FROM DEVELOPING SOYBEAN SEEDS. Miernyk, J.A.,

Skultety, L., Hadjuch, M.
78.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FRUIT MATURATION STAGE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF

Jatropha curcas L. SEEDS. Dias, D. C. F. S., Silva, L. J., Hilst, P. C., Souza, B. L.
Informativo
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vol. 21, n. 1, 2011
23
79.
PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF Jatropha curcas L. SEEDS HARVESTED AT DIFFERENT

DEVELOPMENT STAGES. Silva, L. J., Dias, L. A. S., Hilst, P. C., Oliveira, G. L., Dias, D. C. F. S.
80.
EXPRESSION OF EMBRYOGENESIS-REGULATING GENES IN Araucaria angustifolia (BERT.) O.

KUNTZE (BRAZILIAN PINE). Schlgl, P. S., Santos, A. L. W., Vieira, L. N., Floh, E. I. S. Guerra, M. P.
81.
ACTIVITY OF PEROXIREDOXINS DURING DEVELOPMENT OF ORTHODOX AND

RECALCITRANT SEEDS OF THE GENUS ACER. Ratajczak E., Kalemba E.M., Pukacka S., Dietz
K.J.
82.
PATTERN OF SEED DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION IN AMBRETTE (Abelmoschus moschatus

Medic.). Sundareswaran, S., Sivakumar, D. and Vijayakumar, A.
83.
SEED DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION IN MEDICINAL PLANT GLORY LILY (Gloriosa

superba L.). Venudevan, B., Sundareswaran, S. and Vijayakumar, A.
84.
PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF GREEN SOYBEAN SEEDS. Teixeira, R. N., Cavariani, C., Silva, E.
A. A., Nakagawa, J., Baldini, L. S., Hilhorst. H.W.M.
85.
EFFECTS OF PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZATION ON CRAMBE (Crambe abyssinica HOCHST) SEEDS

YIELD, PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY, AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. Vazquez, G. H., Lazarini,
E., Ferreira, R. B, Camargo, F. P.
86.
EFFECTS OF PLANT POPULATION AND SIDE DRESSED N ON CRAMBE CROP YIELD AND
SEEDS PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY. Vazquez, G. H., Lazarini, E., Lima, E. L., Morais Neto, J. P.
87.
LACTUCA SATIVA SEED PERFORMANCE IN FUNCTION OF CULTIVARS AND LOTS UNDER

NITROGEN FERTILIZATION. S, M. E., Oliveira, S. A., Rodrigues, R. S.
88.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND PHYSIOLOGY QUALITY OF SEED OF SUNFLOWER OF

PLANTS SUBMITTED IN INTRAESPEFIC COMPETITION. Alves, F. V., S Junior, A., Santana, D.
G., Santos, C. M.
89.
STAGE OF FRUIT MATURATION AND GERMINATION OF Khaya ivorensis SEEDS. Carvalho, J. E.

U. de, Nascimento, W. M. O. do.
90.
FRUIT RIPENING STAGES AND STORAGE POTENTIAL OF CAMU-CAMU (Myrciaria dubia)

SEEDS. Ferreira, S.A.N., Gentil, D.F.O.
91.
EFFECTS OF PRE-HARVESTING TREATMENTS ON SEEDLING GROWTH OF WHEAT. Ghobadi,

M. E., Ghobadi, M.
92.
Strobilurin group fungicides and asiatic rust disease on the production

and quality of soybean seeds. Pinto, T.L.F., Cicero, S.M. , Frana Neto, J.B., Forti, V.A.,
Dourado Neto, D..
93.
Plant proteases responsible for the caspase like activity in quinoa seed.
Lpez Fernndez M.P., Lainez V., Burrieza H.P., Maldonado-S.
Informativo
ABRATES
vol. 21, n. 1, 2011
24

number
Abstracts
94.
MODELLING THE EFFECT OF LIGHT ON SEED GERMINATION OF Phalaris minor and Poa annua.
Tavakkol Afshari, R., Ohadi, S., Rahimian Mashhadi, H.
95.
Effect of seed priming on accelerated aged seed of Maize. Seyed A. S., Seyed A. M.,
Meharan S. z., Farbod F.1, Mehdi Z.
96.
Vigour and field emergence in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L). Casenave, E. C., Contreras
Mariani, R., Toselli, M. E.
97.
COLOR AND WEIGHT IN RELATION TO THE QUALITY OF ALFALFA SEED (Medicago sativa L.).
Toselli, M. E., Casenave, E. C. INDEAS-FAyA.
98.
EVALUATION OF SEED DORMANCY AND ITS BREAKING METHODS IN OREGANO (Origanum

vulgare) SEEDS. Tavakkol Afshari, R, Dehghanpour Farashah, H.
99.
PRIMING OF NERICA AND ORYZA Glaberrima RICE SEEDS ENHANCED SEED GERMINATION
AND PLANT VIGOUR. Daniel, I. O., Okunola, O. K.., Adeleye, I. A., Tella, O. A. and Akintunde, A. T.
100. BIO-OSMOPRIMING WITH Pseudomonas fluoresecens IMPROVED SEED GERMINATION AND

SEEDLING VIGOR OF CANOLA (Brassica napus L.). Entesari , M. Ramezani , F., Tavakkol Afshari ,
R., Ahmadzadeh M.
101. IMPROVEMENT OF SOYBEAN SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING VIGOR USING Trichoderma
harzianum AND OSMOPRINING TREATMENTS. Entesari , M, Sharifzadeh , F., Okhovvat , S.M.,
Ahmadzadeh , M., and Tavakkol Afshari R.
102. OVERCOMING THE DORMANCY OF TENTO SEEDS (Ormosia paraensis Ducke - FABACEAE).
Silva, b.m.s., Oliveira, C., Moro, f.v., Vieira, r.d.,
103. TENTO SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING EMERGENCE (Ormosia paraensis Ducke - Fabaceae).
Silva, b.m.s., Moro, f.v., Vieira, r.d.
104. WATER AND SALT STRESS EFFECTS ON THE GERMINATION AND VIGOR OF SORGHUM
SEEDS. Oliveira, A. B., Gomes-Filho, E.
105. INTERACTION BETWEEN PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY AND OSMOCONDITIONING ON THE
GERMINATION AND VIGOR OF SORGHUM SEEDS. Oliveira, A. B., Gomes-Filho, E.
106. Sorghum seedlings establishment from primed seeds with different
physiological qualities. Oliveira, A. B., Gomes-Filho, E.
107. MORPHOLOGY AND GERMINATION OF Xylopia aromatica SEEDS, AND ITS DOSE RESPONSE
TO GA 4+7 AND TO FLURIDONE. Locardi, B., M., Takaki, M.
108. GERMINATION RESPONSES TO TEMPERATURE AND WATER POTENTIAL IN Jatropha curcas L.
SEEDS. Windauer, L.B., Wassner, D., Benech Arnold, R.L.
109. WATER AND OXYGEN AVAILABILITY AFFECT GERMINATION OF SEEDS IN Allamanda schotti
POHL (APOCYNACEAE). Souza Filho, P. R. M. S., Takaki. M.
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110. MORPHOLOGICAL ASPECTS AND GERMINATION OF Ptychosperma elegans (R.Br.) Blume

(ARECACEAE) SEEDS. Bueno, B.F., Mro, F.V., Pivetta, K.F.L., Batista, G.S.
111. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND SANITARY QUALITY OF ONION SEEDS INFLUENCED BY HEAT
TREATMENT AND OSMOCONDITIONING. Silva, P. P., Nascimento, W. M..
112. THE EFFECT OF MATERNAL PHOSPHATE ON SEED DORMANCY AND SEED QUALITY IN
Arabidopsis thaliana. Vidigal, D. S., Ligterink, W., He, H., Dias, D.C.F.S., Bentsink, L., Hilhorst,
H.W.M.
113. Seed reserve composition and mobilization during germination and early
seedling establishment of Cereus jamacaru D.C. ssp. jamacaru (Cactaceae). Alencar,
N. L. M., Innecco, R., Gomes-Filho, E., Gallo, M. I. Oliveira, A. B.
114. Effects of light and temperature on Cereus jamacaru seed germination and
initial seedling establishment. Alencar, N. L. M., Gomes-Filho, E., Innecco, R., Oliveira,
A. B
115. TETRAZOLIUM TEST FOR EVALUATION OF Crotalaria juncea L. SEED VIABILITY. Silva, C.B. ,
Barbosa, R.M. , Vieira, R.D.
116. VARIATION IN GERMINATION AND VIGOR OF Dimorphandra wilsonii RIZZ. SEEDS FROM
SEPARATE MATERNAL LINES. Matheus, M.T., Freitas, A. R., Duarte, D. M., Barreto, L. C., Garcia,
Q. S.
117. A THRESHOLD MODEL DESCRIBING AND PREDICTING GERMINATION TIMING OF Populus
tomentosa SEED AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES AFTER HARVEST AND STORED UNDER AN
AMBIENT CONDITION. Wang, W. Q., Cheng, H. Y., Song, S. O.,
118. SEED MORPHOLOGY AND FRESH SEED GERMINATION OF FALSE BANANA, Ensete
ventricosum, (MUSACEAE). Karlsson, L. M., Dalbato, A. L., Tamado, T.
119. VERY SLOW GERMINATION, RATHER THAN DORMANCY, EXPLAINS SEEDLING EMERGENCE
TIMING OF Daphne mezereum in COLD TEMPERATE CLIMATE. Karlsson, L.M., Milberg, P.
120. Effects of scarification, stratification and GA3 on seed germination of dateplum (Diospyros lotus L.). Sayyad-Amin, P., Shahsavar, A. R.
121. ANALYSIS OF NP24, A THAUMATIN-LIKE GENE, IN GERMINATING TOMATO SEEDS. Pupel, P.,
Pluskota, W. E., Bassel, G. W., Gowacka, K., Takeda, N., Yamaguchi, S., Kamiya, Y., Nonogaki, H.,
Grecki, R. J.
122. Dormancy cycling in the field: Environmental sensing via temporally
separate and hierarchical hormone signalling pathways in Arabidopsis
seeds. Footitt, S., ler-Footitt, H ., Douterelo Soler, I., Clay, H., Dent, K., Finch-Savage, W.E.,.
123. SEED BANK DYNAMICS OF THE Leucaena leucocephala (LAM.) DE WIT.: INVASIVE SPECIES
THAT THREATEN BIODIVERSITY OF THE BRAZILIAN ECOSYSTEMS. Marques, A. R., Costa, C.
F. A., Garcia, Q. S.
124. DORMANCY OVERCOMING IN RICE (Oryza sativa) SEEDS SUBMITTED TO DIFFERENT
DRYING TEMPERATURES AND STORAGE CONDITIONS. Heberle, E., Costa, C. A. da, Arajo, E.
F., Lacerda Filho, A. F., Conceio, P. M., Dias, M. A.
125. FLORAL BIOLOGY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SEED AND THE GERMINATION OF
PHYSIC NUT (Jatropa curcas L.). Brasileiro, B.G., Dias, D.C.F.S., Bhering, M.C., Dias, L.A.S.
Informativo
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126. VIABILITY OF RECENTLY HARVESTED AND STORED Xylopia aromatica (LAM.) MART.
(ANNONACEAE) SEEDS. Socolowski, F., Cicero, S. M., Vieira, D. C. M.
127. THE INFLUENCE OF STORAGE AND PACKAGING IN THE GERMINATION OF LOQUAT SEEDS
(Eriobotrya japonica Lind l.)Brasileiro, B.G., Bhering, M.C., Silva, D.F.P., Dias, D.C.F.S., Bruckner,
C.H.
128. Seed priming improves endosperm weakening, germination, and subsequent
seedling development of Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil. Anese, S., Amaral da Silva, E. A.,
Davide, A. C., Rocha Faria, J. M. Soares G. C. M., Matos A. C. B., Toorop P. E.
129. SEED DORMANCY CYCLING RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNALS IN WINTER AND
SUMMER ANNUAL ARABIDOPSIS ECOTYPES. Huang, Z., Footitt, S., Finch-Savage, W.E.
130. PEPTIDE TRANSPORT AND RESERVE MOBILISATION IN BARLEY GRAIN GERMINATION.
W.M. Waterworth , C. M. Provost , C.E. West and C.M. Bray
131. Tabebuia heptaphylla: COLOR, SIZE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SEEDS
DURING STORAGE. Martins, L., Cursi, P. R.
132. THE EFFECT OF THE THERMAL ENVIRONMENT DURING FRUIT DEVELOPMENT ON THE
DORMANCY LEVEL OF SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus L.) ACHENES.Bodrone, P., Batlla, D.,
Arisnabarreta, S., Rodrguez, M.V., Benech-Arnold, R.L.
133. THE GENETICS AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF WHEAT GRAIN COLOUR. Vaughan, S.P., Baker, J.,
Ward, J., Huttly, A., Phillips, A.
134. DORMANCY BREAKAGE OF Stylosanthes humilis H.B.K. SEEDS AS RELATED TO THE
ENDOGENOUS CONTENT OF 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLATE (ACC). Pires, M. V.,
Pelacani, C. R., Pinheiro, F. J. A., Mller, C., Barros, R. S.
135. DYNAMIC CHANGES IN BASE WATER POTENTIAL DURING INCUBATION EXPLAIN THE MIXED
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON GERMINATION AND DORMANCY DURING GERMINATION
TESTS.Batlla, D., Benech-Arnold, R. L.,
136. GERMINATION OF SEEDS OF PROGENIES YELLOW PASSION FRUIT, SUBJECTED TO PHYSICAL
TREATMENTS IN THE TEGUMENT AND STORAGE. Alexandre, R. S., Negreiros, J. R. da S., Lopes,
J. C., Lima, R. V., Bruckner, C. H., Dias, D. C. F. dos S., Fernandes, A. A.
137. Effect of partial or total removal of the cotyledons ON GROWTH OF EMBRYONIC
AXIS of Plathymenia reticulata Benth. SEEDS.Flres, A. V., Atade, G. M., Borges, E. E. de L., Barros,
D. P , Almeida, T., Santos, Y. M.
138. LIPID PEROXIDATION IN Pterogyne nitens TUL. SEEDS SUBMITTED TO ACCELERATED AGING.
Atade, G.M., Flres, A. V., Borges, E. E. de L., Barros, D. P., Almeida, T., Santos, Y. M.
139. SEED WEIGHT OF Xylopia aromatica (ANNONACEAE): QUALITY EVALUATION FROM X-RAY
AND SEEDLING EMERGENCE. Socolowski, F., Cicero, S. M., Vieira, D. C. M.
140. LETTUCE SEEDLINGS WITH HUMUS AND SUGARCANE BAGASSE. Rezende, M. A. S., Fernandes,
A. A., Alexandre, R. S., Oliveira, G. S., Figueiredo, D. D. C.
141. EVALUATION OF THE LETTUCE SEEDS EMERGENCE WITH HUMUS AND PROVASO.
Fernandes, A. A., Alexandre, R. S., Rezende, M. A. S., Oliveira, G. S.
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142. ITALIAN TOMATO SEEDLINGS WITH HUMUS AND SUGARCANE BAGASSE.Oliveira, G. S.,
Fernandes, A. A., Alexandre, R. S., Rezende, M. A. S., Figueiredo, D. D. C.
143. ALLELOPATHY OF GREEN MANURE ON THE DEVELOPMENT INITIAL OF LETTUCE (Lactuca
sativa L.). Henkemeier , N. P., Monteiro, M. A., Rosseto , R. E., Moreira, G. C., - Santos, E. L. dos.
144. GLOBAL TRANSCRIPTOMIC ANALYSES OF SEEDS OF TWO LETTUCE SPECIES IDENTIFY
GENE CLUSTERS ASSOCIATED WITH GERMINATION, THERMOINHIBITION OR ABA. ReyesChin-Wo, S., Dahal, P., Kunusoth, K., Bradford, K.J.
145. A DOG1-like gene in lettuce is up-regulated by ABA during thermoinhibition of
germination. Huo, H., Bradford, K. J.
146. EFFECT OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE ON THE DORMANCY RELEASE PATTERN OF
SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus L.) ACHENES. Bodrone, P., Batlla, D., Arisnabarreta, S., Rodrguez,
M.V., Benech-Arnold, R.L.
147. NO-induced Enzymatic and non-enzymatic ethylene production during
germination of apple embryos. Bogatek, R., Krasuska, U., Gniazdowska, A.
148. REGULATORY ROLE OF BIOACTIVE VOLATILES (HCN, NO, CO) IN DORMANCY ALLEVIATION
AND GERMINATION OF APPLE EMBRYOS.Bogatek, R., Dbska, K., Krasuska, U., Gniazdowska, A.
149. Seed germination of Lippia and
Aloysia species (Verbenaceae): light and
temperatures EFFECTS. Galndez, G., Ortega-Baes, P.
150. EFFECT OF MECHANICAL SCARIFICATION IN SEEDS OF FORAGE LEGUMES. Lima, R.V.,
Vieira, H.D., Oliveira, A.C.S. de, Rubim, R.F., Oliveira, E.M.
151. PROTEIN PHOSPHATASES TYPE 2C EXPRESSED DURING SEED GERMINATION INTERACT
WITH SAUR PROTEINS. Fresnillo P. , Modrego A., Fernndez-Arbaizar A., Lorenzo O.,
Rodrguez, D.
152. GENETIC DISSECTION OF GENES INVOLVED IN SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT IN Arabidopsis
thaliana. Cattelan, L. V., Joosen, R. V. L., Ligterink, W., Hilhorst, H. W. M.
153. INTERACTION OF GROWTH REGULATORS FOR OVERCOMING THE DORMANCY OF
PAPAYA(Carica papaya) SEEDS. Zanotti, R.F., Souza, B. L., Santos Junior, H. C., Soares, M. M.,
Hellmeister, L. G. C., Dias, D.C.S.
154. Priming in canola (Brassica napus L.) seedS. Panozzo, L. E., Hellmeister, L. G., Santos Junior,
H. C., Soriano, P. E., Zanotti, R. F., Tomm, G. O.
155. Effect of ethylene on the germination of papaya (Carica papaya) seeds. Sekita, M.
C., Zanotti, R. F., Dadalto, W. L., Oliveira, G. L., Souza, B. L., Dias, D. C. F. S.
156. A STUDY OF PRECONDITIONING TECHNIQUES OF Copaifera langsdorffi Desf. SEEDS. FOR THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TETRAZOLIUM TECHNIQUE. Oliveira, D.V., Matos, J.M.M., Martins,
R.C.C., Martins, I.S., Oliveira, A. J. F., Araujo, D. R. C.,Bussinguer, A.P
157. STUDY OF PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF NEWLY HARVESTED SEEDS OF Triplaris americana
L. Matos, J.M.M., Oliveira, L.S., Oliveira, D.V., Martins, R.C.C., Araujo, D.R.C., Souza, A.M.,
Martins, A.P., Menezes, J.C.G., Cazetta, T.C.
158. HEAVY METALS ON SEED GERMINATION OF Myracrodrum Urundeuva, A BRAZILIAN
SAVANNA SPECIES. Barreto, L. C. , Duarte, D. M. , Gomes, M. P. , Matheus, M. T. , Nascentes,
C. C. , Garcia, Q. S.
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159. VIABILITY STUDY OF THE SEEDS OF NEWLY HARVESTED Solanum lycocarpum A. St. Hil.
Oliveira, M.P., Matos, J.M.M., Oliveira, D.V., Martins, R.C.C., Araujo, D.R.C., Martins,
A.P., Bussinguer, A.P., Souza, A.M., Leite, T.V.P., Ramos, K.M.O.
160. COMPARATIVE GERMINATION AMONG FOUR SPECIES OF Rhipsalis GENUS. Lone, A.B.,
Takahashi, L.S.A., Faria, R.T.
161. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF CELL STRUCTURE IN DORMANT RECALCITRANT HORSE
CHESTNUT SEEDS. Azarkovich, M.I., Bolyakina, Ju.P.
162. TEMPERATURE AND SUBSTRATE ON THE GERMINATION OF Amburana cearensis (Allem.) A.
C. Smith. Lopes, K. P., Barreto, C. F., Lages, M. C. da C., Andrade, S. E. O. de., Azevedo, S. L. de,
Arajo, T. T. de.
163. DORMANCY BREAK IN SEEDS OF Clitoria ternatea L. Lopes, K. P., Oliveira, S. R. de, Dantas, T.
A., Barbosa, R. C. A
164. PREGERMINATING TREATMENTS IN Parkinsonia aculeate L. SEEDS. Arajo Junior, E. S., Lopes,
K. P., Nascimento, M. das G. R. do, Barbosa, R. C. A.
165. DORMANCY BREAK IN SEEDS OF Delonix regia Raff. Nascimento, M. das G. R. do, Lopes, K. P.,
Barbosa, R. C. A.
166. AUTOMATED SCORING OF ARABIDOPSIS GERMINATION. Willems L.A.J., Joosen R.V.L.,
Kodde J., Ligterink W., Hilhorst H.W.M.
167. METABOLOMICS QTL ANALYISIS OF A TOMATO RECOMBINANT INBRED POPULATION.
Willems L. A. J., Ligterink W., Kazmi R., Kahn N., Hilhorst H.W.M.
168. STRATIFICATION OF SEEDS AND EMERGENCE OF Astrocaryum vulgare SEEDLINGS. Ferreira,
S.A.N., Elias, M.E.A.
169. FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZACTION OF A NAC AND A MADS-BOX TRANSCRIPTION
FACTORS AS ABSCISIC ACID AND NITRIC OXIDE MOLECULAR PLAYERS DURING SEED
GERMINATION AND STRESS RESPONSES. Fernndez-Arbaizar A., Curto M., Albertos P., Sanz
L., Tatematsu K., Nakabayashi K., Kamiya Y., Nambara E., Lorenzo O.
170. STUDY ON SEED GERMINATION OF Cordia ecalyculata Vell. Cossa, C.A., Sorace, M.A.F., Osipe, R.,
Lima, C.B., Campos, F.G., Camolese, A.C., Villela,T.T., Negrelle, R.R.B
171. COMPARISON OF THE GERMINATION AMONG DIFFERENT PITAYA GENOTYPES. Takahashi,
L.S.A., Lone, A.B., Nakatani, S.H., Faria, R.T., Takahashi, H.W.
172. EMERGENCY OF DESERT ROSE IN DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES. Takahashi, L.S.A., Lone, A.B., Su,
M.J., Faria, R.T.
173. DORMANCY AND STORAGE BEHAVIOUR OF SEEDS OF Michelia champaca (Magnoliaceae).
Fernando, M.T.R., Jayasuriya, K.M.G.G., Wijetunga, A.S.T.B.
174. Identification of genes underlying the Speed of Germination (SOG )
quantitative trait loci (QTL) in Brassica oleracea. Morris K., Dent K., DoutereloSoler I., Barker G. and Finch-Savage W.
175. STRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF SEED DORMANCY IN QUINOA (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.):
IMPORTANCE AND POSSIBLE ACTION MECHANISMS OF SEED COATS. Ceccato, D. V., Bertero,
H. D., Batlla, D.
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176. MULTIPLE EVOLUTION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL DORMANCY IN MELASTOMATACEAE FROM

SEASONAL HABITATS. Silveira, F. A. O., Ribeiro, R. C., Oliveira, D. M. T., Fernandes, G. W.
Lemos-Filho, J. P.
177. EARLY DETECTION, SIGNALLING AND REPAIR OF DNA DAMAGE IN GERMINATION. C.E.,
West , G.E., Drury , R.M., Bhardwaj , C.M., Bray , and W.M., Waterworth .
178. NITRIC OXIDE AFFECTING STORAGE MOBILIZATION DURING SEED GERMINATION OF
Sesbania virgata. Zerlin, J. K., Freschi, L., Centeno, D. C., Gaspar, M.
179. THERMAL PARAMETERS OF THE Cedrela fissilis VELL. SEED GERMINATION. Daibes L F, Frigeri
R B C., Amodo S C, , Moraes J N, Monteiro E F, Cardoso V J M.
180. THERMAL DEPENDENCE OF THE Stryphnodendron guianense (Aubl.) BENTH. SEED
GERMINATION. Daibes L F, Frigeri R B C, Jodas N F, , Moraes J N, Cardoso V J M.
181. LIMITATIONS OF THE TETRAZOLIUM TEST FOR ASSESSING VIABILITY IN SPROUTED SEED
LOTS. Bowden, L. H., Cockerell, V.
182. SCARIFICATION WITH SULPHURIC ACID OF Parkia gigantocarpa Ducke SEEDS (FABACEAE).
Cruz, E. D., Ferreira. J. E. R., Silva, A. C. da. ( Embrapa Amaznia Oriental, Belm-PA,
183. PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF Araucaria angustifolia SEEDS DURING CONTROL CONDITIONS
OF STORAGE. Garcia, C., Coelho, C. M. M., Maraschin, M., Oliveira, L. M. de, Pavelski, J. A.
184. SEASONAL CHANGES IN THE GERMINATION REQUIREMENTS FOR DRY AND WET STORED
Plantago major SEEDS. Andrade, L.G., Andrade, A.C. S.
185. EFFECT OF PRIMING ON SANITARY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF WEATHERED
SOYBEAN SEEDS. Sediyama, C.A.Z., Reis, M.S., Dias, M.A., Sediyama, C.S., Dias, D.C.F.S.,
Sediyama, T., Batista, G.S.
186. OSMOTIC CONDITIONING AND SEED GERMINATION OF CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS. Dias, M.A. ,
Zucoloto, M., Sediyama, C.A.Z., Siqueira, D.L. , Dias, D.C.F.S., Souza Neto, J.D.
187. SEED RESERVE AND LONGEVITY IN A SEED BANK OF Styrax camporum Pohl, Styrax ferrugineus
Nees & Mart. AND Styrax pohlii A.DC. Tozzi, H. H., Kissmann, C., Simo, E., Bieras, A., Habermann, G.
188. A SIMPLE AND FEASIBLE METHOD TO BREAK SEED DORMANCY IN MEDICINAL PLANTS
GLORY LILY (Gloriosa superba L.) AND AMBRETTE (Abelmoschus moschatus Medic.). Sundareswaran,
S., Venudevan, B. and Sivakumar, D.
189. GERMINATION TEST IN Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg SEEDS. Gomes, J. P., Oliveira, L. M.,
Ferreira, P. I., Petroli, A., Miranda, L., Rodrigues, M. B. C, Steffens, C. A.
190. SEED GERMINATION OF pilosocereus arrabidae (CACTACEAE) FROM A SEMIARID REGION OF
SOUTHEAST BRAZIL. Martins, L. S. T., Andrade, A. C. S., Pereira, T. S., Barros, C. F.
191. TEGUMENT MECHANICAL CONTROL OF IMMATURE SOYBEAN SEEDS GERMINATION.
Montechiarini, N. H., Gosparini, C. O., Morandi, E. N.
192. BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND GERMINATION OF eremanthus erythropappus SEEDS.
Neves, C.L.P., Albuquerque, K.S., Silva Junior, J.M., Faria, J.M.R.
193. MORPHOLOGY AND GERMINATION OF Victoria amazonica (Poepp.) J.C. Sowerby AND Cordia
trichotoma (Vell.) Arrab. ex Steud SEEDS. Tozin, L. R. S., Santos, V. S., Stefanello, T. H., Lima, L. B.
de., Scremin-Dias, E.
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194. GERMINATION OF Parkinsonia praecox (Ruiz & Pavon ex. Hook) J. Hawkins SEEDS AND EMERGENCY
OF Dilodendron bipinnatum Raldk. SEEDLINGS. Rotta, J. A., Alcntara, N. V., Soares, V. C., ScreminDias, E., Lima, L. B. de.
195. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND SANITARY ASPECTS OF Oryza latifolia Desv. SEEDS SUBMERGED INTO
WARM WATER. Lima, L. B. de, Ludwig, J., Lima, A. S., Martins, P. de F., Possiede, Y.
196. CHEMICAL, BIOMETRICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF EMBRYOS OF
Tabebuia impetiginosa. neves, C.L.P., Silva Jnior,J.M., Costa, M.C.D., Martins, J.R., Faria, J.M.R.
197. GERMINATION OF miconia ligustroides (DC) NAUDIM DIASPORES SUBMITTED TO DIFFERENT
TREATMENTS TO OVERCOME DORMANCY. Chaves, I. S., Dousseau, S., Souza, E. S., Artur, M. A.
S., Alvarenga, A. A. de,
198. SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF ETHYLENE AND CYTOKININS ON THE DORMANCY BREAKAGE
OF stylosanthes humilis SEEDS. Chaves, I. S., Pires, M. V., Maia, F. F., Silva, D. C., Barros, R. S.
199. EFFECT OF STORAGE TIME ON cipocereus minensis (QUIABO DA LAPA) SEED GERMINATION.
Reis, M. V., Oliveira, M. N. S., Artur, M. A. S., ,Chaves, I. S., Paiva, P. D. O., Paiva, R., Coelho, C. P.,
Rodrigues, A. C.
200. INFLUENCE OF PRIMING ON cucumis melon SEEDLING FORMATION AND EMERGENCE
SPEED INDEX. Rodrigues, A. C., Souza, L. C. de O., Dousseau, S., Chaves, I. S., Alvarenga, A. A.
de., Magalhes, M. M.
201. EFFECT OF PRIMING ON SEEDS OF cucumis melon IN GERMINATION AND GERMINATION
SPEED INDEX. Rodrigues, A. C., Souza, L. C. de O., Dousseau, S., Chaves, I. S., Alvarenga, A. A. de.,
Martins, C. P. V.
202. EFFECT OF OSMOPRIMING ON SEEDS OF cucumis melon L. SUBMITTED TO COLD SHOCK,
HEAT SHOCK AND DROUGHT. Lira, J. M. S., Dousseau, S., Magalhes, M. M., Alvarenga, A. A. de,
Chaves, I. S.
203. EFFECT OF OSMOPRIMING ON SEEDS OF Lycopersicon esculentum MILL. SUBJECTED TO COLD
SHOCK, HEAT SHOCK AND DROUGHT. Lira, J. M. S., Dousseau, S., Magalhes, M. M., Alvarenga,
A. A. de, Chaves, I. S.
204. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae). Alencar, N. L.
M., Silva, R. M., Oliveira, A. B., Gomes-Filho, E., Gallo, M. I.
205. SMOKE WATER AND THE GERMINATION OF TEN TREE SPECIES FROM THE AMAZON. Arruda,
Y.M.B.C., Ferraz, I.D.K.
206. PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF LETTUCE SEEDS EXPOSED TO MICROCYSTIN. Paiva, L. G.,
Gonalves, E. P., Molica, R. J. R. Lima, A. A., Lima, J. J. P., Souza, H. P.R.
207. MORPHOLOGY OF FRUITS, SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS OF Enterolobium contortisiliquum (VELL)
MORONG.Gonalves, E. P., Oliveira, L. M. N., Paiva, L. G., Lima, A. A., Viana, J. S., Melo, L. D.
F. A., e Siqueira, S. N. C.
208. PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF SEEDS OF TAMBORIL. Lima, A. A., Gonalves, E. P., Melo, L. D.
F. A., Viana, J. S., Paiva, L. G., e Lima, J. J. P., Silva, S. C. A. , Moura, S. S. S.
209. BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES DURING SEEDS GERMINATION OF euterpe oleracea MART. AND
euterpe precatoria MART. IN DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES.Bernardes, R. S. A., Gonalves, J. F. de
C., Fernandes A.V., Chevreuil, L. R., Albuquerque P. M., Borges, E. E de L.
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vol. 21, n. 1, 2011
31
210. GERMINATION AND SEEDLING DEVELOPMENT OF Euterpe oleracea MART. AND Euterpe
precatoria MART. UNDER DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES. Bernardes, R. S. A., Santos, R. P.,
Fernandes A.V., Gonalves, J. F. de C., Albuquerque P. M. Borges, E. E de L.
211. GERMINATION TRAITS OF ORTHODOX AND RECALCITRANT SEEDS FROM AMAZON TREE
SPECIES. Santos, R. P., Schimpl, F. C., Hanna, A.C.S., Albuquerque P. M., Borges, E. E de L.,
Gonalves, J. C. G.
212. STORAGE OF GUAVIRA (Campomanesia adamantium Camb.) SEEDS. Pereira, A. P. T., Lima, L. B.
de, Scremin-Dias, E., Damasceno Jr, G. A.
213. GERMINATION VARIABILITY FROM DIFFERENT PROGENIES OF Euterpe oleracea MART. (AA
ARECACEA). Santos, I. N. L., Silva, M. C. A., Lima Jr. M. J. V.,
214. GERMINATION OF SEEDS FROM TUCUM COMING FROM DIFFERENT MATRICES. Silva, M.
C. A., Santos, I.N. L., Lima Jr. M. J. V., Rizzo, E.
215. SUBSTRATE MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE ON GERMINATION AND VIGOR OF Tabebuia
roseo-alba (RIDL.) SAND. SEED. Soares, V.C., Alcntara, N. V., Lima, L. B.
216. DORMANCY OF SEEDS OF Enterolobium contortisiliquum (VELL) MORONG.Gonalves, E. P.,
Oliveira, L. M. N., Lima, A. A., Viana, J. S., Guedes, R. S., Matos, V.P., Paiva, L. G., e Melo, L. D. F. A.
217. OVERCOMING DORMANCY Annona glabra SEED. Carvalho, J. E. U. de, Nascimento, W. M. O. do.
218. COMMON BEAN IS AFFECTED BY PRE-SOWING REGULATORS SEED TREATMENTS:
GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH. Michels, A. F., Souza, C. A., Correa, C., Sponchiado, J.
C., Zanesco, P. R., Tormem, M. E., Coelho, C. M. M.
219. SOYBEAN IS AFFECTED BY PRE-SOWING REGULATORS SEED TREATMENTS: GERMINATION
AND SEEDLING GROWTH. Correa, C., Souza, C. A., Sponchiado, J. C., Michels, A. F., Zanesco, P.
R., Ataide, R. C. N., Polli, R. G., Coelho, C. M. M.
220. GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF WHEAT AS AFFECTED BY PRE-SOWING
REGULATORS SEED TREATMENTS.Sponchiado, J. C., Souza, C. A., Michels, A. F., Correa, C.,
Zanesco, P. R., Tormem, M. E., Coelho, C. M. M.
221. METHODS OF OVERCOMING SEEDS DORMANCY IN Caryocar villosum (Aubl.) Pers.Garcia, L.
C., Moraes, R. P., Sousa, S. G. A. de, Barroso, L. M. M.
222. Polyamines, IAA and ABA during germination in two recalcitrant seeds:
Araucaria angustifolia and Ocotea odorifera. Pieruzzi, F.P., Dias, L. C., Balbuena, T. S., , SantaCatarina, C., Santos, A. L.W., Floh, E. I. S.
223. GERMINATION OF SOYBEAN SEEDS UNDER WATER STRESS. Barbosa, R.M, Santos, J.F., Cor,
J.E. Vieira, R.D.
224. PROTEOMIC APPROACH TO ANALYZE DORMANCY BREAKING OF SILVER FIR (Abies alba
Mill.) SEEDS. Pawowski, T. A.
225. SbGA2oxC GENE-EXPRESSION REGULATION BY ABA SIGNALLING ELEMENTS DURING
GERMINATION IN SORGHUM GRAINS.Cantoro R, Auge GA, Mut P, Benech-Arnold R,
Rodriguez.
226. GERMINATION, SECTIONING AND TETRAZOLIUM TEST FOR SEEDS OF THE SPECIES Eugenia
tinguyensis Cambess., MYRTACEAE. Vieira, J.L., Amorim, T.A., Breier, T. B.
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227. Expression of genes retaled to ethylene biosynthesis and signalling

pathway is modified by NO during DORMANCY breakage AND GERMINATION OF
APPLE EMBRYOS. Bogatek R., Szafranski K., Winiewska A., Krasuska U., Gniazdowska A.
228. SEED DORMANCY BREAKING IN CRATAEGUS. Bujarska-Borkowska. B., Suszka J.,
229. DOES LABORATORY GERMINATION TEST REFLECT FIELD GERMINATION PERCENTAGE OF
AUSTRALIAN NATIVE SPECIES? Gautam, R., Ashwath, N.
230. DRYING AND STORAGE OF SORGHUM SEEDS WITH HIGH AND LOW TANNIN CONTENT. Silva,
T. T. A., Oliveira, J. A, Von Pinho, E. V. R, Abreu, L. A. S.
231. IMPROVED FIELD PERFORMANCE BY SEED PRIMING WITH CACl2 IS RELATED TO IMPROVED
EMERGENCE, FERTILE TILLERS AND YIELD IN DIRECT SEEDED RICE. Rehman, H., Basra,
S.M.A.B., Farooq, M., and Afzal, I.
232. THERMOBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE Peltophorum dubium (SPRENG.) TAUB. SEED
GERMINATION. Cardoso V J M, Daibes L F, Frigeri R B C, , Moraes J N.
233. BREAKING OF DORMANCY OF EUROPEAN MOUNTAIN ASH (Sorbus aucuparia L.) SEED AT
SUBFREEZING TEMPERATURES. Suszka, J., Bujarska-Borowska, B.
234. Dormancy Breaking Seed Treatment for Kalmegh
Manimohan,M., Vijayakumar, A.
(Andrographis paniculata).
235. EFFECT OF SEED TREATMENT ON PERIWINKLE (Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don cv. roseus) SEED
GERMINATION. Ramasamy.V., Vijayakumar, A.
236. PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF OLANDI SEEDS (Calophyllum brasiliense Camb.). Da Fr, M.,
Pescador, R., Coelho, C. M. M., Farias, F.L.
237. OVERCOMING DORMANCY OF Ocotea puberula (Rich.) Nees SEEDS. Herzog, N.F.M, Igncio, V.
L., Aburcarma,V.M., Dranski, J. A. Schulz, D. G Malavasi, M.M., Malavasi, U.C.
238. CURVE seeds imbibition Balfourodendron riedelianum (Engl.) Engl. And Cordia trichotona (Vell.) Arrab.
Ex Steud. Igncio, V. L., Herzog, N. F.M., Abucarma, V. M., Shulz, D. G., Bandeira, K. B., Malavasi,
M. M., Malavasi, U. C.
239. DESICCATION TOLERANCE OF Ocotea puberula Nees. SEEDS.Schulz, D.G., Herzog, N.F.M.,
Abucarma, V.M., Igncio, V.L., Oro, P., Volkweis, C., Bandeira, K.B., Malavasi, M.M., Malavasi,
U.C.
240. A STANDARDIZED TETRAZOLIUMTEST IN SEEDS OF Nectandra lanceolata Nees.Abucarma,
V.M., Schulz, D.G., Igncio, V.L., Herzog, N.F.M., Malavasi, M.M., Malavasi, U.C.
241. ROOT ABNORMALITIES IN SEEDLINGS OF BRAZILIAN FORESTRY SPECIES. Rehbein, L. S.,
Anastcio, M. R., Salomo, A. N., Santana, D. G., Wielewicki, A. P.
242. ABNORMALITIES IN SEEDLINGS OF Dimorphandra mollis Benth. (FABACEAE CAESALPINIOIDEAE) CAUSED BY METHODS OF OVERCOMING DORMANCY. Pereira, V. J.,
Lobo, G. A. Brando, N. A. L., Soares, D. C. P., Silva, A. C., Salomo, A. N.,
243. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON SEED GERMINATION OF Caesalpinia leiostachya (Benth.) Ducke.
Oliveira, A. J. F., Oliveira, D.V., Matos, J.M.M., Martins, R.C.C., Araujo, D. R. C., Martins, I.S.,
Ramos, K.M.O., Amaral, L.G.C.
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244. VIABILITY STUDY OF Enterolobium gummiferum (Mart.) Macb. SEEDS DISPERSED BY Tapirus
terrestris. Mota, E.D.H., Vilalobos, M.P., Franoso,R. D., Matos, J.M.M., Martins, R.C.C., Araujo,
D. R. C., Oliveira, D.V., Carmona, R.
245. ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF SEED COAT OF Sideroxylon obtusifolium (ROEM. & SCHULT) TD
PENN. Azevedo, C. F., Bruno, R. L. A., Silva, K. R. G., Alves, E. U., Braga Jnior, J. M., Quirino, Z.
G., Bezerra, A. K.
246. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF OATS ON GERMINATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LETTUCE.
Santos, E.L., Trs, S.P., Viecelli, C.A.
247. INTERFERENCE OF RADISH ON THE INITIAL DEVELOPMENT OF LETTUCE. Trs, S.P., Viecelli,
C.A., Santos, E.L.
248. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECT OF WHITE LUPINE ON LETTUCE. Trs, S.P., Viecelli, C.A., Santos,
E.L.
249. ALLELOPATHIC POTENTIAL OF PEA ON THE GERMINATION AND INITIAL GROWTH OF
LETTUCE. Viecelli, C.A., Trs, S.P., Santos, E.L.
250. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY ANALYSIS OF TUBULIN ACCUMULATION IN GERMINATING
Amburana cearensis (Fr. All.) A. C. Smith SEEDS. Teles, C. A. S., Vasconcelos, P. C. T., Brito, C. D.,
De Castro, R. D., Fernandez, L. G., Loureiro, M. B.
251. SEEDLING MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF FOUR BRAZILIAN WOODY SPECIES.
Lobo, G. A., Anastcio, M. R., Pereira, V. J., Rehbein, L. S., Salomo, A. N., Wielewicki, A. P.,
Brando, N. A. L.
252. PHENOTYPIC AND GENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF AN F2: F3 MAPPING POPULATION
OF Sorghum bicolor FOR SEED DORMANCY. Cantoro R, Fernandez L , Rodriguez MV , Gieco J ,
Puebla A , Paniego N , Heinz R , Benech Arnold R.
253. PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF SWEET CORN SEEDS TREATED WITH GIBBERELLIC ACID.
Canedo Rivera, A. A., Von Pinho, R. G., Carvalho, M. L. M. de, Guimares, R. M.
254. IMMEDIATE EFFECT OF DRYING METHODS ON CRAMBE SEEDS QUALITY. Oliva, A. C. E.,
Biaggioni, M. A., Teixeira, R. N., Rossi, R. F, Bordegato, N. C. Z., Riquetti, N. B., Cavariani, C.
255. X ray as a unique method to indicate seed viability in Acacia tortilis (Forssk.)
Hayne). Al-Jabr , A.M. and Al-Khateeb , S. A.
256. TREATMENTS FOR OVERCOMING SEED DORMANCY DELONIX REGIA. (Bojer ex hook.) RAF.
Campos, F. G., Sorace, M. A. F., Camolese, A. C., Villela,T.T., Cossa, C.A. Osipe, R., Lima, C.B.,
Castro, I.R.D.
257. ENZYME ACTIVITY OF ENDO--MANNANASE IN COFFEE SEEDS SUBJECTED TO DIFFERENT
TYPES OF PROCESSING AND MOISTURE LEVELS. Rosa, S. D. V. F., Santos, G. C., Freire, A. I.,
Chaves, A. R. S. Santos, F. C.
258. PHYSIOLOGYS GERMINATION OF SUGAR APPLE (Annona squamosa L.).Moraes, J. C. R. de ,
Lacerda, G. A. e Del Filho, N.
259. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF Jatropha curcas L. SEEDS FROM
DIFFERENT ACCESSIONS IN THE SEMIARID OF THE BAHIA STATE, BRAZIL. Leal, L.E,
Cerqueira, M.O , , Loureiro , M.B, Fernandez L.G, De Castro, R.D
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vol. 21, n. 1, 2011
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number
Abstracts
260. PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY OF SEED DETERIORATION IN SAFFLOWER (Carthamus tinctorius).

Tavakkol Afshari, R., Zamani, A.
261. THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS NANOMETALS ON SEED GERMINATION AND GROWTH
PARAMETERS OF SIX PLANTS ( Brassica napus, Lactuca sativa, Medicago sativa, Triticum aestivum,
Phaseollus vulgaris and Nigella sativa). Tavakkol Afshari, R., Ramazani, F.
262. THE STUDY NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT OF PARENT PLANT IN COMBINATION WITH
SEED PRIMING BY BIOFERTILIZERS IN TOWARD TO INCREASE OF SALINITY TOLERANCE
IN WHEAT CV. SAYAONZ AT GERMINATION PERIOD. Fallahi, J., Rezvani-Moghaddam, P.,
Khajeh-Hosseini, M., Amiri, M.B., Aghhavani-Shajari, M., Yazdani-Biuki, R.
263. EFFECTS OF SEED NOURISHED BY DIFFERENT LEVELS OF NITROGEN, DIFFERENT
BIOFERTILIZERS AND DROUGHT STRESS ON GERMINATION INDICES AND SEEDLING
GROWTH OF WHEAT (Triticum aestivum) CV. SAYONZ. Fallahi, J., Rezvani-Moghaddam, P., KhajehHosseini, M., Amiri, M.B., Yazdani-Biuki, R.
264. EFFECTS OF APPLYING VARIOUS LEVELS OF NITROGEN ON MOTHER PLANTS ON THE
RESISTANCE TO SALINITY STRESS IN ACHIEVED SEEDS IN TRITICUM AESTIVUM L. CV.
GASKOJEN AT GERMINATION PERIOD. Fallahi, J., Khajeh-Hosseini, M., Rezvani-Moghaddam, P.
265. STRUCTURAL EFFECTS OF STORAGE IN GERMINATED SEEDS OF Sesbania virgata (CAV.) PERS.
Costa, M.C.D., Tonetti, O.A.O., Silva-Jnior, J.M., Faria, J.M.R.
266. RESPONSE OF SEED LONGEVITY TO MOISTURE CONTENT AND TEMPERATURE IN CANOLA
(Brassica napus).Alivand, R, Tavakkol Afshari, R, Sharifzadeh, F.
267. ORGANIC SEED PRODUCTION IN SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus) UNDER BIOFERTILIZER
TREATMENTS. Tavakkol Afshari , R., Eisazadeh , R., Hassanzadeh , A.
268. EVALUATION OF TRIACONTANOL TREATMENT ON GERMINATION CHARACTERISTICS OF
WHEAT IN SALINE CONDITIONS. Radpour, Saeed Sadrabadi Haghighi, Reza, Shariatmadari,
Mohammad Hussein. 1
269. EFFECTS OF SALICYLIC ACID AND ASCORBIC ACID ON Agropyron elongatum SEED
GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH UNDER DROUGHT AND SALT STRESS.Yadollahi
Nooshabadi, S.J., Sharif_Zadeh, F., Tavakkol Afshari, R.
270. Cytochemical evaluation during the germination of artificial aged and
primed sorghum seeds under salinity. Oliveira, A. B., Gomes-Filho, E., Alencar, N. L. M.,
Gallo, M. I.
271. CHANGES IN organic and inorganic solutes in salt-stressed sorghum seedlings
from aged and primed seeds.Oliveira, A. B., Gomes-Filho, E., Alencar, N. L. M., Prisco, J. T.
272. Seed priming improves early growth of salt-stressed sorghum seedlings from
aged seeds and it is associated with the reduction of lipids peroxidation by
antioxidant-enzymatic system.Oliveira, A. B., Gomes-Filho, E., Alencar, N. L. M., Prisco,
J. T.
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273. ISOFLAVONE CONTENTS IN SOYBEAN SEED SUBJECTED TO HARVEST DELAY. Franca-Neto,

J. B., Carrao-Panizzi, M. C., Mandarino, J. M. G., Krzyzanowski, F. C., Henning, A. A.
274. PUMPKIN SEED GERMINATION UNDER SALT STRESS. Silva, R.C. B. Santo, J. S. M., Silva, K. K.
A., Jesus, S. C. P., Queiroz, S. O. P., Lopes, A. P., Dantas, B. F.
275. GENOTYPE X ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION ON PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF SOYBEAN
SEEDS TYPE FOOD. Rocha,V.P.C, Destro, D, Rocha, D. R, Fonseca Jnior,N.S, Prete,C. E. C.
276. SEED PRIMING AND SALT STRESS EFFECTS ON CHILI PEPPER SEEDLING PRODUCTION.
Silva, R.C.B., Lopes, A. P., Arajo, M.N., Matias, J. R., Silva, T. C. F.S, RIOS, . S. Dantas, B. F.
277. INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF METAL TOXIC LEVELS ON Cecropia sp. SEED GERMINATION.
Matheus, M. T., Barreto, L. C., Gomes, M. P., Duarte, D. M., Nascentes, C. C., Garcia, Q. S.
278. EFFECTS OF VARIOUS HEAVY METALS ON SEED GERMINATION CHARACTERISTICS OF

CANOLA (Barassica napus). M.H. Gharineh , R. Tavakkol Afshari , A. Moosavi , M. Namarvari , A.
Poshtdar .
279. GERMINATION AND STORAGE BEHAVIOUR OF Oenocarpus bacaba MART. SEEDS. Jos, A.C.,
da Silva , E.A.A., Coutinho, A.B., Erasmo, E.A.L.
280. PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY AND Enzimatic alterations IN CORN SEEDS HARVESTED AT
DIFFERENT TIMES. Conceio, P.M., Karsten, J., Galvo, J.C.C., Finger, F.L., Chaves, D.V.
281. LIPID PEROXIDATION AND SEED EMERGENCY IN PROGENIES OF THE YELLOW PASSION
FRUIT PLANT AFTER STORAGE. Oliveira, J. P. B. de, Alexandre, R. S., Negreiros, J. R. da S.,
Lopes, J. C., Bruckner, C. H., Fernandes, A. A.
282. SPECIFIC RESPONSES OF DORMANT RECALCITRANT HORSE CHESTNUT SEEDS TO HEAT
SHOCK. Gumilevskaya, N.A., Azarkovich, M.I.
283. ANALYSIS OF MORPHO-ANATOMIC AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN SEEDS OF Eremanthus
erythropappus ASSOCIATED WITH LOSS TOLERANCE DESICCATION. Neves, C.L.P. , Cabral,
A.L.A. , Junior,J.M.S. , Faria, J.M.R .
284. ABIOTIC STRESSES INCREASE GALACTINOL SYNTHASE ACTIVITY AND a-D-GALACTOSIDES
LEVEL IN DEVELOPING pisum sativum SEEDS. Gojo E., Kucewicz M., Lahuta L.B., Michalczyk
D.J., Grecki R.J.
285. RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF DESICCATION TOLERANCE IN GERMINATING Vicia hirsuta SEEDS
COINCIDES WITH INCREASE OF SUCROSE AND PROLINE CONTENT. Gojo E., Pirkowska E.,
Kucewicz M., Kalemba E., Ratajczak E., Grecki R.J.
286. GERMINATION OF Handroanthus serratifolius IN RESPONSE TO VARYING LEVELS OF ARSENIUM
AND CADMIUM. Duarte, D. M., Gomes, M. P., Matheus, M. T., Barreto, L. C., Nascentes, C. C.,
Garcia, Q. S.
287. THE EFFECT OF HEAVY METALS ON SEED GERMINATION OF Anadenanthera peregrina:
ARSENIC, CADMIUM AND ZINC. Gomes, M. P., Duarte, D. M., Barreto, L. C., Matheus, M. T.,
Nascentes, C. C., Garcia, Q. S.
288. PUTATIVE ROLES OF DEHYDRIN PROTEINS IN BEECH (Fagus sylvatica L.) SEEDS. Kalemba, E.
M., Ratajczak, E., Bagniewska-Zadworna, A., Pukacka, S.
Informativo
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289. EFFECT OF HIDROPRIMING AND WATER STRESS ON Barbarea verna SEED GERMINATION.
Sekita, M. C., Soares, G. C. M., Sousa, G. A., Armondes, K. A. P., Milagres, C. C., Dias, D. C. F. S.
290. WATER STRESS AND Aspidosperma pyrifolium SEEDS GERMINATION. Matias, J. R., Lopes, A. P.,
Silva, R.C.B., Arajo, M.N., Ribeiro-Reis, R.C. Dantas, B. F.
291. EFFECT OF DESICCATION ON ROOTS OF GERMINATED SEEDS OF Sesbania virgata. Tonetti,
O.A.O., Faria, J.M.R., Costa, M.C.D., Masetto, T.E.
292. EFFECT OF SALT STRESS ON GERMINATION OF SEEDS OF Aspidosperma pyrifolium AND
Anadenanthera colubrina. Matias, J. R., Lopes, A. P., Silva, R.C.B., Arajo, M.N., Ribeiro-Reis, R.C.
Dantas, B. F.
293. DESICCATION SENSITIVITY IN Tapirira obtusa SEEDS FROM DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS.
Pereira, W. V. S., Faria, J. M. R., Tonetti, O. A. O.
294. RESERVE MOBILIZATION DURING GERMINATION AND SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT OF
DWARF-PRECOCIOUS CASHEW UNDER SALT STRESS.arques, E. C., Alencar, N. L. M., Oliveira,
A. B., Gomes-Filho, E.
295. Programmable Thermogradient Tables Using LED Lights for Seed Research.
Welbaum, G. E.
296. EFFECT OSMOPRIMING ON GERMINATION AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF Tabebuia
impetiginosa EMBRYOS. Nascimento, J. F., Martins, J. R, Faria, J. M. R.
297. PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN Caesalpinia pyramidalis L. SEEDS. Antunes, C.G.C., Souza,
C.L.M., Pelacani, C.R., De Castro, R.D., Ligterink, W., Hilhorst, H.W.M.
298. PRE-HARVEST DESICCATION WITH GLYPHOSATE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF
SOYBEAN SEEDS. Toledo, M. Z., Tomaz, C. A., Cavariani, C., Frana Neto, J. de B.
299. EVALUATION OF PHYTOTOXICITY OF Azadirachta indica, NEEM ON CABBAGE SEEDS Brassica
oleracea L. Da Silva, J. J. P, Hanrand, W., De Souza, R. A., Nascimento, C. R.
300. GERMINATION OF Oryza glumaepatula Steud. UNDER HYPOXIA CONDITION. Pereira, A. P. T.,
Lima, L. B. de, Scremin-Dias, E., Damasceno Jr, G. A.
301. EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND WATER POTENTIAL ON SEED RESPIRATORY PATTERNS
DURING GERMINATION. Bello, P. H. N., Kunusoth, K., Afzal, I., Bradford, K. J.
302. CAN SEED OSMOPRIMING PRODUCE WATER DEFICIT TOLERANT SEEDLINGS? Castro, L.E.,
Fraiz, A.C.R., Reis, A. M., Vaz, T. A. A., da Silva, E.A.A.
303. INFLUENCE OF SEED VIGOR AND SOIL DENSITY ON SEEDLING PERFORMANCE OF
BEANS SEEDS. Vazquez, G. H., S, M. E. de, Souza, W. J. O. de, Suman, A. de C.
304. EVALUATION OF LEAF WATER POTENTIAL OF GRAVITINGA (Solanum granuloso-leprosum Dunal)
SEEDLINGS SUBMITTED TO WATER STRESS. Matos, A. C. B., Soares, G. C. M., Silva, E. A. A.,
Fraiz, A. C. R., Hilhorst,H. W. M., Davide, A. C., Faria, J. M. R.
305. INDUCTION OF TOLERANCE TO THERMAL STRESS DURING GERMINATION OF Eucalyptus
grandis HILL EX MAIDEN. Fraiz, A. C. R., Castro, L. E., Vaz, T. A. A., Matos, A. C. B., Silva, E. A. A.
306. PRELIMINARY STUDIES OF ACCELERATED AGING TEST IN Calopogonium mucunoides SEEDS.
Pires, R.M.O., Nery, M.C., Nery, F.C., Rocha, A.S., Soares, B.C.
Informativo
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vol. 21, n. 1, 2011
37
307. GLUTATHIONE CONCENTRATIONS IN Eugenia stipitata MC VAUGH SEEDS STORED AT

DIFFERENT MOISTURE CONTENTS. Calvi, G. P., Aud, F. F., Ferraz, I. D. K., Kranner, I.
308. SIX MONTH WET STORAGE OF A DESICCATION SENSITIVITY SEED FROM THE AMAZON.
Calvi, G. P., Franco, M. P., Petean, F. C. S., Ferraz, I. D. K.
309. WATER STRESS AND HYDROPRIMING IN Ocimum basilicum SEEDS. Soares, G. C. M., Sekita, M.
C., Batista, D. S., Silva, L. J., Barbosa, F. D., Dias, D. C. F. S.
310. LOSS OF DESICCATION TOLERANCE AND EVALUATION OF NUCLEAR DNA CONTENT IN
SEEDS OF Peltophorum dubium DURING AND AFTER GERMINATION. Guimares, C. G., Faria, J.
M. R., Oliveira, J. M., Da Silva, E. A. A.
311. QUALITY PHYSIOLOGY OF SEED BEAN UNDER SALINITY STRESS. Lima, J. J. P., Gonalves,
E. P., Oliveira, L. M. N., Costa, A. F., Lima, A. A., Matos, V.P., Paiva, L. G., Santana, B. L. C. G. C.
e Silva, S. C. A.
312. EFFECT OF SALINITY AND COLD STRESS ON GERMINATION, SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT
AND DEHYDRIN PATTERN OF CAAHUA SEEDLINGS. Avella Grillia, M.S., Martinez Tosar,
L.J., Barbarich M.F., Mamani F., Orsag, V., Maldonado, S., Burrieza, H.P.
313. EFFECT OF SALINITY ON THE DEHYDRIN PATTERN OF QUINOA SEEDS. Burrieza H.P., ,
Werner-Koyro H. , Martnez Tosar L.J. , Avella Grillia M.S. , Kobayashi K. and Maldonado S.
314. THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF SELENIUM IN RECALCITRANT ACER SACCHARINUM L. SEEDS
SUBJECTED TO DESICCATION. Pukacka S., Ratajczak E., Kalemba E.,
315. SENSIBILITY OF Theobroma subincanum SEEDS TO REDUCTION OF THE MOISTURE CONTENT
AND THE STORAGE LOW TEMPERATURE. Carvalho, J. E. U. de, Nascimento, W. M. O. do
316. EMERGENCE OF COMMON BEAN SEEDS UNDER DIFFERENT FIELD CONDITIONS. Zilio, M.,
Michels, A. F., Souza, C. A., Coelho, C. M .M., Ataide, R. C. N., Correa, C.,
317. THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF SELENIUM IN RECALCITRANT Acer saccharinum L. SEEDS
SUBJECTED TO DESICCATION. Pukacka S., Ratajczak E., Kalemba E.
318. SEED PRIMING TO IMPROVE THE STAND ESTABLISHMENT AND YIELD PERFORMANCE IN
SPRING MAIZE UNDER DELAYED PLANTED CONDITIONS. Rehman, H., Mehboob, W., Basra,
S.M.A.B., Afzal, I., and Farooq, M.
319. EFFECTS OF LOW OSMOTIC POTENTIAL ON GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF
SOYBEAN. Ghobadi, M., Khas-Amiri, M., Ghobadi, M. E., Mohammadi, G. R.
320. GERMINATION OF SEEDS OF CORN PRODUCED UNDER SALT STRESS. Oliveira, L. B., Garcia,
G. O., Nazrio, A. A., Lopes, J. C., Oliveira, J. P. B. de, Alexandre, R. S., Fernandes, A. A.
321. EFFECT OF SALT STRESS ON VIABILITY AND GERMINATION OF BROCCOLI SEEDS. 1Maciel,
K.S., 1Lopes, J.C., 2Alexandre, R.S.
322. GERMINATION AND STORAGE OF PURPLE PASSIONFRUIT SEED TREATED WITH
ANTIOXIDANTS. Almeida, J., Lopes, J. C., Alexandre, R.S., Zuim, V.
323. STANDARDIZATION OF CONDUCTIVITY TEST VARIABLES FOR Cordia trichotoma Vellozo
Arrabida ex Steudel. SEEDS. Abucarma, V.M, Herzog, N.F.M, Schulz, DGS, Igncio, V.L., Malavasi,
M.M., Malavasi, U.C.
Informativo
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vol. 21, n. 1, 2011
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324. VARIATIONS IN OXIDATIVE STRESS INDICATORS ACCOMPANY DURING PRIMING AN

ATYPICAL FLUCTUATION IN THE NORMAL GERMINATION OF Salix nigra SEEDS. Roqueiro G.,
Burrieza H.P., Maldonado S., Ros M. C. Maroder H.
325. INCREASE IN THE PHYSIOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF RICE SEEDS TREATED WITH
RHIZOBACTERIA AND THIAMETHOXAM UNDER DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES. Soares, V. N.,
Tillmann, M. A. A., Moura, A. B., Radke, A. K., Zanatta, Z. C. N.
326. BEHAVIOR OF Chorisia glaziovii O. Kuntze SEEDS SUBJECTED TO SALT STRESS AND
TEMPERATURES. Guedes, R. S., Alves, E. U., Galindo, E. A.
327. INTRODUCTION AND ACCLIMATIZATION OF QUINOA (Chenopodium quinoa WILLD.) AS A
CLIMATE RESILIENT GRAIN CROP FOR PAKISTAN. munir h. , basra s.m.a. , cheema m.a. , s.
yousaf and s. rauf
328. EVALUATING PHYSIOLOGICAL AND YIELD RESPONSE OF DIFFERENT QUINOA GENOTYPES
TO SOIL APPLIED UREA. munir h. , basra s.m.a. , cheema m.a. , s. yousaf and s. rauf
329. Moringa oleifera SURVIVES MODERATE SALINITY CONDITIONS. Nouman, W., Basra, S.M.A.,
Siddiqui, M.T., Munir, H.
330. BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS FOR EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY IN Amburana
cearensis SEEDS SUBMITTED TO WATER RESTRICTION CONDITIONS. Pereira, E.P.L., Marques,
A.C.S.S., Ribeiro, P.R., Virgens I.O., Loureiro, M.B., De Castro, R.D., Fernandez, L.G.
331. ACCELERATED AGING TEST ON SEEDS OF THREE VEGETABLE SPECIES. Villela, F. A. , Malone,
P. A. , Costa, C. J. , Calheiros,V.S.
332. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS IN GERMINATIING Myracrodruon urundeuva
Fr. All., Anacardiaceae) SEEDS UNDER DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES AND WATER POTENTIALs.
Virgens, I. O. , , De Castro, R. D. , Fernandez, L. G. , Cruz, C. R. P.

New Seed Uses and Seed Biotechnology
number
Abstracts
333. STIMULATORY EFFECTS OF Agrobacterium rhizogenes STRAINS ON GERMINATION AND

SEEDLINGS GROWTH OF Festuca rubra. Kpczyska E., Krl P., Adamska J.
334. quality OF Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) seed artificially cooled and stored
in a conventional manner. Zuchi, J. , Sediyama, C. S. , Lacerda Filho, A. F. de , Frana Neto,
J. B. , Reis, M. S.
335. INICIAL GERMINATIONAND GROWTH OF Cattleya intermedia (ORCHIDACEAE) IN TRADICIONAL
CULTURE MEDIUM AND FERTILIZERS. Galdiano-Jnior, R. F., Mantovani, C., Lemos, E.G.M.
336. SELECTION OF CULTURE MEDIUMS FOR IN VITRO INICIAL SEED GERMINATION OF
Caularthron bicornutum (ORCHIDACEAE).Galdiano-Jnior, R.F., Mantovani, C., Lemos, E.G.L.
Informativo
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vol. 21, n. 1, 2011
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337. TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS OF THE OIL-RICH SEED OF THE BIOENERGY CROP Jatropha
curcas L. Costa, G.G.L., Cardoso, K.C., Del Bem, L.E.V., Lima, A.C., Cunha, M.A.S., Vicentini, R.,
Nicomedes Junior, J., Yunes, J. A., Campos, F.A. P., Da Silva, M.J.
338. SIMULATION OF FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS PATHWAYS IN DEVELOPING Jatropha curcas L.
SEEDS BY DNAPATH. Martins, A.R., Lima A.C., Costa, G.G.L., Papes, F., Nicomedes Jnior, J.,
Domont, G.B., Campos, F.A.P., Yunes, J.A., Galembeck, E., Da Silva, M.J.
339. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF Couroupita guianensis AUBL. (LECYTHIDACEAE).
Silva R. M., Tasso, R. M. R., Coutinho D. J. G., Silva S. I. da, Gallo M. I.
340. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF Gustavia augusta L. (LECYTHIDACEAE). Silva R.
M., Tasso, R. M. R., Coutinho D. J. G., Silva S. I. da, Gallo M. I.
341. OIL CONTENT AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF SEEDS OF Eschweilera ovata (CAMBESS.)
MIERS. AND Gustavia augusta L. (LECYTHIDACEAE). Silva, R. M., Tasso, de R. Coutinho D. J. G.
Moraes, R. L. C. , Silva, S. I., Gallo, M. I.
342. MINERAL COMPOSITION AND QUALITY OF SEEDS IN YELLOW PASSION FRUIT ACCORDING
TO GENOTYPES AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION. Lima, R.V., Carvalho, A.J.C. de., Monnerat,
P.H., Vieira, H.D.
343. INOCULATION OF WHEAT SEEDS WITH MIXES BUSINESS OF REGULATORS AND PLANT
NUTRIENTS. Villela,T.T., Campos, F.G., Camolese, A.C., Osipe, R., Sorace, M. A. F., Cossa, C.A.,
Lima, L.S.P.
344. INOCULATION OF Zea mays SEEDS WITH COMMERCIAL MIXTURE OF NUTRIENTS AND
PLANT REGULATORS. Camolese, A.C., Villela,T.T., Campos, F.G., Sorace, M.A.F., Cossa, C.A.,
Osipe, R., Troost, M.E.
345. PHYSIOLOGY OF SEED ALFALFA GENOTYPES OBTAINED IN THE REGION OF THE CITY OF
BANDEIRANTES-PR. Cossa, C.A., Sorace, M.A.F., Osipe, R., Lima, C.B., Negrelle, R.R.B., Honda,
G., DAngelis, A.S.R., Campos, F. G., Camolese, A. C., Villela,T.T.,
346. CONVENTIONAL INOCULATION OF SEEDS OF Glycine max COMPARED WITH COMMERCIAL
MIXTURE OF NUTRIENTS AND PLANT REGULATORS. Osipe R., Cossa, C.A., Sorace, M.A.F.,
Camolese, A.C., Campos, F.G., Villela,T.T., Troost, M.E.
347. INDUCTION BUD BREAK POTATO SEED TREATED WITH MIXTURE OF COMMERCIAL PLANT
NUTRIENTS AND REGULATORS. Lima, C.B., Cossa, C.A., Osipe R., Sorace, M.A.F., Tashima, H.,
Campos, F.G., Villela,T.T., Camolese, A.C.
348. INFLUENCE OF THE SIZE OF POTATO SEED TUBERS IN PRODUCTION. Campos, F.G. Cossa,
C.A., Osipe R., Sorace, M.A.F., Lima, C.B., , Villela,T.T., Camolese, A.C., Jager, L.J. de.
349. TUBER YIELD FROM SECTIONED POTATO SEED TUBERS. Sorace, M.A.F., Cossa, C.A., Osipe R.,
Lima, C.B., Villela,T.T., Camolese, A.C., Campos, F.G.
350. POLYAMINES LEVELS OF EMBRYOGENIC CULTURES OF BRAZILIAN PINE (Araucaria
angustifolia Bert. O Ktze) WITH DIFFERENT MATURATION CAPABILITIES. Jo, L., Santos, A. L.
W., Macedo, A. F., Guerra, M. P., Floh, E. I. S.
351. EVALUATION OF PROTEIN CONTENT AND LECTIN ACTIVITY IN SEEDS OF Couroupita guianensis
AUBL., ESCHWEILERA OVATA MIERS. AND Gustavia augusta L. (LECYTHIDACEAE FAMILY). Silva,
R. M., Silva, S. I., Napoleo, T. H., Coelho, L. C. B. B., Paiva, P. M. G., Gallo, M. I.
Informativo
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vol. 21, n. 1, 2011
40
352. TREATMENT OF POTATO SEED MIXES BUSINESS WITH REGULATORS AND PLANT NUTRIENTS.
Tashima, H., Sorace, M. A. F., Cossa, C. A., Osipe, R., Lima, C.B., Camolese, A.C., Campos, F. G.,
Villela,T.T.
353. BIOMETRYAND MORPHOLOGY OF FRUITS AND SEEDS OF Gustavia augusta L. (LECYTHIDACEAE).
Silva R. M., Ribeiro, R. T. M., Coutinho D. J. G., Silva S. I. da, Gallo M. I.
354. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF Mimosa hostilis Benth. (FABACEAE). Silva R. M.,
Negreiros A. P., Ribeiro, R. T. M., Silva S. I. da, Gallo M. I.
355. PROTEASE INHIBITORS OF SEEDS OF NEW AMAZONIAN TREES. Chevreuil L.R., Matos M.P.V.,
Ramos, M.V., Souza, L.A.G., Mendes L.C.O., Hanna A.C.S., Gonalves, J. F. C.
356. TRYPSIN AND CHYMOTRYPSIN INHIBITORS IN SEEDS OF SwartziA AND Parkia. Chevreuil, L.
R., Matos, M. P. V., Fernandes A.V., Ramos, M. V., Souza, L.A.G., Gonalves, J. F. C.
357. ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF WASTED TUCUM SEEDS (Astrocaryum aculeatum G. MEY) AT THE
MARKETS IN MANAUS - AM. Didonet, A. A., Ferraz, I. D. K.
358. GENE FLOW OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED SOYBEANS, IN SUMMER AND WINTER SOWINGS,
WITH ISOLATIONS OF SOY OR CORN. Zanetti, A. L., Dos Santos, C. M., Arantes, N. E., Zito, R. De
Santana, D. G.
359. BIOPROSPECTION OF NEW LECTINS IN SEEDS FROM AMAZON TREE SPECIES. Fernandes,
A.V., Maranho, P.A.C., Chevreuil, L. R., Ramos, M. V., Souza, L.A.G., Gonalves, J. F. C.
360. MANAGEMENT OF THE SEED-TRANSMITTED BACTERIAL FRUIT BLOTCH DISEASE OF
CUCURBITS USING THE MAIZE NON-HOST DISEASE RESISTANCE GENE rxo1. Zhao, B.,
Burdman S., Walcott R.R., Welbaum, G. E.
361. Biometry, Oil Content and Fatty Acid Profile of Seeds of Galphimia brasiiensis (L.)
JUSS. and Tetrapterys phlomoides (SPRENG.) NIED. (MALPIGHIACEAE). Silva R. M., Coutinho D. J.
G., Barbosa M. O., Mendes L. C. A., Moraes R. L. C, Silva S. I. da
362. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF Clitoria ternatea L. (FABACEAE). Silva R. M., Costa,
L.E.C., Ribeiro, R. T. M., Oliveira D.A.S, Silva, S. I., Gallo M. I.

Seed Ecology
number
Abstracts
363. Epiphytic Bacterial Community Diversity on spinach leaves is affected by

seed bacteria, plant developmental stage, and growth environment. Ponder
M., Carder P., Lopez-Velasco G., Welbaum G.E.
364. SEED BANK OF RIPARIAN FOREST OF THE SO FRANCISCO RIVER AT PETROLINA-PE AND
JUAZEIRO-BA -BRAZIL. Dantas, B.F., Arajo, M.N., Lopes, A.P., Alvarez, I.A., Kiill, L.H.P.
365. THE BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SEEDS REFLECTS PLANT AGING IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN SHRUB, Cistus albidus L. Mller, M., Siles, L., Cela, J., Munn-Bosch, S.
Informativo
ABRATES
vol. 21, n. 1, 2011
41
366. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SUBSTRATA IN THE GERMINATION OF SEEDS OF Albizia hasslerii

(Chodat Burr.) FABACEAE. oliveira, A. K. M., Nunes, A.C.
367. Effect of temperature on seed germination of Cordia trichotoma (Vellozo) Arrabida
ex Steudel. oliveira, A. K. M., Milanez, A. J., Laura, V. A.
368. Storage period to germination of Astronium fraxinifolium Schott (Anacardiaceae)
diasporEs in different substratA. oliveira, A. K. M., Alves, F. F.
369. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SUBSTRATA ON THE GERMINATION OF Curatella americana SEEDS
DILLENIACEAE. oliveira, A. K. M., Nunes, A.C., Farias, G.C.
370. ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL BASES OF SEED GERMINATION OF TWO NOTHOFAGUS SPECIES
DISTRIBUTED ACROSS AN ALTITUDINAL GRADIENT IN THE SOUTH ANDES.Arana, M.V. ,
Gonzalez-Polo M. , Martnez-Meier A. , Snchez R.A. ,. Benech-Arnold R. Gallo L.
371. EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT TREATMENT IN GERMINATION JENIPAPO SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS
FORMATION.oliveira, A. K. M., Barbosa, L. A., Ribeiro, J. W. F. R., Silva, C. A. A.
372. GERMINATION OF SEEDS Zanthoxylum hasslerianum Chodat IN DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES.
oliveira, A. K. M., Farias, G. C.
373. Estimation of germination of Vochysia divergens Pohl. seeds after storage period
in three substratum. oliveira, A. K. M., Alves, F. F.
374. CHARACTERISTICS OF FRUITS AND ZOOCHOROUS DISPERSAL IN A WOODY COMMUNITY
IN THE PANTANAL, BRAZIL. Amaral, T.S., Ferreira, S., Cara, P.A.A.
375. FRUITING PHENOLOGY OF A ZOOCHOROUS COMUNITY AT PANTANAL CAPES, SUBREGION OF ABOBRAL, BRAZIL. Amaral, T.S., Ferreira, S., Cara, P.A.A.
376. DIFFERENCES IN SEED GERMINATION RESPONSES OF FOUR Begonia HERB SPECIES TO
RED:FAR RED RATIO AND TEMPERATURE IN A BRAZILIAN TROPICAL RAIN FOREST.
Carvalho, A. S. R., Andrade, L. G., Andrade, A. C. S.
377. SEED BANK OF Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. Ex Tul. INTRODUCED IN THE SOIL OF PRESERVED AND
DEGRADED CAATINGA. Lopes, K. P., Dantas, E. A., Barbosa, R. C. A., Costa, C. C.
378. GERMINATION OF HETEROMORPHIC ACHENES OF GALLANT SOLDIER (Galinsoga parviflora
Cav.) Kucewicz M. Gojo E.
379. ELAIOSOME EFFECTS UPON GERMINATION OF Mabea fistulifera mart. Ribeiro, J.W.F., Oliveira,
A.K.M., Martins, P.F.R.B., Pereira, K.C.L., Silva, C.
380. SEED RAIN IN ABANDONED AGRICULTURAL NEAR A FRAGMENT PRESERVED IN
NORTHEASTERN SEMIARID BRAZIL. Souza, J. T., De Albuquerque, U. P., Arajo, E. de L .
381. INPUT DIASPORES WOODY SPECIES IN ABANDONED AGRICULTURAL AREA OF SEASONAL
DRY FOREST IN NORTHEASTERN OF BRAZIL. Souza, J. T., De Castro, C. C, De Albuquerque,
U. P., Arajo, E. de L
382. ALLELOPATHIC POTENTIAL USING ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Euphorbia heterophylla L. IN
Lactuca sativa L. SEEDS. Ludwig, J., Matias, R., Pedrinho, D. R., Brum, G. R., Schleder, E. J. D.,
Lima, L. B. de.
383. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECT OF Synedrellopsis grisebachii UPON Brachiaria humidicola GERMINATION
RATES. Schleder, E. J. D., Ludwig, J., Matias, R., Brum, G. R., Pedrinho, D. R., Lima, L. B. de.,
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42
384. Seed size influence on germination responses to light and temperature of

seven pioneer tree species from the Central Amazon.Aud, F. F., Ferraz, I. D. K.
385. CLASSIFICATION OF FOREST SEEDS AT THE UPPER RIO GRANDE BASIN BASED ON ITS
STORAGE CAPACITY. Nery, M. C., Davide, A.C., Silva, E.A.A., Nery, F.C., Pires, R.M.O.
386. PLANT SPECIES FOR USE IN BIOENGINEERING IN DEGRADED AREAS: ASSESSMENT OF THE
SEEDS CHARACTERISTICS FOR APPLICATION IN BIODEGRADABLE GEOTEXTILE. Santos, F.
S., Costa, F. G., Marques, A. R.
387. EVALUATION OF VIGOR OF PRE AND POST-DISPERSAL SEEDS FROM THE TREE SPECIES
Piptadenia paniculata Benth. (FABACEAE). Amorim, T.A., Vieira, J.L., Breier, T. B.
388. CHARACTERIZATION OF PHENOLOGICAL PHASES OF A CRABWOOD POPULATION (Carapa
spp.) IN THE AMAZON ESTUARY FLOODPLAIN FOREST. Dantas, A. R., Lira, A. C. S., Guedes,
M. C., Aparcio, W. C. S.
389. SEED DORMANCY AND GERMINATION OF DIFFERENT MATURATION TIME FOR TWO
ATRAPHAXIS SPECIES IN CHINA.Zhao Xiao-Ying, LI Xiao-Mei
390. NOVEL SAMPLING AND ASSESSMENT OF SOIL SEED BANKS AT A MINE SITE ON NORTH
STRADBROKE ISLAND. Nath, V. K.
391. SEED COATING OF CUCUMBER WITH SALICYLIC ACID. Vieira, J.F; Rufino, C. A;Tavares, L.C;
Brunis, A.B;Villela, F. A; Lucca Filho, O. A

number
Abstracts
392. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN SEED OF Caesalpinia peltophoroides.

DURING STORAGE. Moura, E. B. B. Borges, E.E.L., Flores, A. V., Ataide, G. M.
393. DIFFERENTIAL LOSS OF mRNAS IN LETTUCE SEED TRANSCRIPTOMES DURING AGING.
Reyes-Chin-Wo, S., Dahal, P., Kunusoth, K., Coppoolse, E., Schwember, A., Bradford, K. J.
394. Genetic variation of seed deterioration in wheat. Nagel, M., Rehman Arif, M.A.,
Tschiersch H., Rolletscheck, H., Borisjuk, L., Kranner, I., Brner, A.
395. EFFECT OF DRYING ON GERMINATION AND VIGOR OF Pseudopiptadenia psilostachya G. P. Lewis
& M. P. Lima SEEDS (FABACEAE). Cruz, E. D., Ferreira. J. E. R.
396. DESICCATION SENSITIVITY IN Swartzia langsdorffii SEEDS. Davide, A.C., Tonetti, O.A.O., Vaz,
T.A.A, Silva-jnior, J.M.
397. SEED GERMINATION RESPONSES OF THE ENDANGERED PALM Euterpe edulis: IMPLICATIONS
FOR CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION. Andrade, L. G., Andrade, A. C. S.
398. GERMINATION AND SEED STORAGE BEHAVIOR OF THE THREATENED BROMELIACEAE
Pitcairnia albiflos: IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION. Pereira, A.R.,
Andrade, A. C. S., Forzza, R.C.
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399. STORAGE OF Araucaria angustifolia SEEDS.Martins, M.S., Tonetti, O.A.O., Faria, J.M.R.
400. PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF SEEDS OF Syngonanthus elegans CRYOCONSERVED. Duarte, D.
M., Nunes, U. R.
401. CHANGES WITHIN SEED LIPID FRACTIONS OFFER A NEW WAY TO NON-INVASIVELY
MONITOR SEED VIABILITY DURING STORAGE. Crane, J. and Walters, C.
402. CHARACTERIZATION OF MOLECULAR MOBILITY WITHIN THE GLASSY MATRIX OF DRY
SEEDS USING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES: PEA COTYLEDON AS A TEST STUDY. Ballesteros,
D., Walters, C.
403. COMPARISONS OF SEED LONGEVITY UNDER SIMULATED AGING AND GENEBANK
STORAGE CONDITIONS USING BRASSICACEAE SEEDS.Walters, C., Hill, L.M., , Koster, K.L.,
and Bender, J.
404. INTERMEDIATE SEED STORAGE PHYSIOLOGY: Populus as A NATURAL MODEL SYSTEM.
Walters, C. , Hill, L.M. , Volk, G.M , and Haiby, K.
405. WATER PROPERTIES IN SEEDS FROM WILD SPECIES NATIVE TO SPAIN. Mira, S. ,GonzlezBenito, M.E. , Walters, C
406. NUTRIENTS CONTENT ASSOCIATED TO PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF COMMON BEAN
SEEDS. Zilio, M., Souza, C. A., Coelho, C. M. M., Michels, A. F., Stefen, D. L. V., Sponchiado, J. C.
407. THE PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF LANDRACE BEAN SEEDS DEPENDS ON THE ENVIRONMENT
CROP. Michels, A. F., Souza, C. A., Coelho, C. M. M., Zilio, M., Zanesco, P. R., Polli, R G.,
408. EVALUATION OF THE INCIDENCE OF Fusarium sp IN AA (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) SEEDS
DURING STORAGE. Nascimento, W. M. O. do
409. ENZYME CHANGES IN THE PATTERNS OF SEED Jatropha DURING STORAGE. Pereira, M. D.,
Dias, D. C. F. S. D., Borges, E. E. L., Martins-Filho, S., Dias, L. A S.
410. STORAGE OF Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. SEEDS. Alves, E.U., Ursulino, M.M., Bruno, R.L.A.,
Silva, K.R.G., Braga Junior, J.M., Gondim, P.S., ARAJO, L.R.
411. MORPHOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF FRUITS AND SEEDS OF Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.
(LECYTHIDACEAE). Garcia L. C, Sousa, S. G. A., Ribeiro, F. V., Santos, R. M.

Especial Themes
number
Abstracts
412. EFFECTS OF SEED PRIMING BY BIOFERTILIZERS ON THE GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS

OF THREE WHEAT CULTIVARS AT THE EMERGENCE PERIOD UNDER GREENHOUSE
CONDITION. Fallahi, J., Rezvani moghaddam, P., Ghorbani, R., Amiri, M.B., Fallah Poor, F.
413. PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF MANDACARU (Cereus jamacaru) SEEDS STORED IN DIFFERENT
ENVIRONMENTS AND PACKAGES.Abud, H. F. , Pereira, D. S. , Gonalves, N. R. , Pereira, M. S.,
Bezerra, A. M. E.
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414. PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF XIQUE-XIQUE (Pilosocereus gounellei) SEEDS STORED IN

DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS AND PACKAGES. Abud, H. F. , Gonalves, N. R. , Pereira, D. S. ,
Pereira, M. S. , Bezerra, A. M. E.
415. PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF FACHEIRO (Pilosocereus pachycladus) SEEDS STORED IN
DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS AND PACKAGES. Abud, H. F. , Gonalves, N. R. , Pereira, D. S. ,
Pereira, M. S. , Bezerra, A. M. E.
416. CLIMATE CHANGE AND TRANSGENIC SEEDS: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS. Cunha, D. A.,
Pires, M. V., Coelho, A. B., Fres, J. G.
417. DIAGNOSTIC OF SEED GERMINATION TESTS AND QUALITY STANDARDS TO TROPICAL
TREE SPECIES: A CRITICAL ANALYSE. Figliolia, M.B., Pia-Rodrigues, F.C.M.
418. COMPARISON OF METHODOLOGIES FOR SEED MOISTURE CONTENT ANALYSES
OF ATLANTIC FOREST SPECIES: Handroanthus avellanedae (Lorentz ex Griseb.) MattosBIGNONIACEAE. Pia-Rodrigues, F.C.M., Figliolia,M.B., Roberto, L.P.C.
419. ANATOMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SEEDS OF YELLOW PASSION FRUIT PROGENIES.
Alexandre, R. S., Negreiros, J. R. da S., Meira, R. M. S. A., Soares, R., Lopes, J. C., Lima, R. V.,
Dias, D. C. F. dos S., Bruckner, C. H., Fernandes, A. A.
420. SEEDLING EMERGENCE OF PAPAYA AFTER STORAGE OF DIFFERENT SEEDS LOTS.
Alexandre, R. S., Mendes, R. de C., Lopes, J. C., Oliveira, J. P. B. de, Schmildt, E. R., Fernandes,
A. A.
421. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY TEST FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY EVALUATION IN
MILLET SEEDS. Dias, K. M., Zilio, M., Sbrissia, A. F., Souza, C. A.
422. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY TEST AS A FUNCTION OF THE NUMBER OF SEEDS, WATER
VOLUME AND SOAKING TIME FOR RED CLOVER SEEDS. Dias, K. M., Zilio, M., Sbrissia, A.
F., Souza, C. A.
423. GENETIC EVALUATION OF YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS AT ADVANCED GENERATIONS
IN RAPESEED. (Brassica napus L.). Hashemi, A. S., Nematzadeh, G. A., Babaeian Jelodar, N.,
Ghasemi, O.
424. PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF SUNFLOWER ACHENES AS A FUNCTION OF THE EFFECT OF
BORON, ENVIRONMENT AND GENOTYPE. Silva, F. D. B., Berger, P. G., Aquino, L. A., Dias, L.
A. S., Dias, D. C. F. S., Abud, H.F.
425. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF Syngonanthus (ERIOCAULACEAE) SEEDS
WITH CONTRIBUTIONS TO STUDIES OF PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS. Barreto, L.C.,
De Paula, P.C., Garcia, Q.S.
426. HYDRATION-DEHYDRATION FOR ALLEVIATING SEED AGEING IN TOMATO (Solanum
lycopersicum) cv.PKM 1. Renganayaki,P.R. and Ramamoorthy.K.
427. ELECTRICAL CONDUTIVITY FOR VIGOR EVALUATE OF Araucaria angustifolia SEEDS DURING
THE NATURAL AGING UNDER DIFFERENT STORAGE CONDITIONS. Garcia, C., Coelho, C. M.
M., Maraschin, M., Oliveira, L. M. de.
428. PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF STORED PEARL MILLET SEEDS. Teixeira, R. N., Toledo, M. Z.,
Nakagawa, J. Cavariani, C., Zucareli, C.
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429. LIPID PEROXIDATION IN STORAGE SOYBEAN SEEDS. Teixeira, R. N., Cavariani, C., Cataneo,
A. C. Nakagawa, J. Baldini, L. S.
430. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FORAGE SPECIES SEEDS. Souza, P.F., Nery, M. C., Pires, R.M.O.,
Pinto, N.V.A.D., Santos, M.M.
431. IMBIBITION CURVE OF Stryphnodendron adstringens AND Melanoxylon brauna SEEDS. Souza, P.F.,
Nery, M. C., Pires, R.M.O., Soares, B.C., Santos, M.M.
432. VIABILITY EVALUATION OF THREE LOTS OF OIL RADISH BY TETRAZOLIUM TEST. Pires,
R.M.O., Nery, M. C., Silva, L.H.M.C., Rocha, A.S. Soares, B.C.
433. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF Eremanthus erythropappus SEEDS. Santos, M.M., Nery, M.C., Pires,
R.M.O., Pinto, N.V.A.D., Souza, P.F.
434. VIGOR TESTS IN Acosmium subelegans SEEDS. Santos, M. R. O., Espsito, M. P., Barbedo, C.J.
435. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY TEST IN SUDAN GRASS SEEDS. Zilio, M., Dias, K. M., Sbrissia,
A. F., Souza, C. A.
436. CONTRIBUTION OF THE PLANT LIFE CYCLE AND GENOTYPES TO PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY
OF COMMON BEAN SEEDS. Zilio, M., Souza, C. A., Coelho, C. M. M., Michels, A. F., Nunes, F. R.
437. BIOMETRIC DATA OF FRUITS AND SEEDS OF DIFFERENT PROGENIES OF Euterpe oleracea
MART (AA ARECACEA). Silva, M.C.A., Santos, I.N. L., Lima Jr. M.J.V.
438. PRELIMINARY STUDIES OF ACCELERATED AGING TEST IN Macrotiloma axilare SEEDS. Pires,
R.M.O., Nery, M.C., Nery, F.C., Rocha, A.S., Santos, M.M.
439. GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH AFTER MAIZE SEED TREATMENT WITH PLANT
GROWTH REGULATOR. Souza, C. A., Coelho, C. M. M., Zilio, M., Zanesco, P. R., Tormem, M. E.,
440. NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZERS RATES ON SEED QUALITY AND
PRODUCTION OF Brachiaria humidicola. Deminicis, B.B., Vieira, H.D., Jardim, J.G., Arajo, S.A.C.,
Salomo, B.M.
441. BIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF FRUITS AND SEEDS OF BURITI (Mauritia flexuosa L.) IN AN AREA OF
LOWLAND IN MUNICIPALITY OF MAZAGO AMAP, BRAZIL. Lemos, R. A., Dantas, A. R.,
Lopes Filho, R. P., Damasceno, L. F.
442. ACCELERATING AGING TEST MODIFIED: AN ALTERNATIVE TEST TO ASSESS SEED
PHYSIOLOGIC QUALITY ON TREATED PEANUTS. Fernandes-Buzzerio, N., Nunes, J.C.S, Quatrini,
M., Demetrio, L., Trafane, L.G., Tremocoldi, A.R., Frana, E.A.
443. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY TEST FIT FOR SEEDS OF Pisum sativum subsp. arvense. Machado,
C. G., Martins, C. C., Santana, D. G. de, Cruz, S. C. S. Oliveira S. S. C. de
444. STORAGE SYSTEMS IN SUNFLOWER SEEDS. Abreu, L. A. S., Carvalho, M. L. M., Silva, T. T. A.,
Pinto, C. A. G.
445. TEMPERATURE IN PRIMING IN SOLID MATRIX OF COFFEE SEEDS STORED WITH A HIGH
WATER CONTENT. Carvalho, C. A. M., Guimares, R. M., Silva, T. T. A.
Pires, R.M.O., Nery, M.C., Nery, F.C., Rocha, A.S., Soares, B.C.
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447. ALTERNATIVE METHODOLOGY FOR THE ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY TEST IN CORN SEEDS.
Andrade, E. R. , Barreto, M. L. A. , Pereira, L. , Melo, L. F. e Fagioli, M.
448. EVALUATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF SOYBEAN SEEDS PRODUCED IN DISTRITO
FEDERAL AND SURROUNDING AREAS IN THE 2009/2010 HARVEST. Barreto, M. L. A. , Andrade,
E. R. e Fagioli, M.
449. REPEATABILITY AND REPRODUCIBILITY IN THE VALIDATION PROCESS FOR SEED
GERMINATION TESTS OF BRAZILIAN WOODY SPECIES. Brando, N. A. L., Nascimento, F. G.,
Soares, D. C. P., Pereira, V. J., Lobo, G. A., Santana, D. G.
450. INTERLABORATORY QUALITY CONTROL IN METHODOLOGY VALIDATION OF BRAZILIAN
WOODY SPECIES BY k AND h STATISTICS OF MANDEL. Brando, N. A. L., Nascimento, F. G.,
Silva, A. C., Anastcio, M. R., Rehbein, L. S., Santana, D. G.
451. PROCEDURES STATISTICALVALIDATION OF METHODOLOGYFOR TESTING OF GERMINATION
OF WOODY SPECIES OF THE CERRADO. Nascimento, F. G., Brando, N. A. L., Soares, D. C. P.,
Rehbein, L. S., Wielewicki, A. P., Santana, D. G.
452. EVALUATION OF RAW AND COATED TOBACCO SEED QUALITY BY THE ACCELERATED
AGING TEST. Carvalho, C. de., Novembre, A.D.L.C.
453. METHODOLODY VALIDATION FOR SEED GERMINATION TESTS OF Cedrela odorata L. E Cedrela
fissilis Vell. Soares, D. C. P., Anastcio, M. R., Brando, N. A. L., Lobo, G.A., Pereira, V. J.
454. FUNGICAL MICROFLORA IN SEEDS OF FIVE NATIVE FOREST SPECIES OF RIO GRANDE DO
SUL BRAZIL. Zanatta Z.G.C.N , Meneghello.G.E , Soares V.N., Fin, S.S., Tillmann.M.A , Huller, A.
455. Control of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli through seed microbiolization
with Bacillus cereus on common beans. Denardin, N. D., Sbalcheiro, C. C., Agostini, V.
Moura, A.B and Tumelero, A. I .
456. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECT OF AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF Allamanda cathartica ON THE
GERMINATION OF SEEDS AND GROWTH OF SEEDLINGS OF Lactuca sativa L. Goes, F. S. de,
Lacerda, G. A.
457. BIOCHEMICAL AND ANTIOXIDANT EVALUATION OF SEEDS OF Myracrodruon Urundeuva
Allemo AND Schinus terenbethifolius Raddi. Oliveira, C.S.C., Ribeiro, P. R., Loureiro, M.B., De
Castro, R.D., Fernandez, L.G.
458. Seedborne infection of Jatropha curcas caused by Serratia marcescens. Moitinho, B.M
Vasconcelos, M.P., Matos, D.A., Damio, A.O., Franco, L.L., Fernandez L.G., De Castro, R.D.,
Almeida, P.F , Roque, M.R.A.
459. MORPHOMETRIC PLASTICITY AND REPRODUCTIVE INDEX IN INDIVIDUALS OF Byrsonima
RICH. EX. KUNTH. FROM DISTINCTS RIPARIAN MICROENVIRONMENTS OF DOCE RIVER,
MG, BRAZIL. Magalhes, A. F., Carvalho, D.
460. STRUCTURAL VARIATIONS IN Anadenanthera colubrina (VELL.) BRENAN SEEDLING SUBMITTED
TO DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES . Azevedo, C. F., Bruno, R. L. A., Silva, K. R. G., Ferrari, C. S.,
Alves, E. U., Quirino, Z. G., Andrade, A. P., Silva, G. Z.,
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Key Lectures
(Invited Speakers)
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01. SEED SCIENCE IN THE 21ST CENTURY AND ITS ROLE IN EMERGING ECONOMIES.
Roberto Benech Arnold. (IFEVA - Cultivos Industriales, CONICET/UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.)
Emerging economies (Brazil, Russia, India, China and other countries) are expected to have a major role in the global
economy during the 21 st century. Some of these countries have exceptional soil and climate characteristics that determine
evident advantages for food production. These features, combined with a rapid adoption of technologies generated by
central economies (i.e. transgenic crops and others), have been instrumental for fast expansion of agricultural production
in recent years. For such reasons, some of these economies are strongly based on food commodities production (agriculture
represents 18.3, 12.6, 9.4 and 8.1% of the Gross Domestic Product for India, China, Argentina and Brazil, respectively)
and have a great share in global food production. Despite the mentioned characteristics that make agricultural activity so
efficient in these countries, generation of new technologies in order to guarantee the systems sustainability and add value
to agricultural production (by means of, for example, royalties or technologies generated with local criteria) still relies
on research carried out in areas such as crop science, biotechnology, ecology, plant breeding and, of course, seed science.
However, the amount of research carried out in these areas in these countries appears not to be in agreement with the
importance that agricultural production has on their economies. For example, Argentina produces 16.20% of the soybean
produced in the world but only 2% of the scientific literature related to this crop in its many aspects. China produces almost
20% of maize in the world but only 3% of the scientific literature related to this crop. This imbalance between the weight
that agriculture production has on these economies and generation of knowledge in the related disciplines, threatens the
sustainability of these economic models and, therefore, of global food production. Seed science, then, is called to play
a major role in these emerging economies, through the different approaches (i.e. ecological, physiological, agronomical,
etc.) that the discipline has to offer.
Keywords: Upcoming economies, seed science, food production
02. Mapping the Seed: Global Dissection of Gene Activity during Arabidopsis Seed
Development.
John J. Haradaa, Mark F. Belmontea, Ryan C. Kirkbridea, Sandra L. Stonea, Julie M. Pelletiera, Edward C. Yeungb, Anhthu Q. Buic, Siobhan M. Bradya, and Robert B. Goldbergc. (aDepartment of Plant Biology, University of
California, Davis, CA 95616 USA, bDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary AB Canada
T2N 1N4, cDepartment of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
90024 USA.)
The seed is an elegant structure developmentally that is comprised of three major regions, each with a distinct genetic
composition: the diploid and zygotic embryo, the triploid and zygotic endosperm, and the diploid and maternal seed
coat or testa. Each region is partitioned further into compartments that consist of specific tissues and cell types. Little is
known of the cellular processes that characterize each seed compartment or how these compartment-specific processes are
coordinated during development. We have profiled RNA populations in every region, tissue, and cell type of Arabidopsis
seeds at all stages of development. Specifically, we used laser-capture microdissection and Affymetrix GeneChip
hybridization experiments to analyze gene expression globally in the embryo proper and suspensor of the embryo, the
micropylar, peripheral, and chalazal domains of the endosperm, and the chalazal and distal compartments of the seed
coat at the preglobular, globular, heart, linear-cotyledon, and mature-green stages of seed development. The datasets are
robust, and validation experiments show that they accurately depict mRNA populations within the seed. Identification and
analysis of coexpressed gene sets has provided new insight into the physiological and regulatory pathways that operate
within specific compartments of the seed. For example, we have localized pathways involved in seed filling and hormone
metabolism within specific domains of the endosperm. We will discuss how integration of the temporal and spatial
patterns of mRNA accumulation has defined functional relationships between compartments of the embryo, endosperm
and seed coat.
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03. a seed coat bedding assay REVEALS The role of the seed coat, phytochromes,
DELLA factors and ABA to control seed germination.
Lee Keun Pyo, Piskurewicz Urszula, and Lopez-Molina Luis. (University of Geneva, Department of Plant
Biology, 30, Quai Ernest-Ansermet Sciences III, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland. luis.lopezmolina@unige.ch)
Tight germination control mechanisms have appeared during evolution of terrestrial plants. Indeed, seed dormancy
or environmental conditions such as water potential or light quality determine the germination potential of a seed. In
Arabidopsis, and most plant species, dormancy requires a seed coat germination-repressive activity. Using a seed coat
bedding assay, allowing monitoring the growth of dissected embryos under the control of an underlying seed-coat
layer, we identified the genetic components within the endosperm necessary to prevent the germination of a dormant
embryo. Dormant coats, unlike non-dormant coats, actively produce and release ABA to repress embryo germination.
The high ABA levels of imbibed dormant seeds result from the permanent expression of the DELLA gene RGL2, where
it remains insensitive to GA unlike in non-dormant seeds. These findings show that the seed coat is an organ actively
controlling germination upon seed imbibition. We used the seed coat bedding assay to study the role of the seed coat for
the light-dependent control of seed germination. This revealed that the seed coat is a light-monitoring organ releasing
ABA in response to far red (FR) light (canopy). Phytochrome B- (phyB) inactivation by FR light in the endosperm leads
to inhibition of testa rupture and release of ABA to repress embryonic germination. In contrast, phytochrome A- (phyA)
activity in the embryo conflicts with that of phyB in the seed coat in that FR-activated phyA promotes germination in the
embryo. As a result phyA-dependent germination is explosive, i.e. it occurs without prior testa rupture, unlike phyBdependent germination. Thus, phyA may eventually ensure germination under the canopy, which could be advantageous
for plants frequently exposed to far red-enriched light. The seed coat bedding assay also allowed exploring the relative role
of key light signaling genetic components such as PIL/PIF and DELLA factors.
Keywords: seed coat, phytochomes, DELLA, ABA.
04. PUTTING OMICS TOOLS TO WORK: UNRAVELING THE COMPLEX TRAIT OF SEED QUALITY.
Ligterink, W., Willems, L.A.J., Joosen, R.V.L., Kazmi, R., Kahn, N., Hilhorst, H.W.M. (Wageningen Seed Lab,
Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, Wilco.Ligterink@wur.nl)
Seed quality is the sum total of a number of physiological principles related to important plant developmental processes,
such as embryogenesis, growth, stress-resistance and the transition from a seed to an autotrophic seedling. Seed quality
attributes include germination characteristics, dormancy, seed and seedling vigour, seedling dry weight, normal embryoand seedling morphology, as well as the ability to develop into a normal plant. The molecular-genetic dissection of these
seed processes and their relationship with seed and seedling phenotypes will identify the regulatory genes and signaling
pathways involved and thus, provide the means to predict and enhance seed quality. We exploit the natural variation found
in tomato and Arabidopsis recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations to unravel the complex networks involved in the
acquisition of seed quality. Besides extensive phenotyping, the RILs are also profiled by transcriptomics (eQTL study)
and metabolomics (mQTL study) in a sophisticated so called generalized genetical genomics approach. This combined
use of physiology, genetics and several omics technologies, followed by advanced data analysis allows the construction
of regulatory networks involved in the different aspects of seed and seedling quality. This knowledge in combination
with a likely candidate gene approach will allow us to relatively quickly identify genes that are responsible for quality
related traits of seeds and seedlings. Subsequent analysis of the relevant genes by reverse genetics, using knock-out and
overexpression mutants will be employed to unambiguously confirm their function. New developments in several omics
technologies, especially the fast evolving next generation sequencing techniques, will make a similar system wide approach
more applicable to non-model species in the near future and this will be a huge boost for the possibilities to breed for seed
quality.
Keywords: Seed quality, QTL analysis, Metabolomics, Transcriptomics, Generalized genetical genomics.
Acknowledgements: Technology Foundation STW
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05. SURVIVING WINTER: A MOLECULAR GENETIC APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING SEASONAL

SEED DORMANCY CYCLES.
Penfield, S., 1Kendall, S.L., 1Keily, J. Springthorpe, V. (1Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of
Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK. steven.penfield@york.ac.uk)
1
Plants and many other organisms living in temperate environments use environmental cues to coordinate their life
cycles with the seasons. This seasonal behavior of plants is familiar even to casual observers, and there is currently wide
general interest in understanding the potential impacts of climate change on the behavior of our natural ecosystems, and
understanding its consequences for crop breeding. Our work aims to understand the role and nature of environmental
signaling pathways in seeds, and how these lead to the seasonal control of dormancy and germination behavior observed in
wild situations. Central to the coordination of plant responses to the environment are circadian-controlled processes, which
coordinate environmental signaling pathways and direct developmental responses, in part through the control of hormone
synthesis and signaling. Here I will show that the sensing of photoperiod during the vegetative phase is a regulator of
dormancy, and that this is a key regulator of a novel signaling molecule with a role in the control of seed behavior. Finally,
we will also explore the mechanism through which seed maturation temperature controls dormancy, and some implications
for our understanding of the control of hormone balance, in the context of recent advances.
Keywords: Seed dormancy, temperature, photoperiod, phenology
Acknowledgements: The Royal Society; BBSRC.
06. Modifying Expression of Thioredoxin in Cereals LEADS TO IMPROVED Resistance

to Pre-harvest Sprouting and Other Grain Properties.
Lemaux, P.G., 2Li, Y., 2Ren, J.-P., 1Wong, J.H., 1Meng, L., 1Cho, M.-J., 2Yin, J., 1Buchanan, B.B. (1Department
of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley CA 94720 USA, 2National Engineering Research
Centre for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002 China)
1
Thioredoxins (Trxs), ubiquitous low molecular weight proteins functional in cellular redox regulation, appear to
be particularly important in plants, compared to other organisms. Work with barley, wheat and a legume (Medicago
truncatula), has established Trx h as a central regulatory protein in seeds through its action in reducing disulfide (S-S)
groups of diverse seed proteins, such as storage proteins, enzymes and enzyme inhibitors. Plants contain a large number
of Trx genes, compared to mammalian organisms. For example, 19 different genes for classical Trxs have been identified
in Arabidopsis thaliana; other gene families have been identified in rice, barley, wheat and sorghum. Extensive evidence
indicates that adding Trx, NADPH, and NADP-thioredoxin reductase (NTR) to flour or seed preparations from a number
of cereals results in changes in the redox state of their storage proteins due to reduction of S-S linkages. These early in
vitro protein studies were complemented with experiments based on genetic engineering of cereal grains. Barley seeds,
with Trx h overexpressed in the endosperm and targeted to the protein body, showed accelerated germination and early
or enhanced expression of associated enzymes, i.e., -amylase and pullulanase. Additional manipulations of the levels
of Trx h in wheat were subsequently shown to (i) enhance protein solubility and digestibility, (ii) reduce allergenicity of
wheat gliadins, (iii) improve dough quality from poor quality wheat flour and, most recently, (iv) reduce the incidence of
preharvest sprouting in experiments that were validated in the field. These observations led to the intriguing question of
how such changes in the endosperm are communicated within, and possibly outside, the seed. Recent observations on trx
h9, a membrane-associated Trxh capable of moving from cell-to-cell, provide suggestive evidence for a role of this Trx h
in intercellular communication.
Keywords: Preharvest sprouting; redox; thioredoxin; wheat
Acknowledgements: University of Californa Berkeley Henan Agricultural University
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07. SEED BANK PERSISTENCE IN THE FUTURE: THE MECHANISTIC IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
ON KEY FUNCTIONAL TRAITS.
Mark K.J.Ooi. (Department of Animal & Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, UK.)
Climate change is forecast to modify many environmental factors, including mean air temperatures, temperature extremes
and rainfall patterns. In order to predict the long-term consequences of climate change, it is necessary to link future
changes to mechanisms that control plant population processes. This information can then be incorporated into strategies
to more accurately model climate change impacts on species or to estimate future extinction risks. However, at present
there is a lack of understanding of the mechanistic impacts that climate change can have. The strong relationship between
climate variables and seed dormancy and germination suggests that climate change will subsequently have a considerable
impact on seed ecology. Key processes that enable plant population persistence are commonly associated with seeds and
include the timing of germination and seed bank persistence. Recent investigation of a relatively simple mechanism, the
relationship between increasing temperature and loss of physical dormancy, shows that seed bank persistence can be
compromised in the future. The number of species affected by this mechanism is dependent on a range of factors including
vegetation type, primary drivers of population dynamics and the sensitivity of species traits to cues. To enable broad-scale
predictions, it will be necessary to functionally group species by identifying key traits and their response to changing
climate variables.
08. SEEDS AS NATURAL CAPITAL: THE SCIENCE AND ECONOMICS OF CONSERVATION.

Hugh W Pritchard. (Seed Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, West Sussex
RH17 6TN, United Kingdom, h.pritchard@kew.org)
Natural capital is an economic metaphor for the physical and biological resources on earth and the limited capacity of
ecosystems to provide services supporting, cultural, regulating and provisioning (1). Plants are key components of these
services, contributing inter alia to soil stabilisation (supporting), temperature control (regulating), use in festivals (cultural)
and the production of food, timber and medicines (provisioning). As the majority of species are not clonal but regenerate
through seed, provisioning whether in mainstream commerce or the natural environment is highly dependent on a
sustainable supply of seed. Such supply has high economic value: the global seed trade is estimated to be c. $37 b per
annum, and each year > 50% of the non-woody forest products (> 4 metric tonnes) harvested is oilseeds and nuts. Whilst
natural seed production is clearly important, only 12% of the worlds land surface is covered by protected areas. Forest
destruction continues to contribute about 17% of greenhouse gas emissions. Opening forest canopies reduces regeneration
opportunities for some species, as edge effects (including abiotic stress) can severely affect large trees. Unfortunately,
many dominant trees species of temperate and tropical forests produce recalcitrant seeds. The need to develop ex situ
conservation methodologies for such species / seeds is urgent, particularly as about half the species in tropical rainforests
could have recalcitrant seeds and this habitat contains the majority of the worlds higher plants. Success will depend on
cryopreservation, as it is the only long-term storage method of potential application with all plant species (whether clonal
or seed producing) and tissues (shoot tip, somatic embryo, embryonic axis, etc). Cryopreservation has been practiced for >
100 years, and innovations in vitrification approaches over the last 25 years have resulted in the cryopreservation of a range
of species / material previously thought to be intractable. Cryopreservation can be used equally for orthodox (crop and wild
species) and intermediate seeds. Nonetheless concerns persist about the costs of cryo-banking, whether seeds or tissues.
For seed storage, considerations concern the trade-offs between the benefits of deferred regeneration for cryopreserved
specimens and relatively small storage volumes compared to conventional freezer storage. Overall, the running costs of
freezer and cryo-storage are modest (as low as 1%) when compared with the full economic costing of long-term in situ
conservation. In this context, ex situ conservation is a valuable insurance policy against the loss of species.
Keywords: the economics of ecosystems, biodiversity, conservation
Acknowledgements: Defra, UK Government
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09. Production, Purification and Clinical Testing of Recombinant Human Insulin

from Transgenic Safflower Seeds.
Maurice M. Moloney. (Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Herts., UK AL5 2JQ, maurice.moloney@bbsrc.ac.uk)
Recombinant human Insulin, including its analogues, is the largest volume protein pharmaceutical that is manufactured
worldwide. It has a current market value in excess of $8 billion, with a demand that is growing due to increasing incidence of
Type II diabetes worldwide and the improved detection of the condition in highly populated, but underserved countries. All
commercial recombinant insulin is made in microorganisms, either in E. coli or yeast. Although the manufacturing process
has been greatly streamlined over the past 20 years, the cost of goods (COGs) is still a significant factor in supplying the
developing world with its necessary supply of Insulin. Furthermore, the capital cost of a conventional fermentation facility
for Insulin is still a major disincentive for construction in undersupplied countries. Plants offer the possibility to meet these
cost constraints in the production of Insulin and the construction of the necessary facilities. Plant-based production could
decrease the COGs for Insulin by 40-50% and the capital cost of a facility by as much as 70%. We have used the oilseed
plant Safflower as a platform for the expression of a recombinant proinsulin, which can be recovered inexpensively from
the seeds using oilbody separation as a key step in the recovery and enrichment. This approach could allow inexpensive
bulk production and purification under cGMP conditions. The plant-derived proinsulin is matured into Insulin chemically
and biochemically identical to commercially available Insulin. We have furthermore shown in human clinical trials that
plant-made insulin is bioequivalent to Humulin-R, a predominant form of insulin prescribed in N. America.
Keywords: Insulin, Plant-made pharmaceuticals, Oilseeds
10. OILSEED TRANSCRIPTOMICS.

Da Silva, M.J.1; Arruda, P. (Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Gentica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-875 Campinas, SP, Brazil and Departamento de Gentica e Evoluo, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade
Estadual de Campinas, 13083-875 Campinas, SP, Brazil), parruda@unicamp.br)
Jatropha has recently received attention as an oil source for biofuels. However jatropha is almost unknown from the
point of view of genomic architecture and that could help the establishment of breeding programs to transform the plant
in a real crop. Although the J. curcas genome has ben sequenced, the data have not been made publicly available. To
bridge this gap, we have sampled the transcriptome of developing and germinating Jatropha seeds to have a preliminary
view of the genes related to oil accumulation during seed development and oil breakdown during germination along
with genes encoding toxic, anti-nutritional and allergenic proteins. A set of 13,249 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from
developing and germinating Jatropha was evaluated for enzymes involved in lipid metabolism and undesirable toxic or
allergenic proteins. In silico differential expression analysis allowed the reconstruction of lipid biosynthetic pathways and
key enzymes that could be targeted for breeding and/or biotechnology to improved oil content and quality of Jatropha.
Keywords: ESTs, Jatropha curcas, fatty acid, biosynthesis.
Acknowledgements: PETROBRAS, ANP, UFC, UFRJ, CNPq
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11. GLOBAL AGRICULTURE NEEDS AN INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. HOW AND WHEN CAN
BIOTECHNOLOGY CONTRIBUTE?
Marc Van Montagu. (Institute Plant Biotechnology for Developing Countries - IPBO, Gent University, Belgium)
mamon@psb.UGent.be)
Lord Beddingtons report stresses the urgencies for an increased productivity of our agriculture. At present we are 7 Bi
persons on the planet and we might expect another Bi each 15 years. Harvesting more by increasing the acreages under
cultivation is unacceptable because we can no longer continue to destroy the remaining forest and bushland. Climate
instability warns us forest destruction is bound to cause changes. Tropical forests influence the earths hydrological cycle,
the transfer of heat from the tropics towards the poles, the chemistry of the atmosphere, and global climate. Our present
high yielding agriculture is not sustainable, since it requires too much water, fertilizer and pesticides. We have to accelerate
our capacity of creating high yielding plants, with improved capacity for nutrient uptake, improved transpiration and
enhanced tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer brought a real knowledge
revolution to plant sciences. Plant cell and tissue culture became no longer a tedious empirical endeavor. Plant breeding,
the basic and most essential tool for plant improvement, obtained access to molecular tools. The thousand-plant genome
sequence program is generating the biomarkers many breeders were waiting for. Nanotechnology will bring the instruments
for turning the gene expression studies into a financially affordable technology. The use of transgenic cotton, papaya,
canola and access for non-tillage agriculture through the herbicide tolerant corn and soy, have demonstrate the power and
importance of GM-crops. In Europe the farmers who saw the results of the experimental trials of the late blight resistant
potatoes eagerly expect its commercialization. We badly need this technology considering the food and feed production
for the increasing world population, the changing food habits after poverty alleviation, the importance of not increasing
our use of pesticides and fertilizers, the urgent need to replace fossil fuel by plant derived raw material for our chemical
industry. Gene technology brought already the possibility to engineer new microorganism to use the agriculture waste from
our traditional plants. Now we will have to engineer our crop plants so that the biomass left after harvest can be better
used as feedstock to biomaterials and biofuels. Scientist must learn to communicate why an industrialized but sustainable
agriculture will lead us toward a low-carbon future, with cleaner energy and greener growth. All the scientists must do
the effort to explain to our politicians and civil servants why our economies and environment need urgent investment
in agriculture R&D. Particularly why we should stop this disinformation around GM-crops and make this technology
accessible to small and medium enterprise and to developing and emerging countries. The present situation where the
R&D and the production of GM-crops remains a privilege of some large multinational corporations is not only socially
detrimental but it limits severely the development of a global sustainable high yielding agriculture.
Keywords: Bioindustry, Biotechnolgy.
12. BREEDING BUSINESS. THE FUTURE OF PLANT BREEDING IN THE LIGHT OF DEVELOPMENTS
IN PATENT RIGHTS AND PLANT BREEDERS RIGHTS.
Niels Lowaars. (Wageningen University and Research Centre, Center for genetic Resources, The Netherlands).
Intellectual property rights are important for the seed industry to support innovation in the sector. Plant Breeders Rights
systems are developed to support the generation of markets for breeders. The introduction of patents into the field of plant
breeding in a growing number of countries from the 1980s onwards is contributing to changes in the organisation of the seed
sector at the cost of small and medium companies. A study on this issue in The Netherlands led to plans to change the patent
law in this country and triggers the debate in other industrialised countries. Similarly, IPRs in developing countries should
be framed in such a way as to support the seed policies in those countries rather than copying global examples. However,
Europe has made important exemptions in its patent law to reduce unwanted effects. The presentation highlights a swing
of the pendulum in thinking about IPRs, leading to a revisiting of the rules and their application by the industry.
Keywords: patents, plant breeders rights, seed industry
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13. PHYSIOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR MARKERS OF SEED QUALITY.

Corbineau, F. (Universit Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France, francoise.corbineau@upmc.fr)
Seed quality results from the functioning of the genome but is also largely regulated by numerous factors which occur
throughout the seed life, from development on the parent plant to sowing, including storage conditions. Methods of
evaluation of seed quality providing accurate prediction of seed performance under field conditions are needed by the seed
industry. Various physiological tests, i.e. germination tests in suboptimal conditions of temperature, oxygenation and water
potential of the medium, or accelerated ageing and controlled deterioration allow sensitive differentiation between seed
lots. A better understanding of the biochemical, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the acquisition of seed
vigor during seed development, in the germination and dormancy processes, and in seed deterioration during ageing could
suggest various markers of seed quality. Among these markers, ethylene production during imbibition, cell cycle markers
(DNA replication, b-tubulin), soluble sugar metabolism (in particular, changes in the raffinose family oligosaccharides),
proteins (11S globulin B-subunit, biotinylated proteins) and the efficiency of the Active Oxygen Species scavenging
through antioxidant defense systems (catalase activity in particular) have potential for the evaluation of the state of seed
maturity, seed performance and efficiency of seed priming treatments. Use of global approaches such as transcriptomic or
proteomic could allow identification of other markers. However, all the markers suggested generally cannot be applied to
different species and even to different seed batches within the same species. Their uses as potential indicators for assessing
seed performance will be discussed.
Keywords: Ageing, Antioxidant defense system, Ethylene, Germination, Markers, Priming, Seed quality, Specific proteins, Sugars
Acknowledgements: BASF, Clause, CNRS, FNAMS, GEVES, INRA, SNES, Syngenta, Vilmorin
14. THE USE OF GERMINATED ORTHODOX SEEDS IN STUDIES ON DESICCATION SENSITIVITY.

Faria, J.M.R. (Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA, Cx. Postal 3037, CEP 37200-000 - Lavras, MG, Brazil,
jmfaria@dcf.ufla.br)
Orthodox seeds are desiccation tolerant, which enable them to be dried and stored for many years. On the other hand,
recalcitrant seeds, that are desiccation sensitive, represent a big challenge for those who need to dry and store them. To
progress towards a protocol for drying and storage of this category of seeds, it is essential to gain insight into the causes
of their desiccation sensitivity. The research on recalcitrant seeds faces a number of obstacles such as the very limited
time of availability of fresh seeds. For this reason, germinated orthodox seeds can be a useful model system for studies
on recalcitrance, since upon germination they lose desiccation tolerance (DT) and become comparable to the recalcitrant
types. Many processes, at the physiological, cellular and molecular levels, related to the loss of DT in germinated orthodox
seeds, may be similar to those responsible for the desiccation sensitivity in recalcitrant seeds. When orthodox seeds
are imbibed, DT remains unchanged for some time, so they can be safely dried back to their original moisture content.
However, if seeds are allowed to imbibe longer, DT is gradually lost. Recent studies have shown that DT can be reestablished in germinated seeds by applying osmotic stress. Substances such as sucrose and dehydrins, which accumulate
during orthodox seed development and deplete during germination, accumulate again during re-establishment of DT. The
use of germinated orthodox seeds and the re-induction of DT in these seeds allow the comparison of different levels of
DT in seeds of the same species, and emerge as an outstanding tool for studies on the mechanisms of desiccation tolerance
and sensitivity in seeds.
Keywords: desiccation tolerance, desiccation sensitivity, orthodox seeds, seed germination
Acknowledgements: CNPq, FAPEMIG.
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15. KNOWLEDGE BASED RESEARCH TOWARDS ACCURATE AND RAPID TESTING OF SEED QUALITY
IN WINTER RAPE.
Wagner M-H., Ducournau S., Lchapp J. (GEVES, Station Nationale dEssais de Semences, Beaucouz, France,
marie-helene.wagner@geves.fr).
Winter rape has a life span cycle which involves making decisions rapidly for the seed production sector: between July
with the last harvests and August when next crop establishment begins. As this crop is the fourth most important in
France and the top oilseed crop, the French seed testing station has managed several research programs to study seed
quality achievement in this species. These collaborative programs have linked seed science to seed technology and also
to informatics and electronics engineering to provide seed testing tools. Some of these tools, such as conductivity and
germination time courses monitored by computer vision, are already used by the seed sector. Forthcoming tools are being
investigated to predict the effects of seed storage from one season to another. Biochemical markers have been studied such
as seed specific biotinylated proteins or enzymes involved in prevention of free radical (reactive oxygen species) activity,
such as catalase. Both are well correlated with seed ageing and have been tested to provide an ELISA-like assay to seed
testing laboratories. Germination monitoring by computer vision is now used by research and breeding to phenotype
various seed materials (genotype or mutant collections, primed or ageing seed lots). The next step on oilseed rape is to
characterize variation in germination and seed vigour to stabilize optimal yield. This aim constitutes a new international
project for high-throughput phenotyping and genotyping a large collection of genetically diverse rapeseed genotypes
(double haploid populations or diverse cultivars).
Keywords: oilseed rape, seed testing, seed ageing, Brassica napus
Acknowledgements: Dominique and Claudette Job (Lyon, CNRS), Franoise Corbineau and Christophe Bailly (Paris,
UMPC), Carolyne Drr (Angers, INRA), Didier Demilly and Aurlia Luciani (Beaucouz, GEVES), Alison Powell
(Aberdeen, ISTA).
16. THE INTERFACE OF SEED TREATMENT AND COATING TECHNOLOGIES WITH SEED BIOLOGY.
Taylor, A.G., Salanenka, Y.A. (1NYSAES, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, agt1@cornell.edu)
Seed treatments and coating technologies are used globally for a wide range of seeds including field, vegetable and
ornamentals. Three topics will be presented: 1) measuring the water status of coated seeds, 2) phytotoxicity of selected
seed treatments and 3) seed coat permeability to systemic compounds. Methods are needed to accurately measure the
water status of coated seeds in a non-invasive and non-destructive manner. Neither the oven method nor the capacitance
meter accurately measured seed moisture content of pelleted onion or lettuce in comparison with non-pelleted seeds. In
contrast, water activity measurements provided an accurate determination of water status of pelleted, film coated or noncoated seeds. Seed treatments are used for efficient early season control of insects and diseases. Specific seed treatment
actives may be phytotoxic and this phytotoxicity is most acute in laboratory germination tests. Cyromazine, an onion seed
treatment insecticide impaired root development resulting in abnormal seedlings in laboratory germination tests. Applying
a peat medium over the seeds in a roll towel test ameliorated the phytotoxicity. Many new chemistry seed treatments have
systemic activity, and the efficacy of systemic seed treatments depends on the ability of applied chemical compounds to be
taken-up and then transported into the developing plant. Seed coat permeability was investigated using fluorescent tracers
that provided a range of log Kow values (lipophilicity) and electrical charge (nonionic, cationic or anionic), and avoided the
use of labeled pesticides. Seed coat permeability of a particular seed species to solutes was grouped into three categories:
1) permeable, 2) selectively permeable, and 3) non-permeable. In conclusion, the ability of a particular compound to
diffuse through the seed coat was determined by the chemical nature of the seed covering tissues and the physicochemical
properties of the compound applied (log Kow and electrical charge). Systemic tracers that failed to permeate seed coats
during seed imbibition were taken up by roots after visible germination.
Keywords: seed pellet, water activity, phytotoxicity, systemic
Acknowledgements: ASRF, CSI, NYFV, ORDP, W-2168, Celpril, Eastern Seed Services, Germains Seed Technology,
Harris-Moran, Incotec, Seed Dynamics, Seminis, Syngenta
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17. EVALUATION OF SEED QUALITY: FROM PHYSIOLOGY TO INTERNATIONAL STANDARDISATION.

Matthews, S., 2Demir, I., 3Khajeh Hosseini, M., 4Noli, E., 5Wagner, M-H. (1School of Biological Science, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK, agr791@abdn.ac.uk; 2University of Ankara,
Turkey; 3Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran; 4University of Bologna, Italy; 5GEVES, France).
1
The influence of seed quality standards in enabling seed users to achieve their objectives in the establishment of uniform
seedlings to a high and reliable level in a range of agricultural and horticultural crops, growing systems and market
outlets will be described. The argument will be made that the comparative quality standards of commercial seed lots are
determined by their positions on the seed survival curves and the shape of their germination progress curves. Although
comparative descriptions of germination curves can be achieved by the calculation of the mean germination time (MGT;
delay to radicle emergence), single early counts of radicle emergence will be shown to provide a convenient means of
predicting MGT and differences between seed lots. The evidence will be presented for an ageing and metabolic repair
hypothesis as the overall physiological basis to explain the principles behind the standard germination and vigour tests
(ageing, electrolyte leakage, cold test, germination rate and seedling size). The work of ISTA in developing convenient,
inexpensive and internationally repeatable tests will be illustrated. The importance of methods of seed quality evaluation
in the development and use of new cultivars, and the potential contribution of these methods to the problem of food
insecurity in areas where the formal seed sector is less well developed will be discussed.
Keywords: seed quality, seed ageing, metabolic repair, vigour tests
Acknowledgements: Members of all Working Groups of the ISTA Vigour Committee
18. FROM HIGH-THROUGHPUT PHENOTYPING TO OMICS DATA-ANALYSIS AND BACK.

Wilco Ligterink, Henk W. M. Hilhorst, Ronie Joosen. (Wageningen University, NETHERLANDS)
New developments in several omics technologies like metabolomics, transcriptomics and especially also next generation
sequence techniques allows the gathering of huge data-sets. This huge amount of data only make sense when they are
linked to biological important processes. Therefor phenotyping becomes more and more a limiting factor. To overcome
this problem in seed biology, we developed the GERMINATOR: a low cost method that allows high-throughput automatic
scoring and evaluation of germination. During this workshop we will demonstrate the use of the Germinator. Highthroughput phenotyping in combination with omics technologies is especially powerful in a genetical genomics approach.
This approach allows obtaining a lot of traits for QTL-analyses. We developed and will demonstrate a script that is able
to perform high-througput detailed QTL analysis.Besides high-throughput phenotyping, also smart ways to make sense of
the huge amount of omics-related data is necessary. Therefor we will demonstrate the use of MapMan: a package for the
visualization of molecular pathways in omics-data, which we adapted to visualize the molecular pathways that are involved
in seed dormancy and germination. All these software-packages are freely available and we will use the workshop for a
live demonstration. Furthermore there will be ample of time for questions and input from the attendees.
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19. Desiccant Beads for Efficient Seed Drying and Storage.

Johan Van Asbrouck and Kent Bradford. (1Rhino Research Group, THAILAND; 2University of California, Davis,
USA)
Drying seeds quickly and efficiently following harvest and storing them without rapid loss of quality and viability is
difficult in hot and humid climates. When temperature and humidity are high, drying with hot air is inefficient and cannot
reduce seed moisture content sufficiently for long-term storage at temperatures that do not damage the seeds. Furthermore,
drying seeds and then storing them in non-hermetic bags or containers is ineffective, as the seeds will regain moisture
from the air. An alternative strategy is to use desiccants to remove moisture from the seeds, and focus the energy used for
drying to regenerate the desiccant material. In addition, moving toward closed hermetic seed storage with desiccants would
prevent re-absorption of water from the atmosphere while also protecting the seeds from rodents, insects and fungi. These
approaches are now more feasible with the development of molecular sieve (zeolite-based) desiccant materials. These
ceramic-like beads are able to maintain close to 0% RH inside closed containers and absorb up to 25% of their weight
in water. They are much more efficient at absorbing water than silica gel at the lower humidities where seed longevity
is greatest. The desiccant bead technology is scalable from individual farmers to large seed processing facilities. When
combined with hermetic containers and bags, desiccant-based seed drying and storage could greatly extend seed longevity
in storage, particularly in humid climates, while also saving energy. This workshop will discuss the theoretical basis for
low moisture content seed storage, show some results obtained by such methods and demonstrate the effectiveness of
zeolite desiccant beads in quickly reducing seed moisture content and improving seed longevity.
20. AMAZON SEED NETWORK - THE STATE OF ART.

Ferraz, I. D. K., 2Lima Jr. M. J., 3Ohashi, S.T. (1Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaznia (INPA), ManausAM, Brazil, iferraz@inpa.gov.br, 2Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus-AM, Brazil, 3Universidade
Federal Rural da Amaznia (UFRA), Belm-PA, Brazil).
1
The Amazon Seed Network (Rede de Sementes da Amaznia RSA) started its activities in 2001 with financial support
of the Ministry of Environment. At that time its members set up a priority list of the difficulties in working with native
seeds. Ten years later, improvements were achieved, however most of the challenges remain. Many people are involved
in the process that goes from seed collection to forest plantation and one of the urgent needs is training at different levels.
With the improvements of the Brazilian seed legislation; now the major necessities are clearer than ten years ago. Seed
production areas have to be implemented and monitored, thus, especially in a region of high biodiversity, the difficulties
in the correct identification of the species should not be underestimated. The achievements of the Amazon Seed Network
will be presented as well as the main actions for the future. In view of the high biodiversity there is an immense need for
research. The classification of the seeds according to their desiccation sensitivity is a priority, as it determines the basic
seed handling for each species. The state of art on seed knowledge on the economic most important tree species in the
Amazon region will be contrasted with the knowledge of the nearly 1,300 tree species (79 botanical families) identified in
two major inventories near Manaus.
Keywords: Amazon Seed Network, Native plants, Amazonia.
Acknowledgements: CNPq, MMA, FAPEAM.
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21. CERRADO SEEDS NETWORK.

Wetzel, M.M.V.S. (Cerrado Seeds Network, Braslia-DF Brazil. magaly.wetzel@gmail.com)
The Cerrado Seeds Network is a private legal institution governed by its own statute and headquartered in Brasilia. It
is aimed at the protection, preservation, conservation, management and reclamation of the environment of the Cerrado
savannas, as well as to promote studies and research, capacity and training, and dissemination of scientific and technical
information. Based on its statute, there are four types of partners: collaborative (currently 3312 members), maintainers,
effective- and institutional partners. The Network has a database of target trees, maintains collections of seeds and
encourages the standardization of collection techniques and analysis of seeds, important elements that affect the successful
production of seedlings. The training of biologists, students, farmers, environmentalists, foresters and agronomists, among
others, constitutes a main mission. The Network has a member in the Technical Commission of the Ministry of Agriculture
for Seeds and Seedlings of Native and Exotic Forest Species, which aims to promote, coordinate, regulate, supervise,
monitor and audit the actions of the activity of the trade of seeds and seedlings of native species. The Network participates
in recovering the degraded water sources in Brasilia-DF as it also maintains environmental educational activities. The
Network has many partnerships with public and private institutions in the interest of conservation and restoration of
the Cerrado. The Network seeks to promote balanced demand and supply of seeds and seedlings of native plants of the
Cerrado by disseminating technical information by means of the several books it has published on many aspects of the
Cerrado flora, as well as through its website (www.rededesementesdocerrado.org.br) where information can be found on
the native Cerrado species, as well as information to better serve our partners with news, events, projects, etc.
Keywords: Cerrado, Conservation, Native Plants
22. VALIDATION OF METHODOLOGY FOR SEED GERMINATION TESTS OF NATIVE BRAZILIAN

TROPICAL FOREST SPECIES.
Santana, D. G. (Universidade Federal de Uberlndia, Minas Gerais, Brasil, dgsantana@umuarama.ufu.br).
The present Brazilian rules for seed analysis do not include tropical forest species, since until recently no methodology
had ever been submitted to a validation process. This situation is partly due to low commercial demands. However, current
global environmental impact issues are leading to increasing demands and this has stimulated the commercialization of
forest seed species. In Brazil, one of the difficulties in validating methodologies for these species is the fragmentation
of the information in the literature, especially concerning seed germination criteria. In most cases, the description of the
seedlings is insufficient, at times non-existent, and, consequently, without any possibility of registering counts, which is
essential for its inclusion in the rules of analysis. However, the greatest challenges come from the peculiarities of the
native forest species themselves. In 2009 the of Ministry of Agriculture (MAPA), in partnership with the National Council
of technological and scientific development (CNPq), and support by the Research Funding Foundation of the state of
Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), has funded two complementary projects, executed by the Federal University of Uberlndia in
partnership with 13 seed laboratories within 8 Brazilian states with the objective of establishing validation protocols for
seed germination tests of native Brazilian tropical forest seed species, including biological, ecological, agronomical and
statistical aspects. As a result, analytical methods for seed germination tests were officially established by MAPA in 2010 for
the following species: Astronium fraxinifolium, Ceiba speciosa, Cybistax antisyphilitica, Enterolobium contortisiliquum,
Guazuma ulmifolia, Lafoensia pacari, Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia, Peltophorum dubium, Pseudobombax tomentosum e
Pterogyne nitens. Further validation of up to 100 species is expected.
Keywords: seedling evaluation criteria, validation protocols, tropical forest seeds
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23. ADVANCING SEED SCIENCE BY JOINT EFFORTS OF ACADEMIA AND SEED INDUSTRY
Nabben, R. H. M. (Nunhems, P.O. Box 4005, 6080 AA Haelen, the Netherlands, Ruud.Nabben@bayer.com)
In order to maintain seed science at its current high level and advance it even further in the 21st century, academia and
seed industry need to collaborate. Only through effective collaborations will we be able to deal with present and future
challenges. At this moment, academic scientists only have limited insight into the processes taking place in the seed
industry. Therefore, they do not always know what research topics are important for the seed industry. However, the
industry is willing to finance research on these topics and can contribute actively by sharing their knowledge and facilities.
Although there is a large overlap in interests, this overlap has not always been exploited to the fullest in the past. This
presentation will point out what the mutual benefits of collaboration are. It will show how the seed industry can contribute
to advancing academic research and how exchange of ideas leads to a faster development of seed science and to new plans
for exciting research. It will be discussed which research topics are interesting for the industry and which are not. Examples
of recent fruitful collaborations show that such projects actually do pay off for both parties.
Keywords: seed industry, applied research, opinion paper
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Oral Presentations
Session 1
Seed Development
and Maturation
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01. LEA PROTEINS AND SURVIVAL IN THE DRY STATE: LESSONS TO BE LEARNED FROM PROTEOME
ANALYSES IN DEVELOPING ORTHODOX AND RECALCITRANT SEEDS.
Leprince, O., 2Chatelain, E., 2Hundertmark, M., 2Le Gall, S., 2Bove, J., 3Buitink J. 1Agrocampus Ouest, Institut
National dHorticulture et du Paysage, olivier.leprince@agrocampus-ouest.fr, 2Universit dAngers, 3INRA, UMR
1191 Physiologie molculaire des semences, IFR 149 Quasav, Angers, France
1
Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins are highly hydrophilic, mainly intrinsically unordered proteins that accumulate
during seed development. Their presence at high concentrations in mature seeds has led to the suggestion that they are part
of the protective mechanisms associated with the survival in the dry state. However, there are a multitude of different LEA
proteins whose expression is seed-specific and/or triggered by osmotic stress in desiccation-sensitive vegetative tissues.
Comprehensive temporal studies on when and which LEA proteins appear during seed maturation is missing. Here, we
address the question as to whether specific LEA proteins are linked to desiccation tolerance or survival during long term
storage and which role they might play. By characterizing the heat soluble proteome of seeds of Medicago truncatula, the
abundance of LEA proteins was monitored from seed filling to the maturation drying. We also compared the inventory of
the LEA proteome with that of a recalcitrant legume species. Among the identified spots present in M. truncatula mature
seeds corresponding to 16 LEA genes, we will show that there are sets of LEA proteins that are specifically associated
with desiccation tolerance or seed longevity or maturation drying. Insights into their function will be provided by reverse
genetics and in vitro experiments on recombinant proteins. We suggest that a panoply of LEA proteins are necessary to
confer survival in the dry state because they exert specific and complementary protective roles that likely depends both on
the target to be protected and the hydration level.
Keywords: legumes, longevity, LEA proteins, maturation
Acknowledgements: Dr. H. Rogniaux, UR Biopolymres, Interactions, Assemblage (Nantes). Funded by The Rgion des
Pays de la Loire and Angers Loire Mtropole
02. FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS OF m. truncatula SEED DEVELOPMENT.

Verdier J.1, Torres-Jerez I.1, Wang M.1, Zhao J.1, He J.1, Buitink J.3, Young N.4, Dixon R.A.1, Thompson R.D.2,
Udvardi M.K.1. 1The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, OK, USA. 2INRA
UMRLEG, Dijon, France. 3INRA PMS, Angers, France. 4University of Minnesota, MN, USA.
Legume seeds are a primary source of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, secondary metabolites, and minerals for humans
and other animals. Few regulatory genes have been discovered that control legume seed development and storage
metabolism. Therefore, we have begun a systematic, reverse genetic program to decipher the roles of transcription factors
(TFs) in seed development and differentiation in the model legume, Medicago truncatula.Initially, we built a hypothetical
gene regulatory network (GRN) for seed development based on data from the Medicago Gene Expression Atlas (http://
mtgea.noble.org/v2/), which linked over four hundred seed-expressed TF genes to potential target genes. Thirty of the
TF genes were selected for reverse genetics, using a Tnt1-insertion mutant population of M. truncatula, and mutants are
now being characterized. In parallel, a forward genetic screen of the Tnt1 mutant population was carried out to identify
genes controlling seed quality traits. Several mutant lines affected in seed size and color were identified and are being
studied further. Finally, we are using resources from the Medicago HapMap project, which involves deep-sequencing of
384 natural variants of M. truncatula, to identify sequence polymorphisms responsible for distinct seed phenotypes of
different ecotypes. Genome-wide association studies between sequence polymorphisms and seed carbohydrate, protein,
lipid, secondary metabolite and mineral contents may lead to the discovery of genes controlling seed storage metabolism
and seed quality.
Keywords: Legume, Seed, M. truncatula, Quality
Acknowledgements: SNF, USDA.
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03. Comparative Proteomics Analysis Reveals the Mechanism of Pre-harvest Seed

Deterioration of Soybean under High Temperature and Relative Humidity
Stress.
Ma, H., 1Wang, L. Q., 1Song, L. R., 2Gu, W. H. 1Nanjing Agricultural University (NJAU), Nanjing, China, Lqncsi@njau.edu.cn, 2Shanghai Agricultural Academy (SHAA), Shanghai, China
1
High temperature and relative humidity stress during soybean seed development and maturity in the field easily leads
seed to deterioration. To reveal the mechanism of pre-harvest soybean seed deterioration under high temperature and
relative humidity stress, protein expression changes in developing seeds (R7 period) of a pre-harvest seed deteriorationsensitive cultivar stressed for different times (24, 96 and 168 h) were analyzed using a comparative proteomic approach.
The stress caused deteriorations of seeds vigor and germination, ultrastructure, and chemical composition, etc. Analysis
of approximately 650 protein spots on each two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) revealed 42 differentially expressed
proteins. Of them, 22 proteins were up-regulated, and 20 were down-regulated under at lest one stress stage. Furthermore,
the 42 differentially expressed proteins were successfully identified by peptide mass fingerprinting obtained from matrixassisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) by querying soybean expressed
sequence tag or unigene databases, and matched to 31 diverse protein species. These proteins were involved in 13
cellular responses and metabolic processes, including carbohydrate metabolism, signal transduction, protein biosynthesis,
photosynthesis, protein folding and assembly, energy pathway, cell rescue and defense, cell cycle, nitrogen metabolism,
lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, transcription regulation, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Among them,
some enhanced the resistance of developing seed to deterioration but others accelerated deterioration. Eventually, under
persistent high temperature and relative humidity stress, the balance between these two kinds of components was broken,
and the latter component predominated, leading developing seed to deterioration. Such a mechanism of pre-harvest seed
deterioration of soybean under high temperature and relative humidity stress allows us to further understand how the
proteins in developing soybean seed systemically respond to the stress, and which proteins or metabolism pathways play
key roles in causing pre-harvest seed deterioration.
Keywords: Soybean, High temperature and relative humidity stress, Pre-harvest seed deterioration mechanism,
Comparative proteomics analysis
Acknowledgements: NSFC
04. Dynamic 13C/1H NMR imaging uncovers sugar allocation in the living seed.
Borisjuk, L. 2Melkus, G. 3Fuchs, J. 1Rolletschek, H. 1Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research
(IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben; borysyuk@ipk-gatersleben.de; 2University of California, San Francisco,
Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, 185 Berry Street, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA, 3 University of
Wrzburg, Institute of Experimental Physics 5, Am Hubland, 97074 Wrzburg, Germany
1
Seed growth relies on the delivery of sucrose from the maternal to the filial tissues. The transport route is hidden inside the
seed and has never been visualized in vivo. Our approach, based on high field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and a
custom made 13C/1H double resonant coil, allows the non-invasive imaging and monitoring of sucrose allocation within
the seed. We visualized the main stream of sucrose during the grain filling in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), identified
its cellular pathway and provided a quantifiable dynamic image of 13C-sucrose distribution at a sub-millimeter level of
resolution. The maternal and filial effect on sucrose allocation was uncovered in different genetically perturbed models
(jekyll RNAi transformants, seg8 and Ris13 mutant). The heterogeneous maternal and filial tissues act in concert by
channeling the sucrose stream with maximum velocity of 145 m/h from the crease vein to the starch accumulation site
in endosperm. Sucrose release via the nucellar projection towards the endosperm provides an essential mean for the
control of seed growth by maternal organism. Integration of the sucrose monitoring with an in silico flux balance analysis
represents a powerful platform for non-invasive study of seed filling.
Keywords: seed development, storage, NMR, noninvasive imaging, carbohydrate metabolism, flux balance modelling
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05. embryonic MORPHOLOGY IN Jatropha curcas L. INDICATE A NOVEL SEED mechanism AS

ADAPTATION TO drought tolerance.
Brito, C.D.1,2, Loureiro, M.B.1, Teles, C.A.S.1, Vasconcelos, P.T.1, Fernandez, L.G.1, De Castro, R.D.1,2. 1Laboratory
of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioproducts, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil. 2.Post-graduate
Program in Plant Genetic Resources State University of Feira de Santana, Brazil, crisbrichta@gmail.com.
Jatropha curcas is an oil-rich Euphorbiaceae seed species renowned for its apparent tolerance to environmental stresses
and is nowadays considered a promising source of renewable feedstock for biofuel production in the Brazilian semiarid
region, where crop establishment requires a better understanding of the mechanisms leading to proper seed and plant
behavior under water restrictive conditions. The present study describes a novel multi-meristematic organizational profile
and lenticel-like structures in embryos of Jatropha curcas as revealed by light and scanning electron microscopy, which
lead to a specialized germination pattern with a possible role in drought tolerance. Further analysis revealed typical cell
cycle related profiles in seeds during imbibition in water and in osmoticum. Western blotting and immunocytochemical
analysis revealed increasing accumulation of tubulin and appearance of microtubular cytoskeleton in all embryo meristems
from 48h onwards. Mitotic microtubules were visible only after radicle protrusion as indication of cell cycle reactivation
and cell proliferation in all meristems with subsequent root development when seeds are imbibed in water, whereas only
cortical microtubules were observed in seeds under osmoticum, which could not resume germination but could survive
dehydration and resume germination after re-imbibition in water. Further studies will focus on a better understanding of
such an apparently novel embryogenesis profile as possibly related to the renowned adaptation and survival of Jatropha
curcas to semiarid environments.
Keywords: Euphorbiaceae, Germination, Drought stress, Cystoskeleton.
Acknowledgements: CNPq, RENORBIO, FAPESB, CPqGM/FIOCRUZ
06. Differential expression of isoflavonoid pathway genes in cotyledons and

hypocotyl of soybean seed during its developpement.
Artigot, M.-P., Berger, M. and Dayd, J. Universit de Toulouse, Ecole dIngnieurs de Purpan, Laboratoire
Agrophysiologie Toxalim UMR 1331 INRA/INP/UPS - Equipe 5, Micronutriments et Sant, Toulouse, France.
Soybean seeds accumulate large amounts of isoflavones, secondary metabolites known for their phytoestrogenic activities.
Three isoflavones (genistein, daidzein and glycitein) are found in the seed, and they are 4 to 10 times more concentrated in
hypocotyls. Previous works have also shown that (a) isoflavone composition is characteristic of the seed part: for example,
glycitein is found almost exclusively in hypocotyls; (b) isoflavones are under distinct controls during seed development:
their accumulation starts in cotyledons 10 to 15 days after its beginning in hypocotyls, when their content reaches a plateau
(c) environment and genotypes influence seed isoflavone content, but cultivar differences are generally conserved and
hypocotyls content is less influenced but environment. In this study, isoflavones synthases (ISF1 and ISF2) sequences
and expression have been compared, together with the expression of key enzymes of the isoflavonoid pathway (chalcone
synthases, chalcone reductase and chalcone isomerases) in the seed parts of contrasted cultivars for isoflavone content and
composition, using gene-specific RT-qPCR and normalization with actin and beta-tubulin. These cultivars have the same
genomic sequences for the two ISF. However, the expression of these genes did not correlate with their differences in
isoflavone contents: the highest expression levels were found in the cotyledons of the cultivar having the lowest isoflavone
content, 60 days after flowering, a stage where isoflavone accumulation was nearly stopped. Generally, whatever the gene
studied, expressions were higher in cotyledons than in hypocotyls. For the chalcone synthases genes, CHS9 was highly
expressed in the whole seed at early stages (20 Days after flowering) whereas CHS8 and CHS7 were late expressed in
cotyledon. These results indicates that isoflavone synthases are probably not the essential genes for the control of isoflavone
contents in contrasted cultivars and that hypocotyls and cotyledons are under very different regulation systems.
Keywords: Isoflavones, seed fraction, seed development, Glycine max.
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07. SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATES IN LEGUME SEEDS.

Obendorf, R. L., 2Grecki, R. J. 1Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA, rlo1@cornell.edu, 2University of Warmia
and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
1
Mature dry legume seeds may contain up to 30 different soluble carbohydrates. Sucrose is a major component of the
total soluble carbohydrates. Other compounds include the raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO; raffinose, stachyose,
verbascose) which are mono-, di-, and tri--galactosyl derivatives of sucrose. Other galactosides may include -galactosyl
derivatives of the cyclitols myo-inositol (galactinol, digalactosyl myo-inositol, and trigalactosyl myo-inositol), d-pinitol
(galactopinitol A, digalactosyl pinitol A (ciceritol), and trigalactosyl pinitol A; and galactopinitol B; higher galactosyl
oligomers of galactopintiol B rarely have been detected), d-chiro-inositol (fagopyritol B1, fagopyritol B2 and fagopyritol
B3), and d-ononitol (galactosyl d-ononitol and digalactosyl d-ononitol). Small amounts of myo-inositol, d-pinitol, and
d-chiro-inositol may also be detected. Other than small amounts of maltose, reducing sugars (glucose and fructose) are
in low concentrations, or not detected, in mature dry seeds. Raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose accumulate late in
seed maturation with 70% of RFO accumulating after maximum seed dry weight. RFO are mostly degraded during seed
hydration before germination. Sucrose, myo-inositol, d-pinitol, and d-chiro-inositol are synthesized in maternal tissues of
some legumes and are transported to and unloaded by seed coats into the apoplastic space surrounding developing seed
embryos. Unloading of sucrose and cyclitols by seed coats has been documented in intact plants and in stem-leaf-pod
explants. Free cyclitols may be 60% of total soluble carbohydrates in leaves and 20% in seed coat cup exudates. Increasing
the supply of free cyclitols may increase the accumulation of their respective -galactosides in mature seeds. Seeds with
reduced RFO accumulation, but with normal to elevated concentrations of galactosyl cyclitols (including fagopyritols)
have normal field emergence and also are tolerant to imbibitional chilling under laboratory conditions. Molecular structures
and biosynthetic pathways of the various soluble carbohydrates are reviewed. Accumulation of soluble carbohydrates in
response to seed expressed mutations is reviewed.
Keywords: Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides, Galactosyl cyclitols, Cyclitols, Legume seed maturation
08. IMAGE ANALYSIS FOR ASSESSING PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY IN FODDER SORGHUM.

Renganayaki, P.R, 1Ramamoorthy.K.. and Sumathi, S. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641
003, Tamil Nadu, INDIA prr1966@gmail.com
1
Agricultural economy in the arid and most of the semiarid regions in India is largely livestock based. Forage and feeds are
the major inputs in animal production especially in milch animals, which account for about 60 per cent of the total cost of
production. The productivity of cultivated fodder is low because of many reasons including the less availability of quality
seeds of improved cultivars. Indeterminate growth habit, uneven maturity, seed dormancy and seed shattering are some of
the limiting factors causing poor seed yield of fodder crops. Identification of harvest date is one of the basic approach for
getting maximum seed recovery. Knowledge on the pattern of seed development and maturation and duration of maturation
allowed timely harvest of crop, which ensures good seed yield associated with viability, vigor and field performance. Seed
maturity is assessed through various indices viz., physical, physiological and biochemical. Among them physical indices
are visible and can be measured through manually or by utilizing the machineries like Image Analyzer. Since seeds of
most of the fodder species are small in size, physical observations become difficult. Hence possibility of utilizing image
analysis for assessing physiological maturity was tried in comparison with the physiological parameters viz.,germination
(%), seedling length (cm), vigour index; viability and electrical conductivity tests. The developing and maturing seeds
were subjected to image analysis systems using Delta T (Delta Instrument Device Cambridge, UK) by running
custom written software win DIAS. One hundred seeds for each stage at different stages of maturity were studied for
parameters viz., area, length, width, perimeter, elongation circularity and shape. All the parameters were found useful in
fixing the pattern of maturity and to assess the physiological maturity of seed. The study of seed characteristic using image
analysis system showed that area, perimeter, length and width of the seed growth reached the highest value between 21-28
DAA which was coincided with the stages of mass filling in relation to germination and growth performance in laboratory
and field.This method had broad potential usefulness as rapid indicators of seed lot quality.
Keywords: Fodder sorghum, machine vision, physiological maturity
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Oral Presentations
Session 2
Seed Dormancy
and Germination
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09. HORMONAL AND MOLECULAR REGULATION OF GRAIN DORMANCY IN WHEAT AND

BARLEY.
Barrero J. M. , White R., Jacobsen J.V, and Gubler F. CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT
2601, Australia
Although it is well known that changes in plant hormone responses play an important role in loss of grain dormancy by
after-ripening in cereals, little is known about the after-ripening process that triggers these changes. There is considerable
evidence that loss of dormancy by after-ripening is caused by a change in abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity and catabolism
in the cereal embryo. The inability of dormant grains to germinate is associated with cereal embryos retaining a high ABA
content together with high sensitivity to the hormone during imbibition. In contrast, germination of after-ripened grains is
preceded by a rapid decline in ABA content and reduced sensitivity to the hormone. As part of our interest in understanding
how after-ripening alters dormancy we have been investigating the role of light and hormones in regulating ABA content
and sensitivity in dormant barley and wheat grains. Our results show that blue light is a strong promoter of dormancy and
part of its action is through promotion of ABA biosynthesis via activation of NCED1 expression. Jasmonate (JA) has been
reported to reduce seed dormancy in a number of different plant species but so far there have been no reports of a role
for JAs in breakage of cereal dormancy. We show that methyl-JA breaks dormancy of wheat grains and its action can be
explained, at least in part, by a reduction in ABA content in the embryo through repression of NCED1.
Keywords: Dormancy, wheat, ABA, jasmonic acid
10. expression of LsNCED4 encoding an ABA biosynthetic enzyme is required for

thermoinhibition of lettuce seeds.
Huo, H., 1Dahal, P., 2Kunusoth, K., 1Zuchi, J., 1Yoong, F.-Y., 3McCallum, C., 1Bradford, K. J. (1University of
California, Davis, USA, kjbradford@ucdavis.edu, 2Acharya N G Ranga Agril University, Hyderabad, India, 3Arcadia
Biosciences, Inc., Davis, CA, USA)
1
Thermoinhibition, or failure of seeds to germinate when they are imbibed at temperatures above 30 C, is a common
phenomenon in commercial lettuce (Lactuca sativa) cultivars such as Salinas. In contrast, seeds of an accession of L.
serriola (UC96US23) do not exhibit thermoinhibition. Genetic analysis of recombinant inbred lines (RIL) derived from
a Salinas by UC96US23 cross revealed that a QTL associated with high temperature germination (Htg6.1) contained
LsNCED4, a key regulated gene in ABA biosynthesis. LsNCED4 expression is elevated during late seed development in
both Salinas and UC96US23, but increases (along with ABA content) during imbibition at high temperature only in Salinas
seeds. Constitutive expression (CaMV35S promoter) of the LsNCED4 coding regions from either Salinas or UC96US23
can functionally complement seeds of the Arabidopsis nced69 double mutant that display thermotolerance (>33 C) and
resistance to paclobutrazol (a gibberellins biosynthesis inhibitor), indicating that both LsNCED4 genes encode functional
proteins. Ectopic expression of Salinas LsNCED4 under its native promoter resulted in thermoinhibition of UC96US23
seeds, whereas Salinas seeds in which LsNCED4 had been silenced via RNAi germinated to as high as 40 C. Similarly,
a premature stop codon mutation or missense substitution (Ala to Thr) in LsNCED4 also increased thermotolerance.
Elevated LsNCED4 expression was also induced in detached Salinas leaves by heat stress (40 C for 1 h) but not by drought,
while two other lettuce NCED genes (LsNCED2 and LsNCED3) exhibited the opposite responses, indicating that these
NCED family members have distinct functions in lettuce development. Together, these data demonstrate that LsNCED4
expression is required for thermoinhibition of lettuce seeds and that it may play additional roles in plant responses to
elevated temperature.
Keywords: thermoinhibition, ABA, NCED (9-cis-epoxycarotinoid dioxygenase), RNAi, overexpression, QTL
Acknowledgements: USDA-NIFA Award 2008-35304-0472.
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11. UNRAVELING THE ROLE OF THE UBIQUITIN/PROTEASOME PATHWAY IN GERMINATION OF

Brassicaceae SEEDS.
Oracz, K., Weitbrecht K., Leubner-Metzger G. University of Freiburg, BotanyPlant Physiology, Freiburg im Br.,
Germany, krystyna.oracz@biologie.uni-freiburg.de
The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) has emerged as a central player in the regulation of all major plant hormones,
including gibberellins, ABA and ethylene. Hormone signaling often leads to post-translational protein modifications that
enhance either their degradation or stability. Many of these target proteins are transcriptional activators or repressors and
affecting their half-lives is an efficient control point in hormone signaling. This strategy in hormone response control is
a vital component of the plants ability to respond to developmental and environmental changes. Studies on Arabidopsis
seedlings described the role of UPP in the regulation of ethylene and ABA signaling pathways, which components are also
well described. However, almost nothing is known about the role of UPP in embryo growth and endosperm weakening
during germination of endospermic seeds. Using a cross-species approach with Lepidium sativum and Arabidopsis seeds
we demonstrate that the UPP is important for these two key processes of germination. Imbibition of L. sativum seeds in the
presence of the proteasome inhibitor MG132 affected embryo growth and endosperm weakening in a distinct manner and
caused the formation of an un-weakened pulled-off endosperm cap on the tip of an elongated radicle. It is suggested that
the UPP regulates key transcriptional repressor(s) involved in ethylene and ABA signaling in germinating seeds, and the
samples of cellular substrates targeted by this pathway are also presented (i.e. EIN3, ABF2). The combination of direct
biomechanical measurements with tissue-specific microarray analysis provides novel insights into the role of the UPP in
regulation of embryo growth and endosperm weakening during germination of endospermic Brassicaceae seeds.
Keywords: Ubiquitin/Proteasome Pathway, Endosperm Weakening, Germination, Brassicaceae Seeds
Acknowledgements: AvH, WG
12. TARGETED OXIDATION OF STORED mRNA DURING DRY AFTER-RIPENING AS A MECHANISM

OF SEED DORMANCY ALLEVIATION
Bazin, J.a, Langlade, N.b, Vincourt, P.b, Arribat, S.c, Balzergue, S.c, El-Maarouf-Bouteau H.a,and Bailly C.a
a
UR5 EAC7180 CNRS, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Bat C 2me tage, 4, place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France. bLaboratoire
Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, INRA, BP 52627, Chemin de Borde Rouge Auzeville, 31326 Castanet Tolosan,
France. cEquipe Gnomique Fonctionnelle dArabidopsis, Unit de Recherche en Gnomique Vgtale (URGV),
UMR INRA 1165 - Universit dEvry Val dEssonne - ERL CNRS 8196, 2 rue G. Crmieux, CP 5708, F-91057 Evry
Cedex, France
After-ripening is a very intriguing mechanism because it permits dormant seeds to become non-dormant during their dry
storage, in the absence of detectable metabolism. The processes associated with dormancy release under these conditions
are largely unknown, and we propose here a novel mechanism involved in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seed dormancy
alleviation during after-ripening. We show that dormancy release is tightly associated with ROS accumulation and mRNA
oxidation, a process identified for the first time in plants. The oxidation of transcripts is not random but selective and, using
immuno-precipitation techniques and microarrays, we identified 25 stored mRNAs which became highly oxidized during
after-ripening. Oxidized transcripts mainly correspond to genes involved in response to stress and cell signaling. For
example, among them, PP2C PPH1, MPK1 and PAL1 were identified. The oxidation of mRNA results in an alteration of
their translation, which suggests that the corresponding proteins are not translated during imbibition of non-dormant seeds.
We therefore propose that targeted mRNA oxidation during dry after-ripening of dormant seeds is a process that governs
cell signaling towards germination in the early steps of seed imbibition.
Keywords: after-ripening, dormancy, reactive oxygen species, stored mRNA
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13. THE EFFECT OF SMOKE-DERIVED KAR1 ON SEED GERMINATION AND ITS INTERPLAY WITH
THE INHIBITORY COMPOUND 3,4,5-TRIMETHYLFURAN-2(5H)-ONE
Sos, V., 1Sebestyn, E., 1Juhsz, A., 2Light, M. E., 3Kohout, L., 3Posta, M., 3Szalai, G., 2Van Staden, J., 1Balzs,
E., 1 Agricultural Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Martonvsr, Hungary; soosv@mail.
mgki.hu.2 University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. 3 Institute of Organic Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague
1
Smoke released from burning vegetation functions as an environmental signal promoting the germination of many plant
species, and several species from non-fire-prone areas also respond, including some crops. The germination stimulatory
activity can largely be attributed to the highly active butenolide compound, 3-methyl-2H-furo[2,3- c]pyran-2-one (referred
to as KAR1). A related butenolide, 3,4,5-trimethylfuran-2(5H)-one was also identified in smoke which inhibits germination.
We demonstrate that although smoke-water and KAR1 treatment of maize kernels result in a similar physiological response,
the gene expression and the protein ubiquitination patterns are quite different. Treatment with smoke-water enhanced
the ubiquitination of proteins and activated protein-degradation-related genes. This effect was completely absent from
butenolide-treated kernels, in which a specific aquaporin gene was distinctly upregulated. In photoblastic lettuce achenes,
KAR1 stimulates light signalling related genes while the inhibitory compound shuts down these pathways and fuctions in
exactly the opposite manner as KAR1. Our findings indicate that the array of bioactive compounds present in smoke form
an environmental signal and act together in germination stimulation. It is highly possible that the smoke/KAR1 signal
is perceived by a receptor that is shared with the signal transduction system implied in perceiving environmental cues
(especially stresses and light), or some kind of specialized receptor exists in fire-prone plant species which diverged from
a more general one present in a common ancestor, and also found in the non fire-prone plants.
Keywords: Germination, KAR1, transcriptome, microarray
Acknowledgements: OTKA, GCP, NRF
14. CARROT SEED GERMINATION AND ETHYLENE PRODUCTION AT HIGH TEMPERATURE IN

RESPONSE TO SEED PRIMING.
Nascimento, W.M.1, Huber, D.J.2, Cantliffe D.J.2. 1Embrapa Vegetables, C.P. 218, 70359-970 Braslia-DF, Brazil,
e-mail:wmn@cnph.embrapa.br; 2Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences,
University of Florida, 1251 Fifield Hall, PO Box 110690, Gainesville, FL 32611-0690.
Carrot (Daucus carota) seed germination and consequently stand establishment may be erratic or reduced under high
temperatures (above 35 C). Priming circumvents seed thermoinhibition in several crops, including carrot. The involvement
of ethylene for germination at supra-optimal temperatures has been suggested in other species, and its role in carrot seed
germination, especially under stress conditions, has not been studied. The main objective of this study was to verify
whether priming increases carrot seed germination at high temperature by increasing ethylene production. Seeds of a
thermosensitive genotype Arrowhead were primed for 0, 4, 8 and 12 days in PEG aerated solution at 15 C, under light
conditions. Seeds were incubated at 20 and 35 C, and ethylene production was essayed after 12 hours (immediately before
visible radicle protrusion). Arrowhead cultivar germinated 96% at 20 C, whereas at 35 C, seeds germinated only 13%.
Priming increased seed germination and ethylene production in a thermosensitive genotype, according to the priming
duration. The results suggest that a possible mechanism of seed priming in circumvent thermoinhibition of carrot seeds is
by increasing ethylene production during germination at high temperatures.
Keywords: Daucus carota L., thermoinhibition, stand establishment
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15. IDENTIFICATION OF REFERENCES FOR GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS by RT-qPCR IN

ARABIDOPSIS AND TOMATO SEEDS.
Dekkers, B.J.W., 1Willems, L.A.J., 3Bassel, G.W., 1,2van Bolderen, M., 1Ligterink, W., 1Hilhorst H.W.M., and
2,1
Bentsink, L., 1Wageningen Seed Lab, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, bas.dekkers@wur.
nl, 2Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 3University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
1,2
Quantifying gene expression is an important research tool to understand biological systems. Reverse transcription
quantitative real time PCR (RT-qPCR) is a preferred method for gene expression measurements because of its sensitivity
and reproducibility. However, samples need to be normalized for differences in sample input and cDNA synthesis efficiency.
As a normalization strategy often a stable expressed housekeeping or reference gene is used. The use of proper reference
genes for normalization is essential for accurate and reliable gene expression analysis. Lack of proper normalization
can affect results and may lead to false conclusions. Furthermore, the usability of a reference gene can be limited to a
certain process, tissue or developmental stage under study. Seed transcriptomes are different from other plant tissues and
developmental stages. Therefore, we initiated a study to identify reference genes that are useful in seed research in two
important seed model species, i.e. Arabidopsis and tomato. To identify the most stable expressed genes in seeds we mined
publicly available micro array data. In total 24 putative reference genes (including a set of known Arabidopsis reference
genes) were validated by RT-qPCR. Based on these results homologous genes were identified in tomato and primer sets
were designed and tested on a set of 15 different tomato seed samples. This study resulted in the identification of a key
set of reference genes for both Arabidopsis and tomato that can be used for normalization of gene expression studies in
seeds.
Keywords: Arabidopsis, normalization, qRT-PCR, tomato
Acknowledgements: ERA-NET Plant Genomics grant vSEED, Technology Foundation STW
16. A fast ethanol assay to monitor seed quality.

Kodde J., 2Buckley W.T., 3de Groot, C.C., 1,4Santos da Silva C., 5Viquez Zamora A.M., 1Groot, S.P.C.
(1Plant Research International, Wageningen UR, PO Box 619, 6700AP Wageningen, The Netherlands, jan.kodde@
wur.nl, 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon Research Centre, PO Box 1000A, R.R. #3 Brandon, Manitoba
R7A 5Y3, Canada, 3Bejo Zaden BV., PO Box 50, 1749ZH Warmenhuizen, The Netherlands, 4Cincia e Tecnologia
de Sementes, FAEM/ UFPel Pelotas RS, Brazil. 5Wageningen University, Horticultural Production Chains Group,
The Netherlands)
1
Seed quality is important for crop establishment. To improve seed quality many procedures are performed, including, grading,
sorting and physical or chemical sanitation. These procedures can have a profound effect on subsequent performance of the
seed lots. The most common way of testing seed quality is to perform a simple and reliable but time and space consuming
germination test. In this paper, we present a method for quality analysis of seeds based on the measurement of head-space
ethanol over partially imbibed seeds. A modified breath analyzer was used, which simplified the analysis compared to gas
chromatographic or enzymatic procedures. Performing the assay at 40 C or higher improved its sensitivity compared to 20
C and resulted in an assay time of 6 h. Adding ethanol to the imbibition water showed that high quality seeds were able to
consume ethanol. An inverse relation was found between seed quality and head space ethanol levels for seeds of cabbage
(Brassica oleracea L.), Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum
L.). For cabbage seeds natural ageing, hot water sanitation treatments or less mature fractions yielded higher ethanol head
space ethanol levels. Compared to standard ISTA germination tests, higher ethanol levels seem to be earlier indicators
for seed quality loss during storage or treatments. Ethanol production occurs simultaneously with oxygen consumption
indicating that lack of oxygen is not the major trigger for ethanol consumption.
Keywords: ethanol, respiration, seed quality test, seed vigour, seed deterioration, aging.
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17. Omics comparison of both embryo and endosperm DURING Rice seed germination
revealed by omics experiments focus on nutrition.
Galland M., Lounifi I., Cueff G., Arc E., Job D. and Rajjou Loc. Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB) Unit Mixte
de Recherche 1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech Team: Physiology of Seed Germination.
Route de St-Cyr, F-78026 Versailles Cedex, France, marc.galland@versailles.inra.fr)
Seed germination is a finely regulated process in which the mature quiescent seed becomes metabolically active upon
imbibition, thus helping to prepare seedling establishment. As other monocotyledonous species, the rice seed is highly
compartmented. One can easily distinguish the embryo (future seedling) from the endosperm (that contains the seed storage
compounds). The molecular events occurring in the germinating embryo have been well described in the past few years
(for examples, see Howell et al. (2009) Plant Physiol. 149(2):961-80 and Yang et al., (2007) Proteomics 7(18):3358-68).
Yet, during rice seed germination, very few studies have focused on the endosperm changes using omics approaches. In
the endosperm, is the metabolic cell apparatus complete or nearly restricted to energy metabolism? To address that relevant
issue, we decided to conduct an omics based comparison of the embryo and endosperm tissues during germination.
Preliminary proteomic results have showed us that the endosperm protein apparatus encompass a great variety of proteins
that can be compared to that of the embryo. Dehulled rice seeds (Oryza sativa ssp japonica cv Nipponbare) were germinated
or not for 4, 8, 12, 16 or 24h in sterile distilled water with constant atmospheric air bubbling. Then, at the appropriate
time, rice seeds were manually dissected into embryo and endosperm fractions for further transcriptome, proteome and
metabolome studies. In addition, we performed the same germination time-course on white rice (dehulled and polished
rice seeds that become deprived of the embryo). This should indicate a contrario the importance of the embryo in the
germination process. In conclusion, this study could unravel novel and unsuspected roles for the rice seed endosperm
during germination. Comparison of white and brown rice should also complement our comprehension of the importance
of rice seed compartimentation. Finally, these omics results will also be exploited focusing on nutritional relevant
aspects.
Keywords: Rice, Seed, Omics, Germination.
18. The mechanisms of endosperm cap-specific gene expression in tomato seeds.

Martnez-Andjar C., 2Pluskota W.E., 1Bassel G.W., 1Asahina, M., 2Pupel P., 1Nguyen T.T., 1Goloviznina, N.A.,
Gorecki R., 3Takeda-Kamiya, N., 3Yamaguchi, S, 3Kamiya, Y., 1Nonogaki, H. (1Department of Horticulture,
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA hiro.nonogaki@oregonstate.edu, 2Department of Plant
Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland,
3
RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan)
1
2
The micropylar region of endosperm is specifically activated during imbibition in seeds of multiple species. Here, we
report the identification of many, novel endosperm cap-specific genes in tomato seeds and propose possible mechanisms
underlying their regulation. Tomato seeds were imbibed and then dissected into the micropylar part and the rest of seed
(lateral part). The embryos were removed from the micropylar and lateral parts, which were named endosperm cap (EC)
and lateral endosperm (LE). The embryo was divided into radicle- and cotyledon halves, which were named radicle-half
embryo (R) and cotyledon-half embryo (C), respectively. RNA extracted from these four tissues was used for GeneChip
analysis. Solanum lycopersicum endo--mannanase 2, a known EC gene was detected with >18-fold enrichment in EC, with
other known cell wall genes, which served as an excellent internal control and verified the procedure of tissue separation
and the quality of GeneChip analysis. Other EC genes included pathogenesis-related (PR) and hormone-associated genes.
Tomato ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR1 (TERF1) was also EC-enriched. NP24, a known PR gene showed highest
expression among the EC genes. The promoter region of this gene contains GCC motifs which are specifically targeted by
TERF1 and are also found in the promoter regions of other EC-enriched PR genes. Possible involvement of the ethylenesignaling pathway in EC-specific gene expression will be discussed.
Keywords: endosperm cap, gene expression, tomato seeds
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19. COMMON AND DISTINCT RESPONSES IN PHYTOHORMONE AND VITAMIN E CHANGES DURING
SEED BURIAL AND DORMANCY IN Xyris bialata and X. peregrina.
Garcia, Q. S.1, Giorni, V. T.1, Mller, M.2, Munn-Bosch, S.2. 1Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG),
Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, 2Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Espaa, smunne@ub.edu.
Temperature and humidity are the main factors influencing seed viability, dormancy and longevity of buried seeds.
Unfortunately, very little is known about such processes in species of tropical regions, where temperature does not show
major seasonal variations. We examined here to what extend germination capacity, together with phytohormone and vitamin
E levels are altered after burial in seeds of Xyris bialata and X. peregrina (Xyridaceae), two species endemic of the rupestrian
fields of Brazil. Germination capacity was kept constant after 2 months of burial, which was associated with decreases in
ABA and indole-3-acetic acid contents in both species. During this period, zeatin levels also decreased in X. bialata, but
not in X. peregrina, the latter showing much lower levels of this phytohormone. During the summer (rainy season), seeds of
both species experienced a progressive, but drastic decrease in germination capacity, which was reverted during the winter,
thus suggesting secondary dormancy. Seed dormancy appeared to be caused by drastic decreases in gibberellins, rather
than by ABA increases. Levels of GA4 decreased to non-detectable values during dormancy in both species. Furthermore,
zeatin levels decreased in X. bialata during this period, but not in X. peregrina. Both species accumulated -tocopherol
as the major vitamin E form, and the levels of this antioxidant kept constant during dormancy; however, X. bialata seeds
experienced a small decrease in -tocopherol levels during seed burial and dormancy. It is concluded that (i) burial causes
dramatic changes in the hormone levels of seeds, (ii) secondary dormancy is induced in seeds of both species, (iii) a GA4
decrease, rather than an ABA increase, seems to be involved in the induction of secondary dormancy.
Keywords: Endemic species, Germination, Rupestrian fields, Secondary dormancy.
Acknowledgements: CAPES, CNPq, FAPEMIG, FBPN
20. DYNAMIC CELLULAR AND NUCLEAR CHANGES DURING GERMINATION AND COLLET HAIR
FORMATION IN Arabidopsis.
Sliwinska, E., 2Mathur, J., 3Bassel, G.W., 2Bewley, J.D. (1University of Technology and Life Sciences, Bydgoszcz,
Poland, elwira@utp.edu.pl, 2Dept. Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Canada, 3 Division of Plant
and Crop Science, University of Nottingham, UK)
1,2
Using laser-scanning confocal microcopy of fluorescent-labeled Arabidopsis embryos during and following germination,
several movies were made which show the cellular changes that occur during emergence of the radicle and the dynamics
of collet hair growth and nuclear migration therein. Germination is completed by expansion of cells of the root-hypocotyl
transition zone (the collet) that is immediately behind the radicle. This region is also definable by the accumulation of
carbohydrate bodies during germination and distinct GFP expression of GAL-4-GFP in enhancer-trap lines. From the collet
region there is the simultaneous initiation of hairs following the completion of germination; their growth is accompanied
by the synchronous migration of nuclei at a short fixed distance behind the tip. Following cessation of hair growth, the
nuclei migrate to the base of the cell; thereafter their movement is limited and asynchronous. This is due to the inability
of most nuclei to migrate past large vesicles (pre-vacuoles) that form in the mature hairs. Changes in nuclear dynamics are
accompanied by an increase in nuclear DNA content due to endoreduplication. Perturbation of the microtubules allows tip
growth despite complete disturbance of nuclear movement, thus dissociating the relationship between the two phenomena.
Actin disruption allows the nuclei to enter the developing hairs, although their movement is less synchronous than in
control hairs and is not at a fixed distance from the tip. The collet plays an important role in germination and in the early
establishment of the seedling; it has largely been ignored in research into both of these events.
Keywords: Germination, Cell expansion, Collet hairs, DNA content
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21. Control of seed germination by protein post-translational modifications.

Arc, E., 1Galland, M., 1Cueff, G., 1Godin, B., 2Job, D., 1Marion-Poll, A., 1Rajjou, L. 1Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin
(IJPB, UMR 1318 INRA/AgroParisTech), Route de St-Cyr, F-78000 Versailles, France, loic.rajjou@agroparistech.
fr, 2CNRS/UCBL/INSA/Bayer CropScience Joint laboratory (UMR5240), Bayer CropScience, 14-20 rue Pierre
Baizet, F-69263, Lyon, France
1
Once liberated in their environment, orthodox seeds live in a quiescent dehydrated state not totally exempt of essential
molecular events as for example the capacity of breaking dormancy during after-ripening. Upon imbibition, if internal
regulatory padlocks are released and given adequate external conditions, the quiescent seed is able to reboot its system
and thus, germinate. Recent studies unraveled the crucial importance of protein PTMs in seed dormancy, longevity and
vigor. As compared to other plant developmental stages, the seed proteome appears quite unique and diverse. Seed proteins
encompass several functional classes from primary and secondary metabolism to structural and antimicrobial defense.
In the dry state, oxidative damages can occur due to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species produced by non-enzymatic
reactions. These reactive species can affect proteins by the oxidation of specific amino acids in a post-translational manner.
The investigations of PTMs of seed proteins will improve our understanding of the functional processes associated with
germination and vigor.
Keywords: Plant, Seed, Germination, Proteomics, PTMs
22. PROTEOME AND METABOLIC ACTIVITIES OF DORMANT RECALCITRANT HORSE CHESTNUT

SEEDS.
Azarkovich, M.I., 2Gumilevskaya, N.A. (1Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, Moscow, Russia,
m-azarkovich@ippras.ru, 2Bach Institute of Biochemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia)
1
A comprehensive physiological and biochemical characterization of recalcitrant horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum
L.) seed is required in order to understand better what events permitting germination need (or need not) to happen in
the embryo of recalcitrant seed during stratification. Analysis of proteins made it possible to reveal a number of unique
characteristics of the proteome, which distinguish recalcitrant seed of horse chestnut from the majority of orthodox seeds.
These characteristics, possibly related to the physiological behavior of the seed under study, include extremely low content
of globulins, predominance of water-soluble proteins located in the cytosol, and high level of noncompartmentalized heatstable proteins. The presence of hydrophilic proteins capable of holding moisture in the proteome of horse chestnut seeds
may be related to the recalcitrant character of these seeds. Heat-stable proteins also promote the resistance of highly watered
seed to cold stress under the conditions of stratification, thereby keeping the embryo viable. Dehydrins were detected
among heat-stable proteins during the entire period of stratification. During radicle emergence, not only the fraction of
heat-stable proteins was reduced but also the proportion of dehydrins in it decreased. Assessment of translational activity
demonstrated the presence of competent transcription and translation machinery in the cells of axes and cotyledons,
which did not require additional activation and was capable of ensuring protein synthesis during stratification. Isolated
axes, cotyledons, and petioles of cotyledonary leaves synthesized in vivo the great number of diverse polypeptides, but
none of major heat-stable polypeptides initially present in all parts of the embryo was synthesized. We demonstrated that
de novo protein synthesis does occur in the course of stratification, even though its level is insufficient for overcoming
dormancy and initiating germination. It seems that the inability of dormant seed to germinate is not underlain by defects
in the translation machinery; rather, it is due to the lack of the expression of certain genes encoding proteins required for
germination or to the expression of genes inhibiting germination. Studies of growth activity revealed intricate interactions
between the parts of the embryo in dormant seed. It was established that the embryonic axes in mature seeds lack innate
dormancy and are capable of growing, once separated from cotyledons. Of interest, the growth of isolated axes is almost
completely inhibited by exogenous ABA in the course of stratification, but not radicle protrusion.
Keywords: Recalcitrant seeds, Aesculus hippocastanum, Dormancy, Metabolism
Acknowledgements: RFBR, Presidium of RAS (program Molecular and Cell Biology).
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23. THE CLADE-A PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2C HAB2 IS AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF THE ABA
SIGNALLING PAHTWAY IN ARABIDOPSIS SEEDS.
Fernndez-Arbaizar, A., 2Nonogaki, H., 1Sanz, L., 1Lorenzo, O. 1Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias
(CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca (USAL). Salamanca. Spain. oslo@usal.es 2Department of Horticulture, Oregon
State University, USA
1
Abscisic acid (ABA) has a key role in seed development, dormancy and stress responses. To gain further insights into ABA
signalling, we screened for suppressors of the ABA hypersensitivity observed in the jasmonate (JA)-insensitive mutant,
coronatine insensitive1-16 (coi1-16). The isolated mutants, designated as coi1-16 resistant to aba (cra), identified multiple
loci, some of which were previously known as aba insensitive (abi1, abi3 and abi4). One of the cra mutants, cra1 was
a dominant hypermorphic mutation and encoded HOMOLOGY TO ABI 2 (HAB2), a clade-A PP2C. cra1 (coi1-16 hab2)
and hab2 mutants exhibited reduced seed dormancy, and ABA-, paclobutrazol- and stress hyposensitivity during seed
germination. Intact HAB2- and mutated HAB2G245E-overexpressing lines exhibited ABA- and abiotic stress-insensitive
phenotypes during seed germination and seedling establishment, and reduced expression of ABA-responsive genes,
demonstrating the role of HAB2 as a negative regulator of ABA signalling. In addition, cra1 produced shrunken seeds
containing non-viable embryos. Subcellular localization of HAB2 and HAB2G245E in both the cytosol and the nucleus was
obtained by transient expresion in epidermal onion cells, agroinfiltration in Nicotiana and transgenic plants expressing the
corresponding fusion proteins. Bimolecular fluorescent complementation assays in planta showed that HAB2 interacts
with several PYR1/PYL-RCAR (PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE1/regulatory component of ABA receptor) proteins in
the nucleus and cytoplasm, while HAB2G245E mutation abolishes the formation of the PP2C/PYL-RCAR ABA-receptor
complexes. Taken together, our results demonstrate a pivotal role of HAB2 in ABA signal transduction in the regulation of
seed development and the onset of germination.
Keywords: ABA Signalling, Seed, Germination, Protein Phosphatase 2C.
Acknowledgements: MEC (BIO2008-04698), JCYL(SA048A10-2), TRANSPLANTA (CSD2007-00057), UMH.
24. PDF1 IS A PHOSPHATASE INVOLVED IN SEED DORMANCY IN arabidopsis thaliana

Miatton, E., Nakabayashi, K., Philipp, C., Soppe W. Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-vonLinn-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
Seed dormancy is the incapacity of a viable seed to germinate under favorable condition. The balance between abscisic
acid and gibberellins plays an important role in the regulation of seed dormancy but the underlying molecular mechanisms
are still mostly unknown. Previous studies identified DELAY OF GERMINATION1 (DOG1) as a key regulator of seed
dormancy in Arabidopsis thaliana (Bentsink et al., 2006). The dog1 mutant completely lacks seed dormancy and the wild
type gene shows a seed-specific expression pattern that correlates with the dormancy level. DOG1 encodes a protein with
unknown function and unknown regulation.A yeast two hybrid assay for interactors of DOG1 identified the phosphatase
PDF1. PDF1 codes the regulatory subunit A of Ser/Thr phosphatase PP2A. PDF1 has two homologues in Arabidopsis,
PDF2 and RCN1. PDF2 also interacts with DOG1. The homozygous insertion line pdf1 showed increased dormancy
while pdf2 had no evident phenotype. The absence of a dormancy phenotype for pdf2 can be explained by the very low
expression of PDF2 in seeds. To understand the relation between DOG1 and PDF1, we generated the double mutant pdf1
dog1 which was non dormant indicating that DOG1 is epistatic to PDF1. The DOG1 protein level in fresh mature seeds is
not affected by the absence of functional PDF1 and PDF2.Therefore we hypothesize that dephosphorylation of DOG1 by
PDF1 can alter its function.
Keywords: seed dormancy, DOG1, phosphorylation
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25. DETAILED ANALYSIS OF TISSUE SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTOME CHANGES DURING ARABIDOPSIS

SEED IMBIBITION AND GERMINATION.
Dekkers, B.J.W., 3Pierce, S., 1Van Bolderen, M., 3Wood, A., 3King, J., 4Leubner-Metzger, G., 3Holdsworth,
M., 21Bentsink, L. 1Wageningen University, Wageningen Seed Lab, Wageningen, The Netherlands, bas.dekkers@
wur.nl, 2 Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 3University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, 4University of
Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
12
A seed consists of different tissues. The endosperm tissue surrounding the embryo provides a physical restraint to
germination even in seeds with a single cell endosperm layer. The radicle has to generate enough growth potential to
overcome this restraint . Increased growth potential in the radicle and weakening of the surrounding endosperm layer
are both important aspects controlling seed germination. In the virtual seed (vSEED) project (www.vseed.org) we take
an interdisciplinary approach to provide a dynamic mathematical description of seed germination by focusing on these
key seed compartments the radicle and endosperm. This project will also exploit the comparative biology of the closely
related Brassicaceae species Arabidopsis thaliana and Lepidium sativum (garden cress), in order to develop a virtual
germinating seed. One of the goals is to identify key transcriptome networks during seed imbibition towards germination
(i.e. endosperm rupture) in Arabidopsis and Lepidium, both in time and tissue. Here we describe the transcriptome
analysis of Arabidopsis seeds (Columbia). In total approx. 15000 individual seeds were sampled and dissected to isolate
the radicle and micropylar end endosperm at eleven time points during imbibition. At three time points (early, mid and
late imbibition) cotyledons and lateral endosperm were sampled as well. RNA isolated from these tissues were labeled
and hybridized to Affymetrics ATH1 Arabidopsis micro arrays. This data set provides an unprecedented detailed insight
in transcriptome changes during imbibition towards the completion of seed germination.
Keywords: seed germination, endosperm, radicle, transcriptomics
Acknowledgements: ERA-NET Plants Genomics grant SEED
26. GENETIC AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF GENES CONTROLLING SEED DORMANCY

THROUGH THE MATERNAL, EMBRYO, AND ENDOPSERM TISSUES IN RICE.
Gu X.-Y., Zhang J., Feng J., Ye H. (Plant Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, USA,
Xingyou.gu@sdstate.edu)
Seed dormancy can be imposed by one or more of the component tissues which varies in generation and ploidy. Quantitative
trait loci (QTLs) for seed dormancy identified from crop and model plants represent genes that have differentiated in
natural populations during evolution to contribute to plant adaptations. A marker-assisted genetic approach was devised to
determine if such a naturally occurring gene controls seed dormancy through the maternal or offspring tissues (Gu et al.
in GENETICS 179:2263). This approach was recently improved to distinguish dormancy genes expressed in the diploid
embryo or triploid endosperm using the following techniques: 1) a segregating population of partially after-ripened seeds
was used to generate germinated and non-germinated subpopulations, 2) DNA micro-extraction from part of the endosperm
of a newly germinated and a non-germinated seed, and 3) DNA samples were genotyped with a linked molecular marker
using a quantitative real-time PCR or a specifically designed regular PCR. Both the deviation of allelic frequencies of the
marker from Mendelian expectations in the subpopulations, and the association of marker genotypes with incubation times
to germination were used to infer the tissue specific expression of a dormancy gene. This approach was applied to the
qSD1-2, qSD7-1, and qSD12 QTLs, at which the dormancy alleles were introduced from a line of weedy rice into the same
background of a rice cultivar. Results demonstrated that qSD12, qSD1-1, and qSD7-1 are involved in the genetic control of
seed dormancy through the embryo, endosperm, and maternal tissues, respectively. Transcriptomic and physiological data
collected from the isogenic background revealed that both qSD7-1 and qSD12 are upstream regulators on the gene network
for ABA biosynthesis and qSD1-2 may act on the GA biosynthetic pathway. These three loci worked independently or by
interaction to regulate the variation in dormancy strength, and their isogenic lines are being used to test the hypothesis
of ABA/GA balance in regulation of dormancy. This research also provided the first solid evidence that dormancy genes
expressed in the embryo and endosperm tissues contribute to the germination heterogeneity of seeds from hybrid plants.
Keywords: Seed dormancy, QTL, Tissue-specific expression, Rice
Acknowledgement: NSF (IOS1021382, 0641376), USDA-NRI (2008-35301-19058)
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27. TOWARD THE CHARACTERIZATION OF NITRIC OXIDE IMPLICATIONS IN ARABIDOPSIS SEEDS.

Arc, E., 1Echtler, A.L., 1Godin, B., 1Cueff, G., 1Perreau, F., 2Job, D., 1Marion-Poll, A., 1Rajjou, L. 1Institut JeanPierre bourgin (IJPB, UMR 1318 Inra/AgroParisTech), Versailles, France, Erwann.Arc@Versailles.Inra.fr, 2CNRSUniversit Claude Bernard Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliques-Bayer CropScience Joint Laboratory
(UMR 5240), Lyon, France
1
During the last decade, nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as a central signaling molecule involved in numerous pathways.
Several concordant studies have documented the implication of this radical in seed dormancy breaking though the
mechanisms involved are still unclear. The underlying events common to the different dormancy releasing treatments
remain unknown but several clues led us to hypothesize that NO could be a key element. Due to our misunderstanding
regarding NO production pathways in plants, it is still difficult to assess and characterize precisely its implication in several
physiological processes including seed germination. Moreover, the link between NO and nitrate in seeds is uncertain and
controversial. Therefore, we have undertaken an extensive study relying on several distinct systems known to be affected
either in NO availability or in nitrate content to address these questions. For that purpose, we used a combination of
physiological experiments and functional genomics in order to highlight NO molecular targets involved in the regulation
of Arabidopsis seed dormancy and germination.
Keywords: Nitric oxide, Nitrate, Dormancy, Germinative Vigor
28. DECIPHERING COMPLEX GENETIC CONTROL OF SEED QUALITY PHENOTYPES BY INTEGRATION

OF METABOLIC AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILING IN TOMATO.
Kazmi, R., Kahn, N., Willems, L.A.J., Ligterink, W., Hilhorst, H.W.M. Wageningen Seed Lab, Wageningen
University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, Rashid.Kazmi@wur.nl
Seed quality in tomato is associated with many complex physiological and genetic traits. Genomic approaches have
accelerated the study of the quantitative genetics that underlie phenotypic variation. These approaches associate genomescale analysis such as transcript profiling with targeted phenotypes such as measurements of specific seed germination
characteristics. Numerous quantitative trait loci (QTLs) influencing seed quality phenotypes in tomato have been identified
in a Solanum lycopersicum x Solanum pimpinellifolium recombinant inbred (RIL) population. Identification of the individual
gene(s) and molecular pathways leading to those phenotypes is yet elusive. We adopted a generalized genetical genomic
approach for the identification of the individual gene(s) responsible for seed quality phenotypes. By using several omics
technologies we aim to unravel the molecular pathways leading to these phenotypes. For example, we are in the process
of measuring the transcriptomes of all lines in the RIL population with microarray technology. This allows mapping of
loci that control gene expression, termed expression QTL (eQTL). When eQTL co-localize with a physiological QTL,
this is suggestive of a shared regulator and this offers a potential pathway leading to the physiological trait. In a similar
way we did a metabolomics study that resulted in the detection of 164 metabolites of which approximately half showed
genetic variation (mQTL). By combining the physiological data with mQTL and eQTL data, we will be able to construct
causal networks for the control of specific metabolic processes in seed and the acquisition of seed quality As a proof of
principle of this integrative approach, we show the construction of a specific causal network that links gene expression
and metabolic changes in the context of tomato seed quality. Thus, the approach described here has the potential to reveal
regulatory networks that underlie the complex genetic and molecular architecture of seed quality phenotypes.
Keywords: Seed quality, QTL analysis, Tomato, Metabolomics, Transcriptomics, Generalized genetical genomics.
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29. CROSS-SPECIES INVESTIGATIONS ON THE SEED DORMANCY GENE Delay of germination1.

Graeber, K., 1Buller, L., 1Leubner-Metzger, G. 1Albert-Ludwigs-University, Faculty of Biology, Department of
Botany / Plant Physiology, Freiburg, Germany, www.seedbiology.de, kai.graeber@biologie.uni-freiburg.de, gerhard.
leubner@biologie.uni-freiburg.de
1
Dormancy, defined as the inability of a viable seed to germinate under favourable conditions, is a complex and highly
adaptive plant trait with important agronomical implications for crop and wild weed species. It is well known that several
widely distributed genes, like the transcription factor ABI3/VP1, are involved in controlling seed dormancy of different
plant species. In contrast to this, DELAY OF GERMINATION1 (DOG1) is an important dormancy-specific gene originally
only found in Arabidopsis thaliana, but its precise mechanistic role in controlling dormancy, its function and evolutionary
history are unknown. We aimed to identify an evolutionary broader spectrum of DOG1 activity by investigating different
plant species on diverse levels. DNA cloning combined with in silico analysis revealed putative DOG1 homologs in a
wide range of higher rosid species. This broad phylogenetic analysis clearly indicated distinct gene clusters for which
we investigated putative DOG1 homologs from the core Brassicaceae. In contrast to Arabidopsis spp. which have only
one DOG1 gene, we found that the genomes of core Brassicaceae contain DOG1 paralogs. We found putative DOG1
homologs being expressed in seeds of diverse species with varying forms of dormancy including the crop plant and
germination model system Lepidium sativum (garden cress) and its weedy relative Lepidium oxytrichum. We investigated
the expression of putative DOG1 homologs on transcript and protein level in different species and found associations with
dormancy induction, abscisic acid (ABA) regulation and endosperm weakening, the latter one known to be a prerequisite
for completion of germination. We generated genetically transformed L. sativum plants that overexpress DOG1 from an
Arabidopsis DOG1 genomic sequence. These lines have a temperature-sensitive delayed germination phenotype and were
investigated on a biomechanical and hormonal level. Our findings suggest that DOG1 might be involved in an evolutionary
conserved mechanism regulating dormancy and germination within the Brassicaceae family.
Keywords: Seed dormancy, DOG1, Lepidium (Brassicaceae), comparative seed biology
Acknowledgements: DFG
30. ROLE OF SMOKE-DERIVED BUTENOLIDE IN GERMINATION OF DORMANT AND NON-DORMANT

Avena fatua L. CARYOPSES.
Kepczyski J., 1Cembrowska D., 2Van Staden J. 1University of Szczecin, POLAND 13, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland,
2
University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
1
Smoke derived from burning plant material, smoke-water and butenolide (karrikinolide), stimulate seed germination of a range
of plant species from fire-prone and fire-free areas and agricultural environments. Seeds of Avena fatua, an economically
important weed, collected in Poland were considered as being dormant as they germinated poorly at temperatures from 20 to
30 oC reaching values less than 20%. Primary dormancy of A. fatua caryopses was alleviated at 20 oC by after-ripening, smokewater and butenolide applied continuously or for 12 or 24h. Sensitivity to butenolide decreased with longer pre-incubation times
in water. These treatments were less effective in releasing dormancy in the light than in darkness. Caryopses were more sensitive
to butenolide than to gibberellin A3. Activity of dehydrogenases and -amylase was higher in dormant caryopses imbibed in
the presence of butenolide or GA3 than when imbibed in water. Likewise, activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase was
affected. Cell cycle activity was higher in dormant caryopses imbibed in the presence of butenolide or GA3 than in water. Afterripened caryopses were able to germinate at 20 oC which was unsuitable for germination of dormant caryopses. Butenolide
increased the rate of germination of non-dormant caryopses. Germination of after-ripened caryopses was inhibited by osmotic
stress simulated by polyethylene glycol 8000 and saline stress caused by solutions of NaCl. Both smoke-water and butenolide
markedly alleviated the effect of water and saline stress.
Keywords: Avena fatua, Butenolide, Caryopses, Germination, Primary dormancy, Enzymes
Acknowledgements: The study was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland grant
NN310151935
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31. The role CTS plays in barley physiology and DEVELOPMENT.

Mendiondo G., 1Medhurst A., 1Scholefield D., Sparkes D., 2Cook, D.,3Theodoulou F. and 1Holdsworth M. (1Division of
Plant and Crop Sciences and 2Division of Food Sciences, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK guillermina.mendiondo@
nottingham.ac.uk.3Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ)
1
The Arabidopsis COMATOSE (CTS) gene was originally identified in a genetic screen for loci that promote germination.
CTS is a single-copy gene encoding a full-length ATP-binding cassette transporter that is required for the import of several
biologically important molecules into the peroxisome. Severe mutant alleles of CTS demonstrate an inability to complete
germination, suggesting a role for CTS in the dormancy to radicle protrusion transition, and protein profiles of cts seeds
resemble those of the dormant wild type. We have obtained and begun to characterized mutants of the barley orthologue
of CTS. The aim of this project is to apply this knowledge to a crop species, barley, to learn what role CTS plays in barley
physiology and development. We used Arabidopsis thaliana and rice sequences to identify the barley orthologue of the
Arabidopsis CTS gene, and we used barley genetic resources to analyze the comparative function of this gene. Using the
SCRI barley TILLING resource we have identified mutations in the 2 barley CTS orthologous genes HvCTSA and HvCTSB,
and are looking for phenotypic effects of these mutations. Also, we crossed ctsA and ctsB in order to analyze the effect of
the double mutant in germination and seedling establishment. The functional performance of mutant lines in malting and
brewing was evaluated through micromalting trials. We are also analyzing CTS RNAi lines obtained by transformation.
Extending knowledge of candidate genes obtained from the model Arabidopsis into commercial crops such as barley may
provide a mechanism to improve the malting processes and dormancy characteristics of this crop.
Keywords: CTS, barley transformation, RNAi, germination.
32. AN ACTION SPECTRUM FOR INHIBITION OF DORMANCY RELEASE IN IMBIBED ANNUAL

RYEGRASS SEEDS.
Goggin, D. E., 1Powles, S. B., 2Steadman, K. J. (1University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia,
2
University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia)
1
Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.) is the major weed in southern Australian cropping systems. Most annual ryegrass
seeds are dormant at maturity, resulting in staggered germination throughout the crop-growing season, and making
eradication of the weed population extremely difficult. Imbibed dormant seeds that are incubated in the dark progressively
lose dormancy in a matter of weeks, so that a higher proportion of the population can germinate once the seeds are exposed
to the germination-promoting conditions of daily fluctuations in light and temperature. However, imbibed dormant seeds
that are incubated in the light do not lose dormancy. Our previous work showed that inhibition of dormancy release
is mediated by blue (460 nm) and short-wavelength green (510 nm) light in a far-red-independent manner, suggesting
that cryptochrome, not phytochrome, is the important photoreceptor. Although green light generally reverses blue-light
activation of cryptochrome, the 510 nm source might be close enough to blue to activate cryptochrome in the seeds. To
determine whether the green light response is also present at longer wavelengths, an action spectrum was determined for
inhibition of dormancy release in annual ryegrass seeds. In addition to a broad peak at 460 and 510 nm, there was a distinct
peak of activity at 550 nm. Based on the lack of response to 520, 530, 570 and 660 nm light, it is therefore possible that
the 550 nm response is mediated either by a separate photoreceptor or by a modified cryptochrome that is activated by
longer-wavelength light.
Keywords: Action spectrum, dormancy, green light, Lolium rigidum
Acknowledgements: funded by the ARC
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33. EFFECT OF VARIOUS PRETREATMENTS ON Pinus elliottii AND PINUS TAEDA SEED DORMANCY.
Horsley T. N., Jones W. R. (Sappi Forests Shaw Research Centre, PO Box 473, Howick, 3290, South Africa,
tasmien.horsley@sappi.com)
Pinus elliottii and Pinus taeda are two important pine species grown commercially in South Africa. The problem with
these two species is that their initial growth in the nursery is relatively slow and delays in germination give rise to
significant variation in seedling size. Of the two, P. taeda is the more problematic, with seeds generally going through
a stage of dormancy after seedfall. The aims of the present study were firstly to identify the types of dormancy present
in P. taeda and P. elliottii seed, and thereafter to develop appropriate pretreatment methods to overcome the dormancy,
thereby increasing their seed-use efficiency. The P. taeda seedlots were found to have embryo dormancy and by subjecting
this seed to dry, cold-storage at -20 oC, followed by soaking for 48 h in deionised water, germination was increased by
23%. Pinus elliottii seedlots, on the other hand, were non-dormant and subjecting these seeds to cold storage sent them
into secondary seedcoat dormancy. This was overcome by pretreating with 1% hydrogen peroxide, which resulted in a
38% increase in germination over that obtained with the dormant seed. In a second study, a novel sodium hyperchlorite
pretreatment was compared to existing methods. Results were extremely promising, with germination improving by 30
50% compared to the non-imbibed control. Seeds were also studied under stereo- and scanning electron microscopes
to ascertain if there were any changes to the seedcoat. Results confirmed that the seedcoat was scarified by sodium
hypochlorite pretreatment.
Keywords: seed dormancy, pretreatment, Pinus elliottii, Pinus taeda
Acknowledgements: Sappi
34. INVOLVEMENT OF ABA METABOLISM IN THE INDUCTION OF SECONDARY DORMANCY IN

BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare L.) SEEDS.
Hoang H.H., Sotta B., Corbineau F., Leymarie, J. (Universit Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France, francoise.
corbineau@upmc.fr)
At harvest, barley seeds are considered to be dormant because their germination is difficult above 15 C. Incubation of
primary dormant seeds at 30 C, a temperature at which they do not germinate, results in a loss of their ability to germinate
at 15 C. This phenomenon, which corresponds to an induction of a secondary dormancy, occurs after a pre-treatment at
30 C for 48-72 h. It requires a water content of the embryo higher than 0.65 g H2O g dry weight (DW), being maximal
at 1.10-1.80 g H2O g DW, but is oxygen independent. Similar phenomenon can be induced after an incubation at 15 C in
atmosphere containing less than 10% oxygen, i.e. conditions which do not allow germination. The secondary dormancy
induced at 30 C is associated with maintenance of high levels of embryo ABA content after seed transfer from 30 C to
15 C, when ABA content decreases in primary dormant seeds placed directly at 15 C. Such changes in ABA are not
observed when secondary dormancy is induced at 15 C in hypoxia. Application of ABA during grain incubation at 30
C has no additive effect, but fluridone applied during incubation at 30 C has a strong preventing effect on the induction
of this secondary dormancy. It is also possible to induce a secondary dormancy by placing isolated embryos at 30 C in
the presence of ABA. Expression of genes involved in ABA catabolism (HvABAOH1), and synthesis (HvNCED1 and
HvNCED2) was studied during induction of secondary dormancy, and after subsequent transfer at 15 C. The results
obtained suggest a role of ABA in the secondary dormancy induction through the regulation of expression of genes
involved in ABA synthesis.
Keywords: ABA, Barley, Secondary dormancy, Temperature
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Oral Presentations
Session 3
Seed and Seedling
Stress Tolerance
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35. NON-INVASIVE DIAGNOSIS OF SEED STRESS AND VIABILITY.

Ilse Kranner, 1Hugh W Pritchard. 1Seed Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst
Place, West Sussex RH17 6TN, United Kingdom, i.kranner@kew.org
1
Stresses that impact on seeds can affect plant reproduction and productivity, and, hence, agriculture and biodiversity.
The diagnosis of stress depends upon the knowledge of factors that contribute to deteriorative processes leading to cell
and seed viability loss. We have previously shown that changes in the intracellular redox environment can be used to
quantify stress, as argued for by Galileo Galilei (1564-1642): Measure what is measurable, and make measurable what
is not so. Here, we discuss whether stress cannot only be made measurable, but also be made visible. We discuss some
recent advances in the non-invasive analyses of seed metabolism. A detailed example is given for the use of infrared
thermography to non-invasively analyze seed viability. We show how this technique can be used to predict whether a
quiescent seed will germinate or die upon water uptake. Heat flows have previously been correlated with germination
processes, but it was not clear whether temperature rises or falls in the early stages of seed imbibition, and which are the
underlying physico-chemical mechanisms of heat production. Infrared thermography allows instant measurements during
seed imbibition without the need for seed equilibration within an instrument, and can therefore detect the early biophysical
and biochemical events in seed imbibition. We also provide a numeric model that simulates physico-chemical processes
and a probability-based tool that can predict seed viability in less than two hours.
Keywords: infrared thermography, non-invasive, redox chemistry, seed, stress
Acknowledgements: Defra, UK Government
36. OLIGOSSACHARIDES AND SEED VIGOUR REVISITED USING THE LEGUME MODEL Medicago
truncatula.
Buitink, J., 1Vandecasteele, C., 2Teulat-Merah, B., 3Morre-Le Paven, M-C, 2Leprince, O., 4Gallardo, K.,
Huguet, T., 3Limami, A.M., 6Prosperi, J.-M. UMR Physiologie Molculaire des Semences (1INRA, 2Agrocampus
Ouest 3, Universit dAngers), Angers, France, 4INRA, UMR Genetics and Ecophysiology of Grain Legumes, Dijon,
France, 5UMR Symbioses et Pathologies des Plantes, Castanet Tolosan, France, 6INRA, UMR Diversit et Adaptation
des Plantes, Montpellier, France.
1
5
Seed vigour is important for successful establishment and high yield, especially under suboptimal environmental conditions.
During legume seed development, raffinose oligosaccharide family (RFO) sugars increase gradually and can constitute up to
10% of the dry weight. RFOs have been proposed as an easily available energy reserve for seedling establishment. Alternatively,
their presence is thought to be related to longevity. Here, we address whether the composition or amount of soluble sugars
are part of the genetic determinants of seed vigour of Medicago truncatula using a quantitative genetics approach, coupled to
physiological, biochemical and functional genomics studies. Using two recombinant inbred line populations, quantitative trait
loci (QTL) were determined for 14 physiological traits related to seed vigour and soluble sugar composition. The genetic factors
determining sugar composition did not explain the difference in seed longevity of the RIL population. This might be due to the
existence of overlapping regulatory pathways between longevity and sugar composition as evidenced by snf4b mutant analysis.
Instead, seven out of eight sugar QTL co-located with QTL for germination speed and post-germinative radicle growth under
optimal or stress conditions. Consistently, a higher sucrose value or sucrose/RFO ratio co-segregated with reduced germination
and radicle growth. The results suggest that the increased sucrose/RFO in seeds of M. truncatula might negatively influence seed
germination and growth.
Keywords: oligosaccharides, legume seeds, seed vigour, longevity

Acknowledgements: ANR
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37. ASSOCIATION GENETICS A NEW STRATEGY TO STUDY SEED AND SEEDLING STRESS
TOLERANCE IN CROP PLANTS.
Brner, A., 1Rehman Arif, M. A., 1Neumann, K. 1Nagel, M., 1Lohwasser, U., 2Kobiljski, B., 1Leibniz-Institut
fr Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben, Germany, boerner@ipk-gatersleben.de, 2Institute of
Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia
Association-based trait mapping, largely and effectively used in human genetics, is an innovative methodology in
detecting genes. Studies in plants, especially in cereals are rare. The two major advantages of association mapping over
standard genetic mapping based on populations of biparental crosses are first that a much larger and more representative
genepool can be surveyed, and second that it bypasses the expense and time of mapping studies through making the
crossing cycles in population development unnecessary and enabling the mapping of many traits in one set of genotypes.
Another advantage is the much finer mapping resolution compared to classical mapping. However, the statistical tools
required to perform the analysis are more complex. We demonstrate the exploitation of this new mapping strategy to
detect loci responsible for seed and seedling stress tolerance in the major crops bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and
barley (Hordeum vulgare L./Hordeum spontaneum Koch), respectively, using a genome-wide assay with diversity array
technology (DArT) markers. Loci (marker-trait associations; MTAs) for seed longevity as well as seedling performance
under osmotic stress were detected using the TASSEL v2.1 software. Both the general linear model and the mixed linear
model were applied. Only where markers gave significant associations with both models the MTA was declared as genuine.
Using a candidate homologous search the putative functions of genes within the respective regions are discussed. The
results open perspectives for the identification of favourable alleles and the more accurate prediction of seed and seedling
performance under stress.
Keywords: Association genetics, Candidate genes, Marker-trait associations, Hordeum, Triticum
38. SAFEGUARDING GENOME INTEGRITY IN GERMINATION IS IMPORTANT FOR SEED VIABILTY

AND LONGEVITY
Waterworth, W.M., 1Drury, G.E., 1Bhardwaj, R.M., 2Bray, C.M., 1West, C.E. 1Centre for Plant Sciences,
University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK fbswmw@leeds.ac.uk, 2Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester,
Manchester M13 9PT, U.K.
1
DNA damage accumulated in seeds is repaired early in imbibition, and plays important roles in germination and
deterioration upon storage. Damage in the embryo genome must be repaired prior to initiation of cell division to minimise
growth inhibition and mutagenesis in subsequent seedling development. Here we report the first molecular identification
of specific DNA repair pathways and genes important to germination and seed aging. DNA ligase enzymes play crucial
roles in most DNA repair pathways by rejoining single and double strand breaks (SSBs and DSBs). Plants possess multiple
DNA ligase enzymes (AtLIG1, AtLIG4 and AtLIG6) with distinct roles in cellular metabolism. Phenotypic analysis
of atlig6 and atlig4 mutant plants illustrates important and distinct roles for these DNA ligases in germination and seed
longevity. atlig6 and atlig4 mutants displayed both delayed germination and hypersensitivity to controlled seed aging
resulting in reduced seed viability relative to wild type controls. atlig6 atlig4 double mutants display greater sensitivity to
aging than the corresponding single mutants, indicative distinct but synergistic roles for atlig4 and atig6 in germination and
seed longevity. atlig6 mutant germination vigour is also markedly sensitive to stress conditions including oxidative stress
(menadione) and low temperatures. Consistent with the requirement of DNA ligases in rapid germination under stress, a
strong DNA double strand break (DSB) response is activated in the earliest stages of seed imbibition, implicating repair of
cytotoxic DSBs accumulated in the quiescent seed as an integral component of germination. Delayed radicle emergence
from both genotoxin treated seeds and mutants defective in DSB repair demonstrates that DNA repair is intimately linked
to the rate of germination progression. Our studies implicate the DNA repair capabilities of germinating seeds as major
determinants of seed quality and longevity.
Keywords: DNA damage, DNA ligase, DNA repair, Arabidopsis
Acknowledgements: BBSRC
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39.
DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES IN L. SEEDS DURING OSMOPRIMING.
Antunes, C.G.C., 2Ligterink, W., 1Pelacani, C.R., 3Aflitos, S.A., 3Castro, R.D., 3Fernandez, L.G., 4Toorop, P.E.,
Hilhorst, H.W.M. 1State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana-BA, Brazil, cimillebio@gmail.
com; 2Wageningen Seed Lab, Wageningen University, Netherlands; 3Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), ICS,
Salvador-BA, Brazil; 4Seed Millennium Bank/Kew Gardens, United Kingdom
1
Osmopriming of seeds leads to changes in the expression of a large number of genes, since the osmotic agent used
in the process (e.g. polyethylene glycol) can reactivate metabolism although germination will be prevented. Priming
treatments can increase seed vigour, allowing faster germination and field emergence, especially under adverse field
conditions. In order to identify and characterize genes that are involved in the vigour improvement of seeds upon
priming, we produced two different Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH) cDNA libraries. These were a Forward
and Reverse subtraction of cDNA samples isolated from untreated dry seeds (control) and dried primed seeds. The two
different libraries were sequenced by Illumina GAII next generation sequencing, resulting in almost 20 million reads of
75 bps that could be assigned to almost 5000 different genes. Of these 992 were only found in the control specific library
and 2672 genes were specific for the osmo-primed library. The functional annotation of these genes was analyzed and
the differential expression of several genes from each library was confirmed by qRT-PCR analysis. The results of this
analysis will be presented and candidate genes will be indicated that may play an important role in vigour improvement
upon priming. These genes may be potential markers for tolerance to water stress in C. pyramidalis seeds.
Keywords: Priming, Water deficit, Catingueira, SSH, Next generation sequencing.
Acknowledgements: CNPq, CAPES.
40. The re-establishment of Desiccation tolerance in germinated Arabidopsis

seeds and its ASSOCIATED transcriptome.
Maia, J., 1Dekkers, B.J.W., 1Ligterink, W., 1Hilhorst, H. W. M. 1Wageningen Seed Lab, Wageningen University,
Wageningen, The Netherlands, julio.maiadeoliveira@wur.nl
1
Anhydrobiosis (life without water) is found across all biological kingdoms and desiccation tolerance (DT) of organisms
is a highly relevant phenomenon in a social and economic context. Climate changes and shortage of arable land underlines
DT as a relevant trait for crops, as well as for wild plant species conservation. Many studies have aimed at understanding
the mechanisms involved in the loss and acquisition of DT. However, in this field of research a knowledge gap still
exists, due to the lack of a strong model system and many questions still need to be addressed: how can any organism
survive complete drying (< 0.1 g H2O/g dry weight)? Why can some organisms tolerate extreme loss of water whereas
others simply die after losing relatively small amounts of it? What are the structural, molecular, biochemical and genetic
principles involved in this fascinating phenomenon? We have developed a way to re-establish DT in germinated seeds of
Arabidopsis thaliana by treatment of the germinated seeds with polyethylene glycol. This system may prove useful for
the study of DT in higher plants, considering the availability of many genetic and molecular resources for Arabidopsis.
We present a comparison of the Arabidopsis transcriptome in desiccation sensitive (DS) and DT germinated seeds. In DT
germinated seeds up-regulation was found of transcripts encoding for LEA (Late Embryogenesis Abundant) proteins, seed
storage proteins such as cruciferins, enzymes involved in triacylglycerol synthesis, transcription factors and dormancy
related proteins. A massive repression of genes belonging to classes such as biogenesis, photosynthesis, cell cycle, DNA
synthesis and energy metabolism was observed in the DT sample. A significant overlap of this data-set with the one from
a similar system in Medicago truncatula was found. This overlap may highlight conserved core mechanisms and key
regulators of DT.
Keywords: Abiotic stress, Transcriptomics, Desiccation sensitivity, Dessication tolerance, LEA-proteins.
Acknowledgements: CAPES, WUR.
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41. ASSOCIATION OF METABOLITES WITH SEED AND SEEDLING QUALITY IN A TOMATO

RECOMBINANT INBRED POPULATION.
Kahn, N., Kazmi, R., Willems, L.A.J., Ligterink, W., Hilhorst, H.W.M. Wageningen Seed Lab, Wageningen
University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, Noorullah.Kahn@wur.nl
Plant growth and development are tightly linked to primary metabolism and are subject to natural variation, especially
during early stages of development. In order to obtain knowledge of the genetic factors controlling seed and seedling
biomass and primary metabolism, and to determine their relationship, a RIL population of Solanum lycopersicum (cv.
Money maker) x Solanum pimpinellifolium was analysed with respect to seed and seedling biomass and metabolite
composition using a GC-TOF-MS metabolic profiling approach (mQTL study). The mQTL study was done using
a generalized genetical genomics approach, meaning that for half of the lines of the population the dry seeds were
profiled and for the other half 6-hour imbibed seeds. We identified 46 phenotypic QTLs for seed and seedling traits and
164 metabolite QTLs (mQTLs). Out of these 164 mQTLs 54 could be identified. Many of the seed weight, size, and
seedling biomass QTL coincide with a number of mQTL, supporting the concept that metabolite profiles of seed and
seed and seedling biomass are genetically linked. For example we have identified major phenotypic QTL for more than
one phenotypic trait on linkage groups 1, 4, 7 and 9 and for single traits on linkage groups 3, 5, 6, 8, and 11. The same
intervals also harbour at least one significant mQTL. This information can be used to build a comprehensive picture
of associations between metabolites and seed and seedling phenotypes and provide a first step to the unravelling of the
complex metabolic networks that influence seedling quality.
Keywords: Seedling quality, QTL analysis, Tomato, Metabolomics, Generalized genetical genomics.
Acknowledgements: HEC Pak, NUFFIC, Technology Foundation STW
42. AN INCREASE ALTERNATIVE OXIDASE CAPACITY IS ASSOCIATED WITH PREVENTION OF

DESICCATION DAMAGE TO MITOCHONDRIA DURING DESICCATION-TOLERANCE ACQUISITION
OF MAIZE EMBRYOS.
Wu, J.H., 1Wang, W. Q., 1,2Moller, I. M., 1Song, S. Q., 1Cheng, H. Y. 1Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100093, China, hycheng@ibcas.ac.cn, 2Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of
Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Forsgsvej 1, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
1
Orthodox seeds gradually acquire desiccation tolerance (DT) during embryo development. The mechanism of seed
desiccation sensitivity/tolerance is not well understood. Mitochondria are the main source of ROS in seeds and shunting
electrons through the AOX pathway could play a major role in stress tolerance by limiting ROS production in the seed
mitochondria. Mitochondria were isolated from developing maize (Zea mays L. cv. Nongda 108) embryos at desiccation
sensitive/tolerant stages, and mitochondrial structural and functional integrity, as well as the relative contribution of the
AOX pathway (AOP) and cytochrome pathway (COP) to the respiratory rate, were investigated. Desiccation damaged
the inner mitochondrial membrane of desiccation-sensitive embryos and decreased energy production efficiency and
key enzyme activities in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The relative AOP capacity increased with embryo development
and with desiccation. It is suggested that the increased AOP capacity plays an important role in the acquisition of
embryo desiccation tolerance.
Keywords: seed development, respiration pathway, desiccation sensitivity, mitochondria membrane
Acknowledgements: NNSF of China (31070229, 30870223)
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43. A PROTEOMIC ANALYSIS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CHANGES IN DESICCATION TOLERANCE

DURING DEVELOPMENT AND GERMINATION OF MAIZE EMBRYOS.
Huang, H., 3Moller, I. M., 1Song, S. Q. 1 Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China,
sqsong@ibcas.ac.cn, 2 Kunming Institutes of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204,
China, 3 Department of Genetics and Biotechnology Research Centre Flakkebjerg, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
1,2
Desiccation tolerance of seed is one of important factor to determine on their survival during storage and under stress
conditions. Seeds of maize (Zea mays L. cv. Nongda 108) were used throughout their development and germination
to investigate the key proteins which were related to desiccation tolerance. These material has identical genetic
background, but with different desiccation tolerance. TBARS content and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents decreased
with acquisition desiccation tolerance and increased with loss desiccation tolerance. Comparative analysis of 2-DE
gels of desiccation-tolerant and -sensitive embryos before and after dehydration revealed 128 proteins spots changed
significantly in abundance. Of these proteins, 106 spots were identified successfully by MALDI-TOF and MALDI-TOFTOF. The largest functional group proteins changed in abundant was stress-related proteins (33.3%), i. e., calmodulinlike protein (spot 104), heat shock protein (HSPs) (spot 61) and small HSP (spot 74). The contrast between dehydratedstressed and non-stressed dehydration-tolerant embryos indicated that these embryos responded to the dehydration with
increased stress-related proteins and decreased basic metabolism such as protein metabolism (globulin 2, vicilin-like
embryo storage protein), carbohydration and energy metabolism and cytoskeleton dynamics. These results suggest that
desiccation-tolerance embryo must be required to make economical use of their substance and energy to accumulate of
putatively protective molecules (e.g. late embryogenesis abundant proteins) and antioxidant system, and to switch off
many metabolisms to deal with severely adverse environments.
Keywords: desiccation tolerance, development and germination of seed, proteomic analysis, Zea mays
Acknowledgements: NNSF of China (30870223)
44. COMBINED ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC ANALYSIS OF Medicago truncatula

SEEDLING GROWTH IN COLD CONDITIONS.
Pierre, J.,1Teulat-Merah, B., 2Juchaux, M., 3Ledroit, L., 4Wagner, M-H, 5Huget, S., 3Drr, C.1Agrocampus
Ouest and 3INRA , UMR 1191 Physiologie Molculaire des Semences, 16 bd Lavoisier, F-49045 Angers johann.
pierre@agrocampus-ouest.fr, 2 IFR 149 Quasav,42, Rue Georges Morel,F-49071 Beaucouz, 4GEVES SNES, rue
Georges Morel, F-49071 Beaucouz, 5URGV, 2 rue Gaston Crmieux, F-91057 Evry.
1
Cold temperatures during early growth stages are a major limitation for crop area distribution and crop yield. Seedling
growth in cold conditions was studied in Medicago truncatula at cellular and molecular scales to better understand growth
control and to identify possible candidate genes for crop improvement. The experiments were carried out at 10 C (cold
conditions) and at 20 C. Two genotypes, Jemalong A17 and F83005.5, with contrasting hypocotyl elongation were
compared. Hypocotyls grown in the dark were harvested at 35, 50 and 100 Cd after germination. Gene expression was
monitored with 24 Affymetrix Medicago GeneChips. Microscopy (SEM, photonic) observations and plody measurements
were made at the same sampling dates and during germination to obtain information on changes in the number and
length of the cells, and nucleus plody that could impact hypocotyl elongation in different conditions. Changes in soluble
sugar content were also monitored. While there were few differences in the number of cells and plody levels, significant
differences in soluble sugar contents were observed between the two temperatures, in interaction with the genotype.
More than 40% of the probe sets present on the gene chip displayed differential abundance either during the course of
elongation, or between temperatures, or between genotypes. These probe sets were analyzed according to these three
sources of variation and in the light of the seedling growth analysis carried out at the cellular level. The combination
of transcriptome and cellular analyses with previous results obtained from QTL analysis will help identify candidate
genes whose expression is assumed to play a crucial role in controlling hypocotyl elongation under one of the major
environmental stresses encountered by seedlings during sowing.
Keywords: Seedling, transcriptome, abiotic stress, legume
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45. Dissecting the protective Strategy DEVELOPED BY the seed of the NICKEL
hyperaccumulator shrub Psychotria douarrei
Villegente M, 1Zongo C, 2Job C, 2Job, D, 3Van Dorsselaer A, 3Strub J-M, 1Burtet-Sarramegna V, 1Fogliani
B. (1Laboratoire Insulaire du Vivant et de lEnvironnement (LIVE), Universit de la Nouvelle-Caldonie (UNC),
Nouma, Nouvelle-Caldonie, bruno.fogliani@univ-nc.nc, 2Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Bayer CropScience Joint Laboratory, Lyon, France, 3Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Strasbourg,
France)
1
New Caledonia is one of the worlds smallest hotspots for biodiversity, yet it is extremely diverse and, like the other
remnants of the ancient super-continent Gondwanaland, supports high levels of endemism. This rich biodiversity and
high endemism are due to its long-isolated evolution, as well as the variety of precipitation levels and very particular
ultramafic/serpentinic soils that cover more than one third of the country and are particularly rich in heavy metals such
as nickel. Our studies are focused on Psychotria douarrei (Rubiaceae), a shrub that is qualified as one of the world
records of hypernickelophores. Indeed Ni concentration in its leaves can reach up to 32.000 ppm. We have studied
some physiological and biochemical properties of their mature seeds, which may contain up to 9,000 ppm of Ni. We
observed a very peculiar pattern of Ni distribution into the seeds, with high Ni concentrations in the external part
and low concentrations close to the embryo. This suggested the existence of an active control of Ni distribution into
the seed to protect the embryo against injuries caused by metal ion hyperaccumulation. To understand the molecular
mechanisms potentially underlying this behavior, we performed a global proteomic analysis of the mature seeds. Our
data disclosed a number of proteins never described in other seeds, suggesting that endemic plants of New Caledonia
have developed unique survival/resistance mechanisms. The results enlighten the astonishing plasticity of plants to
cope with environmental stresses and also suggest new avenues for phytomining and phytoremediation of contaminated
soils.
Keywords: heavy metals, resistance, hyperaccumulation, New Caledonia
Acknowledgements: CNRS-Bayer, IPHC.
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Oral Presentations
Session 4
New seed uses and
Seed Biotechnology
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46. THE ROLE OF GIBBERELLIN IN DETERMINING WHEAT GRAIN SIZE AND QUALITY.
Vaughan, S.P., Wanchoo, A., Patil, A., Huttly, A., Phillips, A., Hedden, P. Rothamsted Research, Harpenden,
Herts AL5 2JQ, UK. Simon.Vaughan@bbsrc.ac.uk
Gibberellins (GAs) regulate many aspects of plant development and play key roles in both seed development and
germination. We undertook a study to investigate the role of GA in wheat (Triticum aestivum) grain development and the
link between GA production and grain quality. Transgenic lines were generated to ectopically express either PcGA2ox1,
encoding a GA 2-oxidase that catalyses GA inactivation, or AtGA20ox1, which encodes the biosynthetic enzyme, GA
20-oxidase. Transgene expression was driven by seed-specific promoters and targeted either to the endosperm or the
embryo/scutellum. We demonstrated that manipulation of GA levels in the developing grain had a significant effect on
both seed morphology and flour quality. Increasing GA levels resulted in bigger grain with up to 15% increases in grain
weight, whereas reducing bioactive GA levels in the developing seed resulted in a similar decrease in mature grain weight.
Significant effects on flour quality were also observed with -amylase levels in mature grain being elevated in AtGA20ox1
lines but greatly reduced in PcGA2ox1 lines. These results suggest that both yield and quality improvements may be made
through the manipulation of GA levels during grain development. However, increased seed size achieved through elevating
GA levels was associated with an increase in -amylase which is detrimental to flour quality. As such the manipulation
of GA in developing grain requires further study and refinement to enable separation of the two traits. To achieve this
we have developed a suite of seed-specific promoters which allow the targeted (temporal and spatial) expression of GA
biosynthetic, inactivating and signalling genes in specific grain tissues at specific times in grain development.
Keywords: Gibberellin, seed development, -amylase, wheat
47. GENES FOR SEED QUALITY: FROM GENETICS TO MOLECULAR PATHWAYS

Joosen, R.V.L., Willems, L.A.J., Van der Plas, L.H.W., Ligterink, W., Hilhorst, H.W.M. Wageningen Seed Lab,
Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, Ronny.Joosen@wur.nl
Seed performance is a complex trait which comprises a large number of physiological principles related to important
plant developmental processes. We are using an integrated approach to survey these processes and resolve the underlying
mechanisms. In this study we use an Arabidopsis recombinant inbred population (Bay-0xSha) and we mapped many
phenotypic QTLs for diverse seed quality traits, including dormancy, longevity and germination performance under
various environmental stresses. In parallel, we have performed a comprehensive metabolomics and transcriptomics
QTL study in a generalized setup allowing the use of four different developmental seed stages. Primary metabolites of
fresh, after-ripened and 6-hour imbibed seeds, as well as seeds at radicle protrusion were analyzed using GC-MS-TOF.
This metabolomics study revealed large genetic variation for many of the polar metabolites. The same developmental
stages were used for a transcriptomics eQTL study for which we used the Arabidopsis SNPtile array, a new full genome
Affymetrix tiling array which also harbors 250K SNPs. This allowed a detailed full genome analysis of all differential
expression in our population. By correlating the genetic variation for phenotype, metabolite and transcript levels we are
able to construct correlation networks that will provide new insights in the molecular mechanisms underlying natural
variation of seed quality.
Keywords: Seed quality, QTL analysis, Arabidopsis, Metabolomics, Transcriptomics, Generalized genetical genomics.
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48. CHANGE IN 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase ALTERS SEED DORMANCY AND GERMINATION.

Martinez-Andujar, C., 2Ordiz, I.M., 2Huang, Z., 1Nonogaki, M., 2Beachy, R.N. 1Nonogaki, H. (1Department of
Horticulture, Oregon State University hiro.nonogaki@oregonstate.edu, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA, 2Danforth Plant
Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA)
1
A number of studies of seed biology have suggested that biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA)
activates expression of some genes and reduces the expression of others during seed dormancy and germination. The
target of signal transduction proteins downstream of ABA and GA perception appears to include feedback regulation
of the hormone metabolism genes. We hypothesized that change in transcription of a single hormone metabolism
gene could determine whether imbibed seeds remain dormant or commence germination. To test this hypothesis,
we used a chemically inducible gene expression system that is based on the ecdysone receptor EcR and the ligand
methoxyfenozide. The induction of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 6 (NCED6), a gene encoding one of the ratelimiting ABA biosynthesis enzymes, in imbibed Arabidopsis seeds by the ligand resulted in a 20-fold increase in ABA
levels and suppressed germination. The suppression of germination in the induced seeds was cancelled by co-incubation
with fluridone, a carotenoid biosynthesis (hence ABA biosynthesis) inhibitor; this response mimics the response of
naturally dormant wild-type seeds to fluridone. These results indicate that the substrates for NCED are continuously
synthesized in imbibed seeds, and that the levels of NCED can be a sole determinant of dormancy or germination. This
study also opens a possibility to develop a robust technology to suppress or promote seed germination through hormone
metabolism engineering.
Keywords: ABA, dormancy, GA, germination
49. PROCEDURES FOR EVALUATION OF Amburana cearensis ALL. A.C. SMITH. SEED VIGOR, INCLUDING
AN AUTOMATED COMPUTER IMAGING SYSTEM.
Guedes, R. S., 1Alves, E. U., 2Marcos filho, J., 2Gomes Junior, F. G. 1Universidade Federal da Paraba (UFPB),
Areia, PB, Brazil, roberta_biologa09@yahoo.com.br, 2 Universidade de So Paulo/ESALQ, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil,
jmarcos@esalq.usp.br
1
Speed and uniformity of seedling emergence and stand establishment are crucial issues to support high productivity
Amburana cearensis All. A.C. Smith. seedlings. As a consequence, the development and improvement of reproducible
procedures to evaluate the physiological attributes of seed quality is a continuing need of the seed industry. This work
will be conducted at the Department of Plant Production of the School of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz, to evaluate the
efficiency of the analysis of digital images of seedlings (Seedling Vigor Imaging System - SVIS ) in determining the
physiological potential of seeds of A. cearensis. A. cearensis seedlings were taken from the germination chamber at the
nine day of development and ordered over a scanner surface to capture the images. There was a computational procedure to
measure the total length, with the sum of epicotyls and also for all root system. Were testedinfield emergenceandaccelerated
aging, seeking comparison with the method under study. The results showed that the digital technique makes it possible
to associate the data obtained in processing to eventual vigor differences existing in Amburana cearensis seed lots, in a
similar way to the other methods appointed to seed vigor evaluation by the referred species.
Keywords: cumaru, Native plants, Analysis of seeds.
Acknowledgements: CNPq
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50. RADIOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS IN Amburana cearensis ALL. A.C. SMITH.

Guedes, R. S., 1Alves, E. U., 2Marcos Filho, J., 2Gomes Junior, F. G. 1Universidade Federal da Paraba (UFPB),
Areia, PB, Brazil, roberta_biologa09@yahoo.com.br, 2 Universidade de So Paulo/ESALQ, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil,
jmarcos@esalq.usp.br.
1
The quick and precise evaluation of seed quality by x-ray test is known as an effective method to evaluate seed lots, but
little is known about the interpretation between of the type of radiographic image and the seed quality correlation. The
potential of x-ray analysis as a marker of seed physiological quality and as an initial process for the implementation of the
use of computer-assisted image analysis was investigated using Amburana cearensis All. A.C. Smith. seeds of the different
lots of seeds. The objectives of this study were to adapt the X-ray method to verify the occurrence of alteration in the
internal morphology and its effects on the seed quality of the A. cearensis. The seeds were placed in acrylic transparent
plates and radiographed. The time and intensity used during the X-ray test were previously tested. Four replications of
25 seeds for each treatment were used. The seeds were placed in paper towel and kept for 12 days in an incubator (BOD)
adjusted at constant temperature (30 oC) and 12-hour photoperiod. The parameters evaluated were speed of germination
and final germination percentage. It was possible to identify the different types of internal tissues, morphological and
physical damage in A. cearensis seeds using the x-ray test. Radiographic analysis is effective as an instrument to improve
A. cearensis seed lot quality. This non destructive analysis allows the prediction of seedling performance and enabled the
selection of high-quality seeds under the standards of a sustainable and precision agriculture.
Keywords: cumaru, Native plants, Analysis of seeds, potentialphysiological.
51. MEASURING SPECIFIC FATTYACIDS IN OIL SEEDS FOR INDUSTRIAL USES BY HIGH THROUGHPUT
OR NON DESCTRUCTIVE METHODS: THE INTEREST OF NEAR INFRARED SPECTROMETRY.
Calmon A., 1Berger, M., 1Levasseur, C., 2Labalette.F., 3Castellanet, P., 4Florin, C.1Universit de Toulouse, Ecole
dIngnieurs de Purpan Laboratoire dAgrophysiologie, F-31076 Toulouse, France, anne.calmon@purpan.fr,
2
ONIDOL, F-75008 Paris, France, 3Caussade semences, F-82303 Caussade, France, 4Maisadour semences, F-40001
Mont de Marsan, France
1
Most of fats and oils worldwide production is used for human foodstuffs. However, there is now increasing interest
in industrial uses: about one fifth of the production is available for oleochemistry, essentially for biofuels, but also
biolubricants and biosolvents. These new markets give rise to new quality criterions. The EU biofuel directive stipulates
that national measures must be taken to replace 10% of all transport fossil fuels with biofuels by 2020. Two oilseeds are
mainly used: rapeseed and sunflower, with very specific fatty acids profiles, like very high oleic sunflowers. Ongoing
genetic and agronomic researches are carried to ensure enough content of the desired fatty acid(s) in the seed. This raises
two analytical problems: a) qualification of the raw material (high valued seeds from the harvest to the crushing centers)
and b) in breeding programs: high throughput analysis of few, sometime single, seeds. Chemometrics is an interesting
way to solve this problem without chemical methods that are expensive, time consuming and using hazardous chemicals.
Despite some limitations due to the particular anatomy of the achene, near Infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) offers fast and
low cost solutions for industrial use. We have developed methods for high oleic sunflower crushed seeds (R>98% and
SECV=1.5%), or nondestructive methods for single seeds (R=97%; SECV = 3.4%). In rapeseed, these analyses can be
carried out without any preparation (R>80%; SECV =2.3%). Calibrations for other fatty acids and minor oil components
are in development. The major limitation of these methods which rely entirely on the quality of the calibration phase
(reference methods and variability of the reference material used) will be discussed.
Keywords: sunflower, rapeseed, fatty acids, Near InfraRed Spectroscopy
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52. NON INVASIVE VITALITY EVALUATION OF TREE SEEDS (Fagus sylvatica L.) BY MEANS OF
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING SPECTROSCOPY.
Gorian, F., 1Pasquini, S. , 2Sequi, P., 2Valentini, M., 2Marconi, S., 1Corpo Forestale dello Stato (CFS), Peri-Verona
(Italy), f.gorian@corpoforestale.it, 2Centro Ricerche Agricole-Relazioni tra pianta e suolo (RA-RPS), Roma, Italy
1
Quality analysis on dormant seeds is usually carried out by using tetrazolium salts because germination can take until 8
months. The main disadvantage in the use of tetrazolium is that it is invasive, time consuming and operator dependant;
therefore this type of analysis is not recommended for small lots, red list and endemic species. Thus, research is focused on
the development of an alternative reliable method capable of determining the healthy state of a seed. X-ray analysis yields
interesting information, nevertheless the possible danger for the analyst and the images, not always clear, are negative
issues in using such an approach. In this work we used magnetic resonance imaging spectroscopy (MRI), a non invasive
method, to study the vitality of some tree seed species such as Jatropha curcas, Abies alba and Fagus sylvatica. In
particular we elucidated the internal seed structure of this last species. MRI allowed to obtain non destructively high
resolution spatial images of any section of the seed. Spin-density-, T1- and T2-weighted images highlighted the internal
morphology. A viable seed could be distinguished in the MRI image through its components: the embryo, the nutritive
tissues and the outer protective layers which were all well defined, and appeared homogeneous and undamaged in all their
parts. On the contrary, in non viable seeds the nutrient tissues were modified and the embryo is not evident. MRI evidences
were supported by the results of the tetrazolium test applied to the same seeds immediately after MRI analysis, being the
concordance above 90%.
Keywords: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Spectroscopy, Seed quality testing, Seed vitality
Acknowledgements: CFS, CRA, ISTA.
53. INTEGRATED SEQUENTIAL SEED TREATMENT A SOLUTION FOR ESTABLISHMENT AND YIELD
IMRPOVEMENT IN MAIZE HYBRID CO(H)M 5.
Renganayaki, P. R. and 1Ramamoorthy. K. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil
Nadu, INDIA prr1966@gmail.com
1
Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important cereal crop. Everyone agrees that the real value of a seed is the genetic material
that it hides inside. But theres a reason these days to look at whats on the outside of a seed as well. Scientists have
developed a number of treatments that protect seeds from a variety of hazards, from pests to stress conditions. Seed
coatings with natural or synthetic polymers have gained rapid acceptance by the seed industry as a much safer coating
material. These coatings are extremely thin, which allows multiple layers on the seed with only a one to ten per cent
increase in seed weight. The film coat provides a uniform, yet precise placement of chemicals at much lower rates and
offers the opportunity to add many enhancement layers as needed to improve performance and also prevents the dusting
off of the chemicals coated, hence offer opportunity for complete utilization of the coated enhancement materials. The
present study concentrated on integrated sequential seed coating with insecticide (imidachloprid @ 1mlkg-)), pesticide
(carbendazim @2gkg-)), and micronutrient agromin @ 4ml/kg) was tried by using polymer (@4glkg-)), as adhesive
which also improves the aesthetic value of seed and offer brand identity. A close analysis of the present investigation
revealed that seed coating with polykote @ 4g +imidachloprid @ 1 mL + carbendazim @ 2 g + micronutrient mixture
@ 4 mL kg-1 were able to increase early emergence, establishment of seedlings with higher vigour, growth and yield of
maize. The reason ascribed was that coating treatments improved the plant growth during early stages with increased
vigour and stronger root system, which in turn derived the available soil moisture and nutrients enabling better growth
and higher yield.
Keywords: Maize, integrated seed coating, seedling performance, yield
Acknowledgement: PHI, Hyderabad, India
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54. CHANGES IN PROTEIN PROFILE, DNA, PHYTATE AND POTASSIUM CONTENT DUE TO PRIMING
IN MAIZE (Zea mays L.) HYBRID SEEDS.
Sathish, S., 2Sundareswaran, S., 1Ganesan, K. N. and 3Senthil, N. 1Seed Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
Coimbatore, India. 2Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam,
India, sundarseeds@gmail.com, 3Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU),
Coimbatore, India.
1
The present study was carried out with the objective to investigate the changes in profile of three different proteins viz.,
total protein, soluble protein and heat stable protein due to priming and also the changes in DNA, phytate and potassium
contents due to priming and on subsequent germination (6, 12, 24 & 48 h) of COH(M) 5 maize hybrid seeds. Seeds
primed with 1% KH2PO4 for 6 h recorded the maximum germination of 98% and vigour index of 4839 followed by the
seeds primed with water for 6 h. Seeds primed with 1% KH2PO4 and water for 6 h showed an increase in the intensity
of protein bands at molecular weight of 20.1-kDa and 26.7-kDa in soluble protein profile, 50.6-kDa in both soluble and
total protein profile and 66-kDa in heat stable protein profile when compared to unprimed seeds. The DNA content was
increased during the course of germination due to priming treatments which was evidenced by two fold increase at 12
h of germination over unprimed seeds. Phytate, content declined rapidly and significantly after priming and also during
subsequent germination of primed seeds than the unprimed seeds. In the seeds primed with 1% KH2PO4, the potassium
content increased significantly after priming, while it was decreased in those seeds primed with water. However, during
the course of germination, the potassium content decreased rapidly and significantly both in seeds primed with 1%
KH2PO4 and water when compared to unprimed seeds. From these results, it is evident that the increased protein content
during priming, increased DNA content and rapid decline in phytate content during the course of germination could be
the reason for enhanced vigour and germination of primed seeds. Further, the better performance of seeds primed with
1% KH2PO4 might be due to the increase in potassium content during priming.
Keywords: Seed priming, Maize hybrid, Protein and DNA, Phytate
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Oral Presentations
Session 5
Seed Ecology
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55. Dormancy cycling in Arabidopsis: What can molecular-ecology tell us about

the bet-hedging of germination timing in the soil seed bank.
Footitt, S., ler-Footitt, H.,1Douterelo Soler, I., Clay, H., Dent, K., Finch-Savage, W.E., School of Life Sciences,
Wellesbourne Campus, University of Warwick, United kingdom;1Department of Biological Sciences, Dumlupinar
niversity, Ktahya, Turkey
Dormancy cycling in seeds is an adaptive trait evolved to cope with environments prone to rapid and potentially unpredictable
changes. It enables dispersal of the vulnerable vegetative stage in time and space. This is a bet-hedging strategy, whereby
individuals in a population have a range of responses to seasonal weather patterns, to increase reproductive success. Using
a molecular-ecological approach we investigated the response of signalling pathways in seeds within the soil to seasonal
changes in the soil environment. We use this data to evaluate how changes in gene expression impact on germination
timing in the highly dormant ecotype Cape Verdi Isle (CVi). Following burial in autumn, dormancy level increased
dramatically before declining in the spring; these changes were inversely related to soil temperature. In late spring/summer
thermodormancy decreased enlarging the window of opportunity for germination. Analysis of gene expression revealed
two ABA related signalling pathways related to slow seasonal change and comprised deep and shallow dormancy signalling
components. The deep dormancy pathway reflected increased ABA sensitivity and ABI3, DOG1& MFT expression. While
shallow dormancy was related to the regulation of germination potential via increased expression of the suppressors ABI4,
Phytochrome Interacting Factors and DELLAs. The transition between these two pathways was marked by an increase
in ABI5, NRT1 & NR1 expression. Expression of the latter led directly to increased nitrate sensitivity, part of a spatial
sensing mechanism. These changes can be interpreted in the context of fluctuating opportunities for germination, and
establishment controlled by the seeds ability to sense and interpret environmental signals within the soil seed bank.
Keywords: Dormancy cycling, bet-hedging, environmental sensing, gene expression.
56. ARE ECOLOGICAL TRAITS CONSTRAINTS TO TROPICAL FOREST SEED ANALYSES?

Pia-Rodrigues, F. C. M., 2Figliolia, M. B. 1Universidade Federal de So Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba-SP, Brazil,
fpina@ufscar.br, 2Instituto Florestal de So Paulo (IFSP), So Paulo-SP, Brazil
1
Classification of forest species based on their germination response to light and gaps include them into pioneers (dependent
on the light to germinate) and non-pioneer (germination under forest canopy). We test the hypotheses that previous ecological
classification of species as pioneer, secondary or climax can contribute to define standard responses to germination tests
when they do not exist. This study investigated the relationship between light and germination behavior of 60 Atlantic
Forest species under continuous light conditions (dark, white, red, far red, green), two substrate moisture levels (< 50%
and 80-90% of field capacity) and temperature (25 and 30 C) and their functional group classification. Ordination analyses
were performed by principal component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis and chi-square were applied to group and test
species based on germination traits (speed of germination, germinability), germination requirements, and functional group
classification based on published literature. Temperature and substrate humidity rather than light requirements explained
species ecological groups. In secondary species (including early, late secondary and species classified as late secondary/
climax species), light requirements were neutral (66.7%), with species that can germinate with presence or absence of light,
and positive (55.6%), with species that light is necessary to promote germination. Also they were more adapted to 25 C
and the drier substrate (< 50% of field capacity), while pioneers were light demand (63.3%), neutral (20%) and 16.7% were
negative and can only germinate in the dark. In this ecological group there were species that were classified simultaneously
as secondary and climax. Exclusively climax species were not neutral; with 40% negative and 44.4% positive and 15.6%
did not germinate. Species from different ecological groups were affected by the same factors, nevertheless with different
intensities. There was a continuum in seed response to tested ecological factors, and classification based only on gap and
light response was not efficient to establish light, temperature and substrate moisture levels in germination tests. Although
literature reports that pioneer were light demanding species, we observed that this condition cannot be applied to all
studied species of this ecological group.
Keywords: Ecological groups, seed quality, Atlantic Forest
Acknowledgements: Reserva Natural da Vale
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57. DORMANCY AND STORAGE BEHAVIOUR OF SEEDS OF 102 TROPICAL FABACEAE SPECIES
FROM SRI LANKA
Jayasuriya, K.M.G.G., 2Baskin, J.M., 2,3Baskin, C.C., 1Wijetunga, A.S.T.B. 1Department of Botany, University of
Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. gejaya@gmail.com, 2Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington,
KY 40506, USA, 3Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
1
Fabaceae is a large family consists of more than 15, 000 species distributed throughout the world. Information on
dormancy and storage behaviour of seeds of tropical Fabaceae species are limited. Thus, the aim of our study was to reveal
the basic information of dormancy and storage behaviour of 102 haphazardly-selected native, endemic, introduced and
invasive tropical fabaceae species from Sri Lanka. Seeds were collected from more than 3 individuals from each species
throughout Sri Lanka. Initial seed weight was measured as seeds were brought to University of Peradeniya. Germination
and imbibition of fresh intact seeds and manually scarified seeds were studied to determine the type of dormancy. Initial
seed moisture and effect of drying and low temperature storage on viability was determined to reveal the seed storage
behaviour. Forty two percent of the species studied were trees, and there were climbers, runners, herbs and shrubs. Ninety
four percent of the study species produced orthodox seeds, four percent recalcitrant seeds and two percent intermediate
seeds. Physical dormancy was the most prominent dormancy type (83% of the study species) among the studied fabaceae
species. However, among these physically dormant seed producing species proportion of physically dormant seeds in a
seed batch ranges from 100% to 33%. Twelve percent of the study species produced nondormant seeds while five percent
of them produced physiologically dormant seeds.
Keywords: Physical dormancy, Physiological dormancy, Recalcitrant seeds, Orthodox seeds.
Acknowledgements: Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
58. evolutionary ecophysiology of seed dormancyand germination in Neotropical

montane savannas.
Silveira, F. A. O., 1Robles, N. C., 1Sales, N. M., 1Fernandes, G. W., 1Lemos-Filho, J. P. (1Universidade Federal de
Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, faosilveira@gmail.com).
1
In this study we analyzed the effects of phylogeny, habitat and life-history on the germination ecology of 50 Melastomataceae
species from Neotropical mountains, southeastern Brazil. Melastomataceae is the ideal taxa for evaluating historical
and ecological correlates with seed ecology because of among-species variation in life-forms, habitats, dispersal mode
and distribution range. Habitat, growth-form and dispersal were not correlated with germinability, but were associated
with differences in MGT. Slower germination was found in sub-shrubs, in xerophytes and in biotic-dispersed species.
Geographic distribution was not related to germination parameters. Species in Melastomeae presented higher germinability
(%) compared to the other tribes whereas mean germination time (MGT) was higher in species belonging to Miconieae.
We found significant two-level interactions in seven out of 15 possible interactions among explanatory variables for
germinability and 10 out of 15 for MGT. Three-level interactions were also found, demonstrating the complexity of factors
controlling germination in seasonal, species-rich and heterogeneous savannas. Our results suggest that germination time is
under strong selective pressure and its importance may have been underestimated in the germination ecology of montane
savannas communities. As expected, physiological dormancy (indicated by germinability <10%) was strongly associated
with xeric habitats in species shedding seeds during unfavorable times for seedling establishment. This study provides
limited support for the role of germination in contributing to ecological breadth and geographic range but, rather, shows
that regeneration strategies are dependent upon functional groups and evolutionary history.
Keywords: Cerrado, germination time, Melastomataceae, physiological dormancy.
Acknowledgements: CNPq, FAPEMIG, CAPES.
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59. DIMORPHIC CYPSELA GERMINATION AND PLANT GROWTH IN Synedrella nodiflora (L.) GAERTN
(ASTERACEAE).
Souza Filho, P. R. M., 1Takaki, M. (1Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp), Rio Claro,
So Paulo, Brazil. paulorob2000@gmail.com
1
Synedrella nodiflora is a weed species that have dimorphic cypselas. The two types are: the peripheral which has a
membranal wing and the central which has lanceolate shape with awned pappus. The objective of this work ass to
characterize the S. nodiflora dimorphic cypselas within a population by morphometric measurements, by imbibition
rates and by germinative patterns under abiotic factors, and compare the plant growth for each type. The germination
was evaluated by constant (10 to 45 C, with 5 C intervals) and alternating (20-30 C, 25-35 C and 30-40 C)
temperatures, different light qualities (different phytochrome photoequilibrium, =Pfr:Pt), water availability (0.0 to
-1.2 MPa, with -0.2 intervals). Plant growth was done under two light treatments: direct sun light (=0.61) and shade
light (=0.52) in a greenhouse for 150 days, and every 30 days, twenty plants from each treatment were measured. The
central cypsela type was lighter, longer and its pappi were elongated, promoting advantages in ectozoochoric dispersion,
while the peripheral one was heavier and protected by bracts. Under different abiotic factors the cypselas germinability
has no significant difference between their dormancy levels, although the central one presented faster germination not
caused by imbibitions rate differences. Both cypselas germinate better in environments where temperatures are between
25 and 30 C, under direct sun light (phytochrome photoequilibrium above 0.48) and have high water availability
(below -0.8MPa). The plants under direct sun light had fast development and more inflorescences production when
compared with shade grown plants. 150 capitulum under shade growth days plants produced a higher amount of central
than peripheral types (1.81 mean ratio) when compared to the direct sun light (1.53 mean ratio). S. nodiflora is adapted
to shade conditions which determine a large distribution in these environments.
Keywords: Phytocrome Photoequilibrium, Water Availbility, Abiotic Factors, Weed
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Oral Presentations
Session 6
Biodiversity and
Germplasm Conservation
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60. The ex situ conservation strategy for endangered plant species: Small samples,
storage and Lessons from seed collected from US National Parks.
Walters, C.1, Kennedy, K.2, Brian, N.3, Strong, A.2, Hill, L.M.1, Luhman, R.2, Mehrhoff, L.4, Dratch, P.4, and
Raven, P.5 1USDA-ARS National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation, Fort Collins, CO, USA; 2Center for
Plant Conservation, Saint Louis, MO, USA; 3Biological Resource Management Division, National Park Service,
Fort Collins, CO, USA; US Fish and Wildlife Service, Fort Collins, CO and Honolulu, HI,USA; 5Missouri Botanical
Garden (emeritus), Saint Louis, MO, USA
Ex situ collections of seeds sampled from wild populations provide germplasm for restoration and for scientific study
about biological diversity. Seed collections of endangered species are urgent because they might forestall ever-dwindling
population size and genetic diversity. However, collecting seeds from endangered populations is fraught with difficulty
because the extremely small sample sizes and limited knowledge of seed biology challenge our abilities to make, maintain
and use samples that are genetically representative of the wild population. Research increasingly shows that seed
banking principles developed for domesticated species may be applicable to wild populations, with caution and notable
exceptions. This paper investigates particular aspects of seed quality and storage physiology using seeds collected from
endangered species located in US National Parks. New techniques that non-invasively evaluate initial quality, predict
storage behavior, and monitor seed aging are implemented to facilitate basic seed banking operations without consuming
precious seed. The National Parks Collection represents an unprecedented collaboration among US agencies and nongovernment organizations and will provide a model for making scientific collections of germplasm from rare materials for
future generations.
Keywords: ex situ, endangered, seed quality, non-invasive tests
Acknowledgements: Supported by National Park Service (CAH2623032060), Center for Plant Conservation, Luce
Foundation, Edward K. Love Conservation Foundation, ChevronTexaco and private donations
61. Unravelling the cryptic life of seeds of Hordeum vulgare L. through quantitative
genetics
Adimargono P. S., Effgen S., Harperscheidt M., Koornneef M. Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max
Planck Institute of Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linn-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
Unlike organisms which can actively avoid or escape environmental stresses, those that cannot have the ability to
endure such stresses or they die. In order to survive the juvenile stage of their life history, orthodox seeds posses an
extreme ability to hide the fact that they are alive by being in a cryptobiotic state. As a result of the apparent lifeless
state of life, conjectures about how orthodox seeds lose their viability in time remain unanswered.A quantitative genetic
approach was chosen to obtain educated guesses in unravelling the cryptic life of dry orthodox seeds. A population
of 117 Recombinant Inbred Lines (F10 RILs) derived from a cross between L94 (Ethiopian barley) and Cebada Capa
(Argentinean barley) were used in our study. Seeds of all materials, harvested in 2006, 2007 and 2008, were dried
to 10% relative humidity at 20EC then stored hermetically 5 C below their glassy-state temperature at 60EC. Seed
survival curves were constructed for all RILs and parental lines. The intercept and slope of the seed survival curve
were measures for potential longevity and rate of loss in longevity, respectively. Traits that are often suggested to
correlate with seed longevity, namely, seed colour and weight were also determined.These traits were associated with
a genetic map composed of 369 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP), 11 Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) and 2
morphological markers. All SNP markers were derived from Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs). Seven major QTLs
were detected for seed longevity and Near Isogenic Lines (NILs) were developed to confirm the found QTLs. QTLs for
seed colour and weight were detected adjacent to several major QTLs, explaining the correlation between these traits
and seed longevity. Furthermore, for some genes adjacent to the position of the detected QTLs with known proteins
and antibodies, the expression of these proteins were studied on the RILs with seed longevity exceeding and below the
parents and NILs; and correlated with their longevity. The usefulness of these proteins as universal markers for seeds
longevity, were tested on 14 genotypes of lettuce and tomato seeds having undergone various pre-treatments. The
potential use of these proteins as markers for seed longevity is discussed.
Keywords: Hordeum vulgare L., seed longevity, quantitative genetics
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62. THE EFFECT OF DRYING RATE ON THE RESPONSE OF RECALCITRANT SEEDS OR EMBRYOS/
EMBRONIC AXES TO DEHYDRATION: THE INVOLVEMENT OF OXIDATIVE PROCESSES.
Pammenter, N.W., Varghese, B., Sershen, Berjak, P. School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University
of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa, varghese@ukzn.ac.za
It is now well established that the response of recalcitrant seeds or embryos/embryonic axes to dehydration depends on
the rate of drying: material dried rapidly can survive (in the short-term) to lower water contents than that dried slowly.
It has been suggested that this is because the processes leading to viability loss at high water contents are aqueous based
and oxidative in nature. Material dried slowly spends longer at these water contents, allowing considerable damage to
accumulate, leading to viability loss at high water contents. Rapidly dried material passes through this water content range
too fast for oxidative damage to accumulate to lethal levels, permitting survival to lower water contents. In the present
study recalcitrant seeds of Trichilia dregeana were used to assess this hypothesis. Embryonic axes were either dried slowly
in the whole seed (over 60 d) or excised and dried rapidly in an air stream (5 h, flash drying). Rapidly dried axes survive
to a water content of 0.3 g/g (dry mass basis) whilst in those dried slowly viability loss was initiated at a water content of
approximately 0.8 g/g). Levels of the hydroxyl radical and lipid peroxidation were significantly higher in slowly dried than
rapidly dried axes. Enzymic anti-oxidant activities declined in axes dried slowly and there was a significant relationship
between activity and viability, but in rapidly dried axes anti-oxidant activity was maintained. The glutathione/glutathione
disulphide ratio declined, and the glutathione redox potential increased with slow drying, and this correlated with viability
loss. The data suggest that the cause of death in rapidly dried axes of T. dregeana was a failure of mechanisms protecting
against oxidative damage, and are consistent with the concept that viability loss under different drying rates can have
different causes, explaining the effect of drying rate.
Keywords: recalcitrant seed, drying rate, oxidative damage.
63. CATHODIC QUENCHING OF ROS: A CASE STUDY ON DESICCATION SENSITIVE Strychnos gerrardii
zygotic EMBRYOS.
Berjak, P., Sershen, Varghese, B., Pammenter, N.W. School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University
of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South, Africa Berjak@ukzn.ac.za
Recalcitrant seeds are desiccation sensitive and so cryopreservation of excised embryos/embryonic axes is the only
potential route for the long-term preservation of this material. This process involves a number of sequential steps, many of
which have the potential to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). It is widely accepted that the successful cryostorage
of these explants depends not only on the avoidance of ice crystal damage but also protection against oxidative stress.
Conventional attempts to counteract ROS activity include the provision of exogenous synthetic or naturally-occurring
anti-oxidants and transition metal chelating agents. However, many synthetic anti-oxidants are cytotoxic, and chelating
transition metal cations can give rise to nutrient deficiencies. The present study investigates an alternate strategy to
counteract ROS using a variant of cathodic protection. Excised recalcitrant zygotic embryos of Strychnos gerardii were
exposed to cathodic water, the product of electrolysis of dilute salt solutions, to investigate whether this brought about
the reduction of ROS during the steps necessary for cryopreservation. Excision of even a portion of the cotyledons was
associated with a short but intense burst of extracellular superoxide and the failure to produce shoots in all embryos.
Immersion in cathodic water immediately after excision partially alleviated this with > 60% of undried embryos treated
with cathodic water producing shoots. After rehydration following flash-drying there was an increase in extracellular
superoxide production and a superoxide burst after 4 h in vitro recovery. Rehydration with cathodic water reduced the
level of extracellular superoxide production after 4 h in vitro recovery and axes exhibited better vigour and viability than
those rehydrated with non-electrolysed water. The beneficial effects of exposure to cathodic water were also observed
in partially dried and cryopreserved embryos.
Keywords: recalcitrant seed, ROS, cryopreservation; antioxidant, cathodic water
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64. The isotherm curve: a biophysical tool to predict seed viability and
longevity?
Sheila Adimargono P. 1, 2, 3 and Richard H. Ellis1 .1Department of Agriculture, University of Reading, Earley Gate,
P.O. Box 236, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom,2 Department of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University,
Arboretumlaan 4, 6703BD Wageningen, The Netherlands,3Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck
Institute of Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linn-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
Isotherm curves have been suggested as a biophysical tool to predict seed desiccation tolerance, viability and longevity:
the sharpness of the knee of an isotherm curve may relate to seed viability and ability to withstand desiccation. The
isotherm curves monolayer moisture content is suggested to indicate the optimum moisture content for seed longevity.
Embryo, endosperm and seed isotherm curves of several genotypes of Hordeum vulgare L. with differences in viability,
rate of loss in longevity, and progress of germination sensu strictu, were constructed at 10, 20, 30 and 40 C with a
hygrometer that mimics sealed systems. The Langmuir and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) equations were used to
describe the properties of these materials.With reference to the view that isotherm curve properties correlate with seed
desiccation tolerance, viability and longevity, the actual monolayer moisture contents indicated by heat curves show
that seeds stored hermetically at moisture contents in equilibrium with 10-15% relative humidity at 20 C are not
dried excessively because they show the greatest longevity. In order to limit increases in water activity due to transfer
to a lower temperature, the findings in this study suggest that seeds should be dried to ~6 to 7% equilibrium relative
humidity at 20 C prior to hermetic storage. Even though this equilibrium relative humidity is considerably lower
than the equilibrium relative humidity at which monolayer is completed, the longevity of all materials studied were
comparable to those stored at moisture content is equilibrium with 10-15% relative humidity at 20 C. No evidence was,
therefore, found to support the view that isotherm curve properties correlate with seed desiccation tolerance, viability
and longevity and seeds of species with orthodox seed storage behaviour should be desiccated to very low equilibrium
relative humidity in order to maximize their longevity in hermetic storage.
Keywords: Hordeum vulgare L., isotherm curve, seed longevity, seed storage.
65. Relationships of SEED sorption and desorption isotherms to seed storability.

Bello, P. H. N., 2Zuchi, J., 3Schwember, A. R., 1Bradford, K. J. (1Department of Plant Sciences, Seed Biotechnology
Center, University of California, Davis, 95616 USA, kjbradford@ucdavis.edu, 2Universidade Federale de Viosa,
Viosa-MG, Brazil, 3Pontificia Universidad Catlica, Santigo, Chile)
1
Current research on seed storage seeks efficient methods to conserve and extend seed viability. Seed longevity is
highly sensitive to seed moisture content (MC), e.g., a 1% increase in seed MC results in an approximately 50%
reduction in seed longevity at a given temperature. The seed MC at a given relative humidity (RH) is higher when the
seed is losing water (desorption isotherm) than when it is absorbing water (sorption isotherm). This difference in MC
(hysteresis) is seldom taken into account when determining seed MC or when drying or storing seeds. We characterized
the seed sorption and desorption isotherms of five species (lettuce, carrot, radish, pepper and sweet corn). Consistent
and reproducible differences in seed MC on the order of 0.5 to 1% MC at the same RH were obtained for seeds of each
species depending upon whether they were on their sorption or desorption isotherms. Seeds equilibrated at a given
RH (below ~68%) lost viability more rapidly when on their desorption isotherm than when on their sorption isotherm,
suggesting that it is MC per se rather than equilibrium RH or water activity (aw) that determines seed deterioration
kinetics. Alternatively, the differences in MC at a give RH may reflect underlying structural/mechanical differences
that contribute to seed deterioration and are manipulated by sorption/desorption history. These results suggest a number
of opportunities for modifying seed drying, treatment and storage protocols to extend seed storage life by assuring that
seeds are stored on their sorption isotherms rather than their desorption isotherms.
Keywords: Seed longevity, moisture content, water activity, relative humidity, isotherms
Acknowledgements: Western Regional Seed Physiology Research Group (WRSPRG), CAPES
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66. Conservation of Germplasm Collections - Biochemical and Genetic Impacts on

Seed Ageing in Barley.
Nagel, M., 2Kranner, I., 1Brner, A. 1Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben,
Germany, Nagel@ipk-gatersleben.de, 2Seed Conservation, KEW Gardens, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, UK
1
During the last century scientific research in seed science revealed that viability of seeds is limited. Strong differences
in the shelf-life of seeds exist among species. The present study on barley accessions also shows differences appearing
between single genotypes. After a storage period of 34 years most accessions maintained high germination rates (> 90%)
but in some cases depletions below 10% was observed. A follow up association mapping study using genebank accessions
confirmed the genetic control of seed longevity and linked it to a variety of abiotic and biotic stress reactions occurring
during different developmental stages.Reactive oxygen species and antioxidants are assumed to be majorly involved in
this reaction. To understand abiotic stress reaction occurring during storage we investigate the relationships between the
antioxidant glutathione (g-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine) and long-term stored and artificially aged barley accessions.To
assess abiotic stress the half-cell reduction potential of was measured. Viability loss concurred with a shift towards more
oxidizing intracellular conditions, suggesting that oxidative stress contributes to seed deterioration irrespective of ageing
treatment.
Keywords: Barley, Genebank, Genetic Variation, Germination, Seed Longevity, Glutathione
67. EARLY EVENTS DURING IMBIBITION OF MAIZE EMBRYONIC AXES AND THE IMPACT OF
CRYOPRESERVATION.
Mycock, D.J. School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,
South Africa David.Mycock@wits.ac.za
Due to their size, the caryopses of several cultivars of Zea mays grown in South Africa could not withstand direct
immersion in liquid nitrogen for cryopreservation. Isolation of the embryonic axes and their culture in vitro after
cryopreservation overcame this problem. However, isolation of the axes from the dry seed was both damaging and
difficult. Using only one of the cultivars, short imbibition periods were therefore used to soften the testa of the caryopses.
Axes isolated from seed which had been imbibed for 6.5h although viable after cryopreservation did not produce roots,
whereas axes from seeds imbibed for shorter periods (0.5 5.5h) produced fully functional in vitro plantlets albeit
at a slower rate than the unfrozen controls. Measurement of selected biomolecules in the embryonic axes and in the
leachate obtained during imbibition revealed that the combined concentrations of glutamic acid, its derivative -amino
butyric acid, glycine, proline and glucose were sufficiently high to act as cryoprotectants. The retention of viability
after cryostorage was correlated with the ultrastructural status of the root meristematic tissues of the 0.5 5.5h imbibed
material which was typical of material breaking quiescence. The actin and microtubule components of the cytoskeleton
became progressively more organised during imbibition however, they were disrupted by cryopreservation. The
requirement for the re-assembly of the cytoskeleton is thus considered to be, in part, related to the reduced vigour of
the cryopreserved material. After 6.5h of imbibition specific cytoskeletal arrays were identifiable (e.g. the actin nuclear
basket) but these were completely disintegrated by the cryo-treatment. Since that material (6.5h) did not develop roots
in vitro, it is suggested that cryopreservation had compromised the repair processes including those associated with
the re-assembly of the cytoskeleton. The transition from desiccation tolerance to sensitivity has been linked with the
resumption of metabolic activity. The present data imply that the root meristematic region of the 0.5 5.5h imbibed
material still retained desiccation tolerance (and hence cryostorability) but this was lost at 6.5h imbibition. It also
suggests that in maize the root meristem loses desiccation tolerance before the shoot meristem.
Keywords: Cryopreservation, Desiccation tolerance/sensitivity, Imbibition, Maize
Acknowledgements: University of the Witwatersrand, NRF South Africa, Isaacs, C., Minnie, D., Reuvers, C.
Informativo
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68. USE OF ANTIOXIDANTS TO PROMOTE SHOOT DEVELOPMENT BY AXES FROM RECALCITRANT

SEEDS DURING PROCEDURES ASSOCIATED WITH CRYOPRESERVATION.
Cassandra Berjak, P., Pammenter N. W. School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZuluNatal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa naidoocassandra@gmail.com
Failure of whole seedling development from embryonic axes when the fleshy cotyledons are completely removed (as
is necessary for axis cryopreservation) has been a consistent problem. Specifically, shoots fail to develop and we have
identified this as the consequence of excision injury using embryos excised from seeds of Trichilia dregeana, T. emetica
and Protorhus longifolia. Inhibition of shoot production has been conjectured to be the consequence of a burst of reactive
oxygen species (ROS) in response to physical wounding of the axis during the excision process. Consequently, treatment
with chemical antioxidants, including dimethylsulphoxide was implemented, which facilitated shoot development after
excision. While this is a significant achievement, excision is only the first of a series of necessary but stressful procedures
required for axis cryopreservation, each of which is conjectured to result in unregulated ROS generation which have to be
quenched. One of the novel treatments tested in this study involves the use of cathodic water, which has been suggested
to have potent antioxidant properties. The replacement of potentially toxic antioxidants by cathodic water after excision
was successful, and this suggests that cathodic water may mitigate against oxidative stress during and after procedures
necessary for the cryopreservation of the germplasm of recalcitrant-seeded species.
Keywords: Cryopreservation, excision, recalcitrant, ROS
69. Elevated Partial Pressure of Oxygen a novel method to study seed ageing and
longevity.
Groot S.P.C., 2Abbasi Surki A., 1Kodde J. (1Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research
centre., P.O. Box 619, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands, steven.groot@wur.nl, 2Department of Agronomy and
Plant Breeding, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran)
1
Seed storage practices at companies and genebanks concentrate on storing seeds at low moisture and temperature
levels. Despite that most deterioration processes are a direct or indirect effect of oxidation, which is faster at high
humidity and temperature, very little attention is paid to the role of oxygen during seeds storage and ageing. Since
projects studying longevity under air or anoxia take a long time, we started from the other side and analyze if increased
oxygen levels stimulate seed aging. We store seeds in steel tanks at elevated partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) at moisture
levels and temperature comparable to practical storage conditions. Lettuce seeds stored at 18 MPa pO2, 20 C and
35% relative humidity, aged within a few weeks. The resulting seedlings showed symptoms of mid vein necrosis at
the cotyledons, similar to those of seeds after a few years ageing under warehouse conditions. Seeds stored under high
pressure nitrogen showed no signs of ageing, while storage at high pressure air (3.8 MPa pO2) showed an intermediate
deterioration. Primed lettuce seeds aged within 2 weeks at elevated pO2 and seedling show stunted roots, resembling
seedlings from naturally aged primed seeds. Cabbage, soybean and pepper seeds also aged within a few weeks, whereas
barley seeds aged within seven weeks at 18 MPa pO2. Mature cabbage seeds are more tolerant to storage under elevated
partial pressure of oxygen, compared to less mature cabbage seeds. The method allows to study seed ageing processes
under potentially more natural conditions. It is fast and inexpensive. Partial oxygen pressure, relative humidity and
temperature can easily be controlled. If an elevated partial pressure of oxygen results in acceleration of the ageing
process, it is likely that reduction of the partial oxygen pressure can retard the aging process. Indeed the few studies
that have been published show a positive effect of anoxia on the shelf life.
Keywords: ageing, longevity, oxygen, storage
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70. THE EFFECTS OF SOME OF THE STEPS OF CRYOPRESERVATION ON THE VIABILITY OF ZYGOTIC
EMBRYOS OF SELECTED AMARYLLID SPECIES.
Ngobese, N.Z., Berjak, P., Pammenter N.W. School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa, 205512277@ukzn.ac.za.
Cryopreservation, i.e. storage at ultra-low temperatures usually in liquid nitrogen or its vapour phase (-160 to 195 C),
is the most promising method for the long-term conservation of recalcitrant (i.e. desiccation sensitive) germplasm.
Cryopreservation usually involves a sequential combination of steps which must be optimised to limit the stresses
experienced by specimens during cryopreservation and thus promote survival. The present contribution reports on
the effects of some of the steps involved in cryopreservation on the survival of the embryos of Ammocharis coranica,
Brunsvigia grandiflora and Haemanthus albiflos , with the ultimate aim of developing a protocol(s) for the successful
cryopreservation of these species. The results revealed that severe dehydration and cooling have a markedly detrimental
effect on the viability of the zygotic embryos of these species, and that these effects were exacerbated when all the steps
were applied sequentially in combination. However, the work also showed that these adverse effects may be ameliorated
if each step of the cryopreservation protocol is optimised on a species-specific basis, thus promoting the chances of
survival after cryopreservation and facilitating subsequent seedling establishment. Furthermore, the use of additional
preconditioning treatments such as those that aim to regulate the production of reactive oxygen species resulting from
deranged metabolic activity induced by these stresses, i.e. using antioxidants and cathodic protection, improved the
chances of achieving success with cryopreservation.
Keywords: cryopreservation, Amaryllids, recalcitrant, flash drying
71. CRYOPRESERVATION OF Butia capitata (MARTIUS) BECCARI ARECACEAE.

Santos, I. R. I., 1Salomo, A. N., 1Mundim, R. C. 1Embrapa Recursos Genticos e Biotecnologia (Cenargen),
Braslia-DF, Brazil, izulme@cenargen.embrapa.br.
1
Butia capitata fruits are widely consumed due to nutritious value of the components of the fruit pulp and its appealing
flavor. In natural conditions seed germination is intermittent, slow and inexpressive. Currently, there is a great demand
for seedlings of this species to be used in commercial plantings and also for use in recuperation efforts, in areas of natural
occurrence of the species that have been disturbed. The present work was carried out with the objective of establishing
reproducible and reliable protocols for the germination and for the cryopreservation of selected accessions of this species.
Butia capitata fruits were collected from plants distributed in two native populations occurring in the state of Minas Gerais,
Brazil. Fruits were processed, endocarps with 11,2% moisture content were removed, packed in tetrapak envelopes,
directly plunged in liquid nitrogen (200 C.min-1 freezing rate) and stored at -196 C for 72h. After this period samples
were thawed slowly at room temperature (25 C), the endocarp samples were washed with detergent, rinsed a few times
with distilled water and submerged in a 2% sodium hypochlorite solution for 15 min, then rinsed again with distilled water.
Next, samples were treated for the second time with a sodium hypochlorite solution (this time at a 2,5% concentration) and
left to imbibe for 24h in sterilized water to allow partition of the fruit and excision of the embryonic axis. Embryonic axis
were excised under aseptic conditions, transferred to glass tubes containing 20 ml of WPM plant tissue culture medium
supplemented with 3% activated charcoal, and then taken to a growth room at 252 C. Under these conditions, it was
observed a 90% germination rate, and the development of seedlings showing normal morphology and uniform growth
pattern. The methodology designed for this work is promising for the large scale production of seedlings for reforestation
purposes as well as for the long term conservation of these species germplasm using cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen.
Keywords: cryopreservation, embryonic axis, germination.
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72. DESICCATION AND TEMPERATURE RESPONSE ON SEED STORABILITY IN MEDICINAL TREE

SPECIES OF THE INDIAN SUB-CONTINENT.
Phartyal, S. S., 2Thapliyal, R. C., 3Ginwal, H. S., (1Department of Forestry, H.N.B. Garhwal Central University,
Srinagar-Garhwal, India, shyamphartyal@gmail.com, 2Forest Tree Seed laboratory, Forest Research Institute,
Dehradun, India, 3Division of Genetics and Tree Propagation, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India)
1
Building accessions of seed of particular species for conservation or breeding require knowledge of the storage physiology
of seed in order to determine the most suitable storage environment and likely duration of successful storage. Seed
longevity in storage depends on their sensitivity/tolerance to desiccation and low temperature. The present study aimed at
the characterization of seed storage physiology of short viable seeds of some of the widely used wild medicinal tree species
of the Indian Subcontinent, viz. Aegle marmelos, Careya arborea, Cinnamomum camphora, Saraca asoka and Trichilia
connaroides. Fresh mature seeds of each of the above species were desiccated over silica gel in sealed desiccators at room
temperature to achieve target moisture content (mc). Actual mc and viability of seed desiccated to different levels was
determined in order to monitor sensitivity/tolerance of seeds to desiccation. Another set of seed was stored in different
combinations of mc and temperature in sealed containers and tested for viability at fix intervals. Seeds of C. arborea and
S. asoka lost complete viability at 25.5 and 14.6% mc, respectively, while T. connaroides and C. camphora retained 23.5
and 25.7% viability at 18.0 and 5.8% mc, respectively. Aegle marmelos seeds retained viability > 90% at as low as 2.6%
mc. Thus, seeds of C. arborea, S. asoka and T. connaroides have demonstrated desiccation sensitivity while A. marmelos
and C. camphora desiccation tolerance. Careya arborea seed did not tolerate low temperature and lost complete viability
within a week at 5 C, whereas S. asoka and T. connaroides tolerated low temperature (5 C) for 4 weeks at 37.7 and
30.9% mc and retained viability around 16-20%. Contrary to earlier reports, the extremely desiccated (3.6% mc) seeds
of A. marmelos tolerated subzero temperature down to -5 C with 57% viability up to 610 days of storage. Overall
results suggest that seeds of C. arborea, S. asoka and T. connaroides are fit to be classified as recalcitrant seeds, while A.
marmelos and C. camphora as intermediate or (probable) orthodox seeds. A Comparison of storage physiology of these
species with other genera at family level have been discussed.
Keywords: desiccation sensitive/tolerant, germplasm conservation, medicinal trees, seed storage physiology.
73. A MS EXCEL IMPLEMENTATION OF SEED VIABILITY MODEL

Daniel I. O.1*, Kruse M.2, Muller G.4 and Brner A. 3.1Department of Plant Breeding & Seed Technology,
University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria. 2Institute of Plant Breeding, Seed Science & Population
Genetics, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 21, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany. 3Genebank Department, LeibnizInstitute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany. 4Institut fr
Mikrobiologie und Genetik. Abteilung fr Bioinformatik. Universitt Gttingen. Goldschmidtstr. 1. 37077 Gttingen.
Germany. The ability to predict seed viability in storage forms a vital decision support tool for the management of seed
gene banks. In this study, source codes were written with Visual Basic macros to implement a Microsoft Excel application
of the seed viability model. The user interface of the application features applets linking to an Excel worksheet that hold
species specific model parameters that can be loaded on specified cells for different species. A unique advantage of the
application is the ability to handle data for a large number of accessions at a click. Performance of the application will be
illustrated using estimated model parameters for 2 tropical vegetable species: Amaranth (Amaranthus hybridus L.) and
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). The potential use of the application in gene bank and seed store inventory management
will be discussed.
Keywords: seed viability model, Excel implementation
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Poster Presentations
Session 1
Seed Development
and Maturation
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74. ALANINE AS AN In vivo VISUAL MARKER FOR METABOLIC COMPARTMENTATION WITHIN THE
CEREAL ENDOSPERM
Hardy R.1, Gerd M.2, Eva G. B.1, Johannes F.2, Peter J.2, Ljudmilla B.1. 1Leibniz-Institut fr Pflanzengenetik und
Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany, 2 University of Wrzburg, Institute
of Experimental Physics 5, Am Hubland, 97074 Wrzburg, Germany
Alanine (Ala) belongs to the major amino acids in both plants and animals. Its synthesis/degradation via Ala aminotransferase
is a critical branch point between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, and is of high significance for the nitrogen use
efficiency of crops. We developed a novel method allowing to image and to quantify Ala in the living plant tissue. The
method is based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and was applied on seeds of barley (Hordeum vulgare). We
demonstrate that upon feeding with 13C-labelled sucrose as substrate, the synthesis of Ala is restricted to the central part of
endosperm, co-localised to the most hypoxic region. In combination with targeted metabolite profiling (~80 compounds)
and flux balance analysis (~270 reactions), we generated a model for region-specific metabolism in the barley endosperm.
In this metabolic model, Ala represents a visual marker for distinct metabolic networks. We conclude that the new NMR
method for non-invasive metabolite imaging is suitable to study compartmentation of metabolism in heterogenous organs
like seeds, and represents a promising tool for further applications on crops.
Keywords: alanine metabolism, metabolite imaging; NMR; cereal seed, heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence
75. MORPHO-ANATOMY OF FRUIT, SEED AND POST-SEMINAL DEVELOPMENT OF TENTO (Ormosia

paraensis Ducke - Fabaceae).
Silva, b.m.s., 1Oliveira, C., 2Moro, f.v., 2Vieira, r.d., 1Instituto de Pesquisas Cientificas e Tecnolgicas do
Estado do Amap (IEPA), Macap AP Brasil. silvabms@hotmail.com, 2Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de
Mesquita Filho, Jaboticabal SP Brasil.
1
Ormosia paraensis Ducke, known as tento, possess seeds used to make hand crafts and wood worked by furniture
makers. For the forest identification and seeds technology, the information about the morpho-anatomy of their fruits,
seeds and seedlings are scarce. Thus, the purpose of this study was to describe morpho-anatomically the fruit, seed and the
post-seminal development of tento. For the morpho-anatomical description, the evaluations were examined by optical
and scanning electron microscopy. The fruit is a nutant legume, brown to black, dehiscent and with one or two seeds of
lateral placentation, being the epicarp slim, the mesocarp woody and the endocarp spongy, measuring about 4,4 cm, 3,9 cm
and 2,0 cm in length, width and thickness, respectively. The seeds are bitegmic, exalbuminous and rounded with average
dimensions: length of 12,36 mm, width of 9,68 mm, thickness of 8,03 mm, average volume of 0,463 mL.seed-1, dry matter
of 0,45 g.seed-1 and density of 0,98 g.mL-1. The tento seedlings have simple and alternate leaves, with tap roots (with
secondary nodules) a cylindrical stem, being its germination hypogeal cryptocotyledonary.
Keywords: morphology, seedling, germination, Leguminosae.
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76. SCARIFYING SEEDS AND DORMANCY BREAK OF MULUNGU (Erythrina velutina WILLD. LEGUMINOSAE).
Galdiano-Jnior, R. F., 1Rissi, R. N., 1Sotrati, V. V. 1Faculdades Integradas FAFIBE (FAFIBE), Bebedouro-SP,
Brazil, renatofgaldianojr@yahoo.com.br, 2Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil.
1,2
The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of seeds scarifying methods for dormancy break and Mulungus
germination. The Experiment was driven in conditions of greenhouse. Seeds of Erythrina velutina Willd. were removed
from dry and selected fruits. The sowing occurred in plastic trays (700 mL), with thin granulometry vermiculite substract,
1.0 cm depth. The applied experimental delineation was entirely randomized with four treatments, five repetitions and
20 seeds in each repetition adding up to 400 seeds. The treatments were constituted of T1: control (seeds without any
treatment); T2: chemical scarifying (H2SO4 for 15 minutes); T3: thermal scarifying (H2O at 80 C for 30 minutes); T4:
mechanical scarifying (with sandpaper). The speed germination index (SGI) was evaluated through daily germinated
plantlets countings, number and percentage of germinated seeds, considering as pattern of germination the first eophyll
emerged. The averages obtained for the variables above described didnt differ significantly, after submission to the Tukey
Test (5% error probability) through Sisvar 5.1 statistical program, among the treatments T1, T2 and T3. For mechanical
scarifying (T4), the averages were statistically significant in relation to the other treatments. The mechanical scarifying
method was the most efficient for dormancy break and Erythrina velutina Willd. seeds germination promotion, therefore
its recommended for this native arboreal species germination.
Keywords: Scarifying seeds, Germination, Mulungu
Acknowledgements: CEPeD - FAFIBE.
77. PROTEOMIC ANALYSIS OF SEEDCOATS FROM DEVELOPING SOYBEAN SEEDS.

Miernyk, J.A., 2Skultety, L., 3Hadjuch, M. (1USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Genetics Research
Unit, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA, Jan.Miernyk@ARS.USDA.Gov, 2Institute of Virology, Slovak
Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia, 3Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of
Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia)
1
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seed development has been separated into 10 defined stages (S0 to S9). Seedcoats
were removed from the developing seeds, and subjected to proteomic profiling. A total protein fraction was isolated
from S2 seedcoats using a phenol-based extraction method. The proteins were digested with trypsin, the resultant tryptic
peptides were separated and eluted from an analytical C18 column with a continuous gradient of acetonitrile from 5
to 45% (in 0.1% formic acid) over 180 minutes.The Proxeon Easy nLC system is attached to an LTQ Orbitrap mass
spectrometer. Following a high-resolution FTMS scan of the eluting peptides, each second the 9 most abundant peptides
were fragmented (CID in the iontrap). Data across a total of 225 minutes of elution were collected and then searched
against the NCBInr all-species DB (last updated 08082009) using Sorcerer2 IDA (a Sequest-based search algorithm).
Identifications were examined using the Scaffold program (V3). A total of 248 proteins were identified, and sorted into
11 functional groups: Primary Metabolism, 71; Secondary Metabolism, 5; Cellular Structure, 14; Stress Responses, 7;
Nucleic Acid metabolism, 23; Protein Synthesis, 10; Protein Folding, 21; Protein Targeting, 2; Hormones and Signaling,
14; Seed Storage Proteins, 2; and Proteins of Unknown Function, 79. A similar but independent analysis was conducted
for S4 seedcoats. Both qualitative and quantitative comparisons of the seedcoat proteome will be made encompassing all
stages of seed development.
Keywords: Development, soybean, mass spectrometry, proteomics
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78. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FRUIT MATURATION STAGE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF

Jatropha curcas L. SEEDS.
Dias, D. C. F. S., 1Silva, L. J., 1Hilst, P. C., 1Souza, B. L. 1Universidade Federal da Viosa (UFV), Viosa-MG,
Brazil. dcddias@ufv.br
1
Production of high quality seeds depends upon the appropriate time of harvest. Then, the occurrence of maximum seed
quality during development and its association with seed and fruit features are important factors to define the ideal harvest
time. The objective of this study was to monitor the maturation process of Jatropha curcas L. seeds and correlate it to the
fruit maturation stage determined by the external fruit color. Physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) plants were grown in Viosa,
MG, Brazil, since 2006. Fifty plants were selected randomly and approximately 5000 female flowers were tagged at anthesis
from November to December 2010. The capsules (fruits) were harvested at the following maturation stage, characterized
by epicarp color: brown, yellowish-brown, yellow, greenish-yellow and green. The seeds extracted were dried at room
temperature to approximately 8% moisture content. The following parameters were determined: seed moisture content and
dry matter, 1000-seeds weight, germination, first count, seedling emergence, seedling growth, accelerated aging, electrical
conductivity and oil content. The completely randomized design was used with four replications. Data were subjected to
analysis of variance and, for each test, treatment means were compared by Tukeys test (p = 0.05). Although, the seeds
from brown fruits had maximum 1000-seed weight, the highest physiological quality was attained when fruits became
yellow and it was retained till fruits turned yellowish-brown. In situations of inadequate seed supply for marketing, the
physic nut seeds from brown fruits can be used, because they still maintained high germination potential. Seeds from green
fruits have lower physiological quality, dry matter and oil content than the other maturation stages.
Keywords: Jatropha curcas L., germination, vigor, fruit maturity.
Acknowledgements: CNPq, FAPEMIG
79. PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF Jatropha curcas L. SEEDS HARVESTED AT DIFFERENT

DEVELOPMENT STAGES.
Silva, L. J., 1Dias, L. A. S., 1Hilst, P. C., 1Oliveira, G. L., 1Dias, D. C. F. S. 1Universidade Federal da Viosa (UFV),
Viosa-MG, Brazil. lasdias@ufv.br
1
Among the plant species that have potential for use as biodiesel, the physic nut (Jatropha curcas L., Euphorbiaceae)
is best known due its high content of oil. However, data on production and seed technology of this specie, especially
regarding the maturation process are still scarce. The objective of this study was to evaluate the main changes during
seed maturation in order to characterize the physiological maturity and to define the ideal harvest time of the seeds.
Physic nut plants were grown in Viosa, MG, Brazil, since 2006. During the months of November and December of
2009, the female flowers were tagged at anthesis. The capsules (fruits) were harvested at 5-days interval starting 35
days after anthesis (DAA) till 80 DAA. The harvested fruits were classified as green, yellow or brown based on fruits
color on the outside. Seed size, moisture content and dry matter, germination, first count, speed germination index
and seedling growth were determined. Data were subjected to variance and regression analysis. The size of physic nut
seed increased till 50 DAA. The maximum seed quality and the dry matter content that characterize the physiological
maturity, was attained 65 DAA when the fruits turned brown or brown with some yellow spots, but the seed moisture
content was high at this stage, reaching 52%.
Keywords: Jatropha curcas, seeds, maturation.
Acknowledgements: CNPq, FAPEMIG, CAPES
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80. EXPRESSION OF EMBRYOGENESIS-REGULATING GENES IN Araucaria angustifolia (BERT.) O.

KUNTZE (BRAZILIAN PINE).
Schlgl, P. S., 2Santos, A. L. W., 1Vieira, L. N., 2Floh, E. I. S., 1Guerra, M. P. 1Federal University of Santa
Catarina (UFSC), Florianpolis-SC, Brazil. 2University of So Paulo (USP), So Paulo-SP, Brazil, enyfloh@usp.br.
1
Angiosperm and gymnosperm plants evolved from a common ancestor about 300 million years ago, with morphological
and structural differences in embryogenesis and seed origin between the two taxa. However, a set of embryogenesisregulating genes and molecular mechanisms involved in embryo development seems to be conserved in both taxa.
Brazilian pine (Araucariaceae family), an endangered species, is the only economically important native conifer in
Brazil. A few studies have investigated the molecular aspects of embryogenesis in the species. In order to increase
the knowledge about gene expression during Brazilian pine embryogenesis, eight embryogenesis regulating-genes
(ARGONAUTE 1, CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON 1, WUSHELL-related WOX, S-LOCUS LECTIN PROTEIN
KINASE, SCARECROW-like, VICILIN 7S, LEAFY COTYLEDON 1, and REVERSIBLE GLYCOSYLATED
POLYPEPTIDE 1) were analyzed through Semi-quantitative RT-PCR during embryo development and germination.
All eight embryogenesis-regulating genes were differentially expressed in different developmental stages of zygotic
embryos, maternal seed tissue (megagamethophyte) and in seedling tissues (needles and roots). To our knowledge, this
is the first report on the expression of embryogenesis-regulating genes in members of the Araucariaceae family as well
as in plants with recalcitrant seeds.
Keyworlds: Seed development, Brazilian Pine, Embryogenesis-regulating genes, Zygotic embryogenesis
Acknowledgements: CNPq, CAPES, PETROBRAS
81. ACTIVITY OF PEROXIREDOXINS DURING DEVELOPMENT OF ORTHODOX AND RECALCITRANT

SEEDS OF THE GENUS ACER.
Ratajczak E., 1Kalemba E.M., 1Pukacka S., 2Dietz K.J. 1Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences (ID
PAN), 62-035 Krnik, Poland, ewelinaratajczak@tlen.pl, 2Bielefeld University (UB), Bielefeld, Germany
1
Activity of peroxiredoxins (Prx) was studied during development of seeds of two Acer species differing in desiccation
tolerance: Norway maple (Acer platanoides L., orthodox) and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L., recalcitrant). Prx play
multiple functions in the cell as thiol-dependent peroxidase chaperone and redox sensor. They are performing essential role
in metabolic processes, like photosynthesis, respiration and in the modulation of the redox signal during plant development
and plant adaptation to environmental conditions. In the development seeds of both species, the following Prx were identified
using Western blot: 2-CP, PrxII E, PrxII F, and PrxII C. Analyses of densitrometic display differences in the concentration
of Prx of seeds during development. Results of the measurement of the total Prx activity showed also differences between
Norway maple and sycamore seeds.
Keywords: Peroxiredoxin, Development, Orthodox, Recalcitrant
Acknowledgements: MNiSW N309 070536
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82. PATTERN OF SEED DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION IN AMBRETTE (Abelmoschus moschatus

Medic.).
Sundareswaran, S., 2Sivakumar, D. and 2Vijayakumar, A. 1Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu
Agricultural University, (TNAU), Mettupalayam, India, sundarseeds@gmail.com, 2Department of Seed Science and
Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India.
1
Ambrette (Abelmoschus moschatus Medic.) is an important medicinal and aromatic plant. Studies carried out on seed
development and maturation revealed that the pods and seeds were green in colour up to 21 days after anthesis and
gradually changed to brown colour at 35 days after anthesis. Length and girth of pods increased rapidly up to 28 days
after anthesis.The maximum fresh weight of pod and seed (7.725 g and 31.33 mg, respectively) was recorded at 21 days
after anthesis and decreased in later stages, whereas, the dry weight of pod increased rapidly up to 28 days after anthesis
(2.587 g), while the dry weight of seed increased significantly up to 35 days after anthesis (12.63 mg). Increase in dry
weight of both pod and seed was non significant beyond 28 days after anthesis and 35 days after anthesis, respectively.
The developing seeds attained germination potential of 20% at 28 days and increased up to 41% at 35 days after anthesis
and further increase was not significant. Hard seeds were developed at 35 days after anthesis (46%) and increased to 51
per cent at 42 days after anthesis. Root and shoot length, dry matter production, vigour index values, protein (9.85%),
oil (21.70%) and starch (13.32%) contents in seed were also maximum at 35 days after anthesis, which confirmed the
completion of metabolic activity and attainment of physiological maturity on 35 days after anthesis. These results revealed
that the pods and seeds attained physiological maturity on 35 days after anthesis as evidenced by the maximum dry weight
of pod (2.694 g) and seed (12.63 mg) combined with minimum moisture content of pod (23.45%) and seed (21.64%).
From this study, it could be concluded that a large amount of reserve food materials were continuously accumulated in the
seeds till 35 days after anthesis and seed development continued beyond development of pod and the change in colour of
pod and seed from green to brown could be considered as a visible index of maturity.
Keywords: Ambrette, Seed development, Physiological maturity, Germination.
83. SEED DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION IN MEDICINAL PLANT GLORY LILY (Gloriosa
superba L.)
Venudevan, B., 2Sundareswaran, S. and 1Vijayakumar, A. 1Department of Seed Science and Technology, Tamil
Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore, India, 2Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu
Agricultural University, (TNAU), Mettupalayam, India. sundarseeds@gmail.com.
1
Glory lily, Gloriossa superba L., belongs to the family Liliaceae is an important medicinal plant and also an ornamental
plant because of its large and beautiful flowers. Glory lily is the national flower of Zimbabwe and the state flower of Tamil
Nadu, India. Glory lily is widely distributed in tropical regions of the world and propagated by means of seeds and tubers.
The plant is now been exploited due to its medicinal importance as it contains an alkaloid colchicine which is used to
cure gout, rheumatism etc., which can also induce polyploidy in plants. Studies were undertaken to elucidate informations
on the pattern of seed development and maturation in glory lily at botanical garden, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
Coimbatore, India. The results revealed that the length and girth of pod, fresh and dry weight of pod were increased,
while the moisture content was decreased with different stages of development. The length (8.9 cm) and girth (7.8 cm) of
pod and fresh weight (9.66 g) and dry weight (7.49 g) of pod were maximum at 63 days after anthesis (DAA) and started
slightly decreasing in later stages. The moisture content of pod was decreased significantly to 28.31% at 63 days after
anthesis and there after the decrease was non significant. The same trend was also noticed on fresh and dry weight and
moisture content of seeds. The maximum fresh weight (42.65 mg) and dry weight (31.90 mg) of seeds were recorded at
70 days after anthesis and the moisture content was 22.4% at 70 days after anthesis. The seed quality parameters such
as 100 seed weight (3.13 g), seed germination (44%), seedling length (25.3 cm) and dry matter (182 mg), vigour index
(1089), amylase activity (12.4 mm), protein content (15.68%) and oil content (8.9%) of seeds were also maximum at 70
days after anthesis. The study revealed that change of pod colour in to light green with deep yellowish orange seed could
be considered as a visible index of maturity at 63 to 70 days after anthesis.
Keywords: Glory lily, Seed development, Germination, Maturity index.
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84. PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF GREEN SOYBEAN SEEDS.

Teixeira, R. N., 1Cavariani, C., 1Silva, E. A. A., 1Nakagawa, J., 1Baldini, L. S., 2Hilhorst. H.W.M. 1Faculdade
de Cincias Agronmicas (FCA/UNESP), Botucatu-SP, Brazil. renakent@gmail.com, 2Wageningen University And
Research Centre, Labortatory Of Plant Physiology, Seed Centre, Wageningen UR.
1
The chlorophyll retention has affected the production of soybeans in Brazil, mainly in the Cerrado biome, causing a
reduction in the lots quality. The main factors responsible for the chlorophyll retention in mature soybeans seeds are
the climatic conditions of drought and high temperatures that cause the forced maturation of plants and interfere with
the green pigment degradation process. This preliminary study aimed to evaluate the physiological quality of batches
with different rates of chlorophyll retention, to contribute to the future study of the environment (high temperature
and drought stress) influence in the expression of genes related to retention and degradation of chlorophyll in mature
soybean seeds. Three soybean cultivars were used, been represented by three lots that were characterized by different
levels of chlorophyll, evaluated according to the method of Arnon (1949) and different percentages of green seeds
determined with the aid of Munsell color chart. The germination and seed vigor (first count germination, accelerated
aging, electrical conductivity, seedling length and dry weight) were evaluated in three periods of storage (zero, three
and six months after harvest). It was observed that the batches with higher percentage of green seeds and consequently
higher chlorophyll were related to lower germination and vigor certificate by the different tests. Knowing the importance
of chlorophyll retention on the soybean seeds quality, plants grown under specific conditions of temperature and soil
moisture will have the seeds harvested, from which the RNAs will be extracted, converted into cDNAs and hybridized
on soybean microarrays (Affimetrix). Found the genes of interest, they will have their expression confirmed by PCR in
real time.
Keywords: Glycine max, chlorophyll retention, germination, vigor.
Acknowledgements: FAPESP, CAPES.
85. EFFECTS OF PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZATION ON CRAMBE (Crambe abyssinica HOCHST) SEEDS

YIELD, PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY, AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION.
Vazquez, G. H.; 2Lazarini, E.; 3Ferreira, R. B; 2Camargo, F. P. 1Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Ilha
Solteira-SP e Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco (UNICASTELO), Fernandpolis-SP, Brazil, 2Universidade
Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Ilha Solteira-SP, Brazil, lazarini@agr.feis.unesp.br, 3Universidade Camilo Castelo
Branco (UNICASTELO), Fernandpolis-SP, Brazil
1
Crambe is a crucifer rich in oil that can be used to produce biodiesel. The plant is short cycled and its production
is of low cost and thus its commercial cultivation has become of interest. Details of its response to phosphorus
fertilization are nonetheless not well known. In this experiment, crambe plants were submitted to five doses of
phosphorus (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 kg ha-1) applied at sowing. Crambe seeds of the FMS Brilhante cultivar were
sown at the rate of 50 seeds m-2 on May 28, 2009, in Fernandopolis, state of So Paulo, Brazil, in a randomized
complete block design with four replications. The chemical analyses of the soil showed the following results: P =
5 mg dm-3, OM = 10 g dm-3, pH (CaCl2) = 5.3, K, Ca, Mg, and H + Al = 1.3, 11, 4, and 19 mmolc dm-3, respectively,
S = 16 mg dm-3, and V% = 46. The distance between rows was of 0.2 m and the fertilizer dose applied at sowing
was of 20 kg of N and 40 kg of K2O per hectare. Thirty days after sowing the plants were thinned so as to result a
population of 110 to 135 plants m-2. The plants were artificially irrigated and the vegetative plant cycle was of 93
days. The crambe seeds had not their chemical composition significantly modified by the phosphorus doses. The
seeds chemical composition was found to be of 29.83, 7.0, 7.73, 10.37, 6.41 and 9.55 g kg-1 of N, P, K, Ca, Mg
and S, respectively and of 30.36, 180.24, 34.84 and 92.12 mg kg-1 of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn, respectively. The results
showed that crambe seeds yield increases up to a phosphorus dose of 100 kg ha-1 and that its use does not affect
plant dry mass, 1,000 seed weight, the physiological quality (as measured by means of germination, first count,
and electrical conductivity tests), and the chemical composition of seeds.
Keywords: Germination, Vigor, Biodiesel, Crucifer
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86. EFFECTS OF PLANT POPULATION AND SIDE DRESSED N ON CRAMBE CROP YIELD AND SEEDS
PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY.
Vazquez, G. H.; 2Lazarini, E.; 3Lima, E. L.; 3Morais Neto, J. P. 1Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP),
Ilha Solteira-SP e Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco (UNICASTELO), Fernandpolis-SP, Brazil, 2Universidade
Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Ilha Solteira-SP, Brazil, lazarini@agr.feis.unesp.br, 3Universidade Camilo Castelo
1
Crambe is becoming of importance for the production of biodiesel in Brazil. But, information concerning the ideal
plant population and the effects of side dressing nitrogenous fertilizers are lacking. On June 30, 2010, seeds of the
FMS Brilhante cultivar were sown according to a randomized complete block design with four replications to form an
experiment in which the factors plant population (at the levels of 31.25, 62.5, 93.75, and 125 plants m-2) and N doses (40
and 80 kg ha-1) applied 35 days after seedling emergence were combined. The distance between rows was of 0.32 m and
the fertilizer doses applied at sowing were of 20 kg of N, 80 kg of P2O5, and 80 kg of K2O per hectare. The plants were
artificially irrigated and the vegetative cycle was of 95 days. The results showed that increasing plant population from
31.25 to 125 plants m-1 causes a reduction in plant survival as well as in plant height and seeds physiological quality
and weight are not affected; seeds yield reach a maximum value at a plant population of 100 plants m-2; side dressed
N doses of 40 and 80 kg ha-1 have no significantly different effects on plant survival, plant height and yield; N at the
dose of 80 kg ha-1 was verified to increase seed weight and vigor, as measured by the electrical conductivity and by the
seedling dry and wet weight tests.
Keywords: Crambe abyssinica Hochst, Germination, Vigor, Sowing Density
87. LACTUCA SATIVA SEED PERFORMANCE IN FUNCTION OF CULTIVARS AND LOTS UNDER
NITROGEN FERTILIZATION.
S, M. E., 1Oliveira, S. A., 1Rodrigues, R. S. 1Faculdade de Engenharia / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP),
Ilha Solteira-SP, Brazil, *mesa@agr.feis.unesp.br
1*
Lettuce is the most produced and consumed vegetable crop in Brazil due to its low caloric value and good source of
vitamins and minerals. Thus, there is a growing demand for high-quality lettuce seeds adapted to different conditions.
This study aimed to assess: the behavior of lettuce plants originating from different cultivars and distinct levels of vigor,
and the effect of nitrogen on the development, yield and quality of lettuce. Seeds of two lettuce cultivars with two levels
of vigor each one: Lettuce Taina, 1 and 2, and lettuce Vera, 1 and 2. Initially, preliminary analyses of the quality of
seeds were performed, such as: weight of 1,000 seeds, water content, germination, first count, germination speed index,
traditional accelerated ageing and on saturated saline solution (40 g.100 ml-1; 41oC / 7 h), seedlings fresh and dry mass,
field emergency and seed emergency index. The experiment was conducted using a complete randomized block design
in line transects consisting of cultivars x levels of vigor (2 x 2) and nitrogen fertilization (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg.ha-1
N), totaling 20 treatments with three blocks. The quality of lettuce seeds influenced the performance of plants, measured
as the initial development, yield and potassium content. The increment of nitrogen levels associated with seed quality led
to increases in yield. The seeds of Tain with less vigor showed greater response to N amendment; however, the highest
yields were obtained using high vigor seeds.
Keywords: lettuce, lettuce seed quality, yield, nutrient content
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88. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND PHYSIOLOGY QUALITY OF SEED OF SUNFLOWER OF PLANTS

SUBMITTED IN INTRAESPEFIC COMPETITION.
Alves, F. V.*; 1S Junior, A.; 1Santana, D. G.; 1Santos, C. M. 1Universidade Federal de Uberlndia (UFU),
Uberlndia-MG, Brazil, *nandavalves@yahoo.com.br
1
The great number of seeds in the sunflower head and the temporal distribution of its maturation cause differences in the
seed chemical composition from the head regions. As the competition among plants in the sowing line can influence seeds
nutrient drainage, this work aimed at evaluating both the chemical composition and the physiologic quality of sunflower
plants seed coming from different regions of the sunflower head and plants stemming from high, low vigor seeds that
partook of intra-specific competition. Three experiments constituted dealing with seeds coming from one third of the
head (peripheral, median and central) were carried out. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four
repetitions, each experiment treatment being distributed on a subdivided plot. In the plots, it was evaluated five proportions
of high-vigor seeds placed in the sowing line. In the subplot, it was evaluated plants stemming from seeds of high and low
vigor and two additional treatments. After that, an analysis relating vigor proportions to the head thirds was made. It was
evaluated the percentage of proteins, lipids, total carbohydrates, ashes, moisture degree, the weight of a thousand seeds,
emergency measures (its initial, ending, and middle times, emergence and average velocity, uncertainty, synchronicity, and
time and emergency variation coefficient) obtained through emergency test in the sand. It concludes that: a) the proportion
of vigor of the seeds in the sowing line interfere in performance of the plants and in seed quality resultant, the chemical
composition of the sunflower seeds ranged with the position of the seeds in the head, the position of the seed in the head
interfered in the variables of germination.
Keywords: Seed vigour, Seedling emergency, Third of head, Helianthus annuus L.
Acknowledgment: ICIAG - UFU, CAPES, CNPq
89. STAGE OF FRUIT MATURATION AND GERMINATION OF Khaya ivorensis SEEDS

Carvalho, J. E. U. de; 1Nascimento, W. M. O. do. (1Embrapa Amaznia Oriental, Belm-PA, Brazil, CEP 66095100, CP 48, urano@cpatu.embrapa.br, walnice@cpatu.embrapa.br).
1
Khaya ivorensis A. Chev. fruits were harvests and grouped by visual criteria into five classes of maturity, to evaluate
the effect of the maturity of fruits on the germination and vigor. In the establishment of classes of maturation were
considered the following criteria: a) fruit in the beginning of dehiscence, and seed wings with dark brown color; b)
fruits with no outward sign of dehiscence, but with already partially dry hull and seed wings with dark brown color; c)
fruits with hull still turgid and seed wings with light-brown color; d) fruits with hulls still turgid and seed wings with
light-brown color at its greatest extent and cream on the edge; e) fruits fairly turgid and seed wings with cream color
throughout its length. An additional class of maturation, represented by seeds collected on the day that they fell on
the ground was used as control. The seeds were collected from fruits in the day of the harvest beginning, making the
determination of water content. They were dried in an environment with 55 5% relative humidity and temperature
between 22 and 25 C for eight days, when moisture reached around 6.9%. After the drying, the seeds were sown on
sand with sawdust in the volumetric ratio of 1:1 and the daily number of germinated seeds in each plot was computed.
The germination tests lasted 35 days. The experiment was conducted in randomized design with six treatments and four
repetitions of 50 seeds. The results showed that seeds collected in the soil present, at the time of collecting, the water
content of 13.8%, a value much lower than other treatments, even for those coming from fruits in the beginning of
dehiscence, whose water content was 37.9%. As regards the percentage of germination, it was observed the superiority
of the seeds collected in soil and collected from fruits in the beginning of dehiscence, which germinated above 85%. In
terms of average germination time, it was observed superiority of the seeds collected in the soil.
Keywords: maturity, physiology, average time.
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90. FRUIT RIPENING STAGES AND STORAGE POTENTIAL OF CAMU-CAMU (Myrciaria dubia) SEEDS.
Ferreira, S.A.N.; 2Gentil, D.F.O. (1INPA-CPCA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, sanf@inpa.gov.br; 2UFAM-FCA,
Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, dfgentil@ufam.edu.br)
1
This study evaluated the effect of fruit ripening stage and storage period of seeds on the emergence of camu-camu
(Myrciaria dubia (H.B.K.) McVaugh, Myrtaceae) seedlings. The fruits were collected in a plantation in the high floodplain
of the Solimes River, Iranduba, Amazonas, Brazil. The fruits were classified according to epicarp color, a component
of the stage of ripeness: mature - completely purple or red, or with a small green area; semi-mature - half purple or red
and half green; green - green or with a small red area, but fully developed in size. After extraction and cleaning, the seeds
were dried in ambient conditions for 48 hours, packed in double plastic bags and kept in cold storage at 20 C for 0, 10,
20, 30 and 40 days. After each period, samples of seeds were sown in sawdust in the nursery (minimum temperature of
24 C and maximum 37 C). The evaluation of emergence was done every five days during five months. The experimental
design was completely randomized in a factorial 3 (maturation stages) x 5 (storage times) scheme with three replicates,
each with 100 seeds. The variables emergence and emergence speed index (ESI) showed a significant interaction effect
between the factors studied, while the mean emergence time (MET) was significantly different between levels of the two
factors. Emergence initiation was different: 59% for mature, 71% for semi-mature and 81% for green fruits; it then tended
to increase with increasing storage period, with emphasis on the ripe fruits that has reached the maximum value of 96%;
after reaching maximum, emergence decreased, more markedly for the seeds of semi-mature and green fruits. The ESI
followed the trends seen in emergence. The MET was significantly lower for green (49 days) and semi-mature (52 days)
compared to mature fruits (56 days). For the storage period, stored seeds had lower MET (44-48 days) than those not
stored (80 days). For storage, seeds should be obtained from mature fruits.
Keywords: Amazon fruit, Myrtaceae, maturation, conservation.
91. EFFECTS OF PRE-HARVESTING TREATMENTS ON SEEDLING GROWTH OF WHEAT.

Ghobadi, M. E., 2Ghobadi, M. 1Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi
University, Kermanshah, Iran, eghbalghobadi@yahoo.com, 2Department of Biotechnology for Drought Stress,
Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
1
Pre-harvesting treatments (PHT) are affecting on physiologic characteristics of seedling growth. A field experiment carried
out to investigate the effects of nitrogen and supplemental irrigation (PHT) on winter wheat (T. aestivum L.) var. CrossAlborz. Factors were (a) N application (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1 N) as urea fertilizer and (b) supplemental irrigation (non
irrigation and irrigation at booting, anthesis and grain filling stages). After harvest studied effects of treatments (PHT) on
seedlings in the laboratory. The procedure was a rolled paper towel (approximately 3045 cm as specified on page 148 of
the rules for testing) and 50 seeds for each towel. At the end of test period (14th day), was measured of root (line intersects
method) and shoot lengths and also shoot and root dry weights. The results indicated that effect N applications were not
significant on studied traits, but effect of supplemental irrigation was significant. The most of irrigation effect was at grain
filling, anthesis, respectively. Average shoot length values ranged from 15.3 to 18.8 cm, shoot dry weight 0.421 to 0.804 g,
total seminal root length 1274 to 2032 cm and root dry weight 0.112 to 0.206 g (for 50 seedling). This experiment showed
that effect of supplemental irrigation was more than N application for germination characteristics.
Keywords: Seedling growth, Wheat, N application, Supplemental irrigation
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92. Strobilurin group fungicides and asiatic rust disease on the production and
quality of soybean seeds.
Pinto, T.L.F.; 1Cicero, S.M. ; 2Frana Neto, J.B.; 1Forti, V.A.; 1Dourado Neto, D.. 1Universidade de So Paulo
(USP), Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Av. Pdua Dias 11, 13418 900, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil,
tais_leite@yahoo.com, 2Embrapa Soja, C.P. 231, 86001 970, Londrina-PR, Brazil
1
Unfavorable weather conditions, during the late soybean maturation, have caused problems in seed quality due to forced
maturation or premature plant death, which can result in the appearance of green seeds. Strobilurin group fungicides
have physiological effects on plant performance, reflected in production, mainly by delaying the plant senescence. This
study aimed to evaluate the effect of fungicides, especially the strobilurin group and rust disease on yield and quality of
soybean seeds, with focus in the occurrence of green seeds. The treatments were control and applications of flutriafole +
thiophanate, methyl, pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole and metconazole fungicides, and the products were applied in R2 and
R5.1 growth stages, individually and also in combined applications. The experiments were carried out under field conditions
in Londrina-PR, during the 2007/08 and 2008/09 crops. It was used Coodetec 206 cultivar. The following evaluations were
performed in the field: rust disease severity by diagrammatic scale, production, seed weight and percentage of green seed,
assessed visually. Seed quality was evaluated by means of the germination, tetrazolium, accelerated aging and electrical
conductivity tests. Analyses were performed immediately after harvest and after six months of storage. The experimental
design was randomized blocks with seven treatments and four blocks, for each crop. Means were compared by Tukey test
at 5% probability. The fungicide, that controlled efficiently the rust disease, does not affect the production and has no direct
effects on seed quality and in the occurrence of green seed. Under favorable weather conditions for seed maturation, the
severity of soybean Asiatic rust disease interferes with the production, but does not influence on its physiological potential.
The soybean Asiatic rust disease associated with unfavorable weather conditions during the final stage of maturation
provides the occurrence of green soybean seeds that compromises the vigor after storage.
Keywords: green seeds; seed quality; Glycine max ( L.) Merrill; Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow.
93. Plant proteases responsible for the caspase like activity in quinoa seed
Lpez Fernndez M.P., Lainez V., Burrieza H.P., Maldonado-S. Lab. de Biologa y desarrollo de las plantas,
Dpto. de Biodiversidad y Biologa Experimental mpaula@bg.fcen.uba.ar Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales,
Universidad de Buenos Aires. Ciudad Universitaria (1428) Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Programmed cell death (PCD) is an integral part of plant development and defense. It occurs at all stages of the cell cycle,
from fertilization of the ovule to death of the whole plant. Caspase activities have been detected in both animal and plant
cells what is more various caspase inhibitors can block many forms of programmed cell death, suggesting that caspaselike activities are required for completion of the process. In quinoa seeds, the perisperm is maternal tissue that embeds
and feeds the developing embryo. During seed development, the cells of the perisperm suffer a degenerative process soon
after fertilization. We investigate whether or not this degenerative process is characterized by apoptotic hallmarks. We
test the proteolytic activities of caspase 1, 6 y 9. The detection of the caspase like activities, which correlates with PCD
induction, might suggest that they participate during the perisperm PCD. In this study we demonstrate an increase of
activity of different class of proteinases. We also test a range of protease inhibitors showing only caspase-specific inhibitors
have major inhibitory effects. The TUNEL assay confirmed progressive DNA fragmentation throughout the development
progress. Cytological investigations at these stages detected profound changes in the size and morphology of the perisperm
nuclei. This suggests that, despite the different origin, cereal endosperm and quinoa perisperm share common components
of a core mechanism used to carry out PCD.
Keywords: cell death, DNA fragmentation, perisperm, proteases
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Session 2
Seed Dormancy
and Germination
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94. MODELLING THE EFFECT OF LIGHT ON SEED GERMINATION OF Phalaris minor and Poa annua.
Tavakkol Afshari, R., Ohadi, S., Rahimian Mashhadi, H. Department of Agronomy & Plant Breeding, College of
Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran. Tavakkol@ut.ac.ir
Photocontrol of weeds requires a better understanding of the effect of light on seed germination. Therefore, the effect of
light intensity and exposure duration was tested on seed germination of two winter annual weeds, Phalaris minor and Poa
annua. Photo-sensitised seeds of both species were subjected to four light intensities, including 130, 250, 500 and 1000
lmol m-2 s-1, each at six exposure durations of 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000 and 10 000 s. Light stimulated the germination of both
weeds. A modelling approach was used to describe the relationship between light intensity and exposure duration with
the germination of weed seeds. A combination of logistic and Gaussian models provided good fits to P. minor percentage
germination data, whereas in the case of P. annua, the incorporation of logistic and quadratic models better described the
relationships. According to the model, increasing light intensity from 0 (full darkness) to 1000 lmol m-2 s-1 increased the
germination of P. minor and P. annua from 28% to 57% and from 0% to 35% respectively. The seed germination of both
weed species increased with exposure duration, but declined at duration periods longer than 100 s in P. minor or 1000
s in P. annua. The model predicted a trade-off between light intensity and light duration for both weeds. That is, a high
light intensity irradiated for a short time exposure may result in the same percentage germination as one with a low light
intensity, but at longer exposure duration.
Keywords: Seed germination, Light intensity, Exposure duration, Phalaris minor, Poa annua
Acknowledgements: University of Tehran
95. Effect of seed priming on accelerated aged seed of Maize

Seyed A. S.1, Seyed A. M.2, Meharan S. z.3, Farbod F.1, Mehdi Z.1. 1Department of Agronomy and plant breeding,
Islamic Azad University of Dezfuz, Iran, 2Department of Agronomy and plant breeding, Agriculture and Natural
resources University of Ramin, 3Safi abad Agricultural Research center, Dezfuz, Iran
Seed ageing is a main problem of seed storage. Unsuitable storage conditions with high moisture and temperature increases
seed ageing. In fact seed ageing let to decrease seed quality. Seed priming is known as a seed enhancement treatment which
could improve seed germination and germination synchrony in many crops. In this experiment we investigate effects of
seed ageing duration and application of KNO3 on aged Mazie seeds. In order to improve germination characteristics in
aged seeds, they were soaked at different concentration of KNO3 (0.5, 1, 2.5 and 4%) for 8, 12 and 24 hour at 25 oC.
Then seeds were subjected to standard germination test using 4 replication. 25 seeds of each treatment were placed on
double filter paper (watman No. 1) in 120 mm petri dishes and 5 ml of distilled water were added to each petridishes.
All petridishes were placed in the germinator with temperature of 25 oC at dark condition for performing germination
test. Results of study showed that there is significant difference between aged seeds in germination characteristics. With
increasing ageing duration, germination characteristics decreased dramatically. Root length was influenced by ageing
treatments. KNO3 exhibited positive effects on seed germination of aged seed. Germination percentage, root and shoot
length was higher in the primed seeds. This was more obvious in application of 0.5% KNO3 for 8 hour. Base on our results
it is suggested that seed ageing at longer duration could significantly decreases seed quality. Using seed enhancement
treatments like seed could improve aged and non-aged seed performance especially for higher aged seeds.
Keywords: Ageing, Priming, Maize, Kno3, Seed germination
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96. Vigour and field emergence in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L).

Casenave, E. C., Contreras Mariani, R., Toselli, M. E. INDEAS-FAyA. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del
Estero (UNSE). Avda. Belgrano (s) 1912. Santiago del Estero. 4200. Argentina.cachi@unse.edu.ar
Seed performance depends heavily on seed quality, but high quality of seeds does not guarantee that they will have the
desired or expected performance. Standard germination essays, the most common tests, express the highest germination
potential, since the seed is evaluated under optimal conditions; these conditions are hardly found in the field. These essays
do not take into account the progressive nature of the process of seed deterioration. The aim of this work was to study
the behavior of seeds quantified in the laboratory, its variation with storage time and its correlation with field emergence.
We evaluated different seed lots of high and low germination, belonging to the years 2006 to 2009, according to the
standard germination test (SG25), the cold test (C18) and cool warm vigour index (CWVI). Subsequently three tests
of field emergence were conducted. Depending on the type of test four repetitions of 50 or 100 seeds were performed
and distributed in a completely randomized design. Randomized blocks were used for seedling emergence tests. The
difference between the germination and seedling emergence was close to 41% for seeds with long storage time, while
this difference diminished in more recent samples. Standard germination used as vigour index should be limited to the
comparison of seed lots of the same year of harvest. When using speed of germination as vigour index, the index of
germination rate (IGR) is better than the average time to emergence (T50) to predict field emergence.
Keywords: cotton, vigour, germination, deterioration
Acknowledgements: CICyT-UNSE
97. COLOR AND WEIGHT IN RELATION TO THE QUALITY OF ALFALFA SEED (Medicago sativa L.).
Toselli, M. E., Casenave, E. C. INDEAS-FAyA. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero (UNSE), Avda.
Belgrano (s) 1912. Santiago del Estero. 4200. Argentina. etoselli@unse.edu.ar
Alfalfa is traditionally the most important forage in Argentina. Obtaining salt tolerant materials has been one of the
objectives of genetic improvement in recent years. The variety Salinera INTA, is widely used in Santiago del Estero
because of its adaptation to saline soils and unfavorable conditions. This paper studied the behavior of seeds depending
on their weight and coat color. The seeds were classified according to color, in 5 categories according to the Munsell color
charts used for soils. The three fractions of the sample with the highest proportion by weight were used for assessment of
germination and vigour, expressed as weight and length of the seedlings at 4 and 10 days after sowing. For each fraction
100 seeds were weighed and individually sown under standard conditions of germination. Statistical differences were
made by difference of proportions test, ANOVA and SNK as mean test. The seeds classified as pale yellow (HUE 2.5 Y,
7 / 4) and redish yellow (HUE 7.5YR, 6 / 6) showed a greater percentage of normal seedlings and lower percentage of
dead seeds. The highest correlation between seed weight and dry and fresh weight of seedlings at 10 days was also found
for the fraction pale yellow. No relationship was found between seed weight and vigor, expressed as seedling length both
the 4th and the 10 days. The darker fraction strong brown (HUE 7.5YR, 4 / 6), although present in low proportion, was
significantly inferior in all studied variables.
Keywords: alfalfa, vigour, colour, seed weight
Acknowledgements: CICyT-UNSE
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98. EVALUATION OF SEED DORMANCY AND ITS BREAKING METHODS IN OREGANO (Origanum
vulgare) SEEDS.
Tavakkol Afshari, R; Dehghanpour Farashah, H. Department of Agronomy & Plant Breeding, College of
Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran. tavakkol@ut.ac.ir.
Type of seed dormancy investigated in Origanum vulgare seeds and some attempts carried out to remove dormancy and
improve germination. Mechanical and chemical scarification of seed coat improved seed germination parameters and
indicated that O. vulgare seeds have an exogenous dormancy. Seed germination also affected by other treatments such
as moist chilling and chemicals. Therefore we suggest Oregano seeds also have an endogenous dormancy. Germination
percentage reached 39% when seeds chilled in 4 C for 7 days. Soaking seeds in 100 ppm GA3 for 36 h resulted in 48%
germination. The highest value of germination parameters was achieved by soaking seeds in -10 bar PEG solution at 20 C
for 72 h. Total germination percentage reached to 60% in this treatment. Combination of chilling and PEG improved seed
germination significantly, but was not as favorable as PEG solely.
Keywords: Oregano, seed dormancy, germination
99. PRIMING OF NERICA AND ORYZA Glaberrima RICE SEEDS ENHANCED SEED GERMINATION AND
PLANT VIGOUR
Daniel, I. O.*, Okunola, O. K.*, Adeleye, I. A.*, Tella, O. A.* and Akintunde, A. T.**Department of Plant
breeding and Seed Technology, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
New rice for Africa (NERICA) lines showed poor seed establishment characteristics, a trait inherited from their West
African native rice parent - O. glaberrima. This constitutes a major limitation to acceptance and commercial cultivation
of the improved rice in Africa. In a preliminary trial, seed germinability and plant vigour of 10 accessions of NERICA in
response to various priming duration treatments in aerated distilled water (hydro-priming) and 20ppm KCl (halo-priming)
were examined. In a second trial, germination and vigour data were collected from 10 accessions of O. glaberrima seeds
which had undergone priming for different hours of hydro-priming with distilled water and salt-priming with 20ppm
KNO3 salt. In both trials, seeds that were hydro-primed or salt-primed for 2, 24 and 48 hours germinated better than control
seed lots of all the NERICA and O. glaberrima varieties. Germination of seeds was also optimal in the seeds treated for 48
hours in both studies. The results showed efficacy of seed priming with water and/or salt as seed enhancers for NERICA
and O. glaberrima, indicating possible treatments for seedling establishment and plant invigoration.
Keywords: Seed enhancement, Priming, West African rice
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100. BIO-OSMOPRIMING WITH Pseudomonas fluoresecens IMPROVED SEED GERMINATION AND

SEEDLING VIGOR OF CANOLA (Brassica napus L.).
Entesari1, M. Ramezani1, F.; Tavakkol Afshari1, R.; Ahmadzadeh2 M. 1Department of Agronomy and Plant
Breeding, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. 2Department of Plant
Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. tavakkol@ut.ac.ir
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) competitively colonize plant roots, and stimulate plant growth and/or reduce
the incidence of plant disease. The PGPR concept has been identified by the isolation of many bacterial strains that fulfill
at least two of the three criteria (aggressive colonization, plant growth stimulation and biocontrol). The mechanisms that
are involved in this process include nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and the production of phytohormones (such
as auxin and cytokinin) and volatile growth stimulants (such as ethylene and 2,3-butanediol). Moreover, increasing the
production of antibiotic and siderophore are the main mechanisms of PGPR in pathogen inhibition. In this study the effects
of bio-osmopriming with Pseudomonas fluoresecens on canola seed germination and seedling vigor were investigated. An
experimental design in factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block was used. Main factors were four strains of
Pseudomonasfluorescent (UTPF68, UTPF5, UTPF225, UTPF230) and two concentrations of KNO3 as osmotic potential
(4 and 8 ppm) treatment. Firstly, seeds were primed for 16 hours in KNO3 and dried at room temperature for 12 hours.
Then seeds were coated by bacteria. Results showed that bio-osmopriming increased germination percentage, root length,
shoot length, seedling length, root and seedling dry weight, leaf area index, and vigor1 index of canola. Maximum increase
in root length, vigor1 index, dry weight of root, seedling dry weight, were detected for treatment of UTPF230 combined
with 4 ppm of KNO3. For shoot length and dry weight, UTPF5 combined with 8 ppm of KNO3 exhibited the highest value.
Leaf area index significantly increased in treatment of UTPF230, and UTPF 68, at 8 ppm of KNO3. Germination speed
significantly increased in treatment of UTPF230 and UTPF5 with 8 ppm KNO3.
Keywords: Pseudomonas fluoresecens,canola, osmopriming, KNO3
101. IMPROVEMENT OF SOYBEAN SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING VIGOR USING Trichoderma
harzianum AND OSMOPRINING TREATMENTS.
Entesari1, M; Sharifzadeh1, F.; Okhovvat2, S.M.; Ahmadzadeh2, M.; and Tavakkol Afshari,1 R. 1Department of
Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
2
Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
tavakkol@ut.ac.ir
Trichoderma spp. are endophytic plant symbionts that are widely used as seed treatments to control diseases and also to
enhance plant growth and yield. Trichoderma spp. have been used to increase plant growth, shoot and root biomass and crop
yield as well as to control numerous plant pathogens. In the present study, the effects of seed treatment with T. harzianum
and osmopriming using two chemicals, namely, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and zenic sulphate on seed germination and
seedling vigor of soybean were investigated. Three T. harzianum strains along with -8 bar of PEG and 300 ppm of ZnSO4
were used. Germination rate, root length, shoot length, seedling dry weight, chlorophyll content of soybean cultivar
William, were measured. This study was conducted under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Comparing three strains,
Trichoderma harzianum BS1-1 was the best strain and enhanced germination characteristics significantly. Germination
percentage increased by T. harzianum BS1-1 compared to control. High increase in root length and germination rate were
detected for T. harzianum AS19-1 and T. harzianum BS1-1 combined with 300ppm of ZnSO4. For chlorophyll content and
shoot length, T. harzianum BP4 combined with -8bar PEG was the best treatment. Seedling dry weight also increased by
T. harzianum BS1-1 combined with 300ppm of ZnSO4.
Keyword: Trichoderma harzianum, seedling growth, soybean, osmopriming
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102. OVERCOMING THE DORMANCY OF TENTO SEEDS (Ormosia paraensis Ducke - FABACEAE).
Silva, b.m.s., 1Oliveira, C., 2Moro, f.v., 2Vieira, r.d., 1Instituto de Pesquisas Cientificas e Tecnolgicas do
Estado do Amap (IEPA), Macap AP Brasil. silvabms@hotmail.com, 2Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de
Mesquita Filho, Jaboticabal SP Brasil.
1
Ormosia paraensis Ducke, known as tento, has seeds used to make handicrafts and wood worked by furniture makers.
For seedlings production, the information about the physiology of tento seeds is scarce. Thus, the objective of this
research was the evaluation of methods for breaking dormancy, as well as relates them to the structure of the integument
and the water uptake by tento seeds. To break the seeds dormancy was used mechanical scarification and sulfuric
acid immersion (PA 98%) for 0, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 minutes comparing with intact seeds. The experiment was
a completely randomized, 5 replications with 20 seeds, sowing in sand and kept in 30 C. The higher seed germination
percentages and rates were observed in treatments with mechanical scarification and sulfuric acid (PA 98%) immersion
for 60 and 120 minute, 80% and 1,998 day-1, 77% and 1,720 day-1 and 79% and 2,076 day-1, respectively. Therefore, the
mechanical scarification and the chemical by sulfuric acid (PA 98%) immersion for 60 or 120 minutes are adequate to
overcome dormancy due to seed coat impermeability to water and / or gases in the seeds.
Keywords: seed coat, scarification, germination, Leguminosae.
103. TENTO SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING EMERGENCE (Ormosia paraensis Ducke - Fabaceae).
Silva, b.m.s., 2Moro, f.v., 2Vieira, r.d. 1Instituto de Pesquisas Cientificas e Tecnolgicas do Estado do Amap
(IEPA), Macap AP Brasil. silvabms@hotmail.com, 2Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho,
Jaboticabal SP Brasil.
1
Ormosia paraensis Ducke, known as tento, has seeds used to make handicrafts and wood worked by furniture makers.
Despite its importance in handcrafted, timber and for the recovery of degraded areas, there are little researches on the
physiology of its seeds in order to help the production of seedlings in nurseries. Thus, the purpose of this research was to
determine the temperature and the best substrate for the germination of seeds, as well as the substrate and sowing depth for
tento seedling emergence. For the germination, the experiment was a completely randomized design in a 9 x 2 factorial
arrangement (9 temperatures 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 C; and 2 substrates sowing in: blotting paper and sand
with 5 replications with 20 seeds. For the emergency, 4 replications of 25 seeds had been used, distributed in plastic boxes,
with sand, Plantmax, soil and vermiculite, in 0, 2 and 4 cm of sowing depth and kept in greenhouse. Both in the sand
(44,1%) and paper (42,5%), the range of the optimum temperature for seed germination is 25 (80%), 30 (85%) and 35 oC
(89,5%). Sowing depths than 0 cm in the sand (80%) and the vermiculite (78%) are adequate for tento emergence.
Keywords: temperature, substrate, sowing depth, Leguminosae.
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104. WATER AND SALT STRESS EFFECTS ON THE GERMINATION AND VIGOR OF SORGHUM SEEDS.
Oliveira, A. B., 2Gomes-Filho, E. (1Universidade Estadual do Piau (Uespi), Uruu-PI, Brazil, aleufc@gmail.com,
Universidade Federal do Cear (UFC), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil.
1
2
Salt and water stress during the germination affect the emergence of seedlings in the field and, consequently, the stand
of the plants and the growth of crops. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of water and salt stress
on germination and vigor of seeds of two genotypes of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. The seeding was done
inside the boxes Gerbox, on two sheets of paper germitest dampened with distilled water (control) or with solutions
of polyethylene glycol 6000 to provide the water potentials of -0.2, -0.4 and -0.8 MPa, or with NaCl at 75, 150 and 300
mM, respectively. The seed germination and vigor were evaluated by the first germination count (FGC), germination
test (GT), germination speed index (GSI) and germination average time (GAT). In both studies was used the completely
randomized design in factorial (2x4), totaling eight treatments, with four replicates of 50 seeds each. The CSF 18 genotype
germination was affected only in higher level of salinity (300 mM) with an increase in the GAT and reduction in variables
FGC, GSI and GT. The genotype CSF 20 showed similar behavior, except for GSI and GAT variables, which was affected
by NaCl from the concentration of 150 mM. The CSF 18 genotype had greater tolerance to water and salt stress during the
germination phase than CSF 20.
Keywords: Sorghum bicolor, Physiology quality, Osmotic stress, Salinity
Acknowledgements: INCTSal (CNPq).
105. INTERACTION BETWEEN PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY AND OSMOCONDITIONING ON THE

GERMINATION AND VIGOR OF SORGHUM SEEDS.
2
1
This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of osmotic conditioning on the germination and vigour of seeds of
sorghum, cultivar IPA 1011, with different physiological qualities. The experimental design was completely randomized
in four replications in a factorial 2 x 2, consisting of four treatments: 1. aged seeds, 2. seed not aged, 3. seed aging
and osmoconditioning and 4. seed aging and not osmoconditioning. The quality of seeds was evaluated by means of
water content (WC), mass of thousand seeds (MTS), the first germination count (FGC), germination pattern test (GPT),
germination speed index (GSI), germination mean time (GMT ), accelerated aging test (AAT), cold test (CT), electrical
conductivity test (ECT) and leaching of potassium test (LPT). The results showed that the artificial aging negatively
affects the performance of sorghum seeds, and such effects are partially reversed by priming, and this technique does
not influence germination, but further benefits in seed vigor with top and bottom physiological qualities.
Keywords: Sorghum bicolor, Osmotic conditioning, Germination potential
Acknowledgements: CNPq.
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106. Sorghum seedlings establishment

physiological qualities.
from
primed
seeds
with
different
2
1
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of the priming on emergence and early growth of sorghum seedlings
from seeds, cv. IPA 1011, with different physiological qualities. The experimental design was a completely randomized
design with four replications and a 2 x 2, consisting of four treatments: 1. aged seeds, 2. aging seeds 3. aged seeds and
osmotically conditioned and 4. aging seeds and osmotically conditioned. To assess the emergence in the field, we analyzed
the initial (IS) and end (ES) stand, velocity index (VIE) and mean time (MTE) of emergency, dry weight of root (DWR),
shoot (DWS) and total (DWT) and the ratio DWS/DWR. Seeds primed from sublot not aged showed higher values for the
variables IS, ES, DWS and DWT, reflecting the beneficial effect of priming on seedlings establishment from high quality
seeds. The conditioning of high quality seeds promotes increases in the rate of emergence and dry matter production of
seedlings on field.
Keywords: Sorghum bicolor, Accelerated aging, Priming, Seedlings emergence
107. MORPHOLOGY AND GERMINATION OF Xylopia aromatica SEEDS, AND ITS DOSE RESPONSE TO
GA 4+7 AND TO FLURIDONE.
Locardi B. M., Takaki M. Laboratrio de Fotomorfogenese de Plantas - Instituto de Biocincias, Universidade
Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro-SP, Brazil.
Xylopia aromatica is new tropical savanna (Cerrado) species, with typical dormant seeds. The present study aimed to
find dormancy causes by physiological and morphological responses to GA4+7 and to fluridone (ABA inhibitor). The ripe
fruits of X. aromatica were collected at Cerrado in the region of Mogi-Guau, SP, Brazil (22 15 16S e 47 08 12 W).
At laboratory the aril of seeds were removed by washing the seeds for three hours in running tap water, shaking them for
5minutes n 80% acetone (twice the seeds volume), and in water for 30 minutes more . Germination test was carried out
sowing three replicates of 25 seeds on filter paper soaked with water, 10, 50, 100, 250 and 500mM GA4+7 solutions and 30
and 100mM fluridone solutions, on 12hs light 30 C and 12hs dark 20 C. Seed length was determined with the aid of
a micrometer and the embryos were removed from seeds and observed with the aid of a steromicroscope. The embryo
length were measured when seeds viability was scored by tetrazolium test. All the germination test was scored for 60
days from sowing. GA4+7 treatments break X. aromatic seed dormancy, increasing the germination percentage by 4% on
water treatment to 27.2% with 250mM and 67.3% with 500mM incubations. (Tukeys ,P<0.05). De novo ABA synthesis
seems not to be the cause of seed dormancy, once fluridone had no significant effects on germination percentage (13.9%)
or embryo development, at least at 100mM. X. aromatica have a small torpedo shape embryo and in water imbibed
seeds the mean embryo: seed ratio (E:S) was 0.14. The embryo of non germinated seeds grew inside the endosperm when
treated with GA4+7 up to 0.85 of E:S at 500mM. Our results indicates that new ABA synthesis during imbibition is not the
dormancy maintainer and gibberellins releases X.aromatica seed dormancy, allowing its embryo to grow and promoting
seed germination , so dormancy is caused by low gibberellin concentrations.
Keywords: Dormancy, Cerrado, Gibberellin, Fluridone
Acknowledgements: CNPq, CAPES
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108. GERMINATION RESPONSES TO TEMPERATURE AND WATER POTENTIAL IN Jatropha curcas L.

SEEDS.
Windauer, L.B., 1Wassner, D., 1Benech Arnold, R.L. 1Ctedra de Cultivos Industriales, FAUBA, Av. San Martn
4453, Capital Federal (1417), Argentina. windauer@agro.uba.ar
1
Jatropha curcas is a drought-resistant tree whose seeds are a good source of oil that can be used for producing biodiesel.
A successful crop establishment depends on a rapid and uniform germination of the seed. In this work we aimed to
characterize the responses of Jatropha curcas seeds to temperature and water availability, using thermal time (T) and
hydrotime analysis(H ). Thermal and hydrotime analysis was performed on germination data obtained from the incubation
of seeds at different temperatures and at different water potentials. Base and Optimum Temperatures were 14.6 C and
30-35 C, respectively. Approximately 20% of the seed population displayed absolute dormancy and part of it displayed
relative dormancy which was progressively expressed in further fractions when incubation temperatures departed from 25
C. The thermal time model, but not the hydrotime model, failed to adequately describe final germination percentages at
temperatures other than 25 C. The H constant was reduced when incubation temperature was increased until 30 C, base
water potential b(50) was less negative at 20 and 30 C than at 25 C, indicating either expression or induction of dormancy;
but while at 20 C this less negative b(50) explained satisfactorily germination curves obtained at all water potentials, at
30 C it had to be corrected towards even less negative values to match observed curves at water potentials other than
0. Hence, b(50) appeared to have been further displaced to less negative values as exposition to 30 C was prolonged by
osmoticum. Taken together these results suggest expression of dormancy at 20 C and induction of secondary dormancy
at 30 C. This study revealed i) an the extremely narrow thermal range within which dormancy problems (either through
expression or induction of dormancy) may not be encountered; ii) the high sensitivity displayed by these seeds to water
shortage. In addition, this work is the first one in which temperature effects on dormancy expression could be discriminated
from those on dormancy induction using a hydrotime analysis.
Keyswords: Jatropha curcas; Germination; Dormancy.
109. WATER AND OXYGEN AVAILABILITY AFFECT GERMINATION OF SEEDS IN Allamanda schotti
POHL (APOCYNACEAE)
Souza Filho, P. R. M. S., 1Takaki. M. 1Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp), Rio
Claro, So Paulo, Brazil. paulorob2000@gmail.com
1
Allamanda schottii is a shrublet that occurs in moist places, like riverbanks. It has capsular-spinous fruits with hydrochoric
dispersed seeds. This works objective was to evaluate its establishment potential. Ripe fruits were collected from a
spontaneous wetland population in Rio Claro, SP (222437.64S 473216.18W). The fruits (N=50), with mean size
of 34.34.7 x 27.43.6 x 24.32.8mm (meanSD), have 12.63.6 seeds. The water content of ripe seed was 37.07.9%
varying greatly between the batchs (CV=21.4%). The imbibition and germination rates of seeds on moistened filter
paper and submersed in 200mL deionized water were analyzed. 25 seeds per each of four transparent plastic boxes were
maintained under continuous white light and 25 C. Submerged seeds showed higher water uptake than on filter paper ones
(176.92.9% and 148.82.1%, respectively; P=0.01 at Tukey test). However the first showed less germinability at 100 days
period (33.614.0% and 69.614.0, respectively; P=0.004). Even under optimum conditions, the germination rates were
low, so the seeds were put under running water to verify if there was any soluble inhibitor. The lixiviation treatment did not
statistically alter the germination rates (783.2219.5 treated and 893.0156.5 control; P=0.4). To test low oxygen effects,
seeds were maintained submersed in 500mL distilled water with and without aeration for 30 days. Under no aeration
treatment the germination rates were lower than aerated (519.0126.1 and 335.668.8, respectively; P=0.022), probably
due to a reduction in metabolic activity or due to anaerobic fermentation. A. schottii seeds germinate slowly, starting after
15 days from sowing, and it can survive under low oxygen environments for long periods (30 days) before germination.
Keywords: Imbibition, Oxygen availability, Submerged seeds germination
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110. MORPHOLOGICAL ASPECTS AND GERMINATION OF Ptychosperma elegans (R.Br.) Blume

(ARECACEAE) SEEDS.
Bueno, B.F., 1Mro, F.V., 1Pivetta, K.F.L., 1Batista, G.S. 1Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP/FCAV),
Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil, brenofb_nup@hotmail.com
1
Palm trees have different types of seed germination, thus a thorough morphological study of this process for each species
is needed. The study of seed and seedling morphology is important for taxonomic, ecological and agricultural purposes, as
well as fundamental on the interpretation of germination tests. Ptychosperma elegans species, popularly known as solitary
palm, is native to the northeastern Australia, it has high ornamental value, widely used in the Brazilian landscape. Because
it is still poorly studied, this study aimed to describe the morphology of the seed (botanically pyrene) and germination
of P. elegans seeds. This experiment was carried out in the Seed Analysis Laboratory of the Crop Production Department
and in the Morphology Laboratory of the Agriculture Applied Biology Department, at the State University of So Paulo in
Jaboticabal, So Paulo State, Brazil. The fruits were harvested from existing arrays in Jaboticabal, had their pulp removed
(exocarp and mesocarp removal) and the pyrene (seeds with stucked endocarp) were shade dried. For the morphological
study, 100 pyrenes were sowed in transparent plastic trays (50x25x0.6 cm), on a 5 cm layer of vermiculite medium, which
was moistened prior to sowing. Samples of seedlings in different stages of post-seminal development were fixed in 70%
alcohol in order to be analyzed afterwards. The external and internal sides of the pyrene, the embryo and the representative
stages of the germination process were observed with the help of a light camera attached to the stereomicroscope. Seeds
are albuminous, with ruminated endosperm that takes almost the entire interior of the pyrene. The embryo is lateral,
peripheral and poorly differentiated with about 1mm in length, a conical shape, with one concave end, where a small lump
is found and another rounded and tapered one. The germination is adjacent. The shoot consists of two sheaths that open
to release the first leaf that is bifid.
Keywords: Morphology, Sexual propagation, Solitary palm
111. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND SANITARY QUALITY OF ONION SEEDS INFLUENCED BY HEAT

TREATMENT AND OSMOCONDITIONING.
Silva, P. P., 2Nascimento, W. M.. 1Universidade Federal de Pelotas RS, Brazil, 2Embrapa Vegetables. CP-280,
70359-970, Braslia DF, Brazil, wmn@cnph.embrapa.br.
1
Fungi associated to onion (Allium cepa) seeds may affect the physiological seed quality with consequences in the stand
establishment. This study aimed to examine the influence of moist heat treatment on Fusarium spp control and the effect of
physiological quality on onion seeds. The use of priming on the recovery of quality of seeds subjected to the thermotherapy
was also evaluated. Two seed lots (19/04 and 31/04) of Alfa Tropical onion were evaluated by health test using blotter
test with freezing. Seeds were subjected to thermotherapy using hot water at 60 C for 5, 10 and 15 minutes and dried at
38 C for 24 hours. After drying, seeds were osmoconditioned in aerated solution of PEG 6000 (30%) under light at 20 C
for ten days. The seed physiological quality was evaluated through the first count, germination and emergence of seedlings
in substrate. Untreated seeds showed a lower seedling emergence in substrate. The thermotherapy caused a reduction of
Fusarium spp in the two seed lots, and the period of 10 and 15 minutes showed 100% efficiency in pathogen control; the
period of 5 minutes reduced the treatment efficiency to 95% and 93% on 31/04 and 19/04 seed lots, respectively. The first
count and seed germination decreased with increasing thermotherapy period. Osmoconditioning reduced the deleterious
effects of thermotherapy on seed quality. The results showed that a) the heat treatment was effective in eliminating
the pathogen associated to onion seeds, b) the thermotherapy caused damage in seed physiological quality, and c) the
osmoconditioning increased the physiological quality of treated seeds.
Keywords: Allium cepa, Thermotherapy, Priming, Physiological quality.
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112. THE EFFECT OF MATERNAL PHOSPHATE ON SEED DORMANCY AND SEED QUALITY IN
Arabidopsis thaliana.
Vidigal, D.S., 2Ligterink, W., 2He, H., 1Dias, D.C.F.S., 2Bentsink, L., 2Hilhorst, H.W.M. (1Universidade Federal de
Viosa (UFV), Viosa-MG, Brazil, dsvidigal@gmail.com, 2Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
1
Arabidopsis possesses seed dormancy and this property is controlled by environmental factors such as light,
temperature, nutrients as well as by genetic factors. The availability of nutrients influences the formation of the
embryo, organ allocation and chemical composition of the seed, affecting, therefore, seed quality. Phosphorus is an
essential element in plant metabolism; it plays an important role in the transfer of energy to the cell and participates
in respiration and photosynthesis. We aim to study the effect of phosphate nutrition of Arabidopsis thaliana plants on
dormancy and seed quality. After flowering, wild-type plants of Landsberg (Ler) were grown under seven different
concentrations of phosphate ranging from 0 to 50000 M. Seed developed and matured under these different
phosphate concentration were analysed for their germination behaviour. We assessed dormancy levels by monitoring
after-ripening. Fully after-ripened seeds were tested for germination under stress conditions: high temperature (27
C), low temperature (10 C), salt (125mM) and germination after CD (Controlled Deterioration). Results clearly
indicate that phosphate deprivation during seed development affects seed quality. This effect will be further studied
in more detail by comparing the effect of phosphate on seed development in several mutants.
Keywords: Dormancy, germination, phosphate, Arabidopsis.
113. Seed reserve composition and mobilization during germination and early
seedling establishment of Cereus jamacaru D.C. ssp. jamacaru (Cactaceae).
Alencar, N. L. M., 1Innecco, R., 1Gomes-Filho, E., 1Gallo, M. I. 2Oliveira, A. B., (1Universidade Federal do
Cear (UFC), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, 2Universidade Estadual do Piau (Uespi), Uruu-PI, Brazil, aleufc@gmail.
com.
1
Cereus jamacaru is a Cactaceae widespread in northeast Brazil, widely used as cattle food, ornamental and medicinal plant,
however, until now, there has been little information about the physiological and biochemical aspects of germination. This
study aimed to investigate the reserve mobilization during germination and early seedling growth. For this, C. jamacaru
seeds were germinated in a growth chamber and sampled at 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 12 days after imbibition for morphological
and biochemical analyses. Seeds had wrinkled seed coats and large, curved embryos. Lipids were the most abundant
reserve, comprising about 55% and 65% of dry mass for cotyledons and hypocotyl-radicle axis, respectively. Soluble sugars
and starch were the minor reserves, corresponding to about 2.2% of the cotyledons dry mass, even though they showed
significant changes during germination. Soluble proteins corresponded to 40% of the cotyledons dry mass, reduced by
81% at the final period of germination. The C. jamacaru seeds can be assumed as an oil seed due to their high lipid content.
Moreover, the lipids were the main reserve involved in reserve mobilization because they were strongly reduced after seed
germination, whereas proteins were the second most involved in this process.
Keywords: Cactaceae, Cytochemistry, Morphology.
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114. Effects of light and temperature on Cereus jamacaru seed germination and initial
seedling establishment.
Alencar, N. L. M., 1Gomes-Filho, E., 1Innecco, R., 2Oliveira, A. B., (1Universidade Federal do Cear (UFC),
Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, 2Universidade Estadual do Piau (Uespi), Uruu-PI, Brazil, aleufc@gmail.com.
1
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of light and temperature interaction on seed germination and seedling
establishment of C. jamacaru. The evaluated variables were percentage of seed germination at 7 (%G7) and at 14 days
after imbibition (%G14), germination speed index (GSI), medium time of germination (MTG), accumulated frequency
of germination, dry mass and seedling height. The highest%G14 and GSI were both observed at 25 C associated with
white light, whereas the highest MTG values were observed under darkness for all evaluated temperatures. On the other
hand,%G14, GSI the accumulated frequency showed the shortest values at darkness. Therefore, C. jamacaru seeds could
germinate even in darkness; however, these seeds are stimulated by the presence of light. We conclude that the combination
of white light at 25 and 30 C is the most appropriate condition for their germination.
Keywords: Cactus seed, Germination percentage, Mandacaru, Photoblastism.
115. TETRAZOLIUM TEST FOR EVALUATION OF Crotalaria juncea L. SEED VIABILITY.

Silva, C.B.1; Barbosa, R.M.1; Vieira, R.D.1 (1UNESP-So Paulo State University, Depto. de Produo Vegetal,
14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil, rdvieira@fcav.unesp.br). Financial support: FAPESP/Process: 2009/02335-4.
The use of procedures to obtain quick and accurate information about seed viability is essential, providing agility in
decision making in the management of seed lots in the stages of pre and post-harvest. This research aimed to identify the
sunn hemp seed method preparation in the tetrazolium test and to evaluate its applicability for estimating seed viability.
For this purpose, the following seed preparation procedures were assessed: (a) removal of seed coat; (b) lateral longitudinal
cut without removing the seed coat; (c) longitudinal cut in the distal region to the embryonic axis in the seed thickness
direction, through the embryo; (d) transversal cut in the distal region to the embryonic axis in the seed width direction,
through the embryo. The preconditioning of the seeds was carried out among sheets of moistened paper towels, at 25
C for 16 hours, for softening the seed coat and activation of the enzyme system. The test was conducted with a 2,3,5
triphenyl tetrazolium chloride salt solution at a concentration of 0.075% for 120 minutes at 40 C. Based on the results,
the tetrazolium test showed promising for the sunn hemp seeds viability evaluation. To conduct the test, the seed coat
must be removed for a uniform color of the whole embryo. The changes in the seed tissues, found by the intensity, extent
and location of the coloration allow establishing three classes of viability, being viable and vigorous (class 1), viable and
non-vigorous (class 2), and non-viable (class 3).
Keywords: legume, seed preparation, coloration, dehydrogenases enzymes.
Acknowledgements: FAPESP (proc. no 2006/57900-0), CAPES e CNPq
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116. VARIATION IN GERMINATION AND VIGOR OF Dimorphandra wilsonii RIZZ. SEEDS FROM SEPARATE
MATERNAL LINES.
Matheus, M. T., 2Freitas, A. R., 1Duarte, D. M., 1Barreto, L. C., 1Garcia, Q. S. 1Universidade Federal de Minas
Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, miele@ufmg.br, 2Universidade Federal do Esprito Santo (UFES),
Alegre-ES, Brazil
1,2
Dimorphandra wilsonii is an extremely threatened native Fabaceae tree species from the Brazilian Savanna and the
understanding of the variation in germination of seeds from separate maternal lines may be useful in management and
conservation programs, such as those regarding seedling production, plants reintroduction and genetics. This study was
carried out with the purpose of identifying differences in physiological quality among seed lots collected from four distinct
D. wilsonii mother plants (A1; A4; A7; G1). The seeds were germinated in germination boxes kept in a germination
chamber (30 C, 12h-photoperiod) for 15 days. Four replicates were used per treatment, with 25 scarified seeds each.
Electrical conductivity test was also carried out to distinguish the vigor of the seed lots. For that, four replicates with 25
seeds each were immersed in 75 ml of distilled water and kept in germination chamber for 72 hours at 25 C, when the
electrical conductivity of the solution was measured with a conductivity meter. Seeds initial water content of the four lots
was similar. However, differences in percentage and velocity of germination could be identified, which was supported
by the electrical conductivity tests. The results showed the highest percentage of germination in the A1 seed lot. A1 also
showed the lowest value for electrical conductivity, which indicates better physiological quality and vigor for seeds from
this lot. On the other hand, seeds from A7 had the lowest percentage and velocity of germination, although no difference
was observed in electrical conductivity between the seeds from this lot and those from A4 and G1 mother plants. However,
both A4 and G1 had similar velocity of germination to that obtained in A1, which suggests that A4 and G1 are intermediate
in seed quality and A7 is inferior.
Keywords: Electrical conductivity, Germination, Native plants, Genotypes
Acknowledgements: CAPES, FAPEMIG, FZB-BH
117. A THRESHOLD MODEL DESCRIBING AND PREDICTING GERMINATION TIMING OF Populus

tomentosa SEED AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES AFTER HARVEST AND STORED UNDER AN
AMBIENT CONDITION.
Wang, W. Q., Cheng, H. Y., Song, S. Q., Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093,
China, sqsong@ibcas.ac.cn
Temperature has a primary influence on timing and percentage of germination, but for aspen seed, loss of viability can
occur soon after storage under ambient condition. For predicting the germination of aspen seed under ambient environment,
the primary work is to establish a model to integrate effects of temperature and storage time on germination. In this
research, aspen seeds were stored at 28 C and 75% relative humidity for different periods of time and then germinated at
constant temperatures ranging from 540 C. The effects of germination temperature and storage time on germination were
separately analyzed through thermal time and maximum lifetime threshold (MLT) model. Commonly accepted thermal
time model could not well describe and predict germination of aspen seed at a suboptimal range of temperatures. Two
different equations were required to describe the separate temperature ranges 510 and 1530 C. MLT model successfully
described the effect of storage on germination timing of aspen seed at a given temperature. Mean maximum potential
lifetime (pmax(50)) and inverse aging time constant (1/A) found in MLT model were sectionally linearly related to
temperature, and that supported a way to combine factors of germination temperature and storage period into establishing
a prediction model for seed germination. The model fitted well and predicted germination timing of aspen seed across both
sub- and supra-optimal range of temperatures and a series of storage periods. Our results indicate that the physiological
process of germination is not only distinct for the sub- and supra-optimal temperature ranges, but also distinguishes within
the suboptimal temperature range.
Keywords: germination rate, hydrotime, Populus tomentosa, thermal time
Acknowledgements: NNSF of China (30870223)
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118. SEED MORPHOLOGY AND FRESH SEED GERMINATION OF FALSE BANANA, Ensete ventricosum,
(MUSACEAE).
Karlsson, L. M., 1Dalbato, A. L., 2Tamado, T. (1Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden,
2
Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia)
1
Ensete ventricosum (enset) is an important drought tolerant crop in Ethiopia. In other parts of the world, where bananarelatives can survive outdoors, it is sometimes grown as an ornamental. Enset looks similar to banana plants, but the large
leaves are directed more up-right and the ripe bananas are orange and contain often seeds. In Ethiopia, enset has been
cultivated for thousands of years, and numerous clones with different characteristics occur. It is propagated vegetatively,
and seeds are rarely allowed to develop because the plants are harvested at flowering, to get maximum yield of starchrich plant parts. The seeds are relatively large (1-2 cm) and irregular in shape and size. Seed setting of cultivated plants
(if kept after flowering) vary from no fruit setting at all, to a few seedless fruits, to a banana stock with over 100
seed-filled fruits. The number of seeds per fruit was higher for wild plants than for cultivars: average 21 (13-32) and
9 (1-15), respectively. Imbibition was slow (5-6 days) and occurred through a limited area in the otherwise hard and
impermeable seed coat (physical dormancy). The embryo (ca 3 mm long) was so called underdeveloped and located just
inside the water permeable area. Radicle protrusion as well as shoot emergence occurred through a hole (covered until
germination) in the seed coat just below the embryo; the seed coat did not crack. Germination (radicle protrusion), at 25
C, of fresh seeds begun ca three weeks after onset and reached 3-14% (N=100) for six seed batches (cultivated and wild)
within additional two weeks (=physiological dormancy). Shoot emerged 4.1 (sd 1.1) days after the root. Underdeveloped
embryos are known to restrict time to germination after imbibition (=morphological dormancy). Further studies regarding
seed dormancy, germination requirements, and early growth are ongoing; is enset the first recorded example of physicalmorpho-physiological seed dormancy?
Keywords: Drought tolerant crop, Ensete edule, Morphophysiological dormancy, Physical dormancy.
119. VERY SLOW GERMINATION, RATHER THAN DORMANCY, EXPLAINS SEEDLING EMERGENCE
TIMING OF Daphne mezereum in COLD TEMPERATE CLIMATE.
Karlsson, L. M., 1Milberg, P. (1Linkping University, Linkping, Sweden, 2Swedish University of Agricultural
Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden)
1,2
Daphne mezereum occurs in most of Europe and western Asia; in the southern parts mostly at higher elevations and in
the northern parts at lower elevations and in relatively warm microclimates. It flowers very early in spring, and fruits are
dispersed in mid to late summer. To investigate the emergence pattern and compare with germination requirements, seeds
were collected in Sweden. Seeds were subjected to changing seasons (summer: 25/15, early autumn: 20/10, late autumn:
15/5, winter: 5/5, early spring: 15/5, late spring: 20/10 C day/night) for two years. Seeds were also subjected the above
temperature conditions continuously, and to treatments intended to alleviate possible dormancy (dry storage, warm and
cold stratification and gibberellic acid). Root (radicle) protrusion and shoot (epicotyl) emergence were faster the higher
the temperature, even though a few seedlings developed at 5/5 C. None of the dormancy alleviation treatments had any
effect. The development from seed to emerged seedling of D. mezereum was a slow process, e.g. taking ca 30, 45 and
60 weeks for 25, 50 and 75%, respectively, at 25/15 C, with average 28 (sd 14.5, N=78) weeks from root protrusion
to shoot emergence; the root grew during this time. When subjected to annual changing seasons, root protrusion rate
was enhanced during warm seasons and reduced during colder. Shoot emergence followed the same pattern; the entire
process resulting in emergence mostly during rising temperatures in spring the second year after dispersal, which allows
maximal time for growth and establishment before winter. This emergence pattern is the same as for species with so called
epicotyl dormancy, but in the case of D. mezereum the embryos are fully developed, and the species does not respond to
stratification as expected for that kind of dormancy. Instead, the slow but continuous development process of D. mezereum
is itself the explanation to the emergence pattern.
Keywords: Epicotyl dormancy, Deep simple epicotyl morphophysiological dormancy, Mezereon, Thymelaeaceae.
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120. Effects of scarification, stratification and GA3 on seed germination of date-plum

(Diospyros lotus L.)
Sayyad-Amin, P., 2Shahsavar, A. R. 1 and 2 M.Sc student and Assistant Professor of Department of Horticultural
Sciences, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, PO Box 71443, respectively. 1:pegah_sayyad_
amin@yahoo.com
1
Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) is an important subtropical, monoecious, dieocious and polygamous tree which belongs to
Ebenaceae family. Grafting on seedling rootstock is generally used for its propagation. The common rootstock for persimmon
is date plum (Diospyros lotus), but its seeds have deep dormancy. So, the study was carried out to investigate the effects
of stratification (0, 25, 50 and 70 days) at 4-70C, scarification with (97%) sulphuric acid (0, 2.5, 5 and7.5 minute) and GA3
(0, 250, 500 and 750 mgL-1) on seed germination of D.lotus. Results showed that the best germination rate was observed in
GA3 at 500 mgL-1 plus stratification for 50 days. Stratification for 70 days produced the highest germination percent. The
best germination uniformity was observed in GA3 at 500 mgL-1. In scarification plus stratification, the germination percent
was lower than control and stratification. In general, stratification was more effective than GA3 and scarification.
keywords: Germination, Stratification, Scarification, Diospyros lotus
Acknowledgements: Hort. Sci. Depart of Agric College of Shiraz University
121. ANALYSIS OF NP24, A THAUMATIN-LIKE GENE, IN GERMINATING TOMATO SEEDS.

Pupel, P., 1Pluskota, W. E., 2Bassel, G. W., 1Gowacka, K., 3Takeda, N., 3Yamaguchi, S., 3Kamiya, Y., 2Nonogaki,
H., 1Grecki, R. J. 1University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland, wiolap@uwm.edu.pl, 2Oregon State
University, Corvallis-OR, USA, 3RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Japan
1
Thaumatin-like proteins belong to the Pathogenesis Related (PR)-5 family proteins that share significant amino acid
sequence homology with the sweet tasting protein thaumatin in the fruits of the tropical plant Thaumatococcus daniellii.
This group also includes osmotin and osmotin-like proteins that are non-sweet and salt-induced proteins. NP24, discovered
as salt induced protein in tomato fruit, is one of the members of the PR-5 proteins. NP24 is developmentally regulated
during ripening of tomato fruits. It is involved in cellular tolerance to dehydration. It has been suggested to be involved
in the protection of plant cells from pathogens through its antifungal activity. Microarray data indicated expression of
NP24 in the endosperm cap of germinating tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. MoneyMaker) seeds. The level of SlNP24
transcript increased in imbibed tomato seeds toward radicle protrusion through the seed coat. The 5 upstream region of
the NP24 gene was cloned and its activity was characterized in transgenic tomato seeds using a reporter gene. Promoter
analysis showed that NP24 was mainly expressed in the endosperm cap of germinating tomato seeds and its expression was
limited to the micropylar region of tomato seeds after the completion of germination sensu sricto.
Keywords: Thaumatin-like protein, Osmotin, PR gene, Germination
Acknowledgements: MNiSW
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122. Dormancy cycling in the field: Environmental sensing via temporally separate
and hierarchical hormone signalling pathways in Arabidopsis seeds.
Footitt, S., ler-Footitt, H1., Douterelo Soler, I., Clay, H., Dent, K., Finch-Savage, W.E. School of Life Sciences,
Wellesbourne Campus, University of Warwick, United kingdom;1Department of Biological Sciences, Dumlupinar
niversity, Ktahya, Turkey
Seeds can remain dormant in the soil for many years. In response to environmental signals, the depth of dormancy cycles
with the seasons to determine the optimum time for plants to establish, survive and reproduce. The molecular regulation
of this essential process is unknown, but an extensive range of individual mechanisms that influence dormancy have
been identified in laboratory experiments. We adopted a targeted investigation of gene expression over the annual
dormancy cycle of Arabidopsis seeds in the field to better understand the coordination of mechanisms identified in the
laboratory. We identified two separate ABA signalling pathways operating independently in time. One is linked to slow
seasonal changes in the depth of dormancy the other, concurrent with GA signalling, is linked to the potential for a
rapid response to suitable germination conditions as dormancy decreases. Together they coordinate dormancy cycling
in the complex field soil environment. The transition between these two pathways was marked by an increase in genes
directly related to increased nitrate sensitivity part of a spatial sensing mechanism. These changes can be interpreted
in the context of coordinated regulation of dormancy cycling and a parallel gap sensing mechanism that indicates the
proximity of neighbouring vegetation. All of which contributes to the seeds ability to sense and interpret environmental
signals within the soil seed bank.
Keywords: Dormancy cycling, environmental sensing gap sensing, gene expression.
123. SEED BANK DYNAMICS OF THE Leucaena leucocephala (LAM.) DE WIT.: INVASIVE SPECIES THAT
THREATEN BIODIVERSITY OF THE BRAZILIAN ECOSYSTEMS
Marques, A. R., 1Costa, C. F. A., 2Garcia, Q. S. 1Centro Federal de Educao Tecnolgica de Minas Gerais (CEFETMG), Belo Horizonte - MG, Brazil, andrearmg@gmail.com, 2Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo
Horizonte - MG, Brazil
1
The invasive Leucaena leucocephalas population is very frequent in degraded and agricultural areas, and in addition
it is a threaten for biodiversity of the natural ecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the invasion potential
of this species through in situ seeds viability and longevity which have physical dormancy. In order to evaluate the
in situ longevity, seeds were stored in bags and buried in the occurrence place (Parque Ecolgico da Pampulha, Belo
Horizonte). The seeds were exhumed monthly during the 1st year and every three months in the 2nd and submitted to
germination test under light conditions at 25 C. The germination tests were also carried out with newly harvested seeds
(intact and scarified) and seeds collected randomly in the soil of the park, under light and dark conditions at 15, 20, 25,
30 and 35 C. The newly harvested and scarified seeds of the Leucaena had germination percentage of around 90% in
both light and darkness conditions, with no significant differences in the temperatures referred. The newly harvested
seeds that were not scarified showed percentages below 5%, while those collected from soil had approximately 40%.
During the 24 months of the storage on the soil of the park, the germination of the exhumed seeds was between 15
and 25% with no statistically significant differences. After 6 months in the soil, more than 22% of the exhumed seeds
were not found (unknown events), and at 12 months, more than 40%. The results indicate that the analyzed population
this species maintains approximately 60% of its dormant seeds after one year in the soil, and suggest that much of the
unknown events was seeds germinated that lost their physical dormancy and do not require light to start the germination
process.
Keywords: Invasive plants, Leucaena leucocephala, Physical dormancy, Seed longevity and viability
Acknowledgements: FAPEMIG, CNPq
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124. DORMANCY OVERCOMING IN RICE (Oryza sativa) SEEDS SUBMITTED TO DIFFERENT DRYING
TEMPERATURES AND STORAGE CONDITIONS.
Heberle, E., 1Costa, C. A. da, 1Arajo, E. F., 1Lacerda Filho, A. F., 1Conceio, P. M., 1Dias, M. A. (1Universidade
Federal de Viosa (UFV), Viosa-MG, Brazil, naniengel@yahoo.com.br)
1
Rice (Oryza sativa) seeds present dormancy due to the presence of phenolic inhibitors compounds of germination what
can cause uneven germination and compromise the establishment of the crop. This dormancy is overcome during storage,
and it is influenced by temperature and package as well. The objective of the present study was to evaluate dormancy
overcoming rate and physiological quality of rice seeds submitted to different temperatures of drying and storage conditions.
Treatments were composed of the combination of two temperatures of drying air (room air - 22 C and heated air - 40 C);
two packages (paper and plastic bags) and two storage temperatures (15 C and 35 C). Evaluations were made monthly,
from the beginning until five months of storage by using germination tests, first germination counting, seedlings vigor and
cold test without soil and water content. Seeds submitted to drying with heated air and stored in paper packages at 35 C
presented higher velocity in overcoming its dormancy until four months of storage, after this period there was no difference
among treatments.
Keywords: dormancy, physiological quality, rice seeds, storage
125. FLORAL BIOLOGY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SEED AND THE GERMINATION OF PHYSIC
NUT (Jatropa curcas L.)
Brasileiro, B.G.; 1Dias, D.C.F.S.; 1Bhering, M.C.; 1Dias, L.A.S. (1Universidade Federal de Viosa UFV,
Departamento de Fitotecnia, Campus Universitrio, CEP 36570-000, Viosa-MG, beatriz.brasileiro@ufv.br).
1
The aim of the study was to characterize the floral biology, the seed and the germination of physic nut. The study of the
floral biology was done on fresh material from 20 plants maintained in the germplasm bank of the Federal University
of Viosa. Seed and germination characterization was performed with seeds produced in the north of Minas Gerais
State. J. curcas is monoecious, with flowers of both sexes gathered in the same inflorescence. Each inflorescence had
on average of 131 63.9 flowers, being 12060.8 males and 10.56.8 females. Hermaphrodite flowers were also found,
however, in small number (0.41.7). The seed is albuminous, with two cotyledons foliaceous, rounded, with marked
veining and hypocotyl-radicle cylindrical and straight, with an average of 17.90.82 mm length, 11.270.43 mm wide
and 8.440.36 mm thick. Germination of J. curcas starts at the third day characterized by radicle protrusion in the
region close to the hilum. The primary root is cylindrical, thick, glabrous and branches rapidly, with about 4-5 branches,
three days after the protrusion, when the emergence of secondary roots starts. The seed coat removal occurs around the
8th day, when the endosperm is almost totally degraded and offers no resistance to the cotyledons that expand between
the 10th and the 12th day. Normal seedling has long and greenish hypocotyl, two cotyledons, robust primary root and
several lateral roots. At the 12th day after seeding, the normal seedling is characterized as phanerocotylar, originated
from epigeal germination.
Keywords: Physic nut, morphology, germination.
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126. VIABILITY OF RECENTLY HARVESTED AND STORED Xylopia aromatica (LAM.) MART.
(ANNONACEAE) SEEDS.
Socolowski F., 1Cicero S. M., 2Vieira D. C. M. 1Universidade de So Paulo (USP), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil,
2
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro-SP, Brazil.
1
Xylopia aromtica (Lam.) Mart. (Annonaceae) is a native species from Brazis Cerrado Region, recommended for
recuperating degraded areas and also as a medicine. Its seeds have embryos with morphophysiological dormancy, making
nursery propagation difficult. The objective of this study was to verify the efficiency of X-ray and tetrazolium tests for
evaluating the viability of three seed lots stored for different periods. All the seeds from the three lots used in the experiment
were X-rayed (13 kV, 350 seconds) and samples were used in tetrazolium and germination tests. In the tetrazolium test,
the seeds were submitted to six treatments at two temperatures (25 and 30 oC) with imbibitions in distilled water and
immersion in three concentrations of tetrazolium solution (0.5, 0.75 and 1%) at the two imbibitions temperatures. For the
germination test, the seeds were placed in distilled water and a500 ppm Promalin solution and later sown in sterilized
sand. The results from these three experiments were compared. The embryo could not be observed using the X-ray test.
However, those seeds observed with an undamaged endosperm did not differ in the percentage of seeds with firm and
colored endosperms observed in the tetrazolium test for all the seed lots. The tetrazolim test which showed the best
relationship with seed germination was the 0.5% treatment at 30 oC.
Keywords: forestry seed, seed analysis, seed quality.
Acknowledgements: FAPESP, CNPq.
127. THE INFLUENCE OF STORAGE AND PACKAGING IN THE GERMINATION OF LOQUAT SEEDS
(Eriobotrya japonica Lind l.)
Brasileiro, B.G.; 1Bhering, M.C.; 1Silva, D.F.P.; 1Dias, D.C.F.S.; 1Bruckner, C.H. (1Universidade Federal de
Viosa UFV, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Campus Universitrio, CEP 36570-000, Viosa-MG, mbhering@
ufv.br).
1
The loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) is an exotic fruit originated from Japan, cultivated in the southeast of Brazil, on
both domestic and commercial orchards. As other fruits, the loquat still lacks research on the physiological quality and
storage of the seeds for to their use and perpetuation. Thus, the objective of this study was to obtain information about the
behavior of loquat seeds during storage in two types of packaging. The seeds were extracted from the fruits, washed in
water and dried in natural conditions of temperature (251 C). Then they were packed in two types of packaging (plastic
and paper) and stored in refrigerator (82 C). At the beginning of the experiment and every 30 days (0, 30, 60, 90, 120,
150 and 180 storage days), tests were run to determine the seed moisture content, first counting and germination tests, and
the results were expressed in percentage. Loquat seeds are dispersed with high water content (58%) and germination of the
seeds stored in paper bags decreased abruptly at 30 storage days and extinguished fully at 60 storage days when moisture
contents reached values around 25%, reflecting their recalcitrant behavior. Seeds storage in plastic packaging maintained
the moisture content and remained viable for a period of 180 days, showing 90% germination and 60% moisture content.
Keywords: Loquat seeds, recalcitrant, germination.
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128. Seed priming improves endosperm weakening, germination, and subsequent

seedling development of Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil..
Anese, S., 2Amaral da Silva, E. A., 1Davide, A. C., 1Rocha Faria, J. M. 1Soares G. C. M., 1Matos A. C. B.,
3
Toorop P. E. 1Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras-MG, Brazil, 2Universidade Estadual Paulista
(UNESP), Botucatu-SP, Brazil, amaraldasilva@fca.unesp.br 3Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (RBGK), Ardingly,
United Kingdom
1
Seed priming is a treatment to improve seed quality and plant growth upon germination and is applied widely for crop
species to improve uniformity and yield. The present study aimed to establish a priming protocol for Solanum lycocarpum
St.Hil. to improve germination of the dormant seeds and seedling development for in situ restoration; and to determine
the mechanism underlying priming. Priming for 15 d at 15 C in water delivered the optimal priming effect, resulting
in the fastest and most uniform germination and a high final germination percentage compared with shorter treatments,
higher temperatures and lower water potentials. Seedling development following priming was significantly improved. To
determine the role of endosperm weakening during priming, the force required to puncture the endosperm and endo-mannanase activity were determined during priming and subsequent germination. Mechanical weakening of the endosperm
and development of endo--mannanase activity appeared to contribute to the priming effect. Despite the difference in
dormancy the mechanism behind priming is similar to that in tomato. Seedling production of S. lycocarpum, e.g. for in situ
restoration, would benefit from priming.
Keywords: Dormancy, Endo--mannanase, Priming, Seedling development
Acknowledgements: CAPES, CNPq, FAPEMIG
129. SEED DORMANCY CYCLING RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNALS IN WINTER AND

SUMMER ANNUAL ARABIDOPSIS ECOTYPES
Huang, Z., Footitt, S., Finch-Savage, W.E. School of Life Sciences, Wellesbourne Campus, University of Warwick,
Wellesbourne, Warwick, CV35 9EF, UK
Seed dormancy is an important trait refined by evolution, to aid survival in adverse environments and to select the correct
habitat and climate space for germination. Depth of dormancy changes continuously in response to the environment
surrounding the seed and is therefore a relative rather than an absolute condition. In nature, these changes are triggered by
seasonally characteristic environmental signals that are integrated by the seed over time to select optimum conditions for
germination. Despite a developing understanding of the control of dormancy at a molecular level in the laboratory there is
little understanding of how this interacts with environmental signals that change under natural conditions. We are using a
comparison of the Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes Cape Verdi Isle (Cvi) and Burren (Bur) which are respectively, winter and
summer annuals to improve understanding of this interaction. These ecotypes are adapted to a hot dry (Cvi) and a cool damp
(Bur) climate and. have different depths of dormancy and different seasonal patterns of dormancy cycling. Our understanding
of dormancy cycling can be improved by investigating these differences. The mechanisms by which environmental signals
influence dormancy cycling in these ecotypes is being studied using a combination of eco-physiology and molecular biology
to develop new models of dormancy cycling behaviour.
Keywords: Dormancy, Dormancy cycling, Arabidopsis ecotypes, environmental signals
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130. PEPTIDE TRANSPORT AND RESERVE MOBILISATION IN BARLEY GRAIN GERMINATION

W.M. Waterworth1, C. M. Provost2, C.E. West1 and C.M. Bray2 1Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds,
Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK fbswmw@leeds.ac.uk, 2Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13
9PT, U.K.
Nutrient uptake by the embryo of imbibing seeds supports the initiation of growth processes during seed germination
and the early stages of seedling establishment. Transporters for mobilisation of peptides, amino acids and glucose to
the embryo, arising from breakdown of protein and starch reserves in the endosperm, are localised to the scutellum of
the cereal grain. Transport of small peptides across the scutellum of the germinating barley grain is mediated by the
HvPTR1 transporter, which plays an important role in barley grain germination because peptides form the initial products
of endosperm protein breakdown. Our studies have characterised the HvPTR1 transporter and demonstrated that transport
of small peptides, amino acids and glucose across the scutellum is regulated by complex interplay of nutrient sensing
mechanisms. HvPTR1 peptide transport activity in the germinating barley grain is regulated by phosphorylation status
in response to rising levels of amino acids and glucose emanating from the endosperm as a result of storage protein
breakdown. Identification of HvPTR1 interacting proteins using split ubiquitin based yeast two-hybrid library screening
and biochemical approaches revealsthat regulation of peptide transport is mediated by interaction both with itself and other
nutrient reserve transporters. Additionally, interaction with a receptor like kinase (HvRLK1) potentially links metabolite
sensing to regulation of peptide transport activity as germination proceeds. Regulation of nutrient transporter activity in
germination and seedling establishment could have important applications in improvement of seed/ seedling vigour and
malting.
Keywords: peptide transporter, barley, reserve mobilization.
131. Tabebuia heptaphylla: COLOR, SIZE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SEEDS DURING
STORAGE.
Martins, L., 1Cursi, P. R. 1Coordenadoria of Integral Technical Assistance, Department of Seed Production and
Seedling Arrays (CATI / DSMM), Avenida Brazil, 2340, CP 962, CEP 13070-178, Campinas-SP, Brazil, leila@cati.
sp.gov.br, patrcia.cursi @ cati.sp.gov.br
1
Tabebuia heptaphylla (Vell.) Toledo) is a tree species with high economic, ornamental and medicinal value. Belongs
to Bignoniaceae family and their multiplication occurs mostly by seed. There is considerable need for studies on the
physiological performance related to the physical characteristics of the dispersal units of this and other similar species.
Aiming at improving the quality of these units by mechanical or manual methods, the objective of this research was to
evaluate the physiological potential of seeds after sorting into fractions of different colors and sizes, through a letter of
color (default color 10YR 5 / 3) and sieves (oblong sieves of 4.37 mm wide and 16.60 mm in length), respectively, during
storage. Fruits from eight mother plants were manually collected at the same time and placed under shade to complete
drying and to facilitate the extraction of the seeds. Later, after the separation of the initial portion (control), the seeds were
classified as light-yellow larger, light-yellow smaller, dark-yellow larger, dark-yellow smaller and the initial portion minus
the seeds dark-yellow smaller. Then, the seeds of each fraction were divided into five replicates and were evaluated as to
water content, germination, seedling emergence, shoot length and emergence speed index. The experimental design was
completely randomized, involving 6 treatments (color and size) at the beginning of storage and 18 treatments (6 fractions x 3
storage temperatures) for each evaluation period, first 60 and later every 90 days during storage for 420 days. The treatment
of Tabebuia heptaphylla light-yellow and larger size allows obtaining seeds with higher physiological performance and
propagation. The laboratory environment condition of storage decreases seeds physiological performance.
Keyword: germination, physical characteristics, ex situ conservation, plant propagation.
Acknowledgements: FAPESP
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132. THE EFFECT OF THE THERMAL ENVIRONMENT DURING FRUIT DEVELOPMENT ON THE
DORMANCY LEVEL OF SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus L.) ACHENES.
Bodrone, P., 2Batlla, D., 1Arisnabarreta, S., 2Rodrguez, M.V., 2Benech-Arnold, R.L. Monsanto Argentina,
Fontezuela Research Station, Pergamino-Buenos Aires, Argentina. paula.bodrone@monsanto.com, 2Faculty of
Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires-IFEVA, CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires-Buenos Aires, Argentina.
1
The aim of the present work was to investigate the effect of the thermal environment experienced by sunflower achenes during
development on the mother plant on their dormancy level at harvest. Also, it was evaluated if the response of achene dormancy
level to the thermal conditions during development was associated to i-embryo and/or coat imposed dormancy (pericarp and
seed coat), and ii- differences in achenes sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA). Two experiments were conducted during 2008
and 2009 seasons in order to impose different thermal conditions during achene development: i-different planting dates (i.e.
September 22nd, October 22nd and December 2nd), and ii- the disposition of polyethylene plastic cages installed on the mother
plants to increase the temperature artificially during achene development. At commercial harvest (11% moisture), sunflower
achenes, seeds (without pericarp) and naked embryos (without pericarp and seed coat) were germinated at 25 and 11 C in
distilled water. In addition, achenes were also germinated at 25 C in mediums containing 100 uM fluridone (an inhibitor of
ABA synthesis) and 100 uM fluridone + ABA 50uM. Obtained results showed higher levels of dormancy in achenes from the
earliest planting dates, corresponding to higher temperatures during fruit development, and from plots where temperature was
increased artificially through the implementation of plastic cages. These higher levels of dormancy were largely explained by
an increase in coat imposed dormancy (mainly imposed by the seed coat), while in the opposite way, the embryos showed a
slight decrease in their level of dormancy. In addition, it was observed that achenes exposed to higher temperatures during their
development exhibited an increase in their sensitivity to exogenous ABA than those exposed to lower temperatures during the
same period. The results obtained in this work indicate that higher temperatures during sunflower achene development would
determine higher levels of achene dormancy at harvest due to an increase in coat imposed dormancy, and that this response
might be mediated, at least in part, by an increased sensitivity to ABA.
Keywords: achene development, dormancy, sunflower achene, temperature
133. THE GENETICS AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF WHEAT GRAIN COLOUR.

Vaughan, S.P., Baker, J., Ward, J., Huttly, A., Phillips, A.Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK.
Simon.Vaughan@bbsrc.ac.uk
The colour of wheat (Triticum aestivum) grain is an economically important character, contributing to both the field
performance of the crop and the properties of the resulting flour. Red grains contain polymerised flavonoids in the seed coat
which are closely associated with dormancy and confer resistance to pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) improving field performance.
White-grained varieties lack these pigments making them prone to PHS under inductive conditions. However, lack of these
pigments results in higher milling extraction rates, higher flour protein content and reduced astringency in the whole meal
products derived from the flour. This project aims to provide the biochemical and genetic tools necessary to develop white
wheat varieties suitable for production in northern Europe and to develop appropriate germplasm to investigate the link
between seed coat colour and seed dormancy. Using NMR and ESI-MS we have developed methods to analyse the insoluble
polymeric pigment complexes and identified catechin-containing metabolites in mature grain indicating that the red pigment
is an oxidised proanthocyanidin (PA). Analysis of immature grain has further resolved the stereochemistry of the pigments
by identifying (2,3-trans)-catechin monomers and oligomers prior to polymerisation. Red wheat varieties contain at least
one functional copy of the R gene, while in white varieties there are either deleterious mutations in the coding region or loss
of expression (Himi & Noda (2005) Euphytica 143, 239-242). We aim to survey a wide range of white wheat accessions to
determine the range of variation in the white alleles and develop robust markers to accelerate the breeding of PHS resistant
white varieties. We also plan to investigate alternative strategies for reducing the accumulation of PAs while maintaining PHS
resistance through RNAi suppression of genes at specific points in the proanthocyanidin biosynthetic pathway.
Keywords: grain colour, dormancy, Proanthocyanidin, wheat
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134. DORMANCY BREAKAGE OF Stylosanthes humilis H.B.K. SEEDS AS RELATED TO THE ENDOGENOUS
CONTENT OF 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLATE (ACC).
Pires, M. V., Pelacani, C. R., Pinheiro, F. J. A., Mller, C., Barros, R. S. Departamento de Biologia Vegetal,
Universidade Federal de Viosa (UFV), Viosa-MG, Brazil, marcel.pires@ufv.br
Besides exhibiting relatively hard integuments, seeds of the annual tropical forage legume estilosante (S. humilis) also
present a physiological dormancy when freshly-harvested. The latter is overcome along with the seed post-harvest age or
by any factor leading to ethylene production. Thus ACC, the immediate precursor of ethylene, triggers dormancy breakage
of those seeds. In this work the role of endogenous ACC on germination of estilosante seed was examined. Germination
tests of scarified seeds were conducted in the dark at 30 C in a BOD chamber. For ACC analysis seeds were extracted
with methanol 80% containing 0.5% PVC. Free ACC was quantified according to Lizada and Yang, and total ACC was
determined following acidic hydrolysis of the extract at 100 C. Experimental design followed a completely randomized
distribution with five (germination, Scott-Knot, 5%) or four (ACC analysis, Tukey, 5%) replicates. In both dormant and
non-dormant seeds levels of conjugated ACC surpassed by far those of free ACC without showing any correlation with
germination. Free ACC, however, showed correlated with germination, non-dormant seeds exhibiting much higher free
ACC contents than the dormant ones. Conditions promoting dormancy breakage, such as low pH solutions and soluble
selenium compounds, also led to a high free ACC content. Paclobutrazol, on the other hand, an inhibitor of germination of
non-dormant seeds, also caused a decrease in the free ACC content of the seeds.
Keywords: ACC, Dormancy breakage, Estilosante, Germination
Acknowledgements: CAPES, CNPq, FAPEMIG, FAPESB
135. DYNAMIC CHANGES IN BASE WATER POTENTIAL DURING INCUBATION EXPLAIN THE MIXED
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON GERMINATION AND DORMANCY DURING GERMINATION
TESTS.
Batlla, D., 1Benech-Arnold, R. L., 1Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires-IFEVA, CONICET, Ciudad
de Buenos Aires-Buenos Aires, Argentina.
1
In many non-domesticated seed populations germination test results can be altered by changes in seed dormancy status
occurring during incubation time, often leading to misinterpretation of obtained results. In the present work we propose
an interpretation of the mixed effects of temperature on germination per se and dormancy during incubation based on
a hydrothermal time modeling approach. To achieve this objective we analyzed a germination data set corresponding
to Polygonum aviculare seeds stratified for different time periods at 5 C, and afterwards germinated in water (0 MPa)
and PEG solutions (-0.25, -0.5, -0.75 and -1 MPa) at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 C. Obtained results showed a clear dormancy
release pattern through stratification, in which a gradual increase in germination percentage at the different germination
temperatures with stratification time can be observed. However, when germination data at the different temperatures
for each stratification time was analyzed using a hydrothermal time model the fit was poor. This was mainly because
obtained germination patterns at certain temperatures do not match those excepted for germination of non-dormant seeds.
For example, at relatively high incubation temperatures (25 C) seeds presented the highest germination rate, but low
germination percentage due a fast induction into secondary dormancy, while at low temperatures (5 C) seeds showed the
lowest germination rate but a sharp increase in germination percentage a the end of the incubation period due to dormancy
release. To account for these dormancy effects on germination test dynamics, base water potential was allowed to vary
together with progress of incubation time at the different temperatures. A progressive increase in the value of base water
potential during incubation stopped germination due to dormancy induction at high temperatures, while a lowering of
base water potential increased germination due to dormancy release at lower temperature. These dynamic changes in seed
population base water potential during incubation at the different temperatures allowed a good fit of predicted to observed
germination dynamics and a correct interpretation of temperature effects on germination per se and dormancy occurring
during the germination test. Moreover, obtained results suggest that widening of the thermal range for seed germination as
a consequence of dormancy release can be explained through dynamic changes in seed population base water potential.
Keywords: base water potential, dormancy, germination, modeling.
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136. GERMINATION OF SEEDS OF PROGENIES YELLOW PASSION FRUIT, SUBJECTED TO PHYSICAL

TREATMENTS IN THE TEGUMENT AND STORAGE.
Alexandre, R. S., 2Negreiros, J. R. da S., 3Lopes, J. C., 4Lima, R. V., 5Bruckner, C. H., 5Dias, D. C. F. dos S.,
1
Fernandes, A. A. 1Universidade Federal do Esprito Santo/UFES, Centro Universitrio Norte do Esprito Santo/
CEUNES, So Mateus, ES, Brazil, rsalexandre@click21.com.br, 2Embrapa Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal do Acre,
Rio Branco, AC, Brazil, 3UFES, Alegre, ES, Brazil. 4Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense/UENF, Campos de
Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil. 3Universidade Federal de Viosa/UFV, Viosa, MG, Brazil.
1
This work aimed to evaluate the germination of seeds of progenies of Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Degener,
submitted to physical treatment and storage in the integument. The experimental design was completely randomized in
factorial 12x3x5 (progenies 2, 6, 8, 14, 15, 16, 18, 22, 23, 33, 36 and 38 x treatments in physical tegument: intact, scarified
and cracked x storage time: 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months) with four repetitions of 50 seeds. We identified the progenies 22 and
2 as the most vigorous at time 0 and 12 months of storage, respectively. The two progeny achieved the highest germination
percentage (61.0%) without the need for physical treatment in the seed tegument at 12 months of storage.
Keywords: Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa, dormancy, storage
137. Effect of partial or total removal of the cotyledons ON GROWTH OF EMBRYONIC

AXIS of Plathymenia reticulata Benth. SEEDS.
Flres, A. V.; 1Atade, G. M.; 1Borges, E. E. de L.; 1Barros, D. P ; 1Almeida, T.; 2Santos, Y. M. 1Universidade
Federal de Viosa (UFV), ViosaMG, Brazil, andressafloressm@yahoo.com.br, 2Universidade Federal da Paraba
(UFPB), Patos-PB, Brazil
1
Plathymenia reticulata is a forest specie belonging to the Mimosoideae family, popularly known as vinhtico. Its wood
is used in carpentry, interior finishes, window frames, among others, and is suitable for planting restoration of degraded
areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of cotyledons on the growth of the embryonic axis. The seeds
were immersed in sulfuric acid PA for 10 minutes to break dormancy. After, they were soaked in distilled water for 12
hours to help remove the seed coat. The treatments were: T0- embryonic axis + two cotyledons; T1- embryonic axis + one
cotyledon; T2- embryonic axis without cotyledons; T3- embryonic axis + half of the two cotyledons; T4- embryonic axis
+ half of a cotyledon. Then, the seeds were placed on two sheets of paper Germitest soaked with distilled water in petri
dishes and placed in BOD (25 C) under constant light for three days, when were measured the length of the embryo. The
experimental design was completely randomized design with five replicates per treatment, each replication consisted of 20
seeds. The embryos that had at least a part of cotyledon did not differ among them, with average length of T0 = 0.66, T1
= 0.68, T3 = 0.69 and T4 = 0.56 cm. The embryonic axis without cotyledons were significantly lower growth than other
treatments, demonstrating the importance of nutrient supply in the cotyledons during germination.
Keywords: vinhtico, forest seeds, germination.
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138. LIPID PEROXIDATION IN Pterogyne nitens TUL. SEEDS SUBMITTED TO ACCELERATED AGING.
Atade, G.M.; 1Flres, A. V.; 1Borges, E. E. de L.; 1Barros, D. P.; 1Almeida, T.; 2Santos, Y. M. 1Universidade
Federal de Viosa (UFV), ViosaMG, Brazil, glaucianadamata@yahoo.com.br, 2Universidade Federal da Paraba
(UFPB), Patos-PB, Brazil
1
Pterogyne nitens is a forest specie belonging to the family Caesalpinoideae, whose wood is used for making fine furniture
and construction, among others, and suitable for mixed planting in degraded areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate
the changes in germination, vigor and lipid peroxidation in Pterogyne nitens seeds submitted to accelerated aging. The
seed dormancy was overcome by sulfuric acid for 15 minutes. Then, the seeds were subjected to accelerated aging at 40
C and 100% RH for zero, 24, 48 and 72 hours. The percentage of germination, germination speed index (GSI) and lipid
peroxidation of the seeds were analysed. The experiment was conducted in a randomized design with five replicates per
treatment. Between time zero and 24 hours of aging there were not significant differences in the values of germination,
89 and 91%, respectively. After 48 hours, there were significant decreases in the values of germination and GSI (66% and
4.31). The germination was 7% in seeds aged for 72 hours. As the period of accelerated aging incresases, it was found
higher rates of lipid peroxidation in seeds, showing the deterioration caused by exposure to aging.
Keywords: forest seeds, deterioration, lipids.
139. SEED WEIGHT OF Xylopia aromatica (ANNONACEAE): QUALITY EVALUATION FROM X-RAY AND
SEEDLING EMERGENCE.
Socolowski, F., 1Cicero, S. M., 2Vieira, D. C. M. 1Depto de Produo Vegetal - USP/ESALQ - Piracicaba, SP
Brasil, fsocolowski@yahoo.com.br, 2Depto de Botnica UNESP, Rio Claro, SP - Brasil.
1
Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart. (Annonaceae) is a native species of the Cerrado region, recommended for the recuperation
of degraded areas and also for medicinal use. Some species of the Annonaceae require a long period to germinate and many
studies have focused on determining methods which can rapidly analyze seed quality. The objective of this study was to
evaluate the quality of Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart. seeds in accordance with their weight, through X-ray images and
emergence test. Seeds were collected from dehiscent follicles and with a blower, one portion of the seeds was separated
into weight categories: very light seeds, light seeds and heavy seeds. Another seed portion was separated in water by their
density, into those which sank and those which floated. The seeds from each weight category were weighed and X-rayed.
A further seed portion from the categories (separated by blower and in water) was also placed in 500 mg l-1 of Promalin
[gibberellin 4 (GA4) + gibberellin 7 (GA7) and cytocinin] solution to overcome dormancy and was later sown in soil taken
from the Cerrado. The internal seed morphology and seedling emergence of X. aromatica are influenced by seed weight;
the elimination of badly formed and insect- infested seeds improves the physiological potential of the seed lot; the X-ray
test can efficiently evaluate seed quality but does not permit a visualization of the embryos.
Keywords: Brazilian Savanna, seed processing, internal morphology, forestry seed
Acknowledgements: FAPESP (Process n. 08/50288-2), Instituto Florestal (IF-SP)
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140. LETTUCE SEEDLINGS WITH HUMUS AND SUGARCANE BAGASSE.

Rezende, M. A. S., 1Fernandes, A. A., 1Alexandre, R. S., 1Oliveira, G. S., 1Figueiredo, D. D. C. 1Universidade
Federal do Esprito Santo (UFES), Centro Universitrio Norte do Esprito Santo/CEUNES, So Mateus-ES, Brazil,
adriano@ceunes.ufes.br
The experiment was carried out in greenhouse of the Universidade Federal do Esprito Santo, Brazil. The lettuce seedlings
were evaluated for cvs. Bab de Vero in the following treatments: 1 - control (humus: Provaso: vermiculite, 1:1:2);
2 - humus; 3 - humus + sugarcane bagasse (50%:50%, v:v); 4 - humus + sugarcane bagasse (60%:40%, v:v); 5 - humus
+ sugarcane bagasse (70%:30%, v:v); 6 - humus + sugarcane bagasse (80%:20%, v:v); 7 - humus + sugarcane bagasse
(90%:10%, v:v). A randomized block design with three replications and fifty six plants per plot was used. The seeds were
sowed in polystyrene trays. The data were submitted to the Scott Knott test to 5% of probability. Four daily irrigations
were accomplished by automated system. They were appraised the characteristics emergence percentage, emergence speed
index, emergence medium time, fresh matter, dry matter and leaves number per plant. The experiment only presented
statistical difference for the leaves number for plant. The largest observed values were 3,62; 3,57 and 3,45 for the treatments
2, 6 and 7, respectively. In spite of not having presented difference statistics among the treatments, the values of emergence
percentage of 63,69%, for the treatment 2 and of 41,07% for the treatment control, they need attention. In practice, those
values aid in of decisions, because they are directly related with the planning and costs of the seedlings production.
Keywords: Lactuca sativa L., Organic substrate, Seeds evaluation, Emergence speed index
Acknowledgements: UFES
141. EVALUATION OF THE LETTUCE SEEDS EMERGENCE WITH HUMUS AND PROVASO.
Fernandes, A. A., 1Alexandre, R. S., 1Rezende, M. A. S., 1Oliveira, G. S. 1Universidade Federal do Esprito Santo
(UFES), Centro Universitrio Norte do Esprito Santo/CEUNES, So Mateus-ES, Brazil, adriano@ceunes.ufes.br
1
The experiment was carried out in greenhouse. The seedlings production of lettuce cvs. Bab de Vero e Vitria de Santo
Anto was evaluated in the organic substrate Humus, Provaso and Humus + Provaso (50:50%, v:v). A randomized
block design in a 2 x 3 (cultivars x substrate) factorial scheme, with four replications and fifty six plants per plot was used.
The seeds were sowed in polystyrene trays. The data were submitted to the Scott Knott test to 5% of probability. Four
daily irrigations were accomplished by automated system. They were appraised the characteristics emergence percentage,
emergence speed index, emergence medium time, fresh matter, dry matter and leaves number per plant. The Bab de Vero
cultivar presented larger emergency percentage (between 95,48 and 97,32), larger emergence speed index and smaller
emergence medium time that to Vitria de Santo Anto cultivar for the three substrate compositions, but it didnt present
significant difference among the substrate. The Vitria de Santo Anto cultivar presented larger emergence percentage
(66,52%) in the Provaso substrate. The humus provided larger production of fresh matter, dry matter and leaves number
for both cultivars. The Bab de Vero cultivar presented larger fresh matter, dry matter and leaves number that to Vitria
de Santo Anto cultivar in the Humus and Humus + Provaso substrate. Considering this study the better evaluations
happened when the seedlings were only produced with humus. Provaso is an alternative of commercial organic substrate
so much for production of seedlings as for the vegetables growth, however it needs more studies.
Keywords: Lactuca sativa L., Organic substrate, Seedlings, Emergence speed index
Acknowledgements: UFES, Bello Fruit, Provaso
Informativo
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142. ITALIAN TOMATO SEEDLINGS WITH HUMUS AND SUGARCANE BAGASSE.

Oliveira, G. S., 1Fernandes, A. A., 1Alexandre, R. S., 1Rezende, M. A. S., 1Figueiredo, D. D. C. 1Universidade
Federal do Esprito Santo (UFES), Centro Universitrio Norte do Esprito Santo/CEUNES, So Mateus-ES, Brazil,
adriano@ceunes.ufes.br
1
The experiment was carried out in greenhouse of the Universidade Federal do Esprito Santo, Brazil. The Italian tomato
seedlings were evaluated with the following treatments: 1 - control (humus: Provaso: vermiculite, 1:1:2); 2 - humus;
3 - humus + sugarcane bagasse (50%:50%, v:v); 4 - humus + sugarcane bagasse (60%:40%, v:v); 5 - humus + sugarcane
bagasse (70%:30%, v:v); 6 - humus + sugarcane bagasse (80%:20%, v:v); 7 - humus + sugarcane bagasse (90%:10%,
v:v). A randomized block design with three replications and fifty six plants per plot was used. The seeds were sowed
in polystyrene trays. The data were submitted to the Scott Knott test to 5% of probability. Four daily irrigations were
accomplished by automated system. They were appraised the characteristics emergence percentage, emergence speed
index, emergence medium time, fresh matter, dry matter, leaves number per plant, stem length and diameter. No significant
statistical differences were observed for the emergence percentage, emergence speed index and emergence medium time.
The treatments 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7 were superior the control for the leaves number per plant. The treatments 2, 5, 6 and 7
were superior the control for the fresh matter, dry matter, stem length and diameter. The results presented that until 30%
of sugarcane bagasse it can be added to the humus for the production of Italian tomato seedlings, with benefits to most of
the appraised characteristics. The sugarcane bagasse is a residue of the sugarcane grinding and their use for seedlings have
the ecological character and it provides reduction of costs.
Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum L., Organic substrate, Seeds evaluation, Emergence speed index
Acknowledgements: UFES
143. ALLELOPATHY OF GREEN MANURE ON THE DEVELOPMENT INITIAL OF LETTUCE (Lactuca

sativa L.).
Henkemeier , N. P., 1Monteiro, M. A., 1Rosseto, R. E., 1Moreira, G. C., 1-2Santos, E. L. dos.1Faculdade Assis
Gurgacz FAG, curso de Agronomia, Cascavel PR, Brazil, elsantos@fag.edu.br, 2 FAPEAGRO Fundao de
Apoio a Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento do Agronegcio, Londrina PR, Brazil, esmael@fapeagro.org.br
1
The objective of this study was to determine the allelopathic effect of aqueous extracts of the green manures on germination
and early growth of lettuce seeds. The assays were conducted in a germination chamber, using the following treatments:
T1 (control: distilled water), T2 = Oats 10%, T3 = Oats 20%, T4 = Turnip root 10%, T5 = Turnip Root 20%, T6 = Turnip
Root 30%, T7 = Lupine flower 3.5%, T8 = Lupine flower 7%, T9 = Lupine flower 10.5%. In our experiments we used
four replicates of 25 seeds distributed in Petri dishes with two sheets of germitest paper dampened with 5mL extract. We
evaluated the percentage of germination and length of root and shoot of of seedlings. oat extract inhibited germination
of lettuce seeds, as in the T2 and T3 there were no seeds germinated. There was no impairment of germination in seeds
exposed to the extract of Turnip, however, there was an inhibition of root system at the highest concentration of extract
(T6). The flower extract Lupine undertook the initial development of seedlings and in treatments with higher concentrations
of extract also interfere with germination, and T9 of the lower germination percentage and shorter length of radicle and
shoot. The results demonstrated that the metabolites found in some green manure, at higher concentrations, exerted greater
power allelopathic on seed germination and early growth of lettuce seedlings.
Keywords: allelopathic, bioassay, germination of lettuce seeds.
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144. GLOBAL TRANSCRIPTOMIC ANALYSES OF SEEDS OF TWO LETTUCE SPECIES IDENTIFY GENE
CLUSTERS ASSOCIATED WITH GERMINATION, THERMOINHIBITION OR ABA.
Reyes-Chin-Wo, S., 1Dahal, P., 2Kunusoth, K., 1Bradford, K.J. (1Department of Plant Sciences, Seed Biotechnology
Center, University of California, Davis, 95616 USA, kjbradford@ucdavis.edu, 2Dept. of Seed Science & Technology,
Seed Research & Technology Centre, ANGRAU, Hyderabad, India)
1
Transcriptomes of seeds of two Lactuca genotypes (L. sativa cv. Salinas and L. serriola accession UC96US23) were assayed
on a custom-made Affymetrix GeneChip representing ~35,000 unigenes to study the expression of genes associated with
thermoinhibition of germination. mRNA was extracted from seeds of the thermosensitive Salinas and the thermotolerant
UC96US23 lines that were imbibed at two temperatures (20 C and 35 C) for three time periods (0, 24 and 48 h). In
addition, UC96US23 seeds were sampled after imbibition at 35 C for 24 and 48 h in 3 M ABA to inhibit germination
at this temperature. The data were normalized using RMA algorithm and a t-test was carried out to select differentially
expressed contigs. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis was used to cluster the differentially expressed contigs
based on their expression profiles across temperature, imbibition time and ABA treatments. Both germination-related
clusters (accounting for 4726 contigs) and thermoinhibition-related clusters (894 contigs) were identified. These 5620
contigs were further screened using annotational information to extract 90 candidates most significantly associated with
germination or thermoinhibition. The germination group includes genes such as LsMAN1, CYP707A, LsACS1, LsERS1,
ACO, SLY1, CLA1, GAI, PIF3, and FHY1 while the thermoinhibition group includes LsNCED4, LsZEP1, FUS3, COP1,
ABA2, ABI3, ABI4, SNF4 and SOM. Other specific treatment comparisons identified sets of germination-related but ABAinhibited genes (148 contigs) and L. sativa thermoinhibition-related genes (120 contigs) for further analysis.
Keywords: transcriptome, lettuce, thermoinhibition, gene expression
Acknowledgments: USDA-NIFA Award 2008-35304-0472.
145. A DOG1-like gene in lettuce is up-regulated by ABA during thermoinhibition of

germination.
Huo, H., Bradford, K. J. (Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA, kjbradford@
ucdavis.edu)
The Delay of Germination 1 (DOG1) gene identified in the Cvi accession of Arabidopsis thaliana is involved in regulating
seed dormancy and after-ripening. We asked whether this gene is also involved in regulating thermoinhibition, or failure
of seeds to germinate when they are imbibed at warm temperatures. Seeds of most commercial lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
cultivars such as Salinas exhibit thermoinhibition above ~30 C, while seeds of a thermotolerant accession of L. serrriola
(UC96US23) germinate up to 37 C. Lettuce homologs of AtDOG1 isolated from Salinas and UC96US23 were 31%
similar in amino acid sequence to AtDOG1. Expression of this DOG1-like (LsDOG1L) gene is seed-specific and its
mRNA abundance increased during seed development, in parallel with the increasing expression of LsNCED4 (9-cisepoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 4), an ABA biosynthetic enzyme. However, LsDOG1L mRNA was 100-fold higher in dry
Salinas seeds compared to dry UC96US23 seeds. LsDOG1L expression was up-regulated ~5-fold in Salinas seeds after
imbibition at 35 C for 12 h, then decreased gradually in the thermoinhibited seeds but remained ~2-fold higher than
the initial level. In contrast, LsDOG1L mRNA in UC96US23 seeds decreased continuously during imbibition at 35 C.
LsDOG1L expression did not increase during imbibition at 35 C in two Salinas lines in which LsNCED4 had been silenced
by RNAi, indicating that the increase in LsDOG1L expression during imbibition at high temperature requires ABA. As those
RNAi lines also germinated at high temperatures, LsDOG1L could be involved in the ABA-dependent thermoinhibition of
germination. Further functional analyses of LsDOG1L in additional lettuce genotypes and in Arabidopsis are in progress.
Keywords: lettuce, DOG1, LsNCED4, thermoinhibition, ABA, germination
Acknowledgements: USDA-NIFA Award 2008-35304-0472.
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146. EFFECT OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE ON THE DORMANCY RELEASE PATTERN OF SUNFLOWER

(Helianthus annuus L.) ACHENES.
Bodrone, P., 2Batlla, D., 1Arisnabarreta, S., 2Rodrguez, M.V., 2Benech-Arnold, R.L. Monsanto Argentina,
Fontezuela Research Station, Pergamino-Buenos Aires, Argentina. paula.bodrone@monsanto.com, 2Faculty of
Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires-IFEVA, CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires-Buenos Aires, Argentina.
1
The aim of the present work was to investigate the effect of storage temperature on the dormancy release pattern of
sunflower achenes, and to estimate the proportion to which changes in dormancy level in response to temperature were
associated to changes in embryo and/or coat imposed dormancy (pericarp and seed coat). Also, it was evaluated to what
extent the observed changes in dormancy level were related to differences in achenes sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA),
embryo ABA content, and/or embryo ABA synthesis capacity. To achieve these objectives, recently harvested and dormant
sunflower achenes were stored under dry conditions at two contrasting temperatures (5 and 25 C). At different time
intervals during storage, achenes were exposed to different tests: 1-germination of achenes at 11 C and 25 C, and embryos
at 11 C, 2-germination of achenes and embryos under different media containing either water, fluridone (an inhibitor of
ABA synthesis) or fluridone plus different ABA doses, and 3-the ABA content in embryo and cotyledons was measured
after incubation of achenes in water for 0, 15 and 14 hours. Obtained results showed that higher storage temperatures (25
C) accelerated the loss of primary dormancy in sunflower achenes compared to that observed for achenes stored at low
temperatures (5 C), and that the higher level of dormancy observed in achenes stored at 5 C was mainly explained by
a higher embryo dormancy than that observed in embryos from achenes stored at 25 C. This slower dormancy release
rate observed in achenes stored at 5 C was also associated to higher embryo sensitivity to ABA, to higher embryo and
cotyledons ABA content, and to higher embryo capacity of ABA synthesis compared to that exhibited by embryos of
achenes stored at 25 C.
Keywords: Abscisic acid, dormancy, sunflower achene, storage temperature
147. NO-induced Enzymatic and non-enzymatic ethylene production during

germination of apple embryos.
Bogatek, R., Krasuska, U., Gniazdowska, A. Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Science
SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland, renata_bogatek@sggw.pl
The interaction between classic phytohormone - ethylene and a signaling molecule - nitric oxide (NO) was investigated
in dormancy removal and germination sensu stricto of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) embryos. Deep dormancy of
apple embryos was removed by short term (3 hrs) pre-treatment by nitric oxide. NO-mediated stimulation of germination
was associated with enhanced emission of ethylene by the embryos, coupled with sharp, transient increase in ROS
concentration in embryos. Short term pre-treatment of the embryos with NO modified activity of both key enzymes of
ethylene biosynthetic pathway: ACC syntase and ACC oxidase. Activity of ACC synthase declined during the first 4 days
of germination, while activity of ACC oxidase (very low at the beginning) increased markedly during that period. We
point to non-enzymatic conversion of ACC to ethylene in the presence of ROS during early phase of germination. NO may
alleviate dormancy of apple embryos via transient accumulation of ROS, leading to enhanced ethylene production which
is required to terminate germination sensu stricto.
Keywords: Dormancy removal, Ethylene, Nitric oxide, ROS
Acknowledgements: MNiSW, Poland, grant no. NN303 090534
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148. REGULATORY ROLE OF BIOACTIVE VOLATILES (HCN, NO, CO) IN DORMANCY ALLEVIATION
AND GERMINATION OF APPLE EMBRYOS.
Bogatek, R., Debska, K., Krasuska, U., Gniazdowska, A. Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of
Life Science SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland, renata_bogatek@sggw.pl
Deep dormancy of apple seeds is terminated by a three month long cold (5 C) stratification. This is expressed by rapid
germination of seeds and undisturbed growth of seedlings. However, stimulation of germination of isolated apple embryos
is also observed after applying inhibitors of cytochrom c oxidase: nitric oxide (NO) or hydrogen cyanide (HCN) during
the first 3-6 h of imbibition of dormant embryos. The aim of this work was to compare the effect of yet another toxic
gaseous molecule: carbon monoxide (CO) with the beneficial effect of HCN and NO on germination of apple embryos and
growth and development of young seedlings. We demonstrated that stimulation of germination after short term fumigation
by HCN, NO or CO was accompanied by enhanced NO emission from the embryo axes during their elongation growth.
Similar high NO production in non-dormant embryos, after cold stratification, was detected. Therefore, we propose that
NO may act as crucial signaling molecule in apple embryo dormancy alleviation.
Keywords: Carbon monoxide, Cyanide, Dormancy release, Nitric oxide
Acknowledgements: MNiSW, Poland, grant no. NN303 090534
149. Seed germination of Lippia and

temperatures EFFECTS.
Aloysia species (Verbenaceae): light and
Galndez, G., 2Ortega-Baes, P. 1Banco Base de Germoplasma, Instituto de Recursos Biolgicos, CIRN-CNIAINTA-Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina, ggalindez@cnia.inta.gov.ar, 2Laboratorio de Investigaciones Botnicas
(LABIBO), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina.
1
Lippia and Aloysia species are widely used as aromatic plants by local people and by the pharmaceutical and food industry,
with some species threatened by overharvesting. Knowledge of the factors that trigger seed germination of these species
may contribute to conservation and management decisions. In this context, we studied the effects of light regimen (white
light vs. darkness) and constant and alternating temperatures on seed germination of four aromatic species of Lippia and
Aloysia genera, native to arid regions of Argentina: Lippia turbinata Griseb., L. fissicalyx Tronc., L. integrifolia (Griseb)
Hieron. and Aloysia citriodora Palau. For L. turbinata and L. fissicalyx germination was only registered in white light,
while for L. integrifolia and A. citriodora the proportion of germinated seed was significantly higher in white light than
in darkness. Seed germination was significantly different among temperature regimes for L. turbinata, L. integrifolia and
A. citriodora, being highest within a range from 15 to 35 C and at 25/10, 35/20, and 30/15. For L. integrifolia and A.
citriodora germination was also highest at 25/15 C. In all species, the germination rate (1/t50) was highest at 30/15 C.
Our results indicate that the studied species: 1) are positive photoblastic, 2) germinate in a wide range of temperatures,
3) extreme temperatures affect seed germination and 4) alternating temperatures do not promote seed germination in
darkness.
Keywords: Arid environments, Verbenaceae, Lippia, Aloysia
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150. EFFECT OF MECHANICAL SCARIFICATION IN SEEDS OF FORAGE LEGUMES.

Lima, R.V., 1Vieira, H.D., 1Oliveira, A.C.S. de, 1Rubim, R.F., 1Oliveira, E.M. (1Universidade Estadual do Norte
Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, Brazil, renataviannalima2005@yahoo.com.br)
1
The present study was carried out at Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, in the Centre of
Agricultural Science and Technologies, with the objective of to evaluate the influence of mechanical scarification on seed
germination of legume forages. Its used four species of legumes: Medicago sativa, Calopogonium mucunoides, Pueraria
phaseoloides and Leucaena leucocephala, being a part of the seeds scarified by mechanical abrasion on sandpaper number
100 and another part remains intact. Once prepared, the seeds were germinated in gerbox and maintained in germination
chamber at temperatures of 25 C for Calopogonium mucunoides, Pueraria phaseoloides and Leucaena leucocephala and
18 C for Medicago sativa. The first counting for the seeds of Calopogonium mucunoides was held on the third day after
the test, and for other species, on the fourth day. The second counting was performed on the tenth day for all species, being
computed the percentages of normal seedlings, abnormal seedlings, hard seeds and dead seeds. The results showed that the
species Pueraria phaseoloides had a positive effect of mechanical scarification on their seeds, and observed a percentage
increase on the final germination with a consequent drop on the percentage of hard seeds and an increase on the percentage
normal seedlings. Medicago sativa was the species with the highest germination and normal seedlings even with seeds
intact, indicating lack of dormancy in the seed lot studied. The seeds of Leucaena leucocephala, even after scarification,
showed a low germination percentage, indicating the existence of another type of dormancy besides the hardseededness.
To Calopogonium mucunoides, the effect of mechanical scarification on seed was negative, because after scarification,
there was a high percentage of dead seeds and abnormal seedlings, which can be proved by the seed vigor, becoming even
more committed after scarification.
Keywords: germination, dormancy, normal seedlings, hardseededness.
Acknowledgements: FAPERJ
151. PROTEIN PHOSPHATASES TYPE 2C EXPRESSED DURING SEED GERMINATION INTERACT WITH
SAUR PROTEINS.
Fresnillo P., Modrego A., Fernndez-Arbaizar A., Lorenzo O., Rodrguez, D. Centro Hispano-Luso de
Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE). Campus de Villamayor. Universidad de Salamanca. Salamanca. Spain.
mdr@usal.es
Type 2C protein-phosphatases (PP2Cs) are serine/threonine phosphatases with a key role in hormone signalling pathways.
PP2Cs are implicated in the reversible phosphorylation of proteins being its main function the regulation of several
growth and development processes, such as dormancy, germination, or abiotic stress responses. Our group isolated and
characterized FsPP2C2 gene from Fagus sylvatica L. demonstrating that its expression is strongly induced by ABA,
especially in seeds. Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. transgenic plants overexpressing FsPP2C2 showed hypersensitivity
to ABA both in seeds and vegetative tissues and enhanced expression of ABA response genes, which suggests that this
PP2C is a positive regulator in ABA signalling, in the opposite way to other PP2Cs described so far. Additionally, we have
isolated a FsPP2C2 ortholog gene in Arabidopsis thaliana, named AtPP2C2, and found that it is highly expressed during
seed germination. To set its role in this developmental process we have accomplished a Yeast Two Hybrid assay (Y2H),
demonstrating that both AtPP2C2 and FsPP2C2 interact with SAUR (Small Auxin Up Regulated) proteins, which shows
that this interaction is evolutionary conserved and may have an important role in the regulation of this developmental
process. Moreover, we are carrying out other Y2H assays to find some additional interactors. To further analyze the
function of this PP2C and SAUR proteins and their involvement in hormonal signalling during seed germination, we are
developping transgenic lines that overexpress these genes as well as studying knock-out and enhancer-trap lines of these
genes in Arabidopsis.
Keywords: Protein Phosphatases type 2C, germination, SAUR proteins, seeds.
Acknowledgements: Dr. H. Nonogaki. MICINN, JCyL, Spain (BFU2009-11355, SA073A08 to D.R.; BIO200508473,
CSD200700057, BIO200804698, SA048A10-2 to O.L.). P.F. and A.M.: grants FPI (MICINN, Spain).
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152. GENETIC DISSECTION OF GENES INVOLVED IN SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT IN Arabidopsis

thaliana.
Cattelan, L. V., 2Joosen, R. V. L., 2Ligterink, W., 2Hilhorst, H. W. M. 1Universidade Federal da Lavras (UFLA),
Lavras-MG, Brazil, lvcatte@yahoo.com.br, 2Wageningen Seed Lab, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The
Netherlands.
1
The establishment of healthy vigorous seedlings is an important trait for the breeding industry. We have used a RIL
population of Arabidopsis (Bay-0xSha) to study the natural variation for seedling weight and relative growth rate.
Interestingly, we found different QTL for fresh and dry seedling weight, which might indicate differences in cell division
and expansion rates. By comparing the results to seed size and various germination phenotypes we were able to identify
QTL co-localizations that may indicate co-regulation of these traits. With the help of a comprehensive microarray analysis
of both parental lines we were able to select candidate genes in the confidence intervals of these QTL. Gene expression
was assessed in primary dormant, after ripened and 6-h imbibed seeds, and in seeds at radicle protrusion. Differentially
expressed genes were compared to online resources and 24 T-DNA knockout mutants for the most interesting genes were
selected using the SALK database. By using PCR based genotyping we selected 13 homozygous mutants. These mutants
were subjected to extensive phenotyping of seed germination and seedling performance.
Keywords: Seedling, Vigour, T-DNA, QTL analysis, RIL population, Arabidopsis
Acknowledgements: CAPES, STW
153. INTERACTION OF GROWTH REGULATORS FOR OVERCOMING THE DORMANCY OF

PAPAYA(Carica papaya) SEEDS.
Zanotti, R.F., Souza, B. L., Santos Junior, H. C., Soares, M. M., Hellmeister, L. G. C., Dias, D.C.S. Universidade
Federal de Viosa (UFV), Viosa-MG, Brazil fael_zanotti@yahoo.com.br
Seed dormancy is a defense mechanism against environmental conditionsthat impede or hamper the normal germination
process.This phenomenon prevents the formation of homogeneous stands of seedlings andcan be observed in papaya
seeds.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of three growth regulators in overcomingdormancy of papaya
seeds.Seeds were taken from fruits at maturation stage 3 and 5 (50% or 75% of the outer surfaceyellow, respectively).The
seeds were washed under running water in order to remove the sarcotesta. Afterwards, seeds were dried at room temperature
until they reached 10% moisture content. The treatments were: (a) gibberellic acid (0 and 10 mg/L), (b) CEPA solution
(0 and 10-7M);(c) KNO3 solution (0.01M, 0.1 M, 0.5 M or 1 M), each applied for 60 min. Germination was carried out in
rolled paper towel at alternating temperatures of 20/30oC (16/8 h, respectively).Theresults were expressed in percentage
of normal seedlings (NS)germinated after 30 days, and ESI (emergence speed index). KNO3 improved seed germination,
by doubling the percentage of NS and quadrupling the GSI, in comparison with the control.The CEPA alone did not break
dormancy while gibberellic acid gave anintermediate response.It was concluded that the KNO3 1M wasthe best regulator
to overcome dormancy of papaya seeds.
Keywords: Dormancy, CEPA, gibberellic acid, potassium nitrate
Acknowledgements: CAPES, CNPq, FAPEMIG.
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154. Priming in canola (Brassica napus L.) seedS.

Panozzo, L. E., 1Hellmeister, L. G., 1Santos Junior, H. C., 1Soriano, P. E., 1Zanotti, R. F., 2Tomm, G. O.
Universidade Federal de Viosa (UFV), Viosa-MG, Brazil, lepanozzo@gmail.com, 2Embrapa Trigo, Passo Fundo,
Brasil.
1
High quality seeds are an important input for the sustainability of modern agriculture. The aim of this study was to evaluate
the effect of priming on canola (Brassica napus L.). We used three lots of canola seeds with different physiological quality
levels, which were primed in polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) solution at -0.9, -1.2 and -1.5 MPa for 48, 72 and 96 hours,
plus the control (unprimed seeds). The seeds were evaluated by standard germination, first count and germination rate.
For the germination test, 50 seeds were distributed on towel paper moistened with distilled water (2.5 times the paper
weight) in germination boxes kept in an incubator at 20 C. Counting was performed at 5 and 7 days after sowing and the
results were expressed as percentage of normal seedlings. Germinated seeds were also counted daily for 7 days and the
germination rate was determined. The experiment was done in four replications using completely randomized design and
analysed as a factorial scheme (3 lots x 3 water potential x 3 priming periods + 1). The data were subjected to variance
analysis and the means were compared by Tukeys test (p 0.05). The means of priming treatments were also compared to
the control by Dunnetts test (p 0.05). Beneficial effects of priming on germination percentage and rate were verified for
a seed lot of low physiological quality, when seeds were primed for 72 and 96 h, regardless of the water potential. Priming
treatments did not improve seed performance for high quality lots in relation to the control. We concluded that priming can
improve the performance of low vigor canola seeds.
Keywords: Brassica napus, physiological quality, seed, vigor
Acknowledgements: CNPq, EMBRAPA, FAPEMIG, UFV
155. Effect of ethylene on the germination of papaya (Carica papaya) seeds.

Sekita, M. C., Zanotti, R. F., Dadalto, W. L., Oliveira, G. L., Souza, B. L., Dias, D. C. F. S. Universidade Federal
de Viosa (UFV), Viosa-MG, Brazil. msekita_20@msn.com
Papaya is a fruit of great economic importance and Brazil is the Worlds largest producer. Propagation is mainly by seeds,
but germination is slow and irregular because of their dormancy. The present study aimed to verify the importance of
ethylene on the germination of papaya seeds. Seeds were taken from fruits at maturation stages 3 and 5 (fruit peel with
50% and 75% of the yellow surface). Seeds were subjected to friction in a polyethylene sieve under running water to
remove the sarcotesta and then placed on paper towels to dry at room temperature in the laboratory until they achieved
about 10% moisture content. Four replicates of 50 seeds each were sown in rolled paper towel moistened with CEPA
solution (volume 2.5 times the mass of dry paper) at the following concentrations: 0; 5x10-6 M; 10-5 M; 5x10-4 M; 10-4 M
and 10-3 M. The seeds were kept in an incubator under alternating temperatures of 20/30oC (16/8h respectively) for 15
and 30 days. Only the seeds from stage 3 responded to the increased concentration of ethylene. Thus, the proportion of
normal seedlings, both at 15 and 30 days decreased with increasing ethylene concentration. Seeds from fruits at stage 5
were insensitive to ethylene.
Keywords: Dormancy, CEPA, dormancy, seed, papaya
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156. A STUDY OF PRECONDITIONING TECHNIQUES OF Copaifera langsdorffi Desf. SEEDS. FOR THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TETRAZOLIUM TECHNIQUE.
Oliveira, D.V.; Matos, J.M.M.; Martins, R.C.C.; Martins, I.S.; Oliveira, A. J. F.; Araujo, D. R. C.;
Bussinguer, A.P. Universidade de Braslia (UnB), Faculdade de Tecnologia - Departamento de Engenharia
Florestal/Laboratrio de Tecnologia de Sementes Florestais. angelabussinguer@hotmail.com
Copaifera langsdorffi Desf. is a tree member of the Fabaceae - Caesalpiniaceae family, occurring in the Brazilian cerrado.
This is a species with high economic potential due to its ecological plasticity which confers the status of priority species
for recovery of degraded areas and the copaiba oil, which is widely used in popular medicine as an anti-inflammatory,
antimicrobial and wound healing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the techniques of copaiba seed preparation for the
implementation of the tetrazolium test. The following treatments were applied; I) seeds soaked in distilled water for 48
hours at room temperature; II) seeds soaked in distilled water for 48 hours, placed in a germination chamber calibrated
to a constant temperature of 25 C; III) seeds wrapped in moistened filter paper, placed in room temperature IV) seeds
wrapped in moistened filter paper, placed in a germination chamber calibrated to a constant temperature of 25 C and V)
control treatment, where the seeds were removed from the coats. ANOVA test was performed followed by the Tukey test at
1% significance. For the treatments, it is recommended to use the bath in distilled water at room temperature and removing
the seed coat.
Keywords: viability, seed preparation and tetrazolium.
Acknowledgements: UnB
157. STUDY OF PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF NEWLY HARVESTED SEEDS OF Triplaris americana L.

Matos, J.M.M.; Oliveira, L.S.; Oliveira, D.V.; Martins, R.C.C.; Araujo, D.R.C.; Souza, A.M.; Martins,
A.P.; Menezes, J.C.G.; Cazetta, T.C. Universidade de Braslia (UnB), Fac. de Tecnologia Depto. de Eng.
Florestal/ Lab. de Tecnologia de Sementes Florestais. dani_rubim@yahoo,com.br
Triplaris americana L. belongs to the Polygonaceae family, and occurs naturally in gallery forests of the Brazilian semideciduous broadleaf forest. The species is a priority for the restoration of degraded areas. The seeds are winged, dispersed
by wind. The seeds were collected directly from the ground, near the matrices that were marked for harvesting. For analysis
of viability, the seeds were extracted; tetrazolium and pH of exudate tests were applied into two sub-samples from the
harvested lot. In the first sub-sample, five replicates of 20 seeds were analyzed by the tetrazolium test. These seeds received
a cut on the coat and were put into contact with the tetrazolium solution at 0.5% concentration for a period of 24 hours. In
the second sub-sample, five replicates of 20 seeds were analyzed by the pH of exudate test. For this analysis two indicator
solutions were formulated: (1) phenolphthalein indicator solution, composed of 1 g of phenolphthalein dissolved in 100
ml of absolute alcohol, to which 100 ml distilled, boiled water were added (2) sodium carbonate (8.5 g / L) indicator
solution. The seeds were placed in individual cells and soaked in 50 ml of water in a germination chamber set at constant
temperature of 25 C for 30 minutes. After this period one drop of each indicator solution was added for each group of
seeds. The reading was based on the color of the seed soaking solutions; a pinkish soaking solution indicated viable seeds.
The result of the tetrazolium test showed 100% viability of the tested sub-sample. This result was similar to results found
by the pH of exudate test for the sub-sample 2, where the seeds presented 100% viability. The data demonstrates that the
harvested lot, despite having been collected directly from the ground, presented excellent physiological quality.
Keywords: harvest, viability, seeds and analysis tests.
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158. HEAVY METALS ON SEED GERMINATION OF Myracrodrum Urundeuva, A BRAZILIAN SAVANNA

SPECIES.
Barreto, L. C., Duarte, D. M. , Gomes, M. P. , Matheus, M. T. , Nascentes, C. C. , Garcia, Q. S. (Universidade
Federal de Minas Gerais-UFMG, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, Universidade Federal de Lavras- UFLA, LavrasMG, Brazil, leilanecb@ufmg.br)
The Brazilian Savanna (Cerrado) has been suffered growing threat of soil contamination by heavy metal, derived mainly from
mining activity. Myracrodrum urundeuva is a species of widespread occurrence in Brazilian Savanna which has been used in
environmental restoration programs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of heavy metals (As, Cd and Zn) on seed
germination of M. urundeuva. The metal concentrations were selected according to their naturally levels occurring in uncontaminated and contaminated soil. The seeds were germinated in Petri dishes, moistened with aqueous solutions of As (0, 10, 50, 100
mg l-1), Cd (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.7, 1,1 mg l-1) or Zn (0, 50, 80, 120, 200 mg l-1) in a germination chamber (25 C, 12h-photoperiod).
Four germination boxes were used per treatment, corresponding to replicates, with 25 seeds each. Seed germination percentage
and rate of germination were not affected by Cd. A negative effect was only verified at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg l-1 As,
and Zn above 80 mg l-1. The results indicate a possible seed tolerance of M. urundeuva to Cd and to low As and Zn concentrations.
Keywords: Heavy metal, Phytotoxicity, Non-essential ions, Germination
Acknowledgments: CAPES, CEMIG
159. VIABILITY STUDY OF THE SEEDS OF NEWLY HARVESTED Solanum lycocarpum A. St. Hil.
Oliveira, M.P.; Matos, J.M.M.; Oliveira, D.V.; Martins, R.C.C.; Araujo, D.R.C.; Martins, A.P.;
Bussinguer, A.P.; Souza, A.M.; Leite; T.V.P.; Ramos, K.M.O. Universidade de Braslia (UnB), Fac.
de Tecnologia Depto. de Eng. Florestal/ Lab. de Tecnologia de Sementes Florestais, Florestais. alcione.
martins@hotmail.com
Solanum lycocarpum A. St. Hil., popularly known as lobeira, is a species occurring in tropical and subtropical regions
of Brazil, especially in cerrados, dense cerrados and grasslands. The fruits of S. lycocarpum were harvested from 8
matrices in the cerrado sensu stricto. Seeds were harvested, pulped, washed in water and put to dry at room temperature.
Viability was tested using tetrazolium and pH of exudate tests on two sub-samples from the harvested lot. In the first
sub-sample, five replicates of 20 seeds were analyzed by the tetrazolium test; these seeds received a cut on the coat and
were put into contact with the tetrazolium solution at 0.5% concentration for a period of 24 hours. In the second subsample, five replicates of 20 seeds were analyzed by the pH of exudate test. For this analysis two indicator solutions
were used (1) phenolphthalein indicator solution composed of 1 g of phenolphthalein dissolved in 100 ml of absolute
alcohol, to which 100 mL distilled,boiled water were added (2) sodium carbonate (8.5 g / L) indicator solution. The
seeds were placed in individual cells in 50 mL of water in a germination chamber set at constant temperature of 25 C
for 30 minutes. After this period one drop of each indicator solution was added for each group of seeds. The reading was
based on the color of the soaking solutions of the seeds; a pinkish soaking solution indicated viable seeds. The result of
the tetrazolium test showed 100% viability of the tested sample. The result of the exudate of pH test confirmed the result
of the tetrazolium test, because the sub-sample tested by this method showed 100% viability. The results show that the
harvested lot presented good physiological quality, which is due to the quality of the matrices, the sampling period that
coincided with the period of physiological maturity of the fruits and the rapid processing of the lot.
Keywords: physiological quality, seeds and viability
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160. COMPARATIVE GERMINATION AMONG FOUR SPECIES OF Rhipsalis GENUS.

Lone, A.B., 1Takahashi, L.S.A., 1Faria, R.T. 1Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina-PR, Brazil,
alone_bio@yahoo.com.br
1
The Rhipsalis genus is composed by epiphytes cacti, that in Brazil, occur mainly in the Atlantic forest. Several species are
threatened due to collection and destruction of the natural habitats. This study aimed to compare the germination among
four species of Rhipsalis genus. The compared species were R. floccosa, R. teres, R. pilocarpa and R. pachyptera, which
the seeds were sowed on paper blotting paper moistened with water distilled and put in transparent plastic boxes with cover
and maintained in constant temperature of 20 C and photoperiod of 16 hours. The experimental delineation was entirely
randomized with four repetitions of 50 seeds per specie. The appraised variables were germination percentage, germination
speed index (GSI), medium time of germination (MTE) and the daily frequency of germination. The germination had
beginning in the fifth day for R. teres and R. floccosa and in the sixth day for R. pilocarpa and R. pachyptera. R. floccosa
presented the largest germination percentage (100%) and larger GSI. R. teres presented low germination percentage (63%)
and low GSI, in relation to the other species. R. pilocarpa presented largest MTE (12 days), characterizing the latest
germination among the appraised species. The germination pick happened in the seventh day for R. teres and R. floccosa
and in the ninth day for R. pilocarpa and R. pachyptera.
Keywords: Cactaceae, epiphytes plants, germination test
161. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF CELL STRUCTURE IN DORMANT RECALCITRANT HORSE CHESTNUT

SEEDS.
Azarkovich, M.I., Bolyakina, Ju.P. (Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, Moscow, Russia,
m-azarkovich@ippras.ru)
It is commonly accepted that the predominant proteins in seeds are storage proteins that are deposited in protein bodies.
The previous biochemical study of recalcitrant horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) seeds showed that cells of
axial organs and cotyledons in mature seeds contained extremely low amounts of globulins and are enriched with easily
soluble albumins. The fraction of cell structures (20 000g pellets) contained only 15% of the total protein of axial organs,
predominant cell proteins were presented in the cytosol, major proteins in axes and cotyledons were represented by heatstable polypeptides. Horse chestnut is typical of nonprotein seeds, which do not accumulate large amount of storage proteins.
The present work shows an attempt to find protein bodies in cells of dormant and germinating recalcitrant horse chestnut
seeds. It was carried out with light and electron microscopy. Light microscopy (protein was stained with bromphenol
blue) did not reveal noticeable protein inclusions in vacuoles. Cells containing a large nucleus, and also starch grains were
observed. Ultrastructural study showed hypocotyl cells containing a large nucleus with dense nucleolus and chromatin,
even in carioplasm. Monosomes predominated in the cytosol, with rare endoplasmic reticulum channels, chloroplasts with
long tilacoids, mitochondria and lipid drops. Mitochondria were not numerous, and small. Vacuoles were not large, and
usually electron-transparent. In some vacuoles specific electron-dense bodies were seen, like phytin globoid, surrounded
with globoid membrane. Sometimes electron-opaque deposits were seen near globoid. Phytin is known to be accumulated
together with protein in vacuoles. The presence of phytin structures may indicate the presence of some protein quantities
in vacuoles. According to our biochemical data, the fraction of cell structures contained some proteins the content of which
decreased during germination. It is conceivable that this small protein fraction was localized in protein bodies, whereas
predominant cell proteins were present in the cytosol. The occurrence and state of protein bodies in cells of mature horse
chestnut seeds as well as the properties of proteins localized within them needs the further study.
Keywords: Recalcitrant seeds, Cell structures, Vacuoles
Acknowledgements: Presidium of RAS (program Molecular and Cell Biology).
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162. TEMPERATURE AND SUBSTRATE ON THE GERMINATION OF Amburana cearensis (Allem.) A. C.

Smith.
Lopes, K. P., 1Barreto, C. F., 1Lages, M. C. da C., 1Andrade, S. E. O. de., 1Azevedo, S. L. de, 1Arajo, T. T. de.
1
Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Pombal-PB, Brazil, kilson@ccta.ufcg.edu.br
1
Amburana cearensis (Allemo) A.C. Smith is a native of northeastern Brazil, which is of great importance due to its
multitude of uses. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of substrate and temperature on seed germination of Amburana
cearensis (Allem.) A. C. Smith. The experiment was conducted in a randomized design with treatments arranged in a
factorial design (4 x 3), the first factor referring to the four temperatures (30, 35, 40 C constant and alternating 2030 C) and the second factor the three substrates (rolled paper, sand and substrate Plantmax) in four replicates of 25
seeds. We analyzed the following characteristics: germination percentage, rate of germination and seedling length. The
constant temperatures of 30 and 35C appeared to be within the optimum range for seed germination Amburana cearensis,
ensuring the highest percentages of germination when the substrates sand or Plantmax were used. However, a higher
germination rate and consequently further developed seedlings were obtained when the sand substrate was used at a
constant temperature of 30 C.
Keywords: Forest seeds, physiological quality, cumaru.
163. DORMANCY BREAK IN SEEDS OF Clitoria ternatea L.

Lopes, K. P., 1Oliveira, S. R. de, 1Dantas, T. A., 1Barbosa, R. C. A. 1Universidade Federal de Campina Grande
(UFCG), Pombal-PB, Brazil, kilson@ccta.ufcg.edu.br
1
Clitoria ternatea is a tropical forage of optimal nutritional qualities, drought resistant and ideal for sandy soils and adapts
to different types of weather. Its seeds can take time to germinate because of possible dormancy caused by a coat that is
impermeable to water. Aiming to determine the best method to overcome dormancy in the laboratory, the Clitoria ternatea
seeds were subjected to treatments that consisted of: immersion in water at initial temperature of 80 C then cooling for 30
minutes; immersion in concentrated sulfuric acid for 5 and 10 minutes; immersion in sodium hypochlorite for 30 minutes;
mechanical scarification with sandpaper N 80 and a control with intact seeds. Immersion in concentrated sulfuric acid
independent period of time, immersion in sodium hypochlorite for 30 minutes and mechanical scarification on sandpaper
N 80 resulted in the highest values of germination and vigor. Soaking in water at 80 C was not effective in overcoming
dormancy of Clitoria ternatea seeds, with values of germination and vigor similar to the intact control seeds.
Keywords: Leguminosae, germination, pre-germination treatments
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164. PREGERMINATING TREATMENTS IN Parkinsonia aculeate L. SEEDS.

Arajo Junior, E. S., 1Lopes, K. P., 1Nascimento, M. das G. R. do, 1Barbosa, R. C. A. 1Universidade Federal de
Campina Grande (UFCG), Pombal-PB, Brazil, kilson@ccta.ufcg.edu.br
1
The species Parkinsonia aculeate L. is a legume tree that was introduced in several countries for ornamental purposes, and
may also be used for hedges, erosion control and dunes stabilization. Seeds have dormancy problems, probably due to the
impermeability of the coating to water, which is the most common cause of dormancy seeds in leguminous species. The
aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pre-germination treatments that could maximize the germination process of
this species. We tested the following treatments: mechanical scarification with sandpaper of N 80 (T1), a cut in the distal
portion of the seed (T2), immersion in sulfuric acid for 3, 6 and 8 minutes (T3, T4 and T5, respectively ), immersion in
water at 60, 70 and 80 C for one minute (T6, T7 and T8, respectively), immersion in water at room temperature for 24,
48 and 72 hours (T9, T10 and T11, respectively) and intact seeds, which corresponded to the control (T12). The results
confirmed that dormancy was caused by the impermeability of the coating to water. Dormacy was overcome when seeds
were subjected to pre-germination treatments where a cut in the distal region of the seed (T2) was used, followed by
immersion sulfuric acid, independent of the time period (T3, T4 and T5).
Keywords: Forest seed, germination, dormancy.
165. DORMANCY BREAK IN SEEDS OF Delonix regia Raff.

Nascimento, M. das G. R. do, 1Lopes, K. P., 1Barbosa, R. C. A. 1Universidade Federal de Campina Grande
(UFCG), Pombal-PB, Brazil, kilson@ccta.ufcg.edu.br
1
Seeds of Delonix regia Raff., Leguminosae, were subjected to the following pre-germination treatments in the laboratory
to determine the best method for breaking dormancy: scarification with sandpaper N 80; scarification by sandpaper
mechanics for 3 minutes at 1750 rpm; immersion in concentrated sulfuric acid for 15 minutes soaking in water (25 C) for
24 hours, and control, with untreated seeds. The parameters normal germination, abnormal seedlings, seed dormancy and
emergence rate of seedlings were assessed through regular evaluation of germination. The results showed that among the
pre-germination treatments used, only scarification with sandpaper N 80, followed by mechanical scarification promoted
germination. The other treatments had similar resukts to the control and showed elevated levels of dormant seeds.
Keywords: Forest seeds, germination, scarification, seed coat permeability.
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166. AUTOMATED SCORING OF ARABIDOPSIS GERMINATION.

Willems, L.A.J., 1Joosen, R.V.L., 2Kodde, J., 1Ligterink, W., 1Hilhorst, H.W.M.1Wageningen Seed Lab,
Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, Leo.Willems@wur.nl, 2 Plant Research International,
Wageningen, Netherlands;
1
High throughput analysis of seed germination for phenotyping of large genetic populations or mutant collections is
very labor intensive and would highly benefit from an automated setup. Although very often used, the total germination
percentage after a nominated period of time is not very descriptive as it lacks information about start, rate and uniformity of
germination, which are highly indicative for many traits like dormancy, stress tolerance and seed longevity. The calculation
of cumulative germination curves requires information about germination percentage at various time points. Here we
present the Germinator package: a simple, highly cost efficient and flexible procedure for high-throughput automatic
scoring and evaluation of germination that can be implemented without the use of complex and expensive robotics.
The Germinator package contains three modules; 1) design of experimental setup with various options to replicate and
randomize samples; 2) automatic scoring of germination based on the color contrast between the protruding radicle, the
seed coat and the background on a single image; 3) curve fitting of cumulative germination data and the extraction, recap
and visualization of the various germination parameters. We show that the automatic scoring system works for Arabidopsis
thaliana, but is likely to be applicable to other species as well. The curve fitting module enables analysis of general
cumulative germination data that can be used for all plant species. Germinator is a freely available package that allows the
monitoring and analysis of several thousands of germination tests, several times a day by a single person.
Keywords: Germination, High-throughput analysis, Phenotyping, Curve fitting, Image analysis
167. METABOLOMICS QTL ANALYISIS OF A TOMATO RECOMBINANT INBRED POPULATION.

Willems, L. A. J., Ligterink, W., Kazmi, R., Kahn, N., Hilhorst, H.W.M. Wageningen Seed Lab, Wageningen
University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, Leo.Willems@wur.nl
The yield and economic success of horticultural crops depend to a large degree on the quality of the seed used to grow
these crops. Seed quality attributes include dormancy, germination, seed and seedling vigour, seedling dry weight, normal
embryo- and seedling morphology, as well as the ability to develop into a normal plant. The molecular-genetic dissection
of the processes that underlie these quality parameters and their relationship with seed and seedling phenotypes will
identify the regulatory genes and signalling pathways involved and, thus, provide the means to predict and enhance seed
and seedling quality. Our aim is to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the acquisition of seed quality and to develop
molecular markers to aid in marker assisted breeding. To reach this aim we make use of the natural variation found in a
Solanum lycopersicum x Solanum pimpinellifolium RIL population. This population has been phenotyped extensively
for several seed parameters and to understand which metabolites may have an influence on these traits, we executed an
untargeted metabolite analysis using GC-TOF-MS for each line of this population. This study was done in an generalized
setup using two different developmental stages: dry seeds and 6-hour imbibed seeds. In total 164 metabolites were
detected from which 54 could be identified. QTL analysis for phenotypic and metabolomics data resulted in clustering
of metabolites with the phenotypes and this could indicate a causal relationship between the specific metabolites and the
observed phenotypes. Ultimately these metabolites may be used as markers for seed quality aspects.
Keywords: Tomato, Seed quality, Metabolites, QTL, Generalized genetical genomics, GC, RIL population
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168. STRATIFICATION OF SEEDS AND EMERGENCE OF Astrocaryum vulgare SEEDLINGS.

Ferreira, S.A.N.; 2Elias, M.E.A. (1INPA-CPCA, Manaus/AM, Brazil, sanf@inpa.gov.br; 2UFAM-PPG Agronomia
Tropical, Manaus/AM, Brazil, bethelias85@hotmail.com)
1
This study evaluated the effects of pre-germinative treatments of seeds on the emergence of tucum-do-par (Astrocaryum
vulgare Mart., Arecaceae) seedlings. After extraction and soaking (4 days) the seeds, these were packaged in plastic bags
containing as substrate, with an equal volume to that occupied by the seeds, sand + sawdust (1:1, v:v), moistened with water
equivalent to 50% retention capacity. The seeds then received the following temperature treatments for thirty days: ambient (27
C) and constant temperatures of 30 C, 35 C and 38 C. They were then sown in sand + sawdust (1:1, v:v) substrate in a nursery
(minimum temperature 24 C and maximum 37 C). A control, without pretreatment, was sown immediately after soaking. The
experimental design was completely randomized with 5 treatments and 4 replicates, each with 25 seeds. The assessment of
emergence was done every 10 days for 12 months. On average, the emergence of seedlings was low: 24% - germinative button;
22% - second sheath; 21% - issuance the first bifida leaf; and 19% - first expanded bifida leaf. Although stratification, under
different temperatures, did not influence the emergence, there was a significant reduction in the mean emergence time after all
pre-treatments, especially after the 38oC treatment (99 days - second sheath; 100 days - issuance the first bifida leaf; 163 days first expanded bifid leaf) with values that were much lower than for the control (265 days - second sheath; 279 days - issuance
the first bifida leaf; and 328 days - first expanded bifid leaf). One year after installing the experiment, the seeds that did not
germinate included 69% that appeared dormant, while 7% had rotted. Moist stratification under supra-ambient temperature,
preferably around 38 C, reduced the mean emergence time of A. vulgare seedlings.
Keywords: Amazonia, Palmae, dormancy, pre-germinative treatment.
169. FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZACTION OF A NAC AND A MADS-BOX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS

AS ABSCISIC ACID AND NITRIC OXIDE MOLECULAR PLAYERS DURING SEED GERMINATION
AND STRESS RESPONSES.
Fernndez-Arbaizar A., 1Curto M., 1Albertos P., 1Sanz L., 2Tatematsu K., 2Nakabayashi K., 2Kamiya Y.,
2
Nambara E., 1Lorenzo O. 1Centro Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca
(USAL). Salamanca. Spain. oslo@usal.es 2The Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function (CAGEF),
University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
1
Seed dormancy and germination are complex traits regulated by the interaction of a plethora of signalling molecules,
including phytohormones (abscisic acid, ABA) and plant growth regulators nitric oxide (NO). We have isolated two mutants
encoding a NAC and a MADS-box transcription factors (TFs), respectively and showing ABA- and NO scavenger (cPTIO)insensitive phenotypes in the transition from dormancy to germination. By transient expression of the TFs in epidermal
onion cells as GFP fusion proteins, we obtained evidence supporting their subcellular localization in the nucleus. Yeast
activity assay demonstrated that the NAC gene encodes a transcription activator able to homodimerized. Furthermore, NAC
expression was localized in seeds and in the meristem zone of emerging roots during seed germination, and was highly
induced after ABA treatment in all the emerging organs. Microarray expression analysis revealed several hierarchical
clusters with different function in germination and early development processes, highlighting a putative role of this NAC
TF in the ABA and NO crosstalk. The MADS-box is a seed specific TF. mads-box loss-of-function mutant exhibited
reduced seed dormancy, and ABA-, cPTIO- and paclobutrazol- hyposensitivity during seed germination. Transcriptomic
profile of mads-box mutant in the presence of 3M ABA corroborates the implication of this MADS-box protein in the
regulation of seed germination.
Keywords: ABA Signalling, Seed, Germination, Transcription factor.
Acknowledgements: MEC (BIO2008-04698), JCYL(SA048A10-2), TRANSPLANTA (CSD2007-00057).
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170. STUDY ON SEED GERMINATION OF Cordia ecalyculata Vell.

Cossa, C.A., Sorace, M.A.F., Osipe, R., Lima, C.B., Campos, F.G., Camolese, A.C., Villela,T.T., 2Negrelle,
R.R.B. 1Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paran - Campus Luiz Meneghel (UENP-CLM), Bandeirantes-PR,
Brazil, felipegttbio@hotmail.com 2Universidade Federal do Paran (UFPR), Curitiba-PR, Brazil
Cordia ecalyculata is a native plant of Brazil, recommended for mixed plantings in recovery of degraded areas of
permanent preservation, especially of riparian areas. This study was conducted at UENP-CLM, Bandeirantes, Paran,
Brazil, from April to December/2009 in the greenhouse, using fruit and nut of Cordia, collected on 02/04/09 that were
submitted to water immersion at room temperature for 72 hours and then sown. The treatments depending on the maturity
stages of fruits were: T1 - red fruits collected directly from the tree, T2 - red fruits found on the ground, T3 - purple
fruits collected from the soil, T4 - collected soil nut and T5 - red fruits collected directly the tree. Seeds from T5 were
sown in a bed simulating natural field conditions; other treatments were conducted in pots with 10 seeds by plot. The
design was completely randomized with five treatments and ten replicates and the averages compared by Tukey test 1%.
Emergence assessments were done every 15 to 30 days until December/09. The germination in all treatments was very
low or zero from April to August/09. Treatment 5 was significantly higher than treatment 1 and in both, the changes in
emergence occurred in September and lasted until December/09, giving germinations of 88 and 52% respectively. The
other treatments were significantly lower. It was concluded that the fruit must be collected directly from the plant at the
stage of red color and sown soon after in an environment similar to the conditions of forest. The fact that the incidence
of germination occurred only 5-6 months after sowing coincided with field observations at a rate of germination of seeds
under the trees in September and October/2009.
Keywords: Dormancy, Medical Plant, Riparian forest, Afforestation
171. COMPARISON OF THE GERMINATION AMONG DIFFERENT PITAYA GENOTYPES.

Takahashi, L.S.A., 1Lone, A.B., 1Nakatani, S.H., 1Faria, R.T., 1Takahashi, H.W. 1Universidade Estadual de
Londrina (UEL), Londrina-PR, Brazil, sadayo@uel.br
The propagation of pitaya for seeds is convenient for the possibility of obtaining of materials with different genetic
information, presenting several characteristics that can be used. This study aimed to compare the germination among
eight pitaya genotypes. The used genotypes were composed of two species and six hybrids: Hylocereus undatus (H1),
Hylocereus polyrhizus (H2), Hylocereus costaricensis x Hylocereus undatus (H3), Hylocereus undatus x Hylocereus
costaricensis (H4), Hylocereus polyrhizus x Hylocereus undatus (H5), Hylocereus undatus x Hylocereus polyrhizus (H6),
Hylocereus costaricensis x Hylocereus polyrhizus (H7) and Hylocereus polyrhizus x Hylocereus costaricensis (H8). The
seeds were sowed on paper blotting paper moistened with water distilled in the amount of 2,5 times the mass of the paper
no moisturized, put in transparent plastic boxes with cover, in constant temperature of 25 C and photoperiod of 12 hours.
The experimental delineation was entirely randomized with four repetitions per treatment and 50 seeds per repetition.
The appraised variables were: germination percentage and germination speed index (GSI). The results showed that the
genotypes H1, H3, H6 and H7, presented the best results for germination percentage, above 98%. The best results for GSI
were obtained in the genotypes H1, H3, H5 and H6. Was concluded that the genotypes H1, H3 and H6 were superiors in
the germination test in relation to the other appraised genotypes.
Keywords: Cactaceae, Dragon fruit, Germination test, Hylocereus
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172. EMERGENCY OF DESERT ROSE IN DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES.

Takahashi, L.S.A., 1Lone, A.B., 1Su, M.J., 1Faria, R.T. 1Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina-PR,
Brazil, sadayo@uel.br
The desert rose stands out as ornamental plant because the beauty of their flowers, that have a range of colors from redpurple, through pink to white, and for the swollen stem base. This study aimed to evaluate the emergency of plantules
of desert rose (Adenium obesum) in differents substrates. The tested substrates were: sand, vermiculite, vegetable soil,
charred peel of rice, sand + vermiculite, sand + vegetable soil, sand + charred peel of rice, vermiculite + vegetable soil,
vermiculite + charred peel of rice and vegetable soil + charred peel of rice, being all the mixtures in the proportion of 1:1
(v:v). The substrates were conditioned in plastic vases of 1L maintained in green house with plastic covering and screen
with 70% of shade. The experimental delineation was entirely randomized with four repetitions of 25 seeds per vase.
The appraised variables were emergency percentage, emergency speed index (ESI) and the medium time of emergency
(MTE). The best results for the germination percentage were obtained in sand, sand + vegetable soil, vermiculite +
vegetable soil and sand + vegetable soil (55, 54, 53 and 51% respectively). There was not statistics difference for ESI
and MTE, and the values of MTE varied from five to eight days. Was concluded that the substrates sand, sand + vegetable
earth, vermiculite + vegetable soil and sand + vegetable soil are more suitable for the emergency of desert rose.
Keywords: Adenium obesum, ornamental plant, seedling production
173. DORMANCY AND STORAGE BEHAVIOUR OF SEEDS OF Michelia champaca (Magnoliaceae)

Fernando, M.T.R., 2Jayasuriya, K.M.G.G., 3Wijetunga, A.S.T.B. 1National Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens,
Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Fernando_thilina@yahoo.com, 2 Department of Botany, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
3
Department of Biological Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lamka, Mihintalem, Sri Lanka.
1
The aim of our study was to study the dormancy type and storage behavior of Michelia champaca, since the information
available on seed germination and dormancy of M. champaca is incomplete. Seeds were collected from numerous
M. champaca trees located in University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Moisture content of fresh and one-month drystored seeds was measured. Viability of one-month dry stored and one-month low temperature (4 0C or -1 0C) stored
seeds was tested to determine the seed storage behaviour. Imbibition and germination of manually scarified and non
scarified seeds were studied. Effect of gibberellic acid (GA3), and gibberellic acid + manual scarification was studied to
determine the seed dormancy type. Embryo lengths of seeds incubated on filter papers moistened with distilled water
or 500 ppm GA3 solution were measured at 5-day intervals. Fresh seeds had about 25% moisture content suggesting
that seeds may be recalcitrant and after 1 month of dry storage this was reduced to about 6% and no seeds germinated.
Further, low temperature storage reduced the viability of seeds. This confirmed that the seeds are recalcitrant. The
imbibition experiment suggested that seeds have no physical dormancy. However, only 13% of the untreated intact
seeds germinated within one month of incubation. The embryo length of fresh seeds was about 20% of the seed length,
but was 60% in seeds soon after the radicle emergence, suggesting that seeds have morphological dormancy (MD).
Even after 75 days, seeds incubated in distilled water had embryo 20% from seed length. However, when seeds were
treated with GA it increased to about 40% within 20 days. Moreover, about 85% germination was observed when seeds
were treated with 500 ppm GA both after and without scarification. Thus, this confirms that seeds have physiological
dormancy, holding embryo development. Thus, our study showed that seeds of M. champaca are recalcitrant and have
morpho-physiological dormancy.
Keywords: embryo development, morpho-physiological dormancy, recalcitrant seeds
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174. Identification of genes underlying the Speed of Germination (SOG1) quantitative

trait loci (QTL) in Brassica oleracea.
Morris, K., Dent, K., Douterelo-Soler I., Barker, G. and Finch-Savage W. School of Life Sciences, Warwick
University, Wellesbourne, CV35 9EF, UK.
Most, if not all, physiological traits are a complex interaction between an organisms genome and their local environment.
This interaction is especially important in the field of seed dormancy and germination. We have used the AG Brassica
oleracea mapping population, B. oleracea substitution lines, backcrossing of these substitution lines, synteny between
Brassica oleracea and Arabidopsis thaliana genomes and targeted BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) sequencing to
identify the SOG1 QTL and resolve it to a small number of genes (13). Arabidopsis Knock out lines were then screened for
germination phenotypes, resulting in the identification of two genes that influence the speed of germination. A transgenic
approach has been under taken to confirm the role of these genes and we are currently investigating the genetic interactions
between them. We will present this data to illustrate the molecular dissection of the pre dominant QTL for speed of
germination (SOG1) in Brassica oleracea and link this to the influence of the maternal environment.
Keywords: QTL, Brassica oleracea, germination, environment
175. STRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF SEED DORMANCY IN QUINOA (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.):

IMPORTANCE AND POSSIBLE ACTION MECHANISMS OF SEED COATS.
Ceccato, D. V., 2Bertero, H. D., 2Batlla, D., 1Instituto de Recursos Biolgicos, Inst. Nac. de Tecnologa Agropecuaria
(INTA), Castelar, Bs. As., Argentina, dceccato@cnia.inta.gov.ar, 2Ctedra de Produccin Vegetal/CONICET,
Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Bs. As., Argentina, 3Ctedra de Cerealicultura/IFEVA, Facultad de Agronoma/
CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Bs. As., Argentina.
1
This study presents results of experiments conducted to establish the importance of seed covers in the maintenance of
dormancy in quinoa, and to reveal some possible mechanisms of action and its association with changes in dormancy
level caused by the environment. Two quinoa accessions, Chadmo and 2-Want, both showing varying degree of dormancy
at harvest, were cultivated in the field on three different sowing dates. Seed were exposed to different treatments and
incubated in water at 5, 10 and 25 C to check germination. A rapid exit from dormancy was observed in both accessions
when seed covers were perforated before incubation. This dormancy-releasing effect of perforation decreased with delayed
sowing date, and seeds harvested from late sowing dates expressed a level of dormancy that was not imposed by the seed
coat, so presence of embryo dormancy is reported in the first time in the Chenopodium genus. Seeds of accession 2-Want
had covers (episperm) significantly thinner in later sowing dates. This was in agreement with decreasing coat-imposed
dormancy. In perforated seeds more ABA was leaked out than in whole seeds. The response of germination and the
higher amount of ABA released in perforated seeds suggest as hypothesis that a block to the release of the embryo ABA
participates in the imposition of dormancy by covers in quinoa. Evidence that some ABA is able to diffuse to the medium
even in seeds with intact episperm suggests that differences between sowing dates in the thickness of the episperm, as
observed for 2-Want seeds, would allow the release of different amounts of ABA.
Keywords: Coat-imposed dormancy, Embryo dormancy, sowing date, Quinoa.
Acknowledgements: INTA, IFEVA.
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176. MULTIPLE EVOLUTION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL DORMANCY IN MELASTOMATACEAE FROM

SEASONAL HABITATS.
Silveira, F. A. O., 1Ribeiro, R. C., 1Oliveira, D. M. T., 1Fernandes, G. W. 1Lemos-Filho, J. P. (1Universidade
Federal de Minas Gerais).
Seed dormancy evolved several times throughout the evolutionary history of the seed plants because it tunes establishment
with favorable spatio-temporal conditions for seedling establishment and survival. This study documents the first
unequivocal report of seed dormancy in tropical Melastomataceae. We also determined the class of seed dormancy in
populations of four species belonging to three tribes in the Brazilian Cerrado (Neotropical savanna). Seeds of Miconia
corallina, Tibouchina cardinalis, Comolia sertularia and Chaetostoma pungens collected in several years and sites did not
germinate under a broad set of experimental conditions. Embryoless seeds were found in the four species but the percentage
of embryoless seeds was insufficient to explain the lack of germination. Anatomical data revealed differentiated embryos
in all species, hence rejecting the morphological and morphophysiological dormancy hypotheses. Seed coat permeability
was detected through seed soaking experiments, indicating the lack of physical and combinational dormancy. Anatomical
and physiological (GA application and scarification) data suggest the evolution of deep physiological dormancy (PY)
in all species. The high phenolic content in the seed coat should be investigated as a possible cause of physiological
dormancy. Populations of the studied species occurring in xeric microhabitats and dispersing seeds during unfavorable
times for establishment produce dormant seeds, whereas populations in mesic sites produce non-dormant seeds. Given the
phylogenetic position of the studies species, we suggest that PY has evolved multiple times in Melastomataceae in response
to drought-induced seedling mortality. We argue that PY have been selected in other lineages of Cerrado xerophytes that
shed seeds during unfavorable times for seedling establishment.
Keywords: Cerrado, convergent evolution, dormancy break, seed structure
177. EARLY DETECTION, SIGNALLING AND REPAIR OF DNA DAMAGE IN GERMINATION

West, C.E., 1Drury, G.E., 1Bhardwaj, R. M., 2Bray, C.M., 1Waterworth, W. M. 1Centre for Plant Sciences,
University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK c.e.west@leeds.ac.uk 2Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester,
Manchester M13 9PT, U.K.
1
Natural stresses associated with the dehydration, quiescence and rehydration cycle result in DNA damage that limits
germination rate and seed survival. The extensive accumulation of DNA damage in seeds significantly reduces germination
performance and is a major factor underlying the observed deterioration of seeds upon storage. Phenotypic analysis of
Arabidopsis mutants in our lab indicates that it is specifically the accumulation of lethal DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in
the embryo genome that contributes to this loss of seed viability and vigour. In plants, the presence of broken chromosomes
results in a well characterised DNA damage response including the proportional (quantitative) transcriptional upregulation
of a specific subset of genes, many of which have defined roles in the repair of DNA damage. The high specificity of
this transcriptional response represents a powerful marker for the presence of DNA DSBs. Our recent studies identified
strong activation of the DNA damage response during seed imbibition by the transcriptional up-regulation of a number
of DSB-responsive genes in the earliest stages of Arabidopsis seed germination, even in high quality Arabidopsis seeds.
The magnitude of this response is elevated both in Arabidopsis mutant lines defective in DNA repair and in aged seeds,
correlating with elevated levels of DNA damage in these seeds. A similar DNA damage response was also identified
in barley seed germination, suggestive that a conserved response to extensive DNA damage is present in early seed
imbibition, at least in orthodox seeds. An important component of plant orthodox seed adaptation therefore appears to be
the acquisition of an extremely high tolerance and repair capacity for DNA damage. Our current work is focussed on the
molecular identification of DNA repair pathways important to seed quality and aging and the development of associated
diagnostic markers for seed quality.
Keywords: DNA damage, DNA damage response, germination, Arabidopsis, barley
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178. NITRIC OXIDE AFFECTING STORAGE MOBILIZATION DURING SEED GERMINATION OF

Sesbania virgata.
Zerlin, J. K., 2Freschi, L., 3Centeno, D. C., 1Gaspar, M. 1Instituto de Botnica (IBt), So Paulo-SP, Brazil,
gasparmarilia@yahoo.com.br, 2Universidade de So Paulo (USP), So Paulo-SP, Brazil, 3Universidade Federal do
ABC (UFABC), So Paulo-SP, Brazil
1
Nitric oxide (NO), a membrane-permeable free radical, has been reported as a potent signaling molecule in plants. This
molecule increases the activity of hydrolytic enzymes involved in starch breakdown during germination and stimulates
growth and cellulose synthesis in roots. However, until now, information about the role of this molecule on reserve
mobilization and growth in seeds accumulating cell wall polysaccharides are not available. In the Brazilian biomes, Cerrado
and Mata Atlntica, species display different adaptation strategies that include accumulation of reserve carbohydrate
in their seeds. Sesbania virgata (Faboideae) accumulates higher proportions of galactomannan that is mobilized after
germination and whose products are used as carbon source and energy for plant growth. To evaluate NO effects, seeds
from S. virgata were imbibed in water, NO donors and scavengers, and physiological characterization of germination
and biochemical analysis of storage degradation were done. NO donors did not show visible effects on germination, but
NO effects were observed on S. virgata seed storage metabolism. Lower raffinose content indicates that NO treatment
accelerates the mobilization of this endosperm oligosaccharide, resulting in accumulation of galactose and sucrose for
root growth. The increase in alfa-galactosidase activity, first enzyme to breakdown galactomannan, with a concomitant
increase of galactose and mannose content, suggests a stimulation of post-germinative seed reserve degradation by NO.
The decrease in protein content was correlated with an increase in the amino acids glutamine and asparagine, suggesting
that NO stimulated the degradation of seed storage proteins. The positive effects of NO on seed reserve mobilization seem
to be ABA independent. Metabolic profile analysis from endosperm and roots indicates that the overall seed metabolism
was affected by NO as shown by variation in contents of amino acids, sugars and organic acids.
Keywords: Nitric oxide, galactomannan, storage mobilization
179. THERMAL PARAMETERS OF THE Cedrela fissilis VELL. SEED GERMINATION.

Daibes, L. F., 2Frigeri, R. B. C., Amodo, S. C., 2,3Moraes, J. N., Monteiro, E. F., 1Cardoso, V. J. M. 1Stadual
University of So Paulo Jlio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp), 1515 24A Avenue, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil (luipedaibes@
hotmail.com); 2Federal University of Rondnia (Unir), BR-364 way to AC 9,5 Km, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; 3Rioterra
Studies Center, 727 Major Amarante Street, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
1
Studies on the thermal dependence of germination are not only important for understanding seed physiology but also for the
comprehension of ecophysiological aspects of the species, as its distribution. The cedar Cedrela fissilis Vell. (Meliaceae) is
a tree with geographical distribution in the Neotropical region that presents a great economical interest for its wood quality. The
objective of this work was to estimate some thermal parameters of germination in C. fissilis based on the thermal time model.
Fruits in physiological maturity were collected from the Jamari National Forest (Flona) in Itapu do Oeste, RO. After processing
and soaking in water at 26 1 C for 24 hours, the seeds were distributed into 5 repetitions of 20 seed under 12 different isothermal
treatments of 10 to 40 oC. Tests were conducted on moistened filter paper in gerbox type boxes in germination chambers. The
infra-optimal, optimalandsupra-optimal temperature ranges were estimated by statistical methods. The base or minimum (Tb)
and maximum (Tc) temperatures, as well as the thermal time values (), were estimated through of the probit analysis method.
The germinability was over 80% at the 12.5 to 25 C range, whereas the optimal average germination rate occurred between 22.5
and 25 C. Below and above this optimum a linear relationship was verified between germination rate and temperature. A graphic
analysis of the thermal dependence of the reciprocal time of germination of different percentage fractions of the seed samples
suggested that Tb and Tc tend to vary according to the fraction, whereas the thermal time parameter was relatively constant
within the respective thermal ranges. The parameters of the evaluated sample presented the following values: infra = 117 day;
supra = 75 day; Tb (median) = 7.6 2.1 C and Tc =33.6 3.2 C. Tb varied from 3.3 to 11.6 C, while Tc varied from 33.1 to
42.5 C. The germination curves generated from the model described with reasonable precision the germination observed at the
different tested temperatures. It was concluded that the thermal time model can be used to describe and estimate the germinative
behavior of C. fissilis seeds relative to the thermal variation of the environment.
Keywords: cedar, seed, temperature, thermal time
Acknowledgements: Petrobras
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180. THERMAL DEPENDENCE

GERMINATION.
OF
THE
Stryphnodendron
guianense
(AubL.)
BENTH.
SEED
Daibes L F, 2Frigeri, R. B. C., 2Jodas, N. F., 2,3Moraes, J. N., 1Cardoso, V. J. M. 1Stadual University of So Paulo
Jlio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp), 1515 24A Avenue, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil (luipedaibes@hotmail.com); 2Federal
University of Rondnia (Unir), BR-364 way to AC 9,5 Km, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; 3Rioterra Studies Center, 727
Major Amarante Street, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
1
Stryphnodendron guianense (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) is a leguminous tree of great abundance in grasslands and edge
of Amazonian forests, especially in the State of Rondnia. The species presents characteristics of early succession, like
the frequent production of small seeds and fast growth, potentially serving as model for ecophysiological analyses and
thermal approaches to forest seeds germination. This study had the objective of estimating the germinative parameters of
S. guianense as a function of constant temperatures based on the thermal time model. The matured pods were collected in
the forest at the Jos Ribeiro Filho Campus of Unir (Porto Velho, RO). After manual processing and 3-4 hour soaking in
water (with room temperature estimated at 26 1 C), the seeds were distributed in 5 repetitions of 50 seeds (totalizing 250
per treatment) in 11 different temperatures ranging from 10 to 40 C. The tests were conducted on moistened filter paper
in Petri dishes in germination chambers. The infra-optimal, optimalandsupra-optimal temperature ranges were estimated
by statistical methods. The germination rate for different percentage fractions of the sample were estimated by the Weibull
distribution. The base or minimum (Tb) and maximum (Tc) temperatures, as well as the thermal time values (), were
estimated by means of the probit analysis method. The average germination percentages were over 85% at the 12.5 to
32.5 C range, whereas the optimal average occurred between 22.5 and 25 C. A linear relationship between temperature
and germination rate was verified below and above that optimum, delimiting the infra and supra-optimal intervals of
germination. With the graphic analysis of the germination rate, it was verified that, both in the infra region as in the supraoptimal range, Tb and Tc for different fractions tend to converge towards a single value, becoming relatively constant for
the different fractions, whereas the thermal time parameter varied with fraction. The Tb and Tc values were, respectively,
9.3 C and 39.4 C; varied from 22.4 to 64.2 oday at the infra-optimal range (median 44.1 10.2 oday) and from 13.3 to
59.5 oday at the supra-optimal region (median 38.9 18.2). The germinative parameters estimated by the model described
relatively well the time-courses of the isothermal germination in the species. It was concluded that the thermal time model
can be used, with appropriate adaptations, to make predictions about the germination behavior of the S. guianense seeds
under different thermal regimes.
Keywords: legume, seed, temperature, thermal time
Acknowledgements: PIBIC/Unir/CNPq
181. LIMITATIONS OF THE TETRAZOLIUM TEST FOR ASSESSING VIABILITY IN SPROUTED SEED LOTS.
Bowden, L. H., Cockerell, V. Official Seed Testing Station, Science and Advice for Scottish Agriculture, Edinburgh,
UK, Laura.Bowden@sasa.gsi.gov.uk
In wheat seed samples in which sprouted seed is present, the results of germination and tetrazolium tests are not always
in agreement. The tetrazolium test tends to give a lower value of viability than the germination test. Wheat seeds with
different degrees of sprouting were created artificially. When viability of sprouted seeds was assessed by germination
and tetrazolium testing, the germination was considerably higher than the tetrazolium result. This was particularly
evident in seeds in which a greater degree of sprouting had been induced. The tetrazolium test involves soaking seeds in
water for a 16 hour period prior to cutting and staining the embryos. When seeds were soaked in water prior to sowing,
the germination result much more closely mirrored that of the tetrazolium result. This suggests that sprouted seeds may
be more susceptible to imbibition damage. To overcome this seeds were imbibed in solutions of PEG at a range of water
potentials, as well as imbibed between paper soaked in water, prior to cutting and staining the embryos in tetrazolium
chloride. The subsequent evaluations of viability were better than for seeds assessed by the standard tetrazolium test,
but still did not reach the levels of the germination test. We conclude that sprouted seeds are slightly more susceptible
to imbibition damage than non-sprouted seeds, and that in seed lots in which sprouting is present a germination test is
necessary to accurately determine viability.
Keywords: Sprouted seeds, tetrazolium, seed viability testing
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182. SCARIFICATION WITH SULPHURIC ACID OF Parkia gigantocarpa Ducke SEEDS (FABACEAE).
Cruz, E. D., 2Ferreira, J. E. R., Silva, A. C. da. (1Embrapa Amaznia Oriental, Belm-PA, Brazil, eniel@cpatu.
embrapa.br, 2Cikel Brasil Verde Madeiras Ltda., Belm-PA, Brazil, 3Universidade Federal Rural da Amaznia
(UFRA), Belm-PA, Brazil.
1
Seed coat impermeability to water occurs in Fabaceae seeds, including Parkia gigantocarpa, a tropical tree species. To
promote germination in seeds with coat impermeability the use of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) is recommended. The objective
of this study was to identify the ideal period of scarification of P. gigantocarpa seeds with sulphuric acid. The tested
scarification periods were: 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min. The following variables were measured: seedling emergence
(E), emergence speed index (ESI) and the dry mass of hypocotyl dry mass (DMH), epicotyl (DME), root (DMR) and
leaf (DML). Seedling emergence was measured during 14 days with daily counts of the number of emerged seedlings. A
seedling was considered emerged when it showed cotyledons above the soil surface. ESI was obtained by daily counts
of the number of emerged seedlings, quantified during emergence test. At the end of the emergence test, seedlings were
removed of the substrate to obtain DMH, DME, DML and DMR after drying at 65 oC for 48 hours. Seeds were sown on
a mix of sand and sawdust (1:1). The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications of 25 seeds
each. Data were submitted to Bartlett homogeneity variance test and arcsin (x+0.5)/100 transformation was performed
on IVE. Data were submitted to ANOVA analyses and treatment means were compared by Tukey`s test (P0.05). All
treatments with sulphuric acid promoted seed germination. However, immersion time of 30 and 40 min, in general, were
the treatments with the best performance for most variables.
Keywords: Germination, Hard seed, Dormency
183. PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF Araucaria angustifolia SEEDS DURING CONTROL CONDITIONS OF

STORAGE.
Garcia, C., 1Coelho, C. M. M., 1Maraschin, M., 2Oliveira, L. M. de, 2Pavelski, J. A. 1Universidade Federal de
Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianpolis SC , Brazil, cileide@cca.ufsc.br, 2Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina
(UDESC), Lages SC, Brazil.
1
The Araucaria angustifolia species stands out as the most important of the Subtropical Ombrophilous Forest and had an
intensive exploration due to its high economic potential. The recovery actions of species are hampered by recalcitrant
characteristic of its seeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate different storage conditions as to efficiency in
maintenance of physiological quality of mature seeds from A. angustifolia freshly harvested in the city of Painel, in the hills
of Santa Catarina. The storage conditions were: normal laboratory ambient without temperature control, refrigerator (5oC)
and freezer (-18 oC), under 120 days. The physiological quality of seeds was evaluated on samples freshly harvested and
every 60 days of storage, through germination and vigor (germination speed index and accelerated aging). The experiment
was conducted under completely randomized design, with 4 replications of 25 seeds, and with Tukey test for means
separation of 5% probability level. The results showed variation between deterioration rate of A. angustifolia seeds as to
storage condition. The seeds kept in refrigerator preserved their viability by 120 days after harvest, but the germination
speed index was reduced from 0.5 of fresh seeds to 0.03 after 120 days, demonstrating vigor reduction. There was total
loss of viability seeds stored in freezer during 60 days, and stored in ambient without temperature control under 120 days
after harvest, where intense action of microorganisms favored the process. Throughout the storage, there was no significant
difference between water content of seeds stored in different conditions. The germination percentage of fresh seeds that
were subjected to accelerated aging (65%) did not differ significantly from the not aged seeds stored under 60 days in
refrigerator (51%) and in ambient without temperature control (71%), it demonstrated the test efficiency to anticipate the
viability results of A. angustifolia seeds in 60 days.
Keywords: Araucaria angustifolia, conservation, vigor, germination.
Acknowledgements: UFSC, CAPES, UDESC.
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184. SEASONAL CHANGES IN THE GERMINATION REQUIREMENTS FOR DRY AND WET STORED
Plantago major SEEDS.
Andrade, L.G., 2Andrade, A.C. S.1Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil,
leticiaguima@yahoo.com.br; 2Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botnico do Rio de Janeiro (JBRJ), Rio de Janeiro - RJ,
Brazil.
Plantago major L. (Plantaginaceae) is a perennial weed and medicinal herb species widely distributed in a number of
tropical and sub-tropical regions worldwide. We investigated the effects of environmental and seasonal factors on seed
dormancy and germination in P. major. The germination responses for freshly matured seeds were studied under different
temperatures (constant and alternating), light quality [a gradient of red to far-red ratios (r:fr)], different photoperiods,
cycle-doses (days) of alternating temperature of 35/20 C and 8h light under 35/20 C. Seeds were also stored in both dry/
cold (10%RH; 10 C) and wet (buried in polythene bags with soil) conditions for up to one year. At regular intervals (4
months), seeds were exhumed and germination responses were tested under nine temperatures (constant and alternating)
and r:fr ratios. Freshly seeds exhibited primary dormancy that was relieved with both alternating temperatures and light.
Germination did not occur at any constant temperature or in continuous darkness, and was inhibited at intermediated (0.4)
r:fr ratio. At least 240 min of photoperiod were required for maximum germination. A short period of storage was sufficient
to reduce light and alternating temperature requirements for germination, mainly for buried seeds (wet storage). These
laboratory results demonstrate that the requirements of light and alternating temperatures for germination of P. major seeds
have a role in regulating seed germination under open vegetation areas.
Keywords: Seed dormancy, Red:far-red ratio; Alternating temperature; Seed ecophysiology
Acknowledgements: CNPq, MMA.
185. EFFECT OF PRIMING ON SANITARY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF WEATHERED SOYBEAN

SEEDS.
Sediyama, C.A.Z.1; Reis, M.S.1; Dias, M.A.1; Sediyama, C.S.1; Dias, D.C.F.S.1; Sediyama, T.1; Batista, G.S.2.
(1Universidade Federal de Viosa (UFV), Viosa-MG, Brazil, csediyama@gmail.com,2Universidade Estadual Paulista
(UNESP), Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil)
This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of osmotic conditioning on the sanitary and physiological quality of
the seeds from six soybean cultivars, harvested at three times. The seeds of Confiana (semi-early), UFV-16 (medium),
Splendor (medium), Garantia (semi-late), UFVS 2005 (semi-late) and UFV-18 (late) cultivars were multiplied at Prof.
Diogo Alves de Mello Experimental Field, which belongs to the Plant Sciences Department, of the Federal University of
Viosa, in Viosa, Minas Gerais State, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The plants of each
cultivar were harvested at the R8 stage and 15 and 30 days later. Seed samples of each experimental unit were submitted to
the osmotic conditioning in a -0.8MPa polyethylene glycol osmotic solution (PEG 6000), with 0.2% of Captan fungicide,
at 20 C for 96 hours. Non-conditioned seeds were used as control. The sanitary quality was evaluated by the blotter
test. The physiological quality was evaluated by the first and final counting of the paper roll germination test, and by the
electrical conductivity test. The harvest delay negatively affected the seed quality - they showed higher incidence of fungi
and bacteria, and also poorer vigor and germination and higher electrical conductivity. UFV-18 and UFVS 2005 cultivars
presented the highest and lowest bacterial incidence, respectively. Confiana presented highest vigor and germination
potential and Garantia presented the worst performance for both of these variables. Conditioned seeds presented lower
incidence of bacteria and fungi. The osmotic conditioning of the seeds improves the sanitary and physiological qualities,
mostly on more weathered seeds.
Keywords: soybean, seed quality, osmotic conditioning.
Acknowledgement: FAPEMIG, CNPq
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186. OSMOTIC CONDITIONING AND SEED GERMINATION OF CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS.

Dias, M.A.1; Zucoloto, M.1; Sediyama, C.A.Z.1; Siqueira, D.L.1; Dias, D.C.F.S.1; Souza Neto, J.D.2 (1Federal
University of Viosa UFV, 36570-000 Viosa-MG, Brazil, diasmunizf@yahoo.com.br; 2Federal University of
Esprito Santo UFES, 29390-000 Alegre-ES).
Citrus varieties used as rootstocks present germination and emergence problems. This study had the purpose of evaluating
the osmotic conditioning effect upon seed germination of nine citrus rootstocks: Clepatra, Citrandarim, Sunki,
Carrizo, Cravo, Swingle, Vulkameriano, Citradia and Rangpur, from the Plant Science Department germplasm
bank of the Federal University of Viosa. The seeds were conditioned in PEG 6000 at -0.8MPa/48hrs; PEG 6000 at -1.2
MPa/48hrs; KNO3 0.34 M/48hrs osmotic solutions, and H2O/16hrs. Non-conditioned seeds were used as control. The
germination test was carried out using paper rolls at 30o C and the germination percentage of the first count, at 21 days, and
the final count, at 45 days, were evaluated. The germination speed index and the percentage of polyembryonic seeds were
also evaluated. It was observed a greater occurrence of polyembryonic seeds on Citrandarimand Sunki varieties, which
resulted in the formation of normal seedlings. Cravo presented the best germination and rate germination performance in
all conditioning treatment evaluated, but hada similar performance tothevarietiesClepatraeSunki H2O/16hrs treated.
All osmotic conditioning treatments were beneficial to germination of Carrizo variety seeds.
Keyworks: Priming, Citrus, Germination.
Acknowledgement: UFV, CNPq
187. SEED RESERVE AND LONGEVITY IN A SEED BANK OF Styrax camporum Pohl, Styrax ferrugineus
Nees & Mart. AND Styrax pohlii A.DC.
Tozzi, H. H., Kissmann, C., Simo, E., Bieras, A., Habermann, G. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio
Claro-SP, Brazil, htozzi@gmail.com.
Seed longevity and integrity is a key factor for species in threatened and fragmented areas such as the Brazilian savanna
(Cerrado), for the longer the seed stays buried and viable, higher are the chances of one given population preserve itself on
site by recruiting new seedlings. Most of the native species of Styrax occur in the Cerrado areas, being Styrax ferrugineus
Nees & Mart. and S. camporum Pohl two of the most common of them. In riparian forest, a vegetation type found
along the waterways, S. pohlii is most abundant. In this work we aimed to correlate seed reserves (lipids, proteins and
carbohydrates) with each species longevity in a soil seed bank, expecting that seeds with larger lipid and protein reserves
would have greater survivability. For this, total lipids, soluble proteins and alcohol soluble sugars were extracted of 1g
fresh seeds (without tegument), and seeds were buried 5cm deep for 240 days, with samples being recovered each 60
days. S. camporum showed (% fresh weight) 42.319.77 total lipids, 0.090.008 soluble proteins and 7.471.013 free
carbohydrates; S. ferrugineus 31.571.75 total lipids, 0.090.009 soluble proteins and 12.700.42 free carbohydrates; S.
pohlii 22.200.60 total lipids, 0.060.002 soluble proteins and 5.150.61 free carbohydrates. All three species showed low
G% after 120 days in the seed bank, and although seed reserves differed among the three species - being S. camporum the
one with the most lipid reserves - seed reserves did not play a decisive role in maintaining seed viability.
Keywords: protein, lipid, cerrado.
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188. A SIMPLE AND FEASIBLE METHOD TO BREAK SEED DORMANCY IN MEDICINAL PLANTS
GLORY LILY (Gloriosa superba L.) AND AMBRETTE (Abelmoschus moschatus Medic.).
Sundareswaran, S., 2Venudevan, B. and 2Sivakumar, D. 1Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu
Agricultural University, (TNAU), Mettupalayam, India, sundarseeds@gmail.com, 2Department of Seed Science and
Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore, India.
1
The present study aimed to evolve a simple and easy method to break seed dormancy and to improve germination potential
of two important medicinal plants viz., Glory lily (Gloriossa superba L.) and Ambrette (Abelmoschus moschatus Medic.).
The study revealed that seeds of glory lily soaked in hot water (boiled to 100C and removed from flame) for 40 minutes
recorded the highest germination of 62 per cent (against 22% in control) accompanied with faster rate of germination
(4.23), higher seedling length (27.1 cm) and vigour index (1680) with less hard seeds (15%) and abnormal seedlings
(14%). However, hot water soaking for less than 40 minutes was ineffective as it recorded the higher percentage of
hard seed (36%). In contrast, longer period of treatment beyond 40 minutes was harmful as it produced more abnormal
seedlings (24%) and dead seeds (27%). Similarly, in ambrette, the seeds soaked in hot water for 30 minutes recorded the
highest germination of 83 per cent (against 20% in control) accompanied with faster rate of germination, higher seedling
length (18.8 cm) and vigour index (1560). However, hot water soaking for less than 30 minutes was ineffective as it
recorded higher percentage of hard seed (32%). In contrast, longer period of treatment beyond 30 minutes was harmful as
it produced more abnormal seedlings (12%) and dead seeds (16%). The higher seed germination due to optimal soaking
in hot water might be due to the weakening of seed coat by distributing and dissolving the lignins and pectins present on
epidermal layer of the seed coat, which render them impermeable to water and oxygen. Though acid scarification of seeds
with concentrated H2SO4 had improved the germination in both the species, development of abnormal seedlings and dead
seeds were noticed to an increased level, which might be due to the injury caused to the embryo by the acid.
Keywords: Glory lily, Ambrette, Seed dormancy, Germination.
189. GERMINATION TEST IN Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg SEEDS.

Gomes, J. P., 1Oliveira, L. M.,1Ferreira, P. I., 1Petroli, A., 1Miranda, L., 1Rodrigues, M. B. C, 1Steffens, C. A.
Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina- Centro de Cincias Agroveterinrias (UDESC-CAV), Lages-SC, Brazil,
luciana@cav.udesc.br
1
1
Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg is a fruit plant, suitable for planting in degraded areas and for ornamentation. Its
fruits are eaten by several species of birds and mammals and are also used in the preparation of manufactured products.
This study aimed to test substrates and temperatures for germination test of C. xanthocarpa seeds. Seeds from two different
lots were submitted to germination tests in gerbox containing sand, and in germitest paper, moistened with distilled water.
Germinators were used in temperatures of 15 C, 20-30 C alternated; 25 C, 30 C and 35 C under constant light. The
completely randomised experimental design was used, with four replications of 25 seeds per treatment/lot, and the means
of the treatments were compared by Tukey test (P <0.01). The temperatures of 25 oC and 20-30 oC in both substrates,
and 30 C and 35 C on paper substrate, in roll form, provided a higher percentage of germination of Campomanesia
xanthocarpa O. Berg seeds.
Keywords: Myrtaceae, viability, seed quality.
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190. SEED GERMINATION OF pilosocereus arrabidae (CACTACEAE) FROM A SEMIARID REGION OF

SOUTHEAST BRAZIL.
Martins, L. S. T.; 1Andrade, A. C. S.; 1Pereira, T. S.; 1Barros, C. F. 1Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botnico do
Rio de Janeiro (JBRJ), Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil. candrade@jbrj.gov.br.
1
We evaluated the effect of temperature regimes (six constant and four alternating temperatures), light qualities (five red:far
red ratios) and water potentials (W; seven NaCl, and PEG solutions) on the percentage and rate of germination, as well as
the post-seminal development morphology, that allow Pilosocereus arrabidae seeds to germinate in a hot semiarid climate
on the southeastern Brazilian coast. The results showed that seeds germinated similarly between constant and alternating
temperatures, with an optimal germination in 25/20 C and 20 C. P. arrabidae seeds were photoblastic positive, and the
final germination percentage was inhibited at low R:FR ratios. Maximum germination was obtained in distilled water
(0 MPa), and decreasing of W reduced the germination, which was lower in NaCl than in iso-osmotic PEG solutions.
Germination inhibition appears to be osmotic because the recovery response was high when non-germinated seeds from
both iso-osmotic solutions were transferred to water. Seeds of P. arrabidae are small and the germination is phaneroepigeal.
Despite the slow growth typically seen in seedlings and adults of Cactaceae, the germination of this species depends on
the ability of the seeds to appropriately sense and react to environmental cues that correlate with times and places under
low risk growth conditions.
Keywords: Temperature, Water stress, Seedling morphology, R:FR ratio.
Acknowledgements: MMA.
191. TEGUMENT MECHANICAL CONTROL OF IMMATURE SOYBEAN SEEDS GERMINATION

Montechiarini, N. H., Gosparini, C. O., Morandi, E. N. Laboratorio de Fisiologa Vegetal. Facultad de Ciencias
Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR). CC 14 (S2125ZAA) Zavalla, Santa Fe, Argentina. nimonte04@
hotmail.com
ABA and immature tegument (Tg) has been proposed as major components in the arrest of germination of developing
soybean seeds. In previous work we discussed the role of changes in axis endogenous ABA (ABAa) in relation to the reassumption of axis growth during germination. This study is focused on the evolution of Tg mechanical resistance of the
micropylar area during development and its possible role in the control of precocious germination. A home made device
was utilize to measure the pressure needed to pierce the micropylar area of immature teguments of soybean seeds of 25,
30, 35, 40 and 45 days after anthesis (DAA). Ten Tg were assayed for each seed age. The pressure necessary to overcome
the mycropyle resistance was 137.4, 134.6, 107.3, 133.1 and 163.5 g.mm-2, for 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 DAA Tg, respectively.
The pressure needed to overcome the Tg resistance almost doubled the value of the osmotic pressure needed to arrest the
axis growth of isolated embryos of the same age. Additionally, the mechanical resistance of the micropylar area increase
by 45 DAA. This increase was almost coincidental with the time ABAa reached its inhibition threshold (~1.7 g ABA.
gDW-1). At this stage the seed are at physiological maturity but its water content is still high (58%, DW basis). These
results support the hypothesis that Tg mechanical resistance to radicle protrusion control precocious germination when
ABAa levels dropped bellow its inhibition threshold and before the beginning of the rapid seed dehydration.
Keywords: Tegument, ABA, Immature Seed, Germination.
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192. BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND GERMINATION OF eremanthus erythropappus SEEDS.

Neves, C.L.P., Albuquerque, K.S., Silva Junior, J.M., Faria, J.M.R. Departamento de Cincias Florestais,
Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA) Lavras - MG - Brasil, jesseagronomo@dcf.ufla.br
Eremanthus erythropappus belongs to the Asteraceae family and grows naturally in open areas in the states of Bahia,
Esprito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, So Paulo and Minas Gerais. Its main economic use is the extraction of alpha-bisabolol oil,
used by pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. This study aimed to characterize the seeds biochemically and to assess
their imbibitions curve and germination. Seeds were collected in the region of Luminrias, MG. Biochemical analysis
were performed for the quantification of starch, protein and soluble sugars. The percentage of the initial moisture content,
germination and Germination Speed Index (GSI) were calculated from four replicates of 50 seeds, with the radicle protrusion
with 2 mm in length as the criterion of germination. The imbibition curve was obtained through regular weighing of 30
seeds for 5 days. The imbibitions curve showed a regular triphasic pattern. During phase I there was a rapid absorption
of water in the first six hours. Phase II was characterized by a longer duration and with a small increase in seed weight.
Phase III began around 90 hours, when radicle protrusion was observed, characterizing the end of germination process and
beginning of early growth and seedling establishment. The starch content of the seeds was 4.12 mg.g-1 DM, crude protein
15.27% and total sugars 0.90 mg.g-1 MS. The initial moisture content of the seeds was 7% with 73% germination, and
GSI of 13.24.
Keywords: Tree seeds, candeia, alpha-bisabolol oil
193. MORPHOLOGY AND GERMINATION OF Victoria amazonica (Poepp.) J.C. Sowerby AND Cordia
trichotoma (Vell.) Arrab. ex Steud SEEDS.
Tozin, L. R. S., 1Santos, V. S.; 1Stefanello, T. H., 2Lima, L. B. de., 1Scremin-Dias, E. 1Universidade Federal de
Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande-MS, Brazil, ricardo.tozin@gmail.com, 2Universidade Federal do Par
(UFPA), Altamira-PA, Brazil.
1
In the Pantanal, the largest continuous flood plain of the planet, occur several populations of aquatic plants and trees like
Victoria amazonica and Cordia trichotoma. Ecophysiology of germination of these species is poorly known. The objective
was to study morphology of seeds and assess seed germination under different abiotic conditions.Ripe fruits of V.amazonica
were collected from lakes near Serra Amolar, Corumb, MS. We determined number of seeds per fruit, biometrics of fruits
and seeds and water content of seeds.Germination percentage was determined after 90 days.Seeds were germinated at
different temperatures (200C, 250C, 300C and 20-300C), under light and in dark, and different substrate (soil collected
on site, sterilized sand, paper towel soaked with 2.5 and 3 timesits weight in water). Samples of C.trichotoma seeds were
divided considering biometrics of seeds, into two diameter classes, larger than 4 mm and less than 4 mm. Germination was
assessed at different temperatures (25 oC, 30 oC and 20-30 oC), under light and dark conditions. Most fruits of V.amazonica
contained between 300-400 seeds, fruits measure 67.0 ( 13.1) x 119.7mm ( 19.5). Seeds were 10.6 ( 0.4) x 9.8mm
( 0.6) and 392.9 11.5g of weight when gathered thousand seeds.Seeds presented 44.8% of water immediately after
being extracted from fruit and 18.5% after 10 days drying at room temperature.Germination was not observed in sand and
paper towel at 20 and 20-300C.In soil of the area 1% of seeds germinated at 250C.Test performed at 250C in paper towel
dampened with three times its weight in water, 25% of seeds germinated in dark and also under light, showing evidences
of neutral photoblastism behavior.Similar results were obtained in paper towels moistened with 2.5 in which the dark,
25% of the seeds germinated and 16% in the light.At 300C germination ranged from 9% to 14%. C.trichotoma seeds are
neutral photoblastic, and seed diameter larger than 4 mm had positive influence on percentage of seeds with root emission.
However, the seeds of smaller diameter produced higher percentage of normal seedlings. Highest percentage of normal
seedlings and speed of germination were obtained from seeds with diameter less than 4 mm and tested at 30 oC.
Keywords: aquatic plant, ecophysiology, Pantanal, native tree
Acknowledgements: Prof. Dr. Arnildo Pott, CNPq, FUNDECT
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194. GERMINATION OF Parkinsonia praecox (Ruiz & Pavon ex. Hook) J. Hawkins SEEDS AND EMERGENCY
OF Dilodendron bipinnatum Raldk. SEEDLINGS.
Rotta, J. A., 1Alcntara, N. V., 1Soares, V. C., 1Scremin-Dias, E., 2Lima, L. B. de. 1Universidade Federal de Mato
Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande-MS, Brazil, tati_pestana@yahoo.com.br. 2Universidade Federal do Par
(UFPA), Altamira-PA, Brazil.
1
Dilodendron bipinnatum and Parkinsonia praecox are tree species occurring in the Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul,
Brazil. It is important to conduct research on ecophysiology of seeds of native species, because such informations
are essential for commercial seedling production. The objective of this work was to evaluate seedling emergency of
D. bipinnatum in different substrata, and evaluate seed germination of P. praecox at different conditions. Seeds of D.
bipinnatum were distributed on commercial substrate and different mixtures of sand, cattle dung, red soil and black soil,
determining percentage and speed of emergency, length and dry weight of root and hypocotyl. For P. praecox seeds,
were conducted germination test of seeds obtained from green and mature fruits, using paper towel kept wet at 25, 30,
and 20-30 C (77, 86 and 68-86 F), under light and dark. Parkinsonia praeacox showed neutral fotoblastism. Highest
percentage (57%) and fastest speed of germination of seeds from green fruits occurred at 30 C. Seeds from mature
fruits were dormant, showing the maximum germination around 10%. So the mechanical scarification method was
applied on seeds for overcoming dormancy, according to Seed Analysis Rules. These seeds showed higher percentage
(82%) and speed of germination at 30 C. D. bipinnatum results indicated that the commercial substrate, sand and red
+ black soil provided the best emergency results and the best seedling growth and development.
Keywords: Pantanal, Chaco, substrate, Caesalpinoideae
Acknowledgements: Prof. Dr. Arnildo Pott, FUNDECT, CNPq
195. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND SANITARY ASPECTS OF Oryza latifolia Desv. SEEDS SUBMERGED INTO
WARM WATER.
Lima, L. B. de, 2Ludwig, J., 1Lima, A. S., 2Martins, P. de F., 1Possiede, Y. 1Universidade Federal do Par (UFPA),
Altamira-PA, Brasil, lianablima@gmail.com; 2Universidade Anhanguera-Uniderp, Campo Grande-MS, Brasil,
juludwig@yahoo.com.br; 3Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande-MS, Brasil.
1
Oryza latifolia is a rice species native to the Pantanal wetland, occurring in marshes along the Paraguay River, Corumb,
Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The ecophysiology of diaspore germination of the species under a seasonal environmental
is not clear, and neither are there records on fungi occurrence and their fluctuating population under different conditions.
Therefore, this research aimed to verify effects of immersion of O. latifolia diaspores into warmed water upon its germination
rates, vigor and fungus incidence. Diaspores were harvested from wild populations near the Paraguay River. The seeds
were immersed into 40 C (104F) water during different periods, then we evaluated final germination and germination
rates at 25, 30 and 20-30 C (77, 86 and 68-86F), and fungi incidence thereafter. As the 40 C exposure period increased,
there was a progressive increase in percentage and speed of germination and a gradual reduction in fungi incidence. The
untreated diaspores showed only 19% germination, whereas 48 hour exposition lead to a 78% rate. We found non-staining
fungi (Fusarium sp., Phoma sp., Epicocum sp., Nigrospora sp.), staining fungi (Curvularia sp., Bipolaris sp., Gerlachia
sp., Alternaria sp. and Pyricularia sp.) and infective fungi (Cladosporium sp., Aspergillus sp. and Mucor sp.). Several
pathogenic fungi O. sativa incided on O. latifolia, such as Pyricularia sp., Bipolaris sp. and Fusarium sp. As germination
in the wild occurs in the dry season, probably the diaspores in contact with warm waters on the river floodplain overcome
their innate primary dormancy, as well as reduce incidence of pathogenic fungi.
Keywords: Germination, Fungi, Seed, wild rice
Acknowledgements: Prof. Dr. Arnildo Pott, CNPq, Fundect, UFMS, Universidade Anhanguera-Uniderp.
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196. CHEMICAL, BIOMETRICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF EMBRYOS OF

Tabebuia impetiginosa.
neves, C.L.P., Silva Jnior,J.M., Costa, M.C.D., Martins, J.R., Faria, J.M.R. Departamento de Cincias Florestais,
Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras MG - Brasil, jesseagronomo@dcf.ufla.br
Tabebuia impetiginosa (purple ipe) is a Bignoniaceae tree native to Brazil. It is found in various biomes, such as Atlantic
Forest, Cerrado and Caatinga. The tree is used on the recovery of degraded lands and timber production. The aim of this
study was to evaluate the biometric characteristics, the chemical composition, as well as the germination rates of embryos
of purple ipe collected in Lavras (MG). Chemical analyses were performed for starch, proteins and lipids quantification.
Biometric characterization and physiological characterization were also performed. Thirty embryos were used in biometric
characterization (length, width and thickness).The germination percentage was calculated from four replicates of twentyfive embryos. The criterion for germination was the emergence of a radicle 2 mm long. The imbibition curve was obtained
from regular weighings for three days using ten embryos. The germination percentage was 100%. Concentrations found
were 36.56% of starch, 11.6% of protein fraction and 2.36% of lipid. The average length verified was 12.8 mm, the average
width was 9.96 mm and the average thickness was 2.31 mm. The embryo entered the phase II after 10 hours of imbibition,
and after 50 hours radicle protrusion occurred.
Keywords: Tree seeds, germination.
Acknowledgments: FAPEMIG, CNPq.
197. GERMINATION OF miconia ligustroides (DC) NAUDIM DIASPORES SUBMITTED TO DIFFERENT

TREATMENTS TO OVERCOME DORMANCY.
Chaves, I. S.; Dousseau, S.; Souza, E. S.; Artur, M. A. S., Alvarenga, A. A. de; Universidade Federal de Viosa
(UFV) Viosa-MG, Brazil, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA) Lavras MG, Brazil izabel.chaves@ufv.br
Miconia ligustroides (DC) Naudim (Melastomataceae), also known as jacatiro-do-brejo, is a specie widely distributed in
Brazil and recommended for restoration of riparian forests by SMA 21/01. Fruit dispersal is done by animals, becoming
attractive to fauna. However, little is known about its sexual propagation. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of
different treatments to overcome dormancy in M. ligustroides seeds. Primary tests were set up to establish the conditions
for seed germination. Seeds were submitted to different thermal regime (constant 20 C, 25 C, 30 C and 35 C and 2030 C), substrates (Germtest, paper sand and Plantmax) and light (light and dark). To overcome endogenous dormancy,
seeds were immersed in solutions of gibberellin and potassium nitrate. To exogenous dormancy, seeds were treated with
sulfuric acid and heat shock. The presence of morphological dormancy was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy.
Seed quality was evaluated by final germination percentage (%G) and germination speed index (GSI). It was observed that
M. ligustroides seeds have complex dormancy, with immature embryos at the globular stage of development. To obtain
higher values of% G and GSI, as well as a synchronized germination, it is recommended the immersion of seeds in sulfuric
acid 75% for 5 min followed by washing and soaking in solution of 400 mg.L-1 GA3 for 12 hours. Sowing should be done
on Germtest paper at 25 C and under light.
Keywords: Gibberellin, Sulfuric acid, Complex dormancy
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198. SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF ETHYLENE AND CYTOKININS ON THE DORMANCY BREAKAGE OF

stylosanthes humilis SEEDS.
Chaves, I. S., Pires, M. V., Maia, F. F., Silva, D. C., Barros, R. S. Universidade Federal de Viosa (UFV), ViosaMG, Brazil, izabel.chaves@ufv.br
Freshly-harvested seeds of estilosante (Stylosanthes humilis HBK) exhibit relatively hard integuments, showing also a
physiological dormancy that is overcome along with their post-harvest ages. Ethylene is an absolute requirement for
dormancy breakage and thus any physical, chemical or environmental condition triggering ethylene production leads
to germination. This is a traditional picture observed since long ago. On two occasions (the most recent one in 2009),
however, seeds presented a different behavior. Seeds were scarified with fine sand paper and treated with CEPA
(2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) alone or combined with several natural and synthetic cytokinins. Each one of the five
replicates per treatment consisted of 50 seeds per Petri-dish and germination was conducted in darkness at 30 C in a BOD
growth chamber. Statistical designed followed a completely randomized distribution and mean differences were detected
by Scott-Knott test at 5%. All isolated compounds broke dormancy at a very low level; when CEPA and each one of the
cytokinins employed were combined at 10-6 mol dm-3, their effects showed to be synergistic, i.e., well above the sum
of each compound considered isolatedly. Noteworthily urea-based cytokinins (chloropiridilphenylurea, dilphenylurea,
thidiazuron) combined with CEPA promoted a large germination, a similar effect to that of benzyladenine. The naturallyoccurring zeatin showed in the intermediate group, likely due do permeability causes. These special seed group did not
display any phenotypical morphological difference to the other more abundant traditional group and might be a result of
a recessive segregation. Part of that dormant seed population might produce ethylene, another part producing cytokinin
and a 3rd group (difference between the effects of the treatments of the sum CEPA plus the cytokins and the compounds
supplied in combination) did not produce any of the principles.
Keywords: Cytokinin, Dormancy, Estilosante, Ethylene
Acknowledgements: CAPES, CNPq, FAPEMIG, FAPESB
199. EFFECT OF STORAGE TIME ON cipocereus minensis (QUIABO DA LAPA) SEED GERMINATION.
Reis, M. V., 2Oliveira, M. N. S., 1Artur, M. A. S. 3Chaves, I. S.; 1Paiva, P. D. O.; 1Paiva, R.; 1Coelho, C. P.;
Rodrigues, A. C.; 1Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras-MG, Brazil, mvreis@yahoo.com.br,
2
Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina-MG, Brazil, 3Universidade
Federal de Viosa, Viosa-MG, Brazil
1
1
Cipocereus minensis is an endemic species of Minas Gerais that belongs to the Cactaceae family, presenting a wide
distribution at the Espinhao Ranger. It is threatened of extinction due to the predatory extraction destined to be used in
a typical local dish. Despite its importance, studies involving propagation of this species are scarce. The present work
aimed at assessing cactus seed germination at different periods of storage. Fruits were harvested in a natural occurrence
area, in Diamantina. Seeds were processed and stored in plastic pots at room temperature and, after that, an amount of
seeds was removed after 0, 6, 12, 24 and 36 months. The seeds were placed on two filter papers moistened with distilled
water in Petri dishes and kept in a germination chamber (Magesdorf) at 252 C with constant light. Experimental design
was randomized with five repetitions of 30 seeds. The seeds placed to germinate just after harvest (0 month) presented
a low rate of germination (1.33%). For seeds under storage, the germination rates increased up to 24 months of storage,
reaching a maximum germination of 41.6%, and this percentage was reduced on seeds stored for 36 months (34%). The
increase of germination up to 24 months after harvest indicates that the dry storage of cactus seeds is an important factor
to release dormancy in this species.
Keywords: Cactaceae, Dormancy, Cactus, Propagation
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200. INFLUENCE OF PRIMING ON cucumis melon SEEDLING FORMATION AND EMERGENCE

SPEED INDEX.
Rodrigues, A. C., 1Souza, L. C. de O., 1Dousseau, S., 2Chaves, I. S., 1Alvarenga, A. A. de., Magalhes, M.
M., 1Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras-MG, Brazil, rodrigues.amandac@gmail.com. 2Universidade
Federal de Viosa (UFV), Viosa-MG, Brazil.
1
This study aimed to verify the influence of different priming substances and time of exposure on percentage of formation
of seedling (%PL) and on emergence speed index (IVE) of melon seedlings. For this purpose seeds of cultivar Hales Best
Jumbo were used. The substances that were used were combinations of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and potassium nitrate
(KNO3) with osmotic potentials of -1.1 MPa with: 100% PEG, 75% PEG and 25% KNO3, 50% PEG and 50% KNO3,
25% PEG and 75% KNO3, 100% KNO3, that were tagged T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively. The seeds were kept in the
solutions for 3, 6 and 9 days at 20 C. Seeds without priming were used for control. The seeds with and without priming
were placed on Germitest paper and kept in a germination chamber with alternating temperatures of 20-30 C, photoperiod
of 12 hours for 15 days. Each treatment had 3 repetitions of 50 seeds. The analyses were done daily and the%PL and the
IVE were obtained. The results were analyzed statistically using the Scott-knott test with 5% of probability. The results
related to the%PL did not show differences between the control and the other treatments, but the IVE was worse than in
T3, T4 and T5 in 6 days and in T4 and T5 in 9 days. There was no interaction observed in%PL, but for time it was better
in 3 days. The IVE showed interaction to T3 the 3 days of priming were better, and to T5 it was better in 9 days, followed
by 3 and 6 days. T1, T2 and T4 did not differ when we consider time of priming. After 3 days of priming T3, T4 and T5
were better; after 6 days T1, T4 and T5 were better, and after 9 days T4 and T5 were better than the other treatments. So,
we can conclude that the solutions T3, T4 and T5 in the 3 days and T4 and T5 in 9 days favor the process post-germination
of melon.
Keywords: Melon, Polyethylene glycol, Potassium nitrate, Seedling
Acknowledgements: FAPEMIG, CNPq, CAPES
201. EFFECT OF PRIMING ON SEEDS OF cucumis melon IN GERMINATION AND GERMINATION SPEED
INDEX.
Rodrigues, A. C., 1Souza, L. C. de O., 1Dousseau, S., 2Chaves, I. S., 1Alvarenga, A. A. de., Martins, C. P.
V., 1Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras-MG, Brazil, rodrigues.amandac@gmail.com, 2Universidade
Federal de Viosa (UFV), Viosa-MG, Brazil.
1
This study aimed to verify the influence of different priming substances and time of exposure in percentage of germination
(%G) and in germination speed index (IVG) of melon seeds. For this purpose seeds of cultivar Hales Best Jumbo were
used. The substances that were used were combinations of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and potassium nitrate (KNO3) with
osmotic potentials of -1.1 MPa with: 100% PEG, 75% PEG and 25% KNO3, 50% PEG and 50% KNO3, 25% PEG and
75% KNO3, 100% KNO3, that were tagged T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively. The seeds were kept in the solutions for 3,
6 and 9 days at 20 C. Seeds without priming were used for control. The seeds with and without priming were placed on
Germitest paper and kept in a germination chamber with alternating temperatures of 20-30 C, photoperiod of 12 hours
for 15 days. Each treatment had 3 repetitions of 50 seeds. The analyses were done daily and the%G and the IVG were
obtained. The results were analyzed statistically using the Scott-knott test with 5% of probability. The results related to%G
of control did not differ among them. The IVG was worse than the control and did not differ among T2 and T3 in 6 days
and T1 and T3 in 9 days. No interactions were observed between%G and just the time of priming. Immersion for 3 days
was better. Interaction in IVG was observed in T1 and T3 in 3 days of priming, but to T2 and T4, 3 and 9 days were better.
T5 did not show difference among days. After 3 days of priming T3, T4 and T5 showed more vigor, and after 6 days T1,
T4 and T5 showed more vigor. After 9 days T4 and T5 were better. So, we can conclude that the solutions T3, T4 and T5
in 3 days and T4 and T5 in 9 days were better to the vigor of seeds of melon.
Keywords: Melon, Polyethylene glycol, Potassium nitrate, Germination
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202. EFFECT OF OSMOPRIMING ON SEEDS OF cucumis melon L. SUBMITTED TO COLD SHOCK, HEAT
SHOCK AND DROUGHT.
Lira, J. M. S., Dousseau, S., Magalhes, M. M., Alvarenga, A. A. de, Chaves, I. S.Universidade Federal de
Lavras (UFLA), Lavras-MG, Brazil, jmslira@hotmail.com Universidade Federal de Viosa (UFV), Viosa-MG,
Brazil
Priming is a technique used commercially to improve germination and vigor. However, in melon seed priming it reduces
longevity. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different stress conditions (cold shock, heat shock
and drought) after priming, to increase longevity. The cultivar Valentino amarelo underwent priming by immersion in
a solution of potassium nitrate of 0.35 M (-0.85 MPa) under constant aeration for six days at 25 C in the dark. After
conditioning, seeds were subjected to stress: cold shock for two hours at 1 C; heat shock for two hours at 45 C and water
stress by immersion in a solution of polyethylene glycol of -1.7 MPa, under aeration, at 5 C in the dark for three days.
The physiological quality of seeds was evaluated by germination test and accelerated aging. Germination was evaluated in
GERMITEST paper rolls in a germination chamber at 20-30 C and a photoperiod of 12 hours. The accelerated aging was
conducted at 42 C for 72 hours and germination assessed as described above. We calculated the percentage of germination
(% G) and germination speed index (IVG). Only drought stress promoted a reduction in germination and seed vigor
subjected or not to accelerated aging. All other treatments showed maintenance of physiological quality. So, they may be
used in assays to induce longevity in melon seeds.
Keywords: Priming, Longevity, Accelerated aging, Physiological quality
203. EFFECT OF OSMOPRIMING ON SEEDS OF Lycopersicon esculentum MILL. SUBJECTED TO COLD

SHOCK, HEAT SHOCK AND DROUGHT.
Lira, J. M. S., Dousseau, S., Magalhes, M. M., Alvarenga, A. A. de, Chaves, I. S.Universidade Federal de
Lavras (UFLA), Lavras-MG, Brazil, jmslira@hotmail.com Universidade Federal de Viosa (UFV), Viosa-MG,
Brazil
The use of primed seeds is a reality in agriculture due to gains in the germination, vigor and uniformity of germination.
However, priming of tomato seeds reduces longevity. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of different stress
conditions (cold shock, heat shock and drought) after priming to increase longevity. The cultivar Carmem underwent
priming by immersion in a solution of potassium nitrate of 0.35M (-0.85 MPa) under constant aeration for six days
at 25 C in the dark. After conditioning, seeds were subjected to cold shock of two hours at 1 C; heat shock for two
hours at 45 C and drought stress by immersion in a solution of polyethylene glycol of -1.7 MPa, under aeration,
at 5 C in the dark for three days. The physiological quality of seeds was evaluated through germination test and
accelerated aging. Germination was evaluated in GERMITEST paper rolls in a germination chamber at 20-30 C
and a photoperiod of 12 hours. The accelerated aging was conducted at 42 C for 72 hours and germination assessed
as described above. We calculated the percentage of germination (% G) and germination speed index (IVG). Drought
stress reduced germination and IVG of seeds. However, when they were subjected to accelerated aging, there was no
difference between treatments.
Keywords: Germination, Vigor, Longevity, Tomato
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204. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae).

Alencar, N. L. M., 1Silva, R. M., 2Oliveira, A. B., 1Gomes-Filho, E., 1Gallo, M. I. ( 1Universidade Federal
do Cear (UFC), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, 2Universidade Estadual do Piau (Uespi), Uruu-PI, Brazil, aleufc@
gmail.com)
1
Jatropha curcas (L.), popularly known as physic nut, belongs to the Euphorbiaceae and is widely distributed in arid and
semi-arid regions of South America and all tropical regions of the world. Recently, this species has received tremendous
attention for its seed oil that can be converted into biodiesel and is considered to be a universally acceptable energy
crop. However, there is not much information available about its seed morphology and its reserve compounds. Therefore,
the objective of this paper was to perform a morphological characterization of the reserves of J. curcas seeds (L.). For
cytochemical studies, the seeds were cut transversally and fixed in Karnovsky for 24h at ambient temperature. The material
was dehydrated in an ethanol series, and embedded in Historesin Embedding Kit (Jung). The tissue blocks were sectioned
in half-automatic microtome. The following cythochemical reactions were carried out: toluidine blue(TB) for total anionic
radicals; xylidine ponceau (XP) pH 2.5 for the detection of total cationic radicals; periodic acid- Schiff reagent (PAS)
for polysaccharide and test with Sudan IV for the globule detection of lipids. The sections stained with TB revelead thin
cell walls stained in blue, because of the presence of pectin. The sections stained with XP, showed prominent protein
bodies filling the entire cell cytoplasm and these were observed in the middle region of endosperm cells. The PAS reaction
revealed the presence of starch in the cytoplasm of these cells, which was confirmed by lugol. In addition, starch was also
detected through a beam of polarized light in all endosperm cells. The Sudan IV test enabled the detection of the abundant
presence of lipid bodies, which showed them well organized and distributed in cytoplasm of endosperm cells. Thus, lipids
can be considered the main reserve of these seeds, due to their abundance in endosperm tissues.
Keywords: Cytochemistry. Morphology. Physic nut.
205. SMOKE WATER AND THE GERMINATION OF TEN TREE SPECIES FROM THE AMAZON.
Arruda, Y. M. B. C., 2Ferraz, I. D. K. 1Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus-AM, Brazil,
yedaarruda@gmail.com, 2Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaznia (INPA), Manaus-AM, Brazil
1
Smoke can stimulate seed germination of a range of species from ecosystems that may or may not be regularily exposed to
fire. In several species smoke improved also seed vigour. In order to evaluate the effects of smoke water on seed germination,
ten tree species of economic value of the Amazon region were selected. Smoke water was produced with two raw materials
(germination paper (P) and wood (W) of a frequent secondary species (Cecropia sp.), and seven dilutions were compared.
The germination tests were run at 25 C ( 2 C) on smoke water soaked germination paper. Only the large Brazil nut
(Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl. ) seeds were sown in sand in the green house (36 C 3 C) after imbebition in
the solution for 48 h. A significant increase on germination percentage, with both raw materials was observed in three
species (Cordia goeldiana Hub., Ochroma pyramidale (Cav. ex Lam.) Urb. and Jacaranda copaia (Aubl.) D. Don.) There
was no effect on six species (Bellucia grossularioides (L.) Triana, Tabebuia serratifolia (G. Don) Nichols. Enterolobium
schomburgkii Benth., Cariniana micrantha Ducke, Schizolobium amazonicum Huber ex Ducke, B. excelsa). A reduction
of germination percentage with all tested dilutions was observed in one species: mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King).
Analysis of the germination speed revealed a reduction of mean germination time in J. copaia and another two species,
which had shown no effect on germination percentage B. grossularioides and B. excelsa. The mean germination time of
the later species was reduced from 108d (control) to 76d with smoke water of P (1:25) and to 61d with smoke water of W
(1:250). With the ten selected species no common response was noted, however a positive effect of smoke water was more
pronounced in seeds with low vigour and prolonged germination.
Keywords: Smoke derived from plant, Vigour, Prolonged germination, Germination paper
Acknowledgements: FAPEAM, CAPES, CNPq
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206. PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF LETTUCE SEEDS EXPOSED TO MICROCYSTIN.

Paiva, L. G., 1Gonalves, E. P., 1Molica, R. J. R. 1Lima, A. A., 2Lima, J. J. P., 1Souza, H. P.R. (1Universidade
Federal Rural de Pernambuco/Unidade Acadmica de Garanhuns (UFRPE/UAG), Garanhuns-PE, Brazil, larissa.
paiva@oi.com.br; edilma@pq.cnpq.br. Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras-MG, Brazil.
1
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) belongs to the family Asteraceae, is an important vegetable consumed in various parts of the
world. Due to popular demand of this vegetable crop, irrigation is widely used by producers for increased production and
anticipates the harvest. However, the irrigation water may pose a risk if the water is contaminated with cyanobacterial
blooms, as they are photosynthetic organisms that produce different toxins, such as cyanotoxins, which influence the
physiology of plants. This work was conducted at the Center Laboratory of the Academic Unit of Garanhuns in order to
evaluate the physiological quality of seeds of lettuce exposed to cyanobacterial toxins microcystin producers. Lettuce
seeds were distributed in an incubator between two sheets of filter paper moistened with distilled water and cyanobacterial
strains in different concentrations at three times the weight of the paper. The treatments were: T1-distilled water T2-culture
medium, T3-living cyanobacteria, T4-live cyanobacteria 1/10, T5live cyanobacteria 1/100, T6-dead cyanobacteria,
T7-dead 1/10, T8-dead 1/100; T9-cyanobacteria centrifuged; T10-centrifuged 1/10, T11-centrifuged 1/100, with four
replicates of 50 seeds each. Seeds were then taken to a germination chamber set at 20 C for a period of 7 days. For seed
germination no statistical differences between the different concentrations of cyanobacteria were found. The concentrations
of cyanobacteria used reduced the root length of lettuce seedlings. Although it does not reduce germination, seed of vigor
was greatly reduced when the substrate was moistened with cyanobacteria killed in proportions of 1/10 and 1/100.
Keywords: Cyanobacterial, Germination, vigor.
Acknowledgements: CAPES, UFRPE/UAG.
207. MORPHOLOGY OF FRUITS, SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS OF Enterolobium contortisiliquum (VELL)

MORONG.
Gonalves, E. P., 1Oliveira, L. M. N., 1Paiva, L. G., 1Lima, A. A., 1Viana, J. S., 1Melo, L. D. F. A. e 1Siqueira,
S. N. C. 1Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE/UAG), Garanhuns-PE, Brazil, edilma@pq.cnpq.
br., 2Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras-MG, Brazil.
The tamboril (Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell) Morong) is a species that belongs to Fabaceae family, it has been
found in common secondary vegetation, in clearings, coppices and degraded forests, and is considered as an important
species for regeneration of these areas and moreover, it is widely used in folk medicine. Although this species has
been regarded important in both aspects socio-economic and environmental, information about seeds and seedlings
is scarce. The aim of this study was to describe and illustrate the internal and external morphology of fruits and
seeds, and also to describe the stages of germination and dormancy breaking. The fruits were collected from five trees
near the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - Unidade Acadmica de Garanhuns, in the town of GaranhunsPE. For the morphological description of fruits and seeds and analysis of the germination process, 200 fruits and
seeds were selected randomly. The fruit is an indehiscent legume of 6,62 cm length and the seeds were characterized
as unalbuminous brown, with different sizes both between different fruits and within the same fruit. The embryo
was considered cotyledonary, basal and invaginated, and embryonic axis occupying one third of the seed length. The
germination process was characterized as epigeal-phanerocotylar and begins on the third day after sowing.
Keywords: Germination, Medical, native tree
Acknowledgements: FACEPE
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208. PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF SEEDS OF TAMBORIL.

Lima, A. A., 1Gonalves, E. P., 1Melo, L. D. F. A., 1Viana, J. S., 1Paiva, L. G., e 2Lima, J. J. P., 1Silva, S. C.
A. 1Moura, S. S. S. 1Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE/UAG), Garanhuns-PE, Brazil, edilma@
pq.cnpq.br. , Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras-MG, Brazil.
1
The Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong., popularly known as tamboril, belongs to family LeguminosaeMimosoideae, being used in shipbuilding and civil recovery of degraded areas. The light and temperature are environmental
factors that may directly affect the germination and the growth of seedlings. The experiment was conducted in the
laboratory at the Unidade Acadmica of Garanhuns/Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Garanhuns-PE, Brazil,
to evaluate the influence of light and temperature on the physiological quality of seeds and early growth of seedlings.
Seeds were subjected to temperatures of 20, 25, 30 and 35 C, under four light conditions: white, red, far-red and dark.
The characteristics were evaluated: the first count, germination, Germination Speed Index (IVG), dry weight and seedling
length. It was observed that the seeds of tamboril (Enterolobium contortisiliquum) are able to germinate under different
light conditions and the temperature of 30 C may be indicated as optimal for the germination of the species, since it
provided the best values for the parameters.
Keywords: Germination, Light, Medical, Native tree
209. BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES DURING SEEDS GERMINATION OF euterpe oleracea MART. AND euterpe
precatoria MART. IN DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES.
Bernardes, R. S. A.,2Gonalves, J. F. de C., 1Fernandes A.V., 1Chevreuil, L. R., 3Albuquerque, P. M., 4Borges,
E. E de L. 1Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus-AM, Brazil, sablina@hotmail.com, 2Instituto
Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaznia (INPA), Manaus-AM, Brazil, 3Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA),
4
Universidade Federal de Viosa (UFV), Viosa-MG, Brazil.
1
During germination, the seed reserves act in the development of the embryo and in the formation of new seedlings, varying
between different species and between species of the same family. This study aimed to quantify the organic reserves
(carbohydrates, lipids and proteins) during seeds germination of Euterpe oleracea and Euterpe precatoria and evaluate the
influence of temperature increased in reserves mobilization. The seeds were sown in boxes, using paper as substrate and
maintained in chambers at temperatures of 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 C. From the date of sowing until 40 days, samples were
collected for analysis. The starch and soluble sugars were the major sources of reserves, 51.4 and 51.3%, respectively, for E.
oleracea and 56.7 and 19.6% for E. precatoria. The levels of lipids were 0.3% for E. oleracea and 0.5% for E. precatoria.
Total protein also showed lower percentage, 2.9% for E. oleracea and 2.8% for E. precatoria. During the experiment period
it was observed a constant decrease in carbohydrates, unlike what happened with lipids and proteins which presented lower
values only at the end of the experiment. The temperature of 40 C did not favor germination. The germination and early
development of seedlings of E. oleracea and E. precatoria depends significantly on the carbohydrate reserves. Lipids and
proteins, although stored in smaller quantities, act at later stages of growth, such as training and development of seedlings.
Higher temperatures (above 35 C) are not recommended for germination of E. oleracea and E. precatoria.
Keywords: Amazon palms, Forest seeds, Primary metabolism components, Reserves mobilization
Acknowledgements: CAPES/PROCAD and CNPq / BIONORTE
Informativo
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178
210. GERMINATION AND SEEDLING DEVELOPMENT OF Euterpe oleracea MART. AND Euterpe precatoria
MART. UNDER DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES.
Bernardes, R. S. A.,2Santos, R. P., 2Fernandes, A.V., 2Gonalves, J. F. de C., 3Albuquerque, P. M. 4Borges,
E. E de L. 1Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus-AM, Brazil, sablina@hotmail.com, 2Instituto
Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaznia (INPA), Manaus-AM, Brazil, 3Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA),
4
Universidade Federal de Viosa (UFV), Viosa-MG, Brazil.
1
This study aimed to investigate the effect of temperature on seed germination and seedling development of two species
of assai (Euterpe oleracea and Euterpe precatoria). The seeds were sown in boxes, using paper as substrate and placed in
chambers at temperatures of 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 C. The experiment was monitored for 80 days from the date of sowing.
The button emission was used as criteria for germination. It was evaluated the following characteristics: germination
percentage, mean time germination and speed of germination. The species had different behavior considering the different
temperatures. The seeds of E. oleracea and E. precatoria had highest germination at temperatures of 25 and 30 C,
respectively. The germination of the seeds of E. oleracea occurred in short time, about five days. However, the seeds
of E. precatoria at the same temperatures, showed the highest germination index within approximately thirty days. The
extremes of temperatures (20 and 40 C) influenced negatively the germination and seedling development. Temperature of
20 C is not promoting the germination and the development of normal seedlings of E. oleracea and E. precatoria. Also,
this development occurs more slowly, reflecting mainly the impediment of eophylls emission. The temperature of 40 C
is not recommended for germination of E. oleracea and E. precatoria because it does not prevent the button emission as
well as the development of the following structures.
Keywords: Assai, physiology germination, vigor, seedling
211. GERMINATION TRAITS OF ORTHODOX AND RECALCITRANT SEEDS FROM AMAZON TREE
SPECIES
Santos, R. P., 1Schimpl, F. C., 1Hanna, A.C.S., 3Albuquerque, P. M., 2Borges, E. E de L., 1Gonalves, J. C. G.
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaznia (INPA); Laboratrio de Fisiologia e bioqumica Vegetal, Manaus AM, Brazil, E-mail: jfc@inpa.gov.br 2 Universidade Federal de Viosa (UFV), Viosa-MG, Brazil, 3Universidade do
Estado do Amazonas (UEA).
1
1
Given the great diversity of tropical forest species, information regarding the germination process
and its regulation in species with orthodox and recalcitrant seeds are still scarce. The aim of this study was to
investigate the physiological characteristics of seed germination of two Leguminosae species, an
orthodox(DiniziaexcelsaDucke)andarecalcitrant(Hymenolobiummodestum Ducke). Seeds fromtheAdolfoDuckeForest
Reserve,aftersterilization, weresown in plastic boxes using germitest paper as substrateat a constant temperatureof
30 C. Germination wasmonitoreddailyduring20 daysandthenit was calculatedthepercentageof germination,mean
germination time and speed germination index. In order to investigate the cotyledons reserves allocation it was
measured , in a parallel assay with four replications of 50 seeds per species, seedlings length of roots and shoots,
atintervalsof5,10, 15 and20 daysafter experiment started. SeedsofD.excelsashowedgerminationof 77%with an
averageof 3.25days and germinationspeed indexof6.23.Onthe otherhand,the recalcitrant speciesH.modestumhad
a highergermination percentage,with95%. However, the average time required to germination was higher (4.64 days),
but the seeds of this species showed higher germination speed compared to the orthodox seeds. Finally, it was observed
a linear growth tendency of root and hypocotyl for H. modestum and quadratic for D. excelsa, with 135 mm against 37
mm root length and 17 mm against 63 mm hypocotyls length after 20 days of evaluation, respectively. The recalcitrant
species has demonstrated higher percentage of germination, with cotyledon reserves allocation predominantly for root
growth, while the orthodox species allocates proportionally to both structures growth.
Keywords: Tropical tree species, Forest seeds, Root, Hypocotyls
Informativo
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212. STORAGE OF GUAVIRA (Campomanesia adamantium Camb.) SEEDS.

Pereira, A. P. T., 2Lima, L. B. de, 1Scremin-Dias, E., 1Damasceno Jr, G. A. 1Universidade Federal de Mato
Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande-MS, Brazil, tinti.pereira@gmail.com, 2Universidade Federal do Par (UFPA),
Altamira-PA, Brazil.
1
Seed deterioration is an inevitable and progressive process, which culminates with the death of seed. Storage under certain
conditions may attenuate the speed that deterioration occurs and maintain the quality of seed lots for longer after harvest.
However, the seed storage requires detailed studies since the response of seeds to certain conditions provides an indication
that the species presents recalcitrant or orthodox seeds. This research aimed to verify the germination of Campomanesia
adamantium Camb. storage in different conditions to identify the sensitivity of seeds to desiccation and low temperatures
during storage. The fruits were collected in Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Seeds were removed after immersion of
pulp in water for 24 hours, washed in water and superficially dried at ambient condition. Seed water content, percentage
and speed germination and were determined at the start of storage, then samples were separated to be stored in different
conditions, 52, 20, 25 and 30 C in glasses hermetically sealed and 25 C in open container. Germination tests were
performed after 28 days of storage by spreading seeds on a paper towel moistened with 2.5 times their weight in water,
keeping them at 30 C. The water content remained constant in seeds stored in glasses containers (28%), but seeds were
stored in open container show 6% water content after 28 days of storage. Seeds stored in hermetically sealed glass at 25 C
and 30 C had higher percentage and speed germination. The seeds stored in open container had sharp drop of germination.
Seeds stored at 52 C completely lost their viability. These results demonstrate that seeds of C. adamantium showed
recalcitrant behavior and the best method of storage there for 28 days is in hermetically sealed glass at temperatures of 25
C or 30 C.
Keywords: Cerrado, Gabiroba, Native plants, recalcitrant seeds
Acknowledgements: CNPq, FUNDECT
213. GERMINATION VARIABILITY FROM DIFFERENT PROGENIES OF Euterpe oleracea MART. (AA
ARECACEA)
Santos, I. N. L., Silva, 1M. C. A., 1Lima Jr. M. J. V., 1Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus-AM,
Brazil, inaralobato@yahoo.com.br
1
Acai Euterpe oleracea Mart. is a very well known palm in the Amazon for its important role in gastronomy and
multiplicity of uses.Its economic potentialis mainly in fruits and palm hearts.The seed vigor presented in differentlot is
an essential factor for the selection of progenies to be produced innursery conditions.This research has the man objective
to evaluate seed vigor by the result presented on germination (G%) and the emergency velocity index (EVI ). The seeds
were collected from six mother tree (22, 23,37,65,70 and 72) located in the city of Santa Brbara PA/Brazil. The mother
trees were selected in according to their phenotypic characters, considering their fruit productivity and plant health. The
fruits were collected and stored in packaged as recommended by RAS (2009) then, they were sent to the Laboratory of
Forest Seed at Federal University of Amazonas/Brazil. This study evaluated the following factors, the initial water content
(%), germination (%) and emergence velocity index (EVI) expressed in (days).The seed analysis followed also the RAS
(2009). The seed test showed initial moisture content varying between 36.1% (lot 22) and 40.5% (lot 70) and germination
between 41% (lot 37) e 90% (lot 70) the emergency velocity index (EVI) between 8.67days (lot 23) and 22.31days (lot
65). The averages were compared through the Tukey test with 5% level of probability. It was then possible to observe a
significant difference among the progenies about the vigor presented by the different seed lots. Therefore, the variation in
vigor should be important attribute in order to choice the provenance.
Keywords: moisture content, genetic variability, palm, germination evaluation
Acknowledgment: UFAM, CNPq, FAPEAM E CONNARUS
Informativo
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180
214. GERMINATION OF SEEDS FROM TUCUM COMING FROM DIFFERENT MATRICES.

Silva, M. C. A., 1Santos, I. N. L., 1Lima Jr. M. J. V.,2Rizzo, E. 1Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM),
Manaus-AM, Brazil, mjlima@ufam.ed.br. 2 Instituto de Conservao e Desenvolvimento Sustentvel do Amazonas
(IDESAM), Manaus-AM.
1
The tucum is a palm that occurs in upland ecosystem of central and western Amazon and it is frequently associated with
degraded and secondary forests. Its economic importance is mainly based on exploration of the fruit pulp. From seeds we
can extract different types of edible oils. This study aimed to evaluate the germination of seeds from tucum (Astrocaryum
aculeatum Meyer) from different matrices. This study was developed at the Laboratory of Forest Seed at Federal University
of Amazonas/Brazil. The fruits of tucum were collected from five matrices located at Rio Preto da Eva city Amazonas/
Brazil. The selected matrices for the experiment correspond to lots 202, 213, 208, 205 and 209. Each matrice corresponds
to a treatment totalizing five treatments. The seeds were obtained from the manual extraction of the pulp with the aid of the
knife. Then, the pyrenes were put to dry at a temperature of 28 C and 65% R.H for the purpose of releasing seed endocarp;
we use a hammer to remove the seed. Sowing consisted of four repetitions of twenty five seeds. Seeds were sown in a
sowing under sterilized sand and covered by a layer of 2 cm of sand. The moisture content was determined using twenty
seeds for each matrice, they were put to dry at a temperature of 105 C3 C during 24 hours. After that, we could obtain
the dry mass of seeds using an analytical balance accurate to 0.001g. The germination evaluation was done every seven
days and irrigated daily. Seed germination was not uniform in two treatments: 213 and 209. Germination ranged from 18
to 74% and the moisture content of 34.86 to 42.85%. The averages of this experiment were compared by Tukey test at 5%
probability. According to the results we can conclude that the treatments differ significantly in germination. The progenies
213 and 209 were the best ones. Probably, this variation is related to genetic variability in different progenies.
Keywords: moisture content, Astrocaryum aculeatum Meyer,
215. SUBSTRATE MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE ON GERMINATION AND VIGOR OF Tabebuia

roseo-alba (RIDL.) SAND. SEED.
Soares, V.C., 1Alcntara, N. V., 2Lima, L. B. 1Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo
Grande-MS, Brazil, vamikami@yahoo.com.br. 2Universidade Federal do Par (UFPA), Altamira-PA, Brazil.
1
Tabebuia roseo-alba is a tree species largely used in restoration of diverse plant communities in degraded and permanent
preservation areas, general landscaping, as timber and in folk medicine. The present study aimed to evaluate effects of
different water volumes in the substrate and temperatures on seed germination and seedling vigor of T. roseo-alba. The
seeds were sown in paper towels wetted with the water equivalent of 2.0; 2.2; 2.5; 2.8 and 3.0 times the substrate weight.
No further water was added and the seeds were maintained in chambers at constant temperatures of 30 C and 35 C. The
following parameters were analyzed: germination percentage, speed of germination, length of seedlings. A completely
randomized design was used with a 5 x 2 factorial (water volumes and temperatures) with four replicates of 50 seeds.
The 35 C temperature and a water volume of 2.8 and 3.0 times the weight of paper impaired germination and vigor of
T. roseo-alba seeds. A temperature of 30 C and water in the range of 2.0 to 3.0 times the substrate weight was favorable
for seed germination and the water volume 2,5 times the substrate weight was the most suitable combination germination
test of T. roseo-alba.
Keywords: forest seeds, seed analysis.
Acknowledgements: UFMS, CAPES, Prof. Dr. Arnildo Pott.
Informativo
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216. DORMANCY OF SEEDS OF Enterolobium contortisiliquum (VELL) MORONG.

Gonalves, E. P., 1Oliveira, L. M. N., 1Lima, A. A., 1Viana, J. S., 2Guedes, R. S., 1Matos, V.P., 1 Paiva, L. G., e1
Melo, L. D. F. A., 1Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Garanhuns-PE, Brazil, edilma@pq.cnpq.
br., 2Universidade Federal da Paraba (UFPB), Areia-PB, Brazil.
The tamboril (Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell) Morong) is a specie that belongs to Fabacea family, it has been found
in common secondary vegetation, in clearings, coppices and degraded forests, and is considered as an important specie
for regeneration of these areas and moreover, it is widely used in folk medicine. Although this species has been regarded
important in both aspects socio-economic and environmental, the information about this theme is scarce. The objective
was to study treatments for breaking dormancy of seeds of E. contortisiliquum. The fruits were collected from five trees
near the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - Unidade Acadmica de Garanhuns, in the town of Garanhuns-PE.
To overcome dormancy seeds were treated as follows: Control (seeds) (T1), mechanical scarification with sandpaper No.
80 (T2), mechanical scarification, embebition at room temperature for 12, 24, 36 , and 48 hours (T3, T4, T5, and T6,
respectively), immersion in water at 70 C for 5 and 10 minutes (T7 and T8, respectively) and immersion in water at 80
C for 5:10 minutes (T9 and T10, respectively). We used 100 seeds per treatment, divided into four replicates of 25 seeds,
the experimental design was completely random, the data obtained, unprocessed, were subjected to analysis of variance
by F test and means compared by Scott-Knott test, 5% probability. The seed dormancy of tamboril was overcome using
mechanical scarification on seed with sandpaper No. 80 and mechanical scarification with sandpaper No. 80 followed by
embebition in water at room temperature for 24 and 36 hours.
Keywords: germination, mechanical scarification, tamboril.
217. OVERCOMING DORMANCY Annona glabra SEED

Carvalho, J. E. U. de; 1Nascimento, W. M. O. do (1Embrapa Amaznia Oriental, Belm-PA, Brazil, CEP 66095100, CP 48, urano@cpatu.embrapa.br, walnice@cpatu.embrapa.br).
1
The Annona glabra is originally species of tropical America, with wide geographical distribution in the brazilian territory.
It presents fruits with little flavor, but has importance in the horticulture for the fact of constituting in rootstock for de
soursop (Annona muricata) and other Annonas producing of eatable fruits. The production of pond apple tree rootstock is
made by sexed, as main problem the slow and unlike germination, because the seeds present dormancy. The work had as
objective to verify the effect of the scarification of the tegument and of the soaking in solution of giberelic acid about the
germination of A. glabra seeds. The treatments consisted of the combination of seeds scarification and non scarification
with soaking, for 24 hours, in solution of giberelic acid (AG3), in the following concentrations: 0 mg.L-1, 250 mg.L-1, 500
mg.L-1, 750 mg.L-1 e 1,000 mg.L-1. The experiment was conducted in completely randomized design, with four replicates,
of 50 seeds, in factorial scheme two x five (condition of the seed x concentration of AG3). It was observed that the effect
giberelic acid in the germination was more pronounced than the scarification. The seeds germinated in smaller time when
soaked in solution of AG3 in the concentration of 750 mg. L-1 and 1,000 mg.L-1. The scarification of the tegument and the
soaking in solution of giberelic acid, in the concentrations of 500 mg.L-1 or 1,000 mg.L-1, is constituted in efficient method
for overcoming dormancy A. glabra seeds.
Keywords: propagation, rootstock, Annonas
Informativo
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218. COMMON BEAN IS AFFECTED BY PRE-SOWING REGULATORS SEED TREATMENTS:

GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH.
Michels, A. F., 1Souza, C. A., 1Correa, C., 1Sponchiado, J. C., 1Zanesco, P. R., 1Tormem, M. E., 2Coelho, C.
M. M. 1Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages-SC, Brazil, adelinamichels@yahoo.com.br,
2
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianpolis-SC, Brazil.
1
Plant regulators are chemicals that modify plant growth and development by mimicking plant hormones. The objective of
this research was to evaluate the effect of common bean seeds pre-sowing treated with different plant growth regulators
on germination and seedling development by direct seed soaking. The experiment consisted of seven treatments: untreated
seeds(control); direct application of Trinexapac-Ethyl(TE), Mepiquat Chloride(MC), 2-Chloride ethyl-trimethylammonium
Chloride(CCC), Chlormequat Chloride(CC), Ethephon(E) and Prohexadione-Ca(PC) on the seeds and soaking in solutions
equivalent to field spray dose of each regulator. After treatments the seeds were sowed on germitest paper and subsequently
to germinate in control germination chamber, at 25 C or in soil at field conditions. Germination first count and germination
percentage were evaluated at 5 and 10 days after seeding, respectively, and germination speed index (GSI) at 5 to 15 days
after sowing, seedling height, leaf chlorophyll and leaves number at 16 day after sowing. The treatments were arranged
in randomized blocks with four replicates, using commercial common bean Prola cultivar. The data were compared with
controls at P<0.05, by Dunnett test. On laboratory tests (emergence and first count germination) and on field conditions
(emergence and GSI) the regulator treatments did not differ from control. The plant height of PC and CCC treatment
was 3.8 and 2.8cm lower than control, respectively. The leaves number per plant of TE and E and treatment was 1.5
and 1.6 highest than control, respectively. The leaf chlorophyll under regulator treatments did not differ from control. In
conclusion, the seed treatment with these regulators will be target the more research. But, PC and CCC seed treatment have
potential for use as plant growth retardant of common bean plant height.
Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigour, Seedling growth, Hormones
Aknowledgments: UDESC, CAPES
219. SOYBEAN IS AFFECTED BY PRE-SOWING REGULATORS SEED TREATMENTS: GERMINATION

AND SEEDLING GROWTH.
Correa, C., 1Souza, C. A., 1Sponchiado, J. C., 1Michels, A. F., 1Zanesco, P. R., 1Ataide, R. C. N., 1Polli, R. G.
Coelho, C. M. M. 1Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages-SC, Brazil, cacau_c_@hotmail.
com, 2Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianpolis-SC, Brazil.
1
2
Plant growth regulators are chemicals that modify plant growth and development by mimicking plant hormones. The
objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of soybean seeds pre-sowing treated with different plant growth
regulators on germination and seedling development by direct seed soaking. The experiment consisted of seven treatments:
untreated seeds(control); direct application of Trinexapac-Ethyl(TE), Mepiquat Chloride(MC), 2-chloride ethyltrimethylammonium chloride(CCC), Chlormequat chloride(CC), Ethephon(E) and Prohexadione-Ca(PC) on the seeds and
soaking in solutions equivalent to field spray dose of each regulator. After treatments the seeds were sowed on germitest
paper and subsequently to germinate in control germination chamber, at 25 C or in soil at field conditions. Germination
first count and germination percentage were evaluated at 5 and 10 days after seeding, respectively, and germination speed
index (GSI) at 5 to 15 day after sowing, seedling height, leaf chlorophyll and leaves number at 16 day after sowing. The
treatments were arranged in randomized blocks with four replicates, using soybean CD226 RR cultivar. The data were
compared with controls at P<0.05, and applied Dunnetts test. On germitest paper the regulator treatments did not differed
to control. On the field, the emergence of seeds and GSI of CC treatment was higher than control, as 88% x 75% and 51
x 43, treatment x control, respectively. The plant height of TE, MC and CC treatment was 2.7, 2.6 and 2.0cm lower than
control, respectively. The leaves number per plant and leaf chlorophyll did not differ from control. In conclusion, the seed
treatment with these regulators will be target the more research. But, TE, MC and CC seed treatment have potential for use
as plant growth retardant of soybean plant height.
Keywords: Glycine max, Vigor, Seedling growth, Plant hormones
Informativo
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220. GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF WHEAT AS AFFECTED BY PRE-SOWING

REGULATORS SEED TREATMENTS.
Sponchiado, J. C., 1Souza, C. A., 1Michels, A. F., 1Correa, C., 1Zanesco, P. R., 1Tormem, M. E., 2Coelho, C.
M. M. 1Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages-SC, Brazil, julhana.sponchiado@bol.com.br,
2
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianpolis-SC, Brazil.
1
Plant growth regulators are chemicals that modify plant growth and development by mimicking plant hormones. The
objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of wheat seeds pre-sowing treated with different plant growth regulators
on germination and seedling development by direct seed soaking. The experiment consisted of seven treatments: untreated
seeds(control); direct application of Trinexapac-Ethyl(TE), Mepiquat Chloride(MC), 2-chloride ethyl-trimethylammonium
chloride(CCC), Chlormequat Chloride(CC), Ethephon(E) and Prohexadione-Ca(PC) on the seeds and soaking in solutions
equivalent to field spray dose of each regulator. The treatments were applied in the seeds by sow using a germitest paper
and subsequently to germinate in control germination chamber, at 25 C or in soil at field conditions. Germination first
count and germination percentage were evaluated at 5 and 10 days after seeding, respectively, and germination speed
index (GSI) at 5 to 15 days after sowing, seedling height, leaf chlorophyll and leaves number at 16 day after sowing.
The treatments were arranged in randomized blocks with four replicates, using wheat Abalone cultivar. The data were
compared with controls at P<0.05, and applied Dunnetts test or Duncans test among the regulators. The emergence after
TE seed treatment was lower than control only 27% compared to 52% from control, but seed MC treatment lead to highest
first germination count 83% compared to 73% from control. The GSI, leaves number per plant and leaf chlorophyll did
not differ from control. But, the CCC treatment were numerically highest of the others treatments on GSI, leaves number,
chlorophyll and plant height parameters. In conclusion, some regulators applied by pre-sowing had potential to contribute
for reduce the plant height (TE) and CCC can increase the emergence, GSI, chlorophyll content and leaves number.
Keywords: Triticum aestivum, Vigor, Seedling growth, Plant regulator
221. METHODS OF OVERCOMING SEEDS DORMANCY IN Caryocar villosum (Aubl.) Pers.

Garcia, L. C., 2Moraes, R. P., 1Sousa, S. G. A. de, 3Barroso, L. M. M. 1Embrapa Amaznia Ocidental, ManausAM, Brazil. lucinda.carneiro@cpaa.embrapa.br, 2PPG Cincias do Ambiente e Sustentabilidade na Amaznia da
UFAM; 3PIBIC Embrapa/CNPq.
1
Caryocar villosum (Aubl.) Pers. Caryocaraceae (Piquia) is an Amazonian tree species of great economic and ecological
importance in the region, which is characterized by having a slow and uneven seed germination, as a result of severe seed
dormancy. The seeds were collected in a matrix of natural forest area from Phenological Park (BR 174, Km 54), Embrapa
Western Amazon, in Manaus Amazonas State, Brazil. The following methods were used for overcoming of dormancy:
cutting of the endocarp (T1), cutting of endocarp and cutting of tegument (T2), removal of endocarp and removal of
the tegument (T3), cutting of endocarp and cutting of the tegument plus immersed in solution gibberellic acid (GA3) at
a concentration of 500 mg per 24 hours (T4), removal of the endocarp and removal of the tegument, plus immersion in
gibberellic acid (GA3) at a concentration of 500mg per 24 hours (T5). Were analyzed total percentage of germination (%)
and emergence velocity index (EVI). The statistic design was completely randomized with four replications of 20 seeds
per treatment. The analysis of the data and the interpretation of results allowed to the conclusion that the better treatment
to overcome the seeds dormancy of the species studied is the endocarp removal and the tegument removal, plus immersed
in gibberellic acid (T5), with germination of 64.37%, the worse treatment was the cut of endocarp and cut of tegument,
with germination of 49.37% the seeds.
Keywords: Caryocar villosum, seed dormancy, forest seeds, seed germination.
Informativo
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222. Polyamines, IAA and ABA during germination in two recalcitrant seeds: Araucaria
angustifolia and Ocotea odorifera.
Pieruzzi, F.P., 1Dias, L. C., 1Balbuena, T. S., 1,2Santa-Catarina, C., 1Santos, A. L.W., Floh, E. I. S. 1Universidade
de So Paulo (USP), So Paulo - SP, enyfloh@usp.br, 2Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Campos
dos Goytacazes - RJ
1
Plant growth regulators play an important role during seed germination, influencing initial plant growth and development.
However, much of the current knowledge about their function was obtained using orthodox seeds as model systems, and
there is a lack of information about their role during recalcitrant seeds germination. In the present work, two endangered
woody species with recalcitrant seeds, Araucaria angustifolia (Gymnosperm) and Ocotea odorifera (Angyosperm) from
the Atlantic Rain Forest, Brazil, were used to study the mobilization of PAs, IAA, and ABA during seed germination. Mature
seeds from both species were scarified and sowed in vermiculite: soil mixture (1:1) at 27 C under a 16 h photoperiod
and irrigated periodically. Data were collected from embryos of O. odorifera and embryos and megagametophytes of A.
angustifolia throughout the germination process, until radicle emergence. Biochemical analyses were carried out in HPLC.
During seed germination, levels of free Spm and Spd in A. angustifolia megagametophytes decreased, whereas free Spm
and Spd levels increased in O. odorifera and A. angustifolia embryos, respectively, throughout the process. Free Put levels
remained constant in O. odorifera embryos, decreasing in A. angustifolia embryos, upon radicle protrusion. These profiles
resulted in increased (Spd+Spm)/Put ratio throughout the germination process in the embryos in both species. An increase
in IAA levels was also observed during seed germination in both embryos, showing the same profile as observed for PAs,
while ABA levels followed the opposite change pattern during embryo germination of O. odorifera and A. angustifolia. We
could conclude that the (Spd+Spm)/Put ratio could be used as a marker for germination completion. The increase in IAA
levels, prior to germination, could be associated with variations in PAs content. The unexpected behavior of ABA during
the germination in embryos opens new perspectives for studies addressing the role of this regulator during germination in
recalcitrant seeds.
Keywords: Araucaria angustifolia, Ocotea odorifera, seed germination, plant growth regulators.
Acknowledgements: FAPESP, CNPq, PETROBRAS
223. GERMINATION OF SOYBEAN SEEDS UNDER WATER STRESS.

Barbosa, R.M, 1Santos, J.F., 1Cor, J.E. 1Vieira, R.D. (1UNESP-So Paulo State University, Depto. de Produo
Vegetal, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil, rdvieira@fcav.unesp.br).
1
The use of high quality of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merril) seeds is essential to ensure an adequate population of plants
and higher productivity rates. In Brazil, major soybean producing regions are subjected to regimes of low rainfall during
the sowing time, and studies that provide information on the fate of culture in these situations are essential to minimize
potential problems. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the germination of soybean seeds under different water availability
in the substrate. The soil used as substrate was previously cultivated with soybeans crop. In plastic pots and from a known
volume of soil of medium texture, four water levels were studied based on the percentage of soil porosity occupied by
water. The porosity was determined by analysis of particle density. Thus, the levels of 20, 40, 60 and 80% of pore space
filled with water were used. To evaluated the effect of water stress 10 seed lots of soybean, cultivar BRS Valiosa RR
were used. A completely randomized design was use with four replications. The results set up the functions of the second
degree. At lower and higher water potential did not occur seed germination, and there were seed lots with seedborn
pathogen occurrence. The substrate with 40-60% porosity occupied by water provided high seed lots performance in terms
of germination.
Keywords: Soil porosity, Abiotic stresses, Crop production,
Acknowledgement: CNPq, Fapesp
Informativo
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224. PROTEOMIC APPROACH TO ANALYZE DORMANCY BREAKING OF SILVER FIR (Abies alba Mill.)
SEEDS.
Pawowski, T. A. Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Krnik, Poland,
tapawlow@man.poznan.pl
Seed dormancy is controlled by the physiological or structural properties of a seed and the external conditions. It is induced
as part of the genetic program of seed development and maturation. Seeds with physiological embryo dormancy can be
stimulated to germinate by a variety of treatments including cold stratification. Investigation of proteins, product of genes
activated during a complex developmental process as is dormancy breaking was the aim of presented research. Proteomics
offers the opportunity to examine simultaneous changes and to classify temporal patterns of protein accumulation occurring
during seed dormancy breaking and germination. These studies were carried out on seeds of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.), a
gymnosperm conifer plant, during their stratification and germination. After imbibition in water, seeds were subjected to
cold stratification in 3 C, which breaks dormancy. To accelerate the germination capacity seeds were moved after 6 weeks
of stratification to 20 C. The protein extraction was done separately for embryo and megagamethophyte of the seeds
covering the period of stratification in 3 C and germination in 20 C. The process of seed germination was analysed at
the stages corresponding to the dormant seeds, seeds after 48-hour imbibition, seeds during each week of stratification and
germinated seeds with protruded roots.Regarding the proteomic approach, proteins of the seeds were separated by 2D-gel
electrophoresis and were analyzed by mass spectrometry. The influence of stratification was investigated and main protein
variations for embryo an megagamethophyte were pointed out. Analysis of the functions of the identified proteins and the
related metabolic pathways would expand our knowledge about gymnosperm seeds dormancy breaking.
Keywords: Abies alba, Dormancy breaking, Proteomics, Stratification
Acknowledgements: The Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland, N N309 2491 33.
225. SbGA2oxC GENE-EXPRESSION REGULATION BY ABA SIGNALLING ELEMENTS DURING

GERMINATION IN SORGHUM GRAINS.
Cantoro R, Auge GA, Mut P, Benech-Arnold R, Rodriguez MV. IFEVA-CONICET, Facultad de Agronoma, Universidad de
Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, Argentina. rcantoro@agro.uba.ar
Gibberellin levels are highly associated with the pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) response of two grain sorghum lines,
IS9530 and RedlandB2 (Perez-Flores et al., 2003). IS9530 line shows high dormancy at maturity and this is in accordance
with high SbGA2oxC gene (coding putative GA inactivation enzyme) expression during grain incubation (Rodriguez
MV,unplubished data). Also, GA34 (catabolite) levels correlated negatively with GA4 accumulation in grains of both lines,
further supporting that inactivation is a key process in determining active GA content in the embryo. Promoter sequences
of this gene contain several cis-regulatory elements involved in ABA signalling regulation (ABREs). In addition, SbABI5
gene expression and protein abundance followed a similar accumulation pattern to the gene mentioned above, indicating
that a possible interaction between SbGA2oxC gene promoter and ABI5 protein may occur (Rodriguez et al., 2009).
Therefore, it is of interest to study the factors regulating SbGA2oxC gene expression, since it could be an important control
point to regulate PHS in sorghum crops. A 1056 bp fragment of SbGA2oxC promoter upstream the initiation codon was
cloned and sequenced for both sorghum lines. Sequences differed in three bases at positions -294, -521 and -770, one of
which (at -294 position) resulted in the appearance of a new binding site for WRKY transcription factors in IS9530 (some
of them reported to be involved in GA signalling response) (Rushton et al., 2010). To study possible interactions between
ABI5 protein and SbGA2oxC promoter, recombinant ABI5 was overexpressed in bacteria and purified. EMSA studies are
being carried out to test binding to the SbGA2oxC promoter. Preliminary results indicate that ABI5 binds in vitro to the 5
end of the cloned SbGA2oxC promoter. In addition, in order to identify new transcription factors involved in SbGA2oxC
gene expression regulation, fragments of the cloned promotor are being used as probe to catch, through SouthWestern Blot
technique, interacting partners present in embryo nuclear-enriched protein extracts. In cropping systems, non-homogeneous
germination can result in reduced yield and elevated operational costs because of non-uniform crop development, and
PHS during grain maturation can cause low quality in final product. A deeper understanding of GA and ABA signalling
interaction during grain sorghum germination would be a useful tool to manipulate PHS occurrence in sorghum crops.
Keywords: pre-harvest sprouting, gibberellin metabolism, ABA-signalling, sorghum.
Acknowledgements: CONICET, FAUBA, ANPCYT.
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186
226. GERMINATION, SECTIONING AND TETRAZOLIUM TEST FOR SEEDS OF THE SPECIES Eugenia
tinguyensis Cambess., MYRTACEAE.
Vieira, J.L., 1Amorim, T.A., 1Breier, T. B. 1Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Rio de JaneiroRJ, Brazil, jobotanica@gmail.com
1
The tree species Eugenia tinguyensis Cambess. is native from Atlantic Forest and it presents low natural density, making
it difficult to obtain seeds in large quantities. Like other species of the genus, it has recalcitrant seeds, and embryos
without apparent differentiation between the hypocotyl-radicle axis and cotyledons, which allows the sectioning of the
seeds for seedling production. The aim of this research was develop a standard protocol for Tetrazolium test and to make
tests of seed sectioning and germination for Eugenia tinguyensis. Seeds were collected from three matrix trees in the
Ecological Reserve of Guapiau - REGUA, city of Cachoeiras de Macacu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Tests were conducted
at the Laboratory of Reproductive Biology and Conservation of Tree Species LACON, at UFRRJ. The moisture content
of the seeds analyzed was 47.5% and the weight of one thousand seeds was 941.17 g. When fractionation the seeds, two
types of sectioning were made: the longitudinal and the transversal. One hundred seeds were used for each cutting type
and they were put to germinate in a gerbox with vermiculite substrate at 25 C, with constant light. Intact seeds were also
put to germinate, and the duration of this experiment was of 55 days. There was no significant difference between the
germination for both cutting types. The seeds that were sectioned presented a better percentage of germination than the
intact seeds. In the Tetrazolium test, seeds were immersed in distilled water for 12 hours at 30 C, in the dark, they were
sectioned longitudinally and transverse afterwards and they had their integuments removed. We used two concentrations,
0.05% and 0.1% of Tetrazolium solution, with three time intervals, 4, 6 and 8 hours, and we used four replicates of 25
seeds. As a result, we recommend using the concentration of 0.05% of Tetrazolium salt solution during six hours at 30 C
for evaluating the viability of the seeds.
Keywords: tetrazolium test, Eugenia tinguyensis, sectioning, recalcitrant
Acknowledgements: Programa de Ps-Graduao em Cincias Ambientais e Florestais - PPGCAF / UFRRJ, Reserva
Ecolgica Guapiau - REGUA.
227. Expression of genes retaled to ethylene biosynthesis and signalling pathway is

modified by NO during DORMANCY breakage AND GERMINATION OF APPLE EMBRYOS.
Bogatek, R., Szafranski, K., Winiewska, A., Krasuska, U., Gniazdowska, A. Department of Plant
Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland,
e-mail: renata_bogatek@sggw.pl
The physiological dormancy of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) embryos can be overcome during 3 month long cold
stratification or by short (3h) application of nitric oxide (NO) donors (SNAP or SNP) during imbibition. NO, acting as a
signaling agent, induces enhanced emission of ethylene by germinating apple embryos. We investigated the expression of
genes related to ethylene biosynthetic and signaling pathway. Plant ethylene is produced from S-adenosyl-methionine by
the action of the enzymes ACC synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase (ACO). The signal transduction pathway includes four
receptors (ERS1, ETR1, ETR2 and ETR5) which appear to interact with CTR1 (a Raf-like kinase), then the signal passes
through the protein EIN2. Downstream components include the EIN3/EIL and ERF families of transcription factors which
cause numerous cellular effects. We analyzed the expression of MdACS1; MdACO3; MdERS1; MdETR1,2,5; MdCTR1(all
splice variants); MdEIN2, MdERF1 and MdERF2 genes. It is demonstrated that they are affected in various ways during
dormancy alleviation and germination sensu stricto: NO enhances transcription of MdACS1 and MdACO3 as well as
markedly increases transcription of MdERF2. The putative molecular mode of action of NO on dormancy release and
germination is discussed.
Keywords: apple embryos, dormancy removal, ethylene, nitric oxide
Informativo
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187
228. SEED DORMANCY BREAKING IN CRATAEGUS

Bujarska-Borkowska. B., Suszka J., Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences
Seeds of numerous trees and shrubs require specific environmental conditions to initiate germination. As far as Crataegus
is concerned, its deep dormant seeds, are often observed to remain dormant in the ground for 2 or even 3 years. A
series of temperature stratifications and acid scarification treatments were evaluated for breaking seed dormancy in 4
Crataegus species: Crataegus monogyna, C. laevigata, C. pedicellata, C. submollis The optimal time for collecting fruits
of the Crataegus species is October, when they are fully ripe. The stones extracted from the fruits must be dried at
room temperature to the moisture content of about 10%. Seeds were, in three replications of 50 seeds each, subjected
to the following treatments: cold stratification at 3 oC in stratification medium (sand and peat, volume ratio 1:1); warm
statification at 15o, 20 oC, 25 oC, or 30 oC for 8-24 weeks followed by cold statification at 3 oC until the first seedlings
appear; warm stratification at alternating temperatures 15o/20oC and 20 oC /30 oC (16/8h , 24/24h) for 8-24 weeks followed
by-cold stratification. After stratification, the seeds were subjected to germination tests at 3 oC/10 oC, 3 oC/15 oC, 3 oC/20
o
C and 3 oC/25 oC (16/8 h) and soil emergence tests at 3 oC/15 oCand 3 oC/20 oC. Stones were subjected to scarification
in concentrated sulphuric acid for 1, 2, or 3 hours. Dormancy of Crataegus seeds can be overcome by stratification for
16 weeks at 20 oC/30 oC (16/8h or 12/12h) followed by 15-18 weeks at 3 oC, when seedlings first start to appear. Storage
for one year at -3 oC of seeds dried after harvest to a moisture content of 10% does not reduce their germination capacity.
Scarification of stones for 2 hours followed by short stratification at 20 oC/30 oC (4 weeks) and stratification at 3 oC has no
adverse affect on germination of seeds at 3 oC/20 oC (16/8 h).
229. DOES LABORATORY GERMINATION TEST REFLECT FIELD GERMINATION PERCENTAGE OF

AUSTRALIAN NATIVE SPECIES?
Gautam, R., 1Ashwath, N. 1Centre for Plant and Water Science, CQUniversity, Rockhampton, Australia, e-mal:
r.gautam@cqu.edu.au
1
Revegetation programs in Australia tend to prefer native species over exotics. However, poor seed germination is
discouraging the use of these species in revegetation programs. Protocols are therefore needed to predict field germination
based on laboratory tests. A comparative assessment was made between laboratory germination and field germination.
Seeds of 22 native species that are commonly used in revegetation programs in central Queensland were exposed to 5
treatments, viz (a) powder coating, (b) priming with smoke water, (c) priming with compost tea, (d) a combination of
these treatments and (e) a control. For priming treatment, the seeds were soaked in respective solutions for 24 h and then
were air dried for 24 h. Seed coating was done by using commercial seed coating materials. For laboratory experiment, ten
seeds of each species were placed in 500 mL takeaway containers filled with moist steam sterilised sand. The treatments
were replicated thrice and the containers were placed in a controlled-environmental room at 30 C/ 25 C day/night
temperatures, with 12 hours of light. The germination was monitored for 90 days. For the field germination, 100 seeds of
each species in each treatment were shown in a 5 m row using three replications and the observation was taken fortnightly
for 270 days. Compared to the germination of 100% of the species in laboratory, only 36% of the species germinated in the
field. 64% of the species had more than 10% germination in laboratory as compared to only 9% of the species in the field.
In the laboratory, smoke water and compost tea significantly (P<0.001) improved germination of three and two species
respectively. Priming (water, compost tea and smoke water) had significantly increased the germination of three species.
In contrast, the treatment effect was significant in only one of the species in the field. Therefore, the practice of predicting
field germination based on laboratory test does not seem to be effective.
Keywords: Native species, Germination, Revegetation
Acknowledgement: Power Link, Professor David Midmore, Dr Pramod Shrestha
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230. DRYING AND STORAGE OF SORGHUM SEEDS WITH HIGH AND LOW TANNIN CONTENT.
Silva, T. T. A., 1Oliveira, J. A, 1Von Pinho, E. V. R, 1Abreu, L. A. S. 1Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA),
Lavras-MG, Brazil, tanismaresilva@gmail.com
1
The water content at which seeds are collected as well the temperature used for drying are fundamental to warrant
the physiological quality of seeds, chiefly sorghum seeds which may present secondary dormancy by drying at high
temperatures. In this work, the aim was to evaluate the physiological quality of sorghum seeds, with either high or low
tannin content and stored after drying by utilizing different temperatures. Seeds of cultivars BR 305 (2.28 g tannin/100 g)
and BR 310 (0.52 g tannin/100 g), with a water content of 18-20% at the time of collecting, were dried in the shade and in
artificial dryers at 35 C, 45 C and 35/45 C until they reached 12% water content. After drying, the seeds were stored in a
cold and dry chamber for 0, 3 and 6 months. Subsequently, the following tests were performed: germination, tetrazolium
staining, electric conductivity, emergence velocity index, cold test, scanning electron microscopy and enzyme profiles.
Tannin concentration was quantified a second time after storage. The best result (88.5% germination) was found in seeds
ith high tannin content, dried at 45 C and stored for 6 months. An increased percentage of dormancy was found in seeds
submitted to drying at 35 C. There was an increase in tannin concentration after six months of storage for both cultivars.
Keywords: Sorghum bicolor, Storage, Moisture
231. IMPROVED FIELD PERFORMANCE BY SEED PRIMING WITH CACl2 IS RELATED TO IMPROVED
EMERGENCE, FERTILE TILLERS AND YIELD IN DIRECT SEEDED RICE
Rehman, H., 1Basra, S.M.A.B., 2Farooq, M., and 1Afzal, I., 1Department of Crop Physiology, University of
Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040-Pakistan, hafeezcp@gmail.com2 Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad, 38040-Pakistan
1
Poor and erratic crop stand is one of the major constraints to the wider adoption of direct seeded rice at farmers field.
Seed priming is a doable technology to improve the performance of direct seeded rice. This study was conducted for onfarm evaluation of direct seeded rice by employing seed priming techniques. Priming tools used include on-farm priming,
hydropriming, hardening, and osmopriming with CaCl2 followed by re-drying or surface drying; while non-primed seeds
were taken as control. Osmopriming with re-drying effectively improved the seedling emergence, yield and quality traits
of direct seeded rice followed by hardening and hydropriming for most of the traits compared to non-primed control.
Osmopriming with re-drying significantly improved the crop stand due to reduced emergence time and high seedling
vigor, with increased plant height, total and panicle bearing tillers, number of kernels per panicle, 1000-kernel weight,
straw and kernel yield with high harvest index. Reduced sterile spikelets and opaque kernels from CaCl2 osmoprimed seeds
with re-drying also resulted in increased kernel quality of the direct seeded rice. Higher yield in direct seeded rice was
attributed to increase in seedling emergence and yield related traits like fertile tillers number, number of kernels per panicle
and reduced sterile spikelets. Osmopriming with CaCl2 with re-drying can be successfully employed for better crop stand,
yield and quality in direct seeded rice at farmers field.
Keywords: Seed priming; direct seeded rice; stand establishment; yield
Acknowledgements: HEC, UAF
Informativo
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232. THERMOBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE Peltophorum

GERMINATION.
dubium
(SPRENG.) TAUB. SEED
Cardoso V J M, 1Daibes L F, 2Frigeri, R. B. C., 2,3Moraes, J. N. 1 Universidade Estadual Paulista Jlio de Mesquita
Filho (Unesp), Av. 24-A, 1515, 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brasil (luipedaibes@hotmail.com); 2Universidade Federal
de Rondnia (Unir), BR-364, sentido AC, Km 9,5, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil; 3 Centro de Estudos Rioterra, Rua Major
Amarante, 727, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
1
Basic studies about seed ecophysiology and thermal dependence of germination are of great importance in projects
aiming conservation of native tree species in tropical forests. Peltophorum dubium (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae)
(canafstula) is a leguminous tree widely distributed in South America, showing ecological aspects of early successional
and fast growth. A thermo biological analysis of the isothermal germination of the P. dubium was performed in order
to discuss some limiting factors affecting the seed germination of the species. Matured pods were collected in Porto
Velho (RO) urban area. After manual processing and mechanical scarification, seeds were distributed in 5 repetitions
of 50 seeds (totalizing 250 per treatment) in 13 different constant temperatures ranging from 10 to 40 C. The tests were
conducted on moistened filter paper in Petri dishes in germination chambers. The germination capacity (G), the average
of the germination times (t) and their reciprocal (V), the time distribution of isothermal germination frequencies (Fi) and
the synchronization index of germination (U) were determined. The net enthalpy activation (H) was estimated from
the cardinal temperatures (base, Tb, and ceiling Tc). Tb (9.6 C) and Tc (40.6 C) were estimated by extrapolating the
regression lines of V on the temperature axis. G (= 89%) and V were optimal in the range of 20 to 30 C and 25 to 30 C,
respectively. The germination was more synchronized from 22.5 to 32.5 C. Fi distribution in the whole thermal range
showed asymmetry (skewness) to the right, suggesting that germination is limited by a group of slower germinating
seeds. The frequency distributions were leptokurtic, except at 37.5 C where a platicurtic pattern was observed, and
tended to be unimodal in the range from 15 to 32.5 C. The distributions curves did not differ from their respective
adjusted normal at the temperatures of 12.5, 35 and 37.5 C, suggesting that the thermal communication between the
embryo and the environment occurs through random thermal noise near both the lower and upper temperature limits.
The Arrhenius plot of the average germination rates exhibited a general curvilinear-shape tendency. Values of H were
lower than 12 Kcal.mol-1 in the range from 18 to 31 C, suggesting that in this temperature interval the germination is
limited by diffusion phenomena.
Keywords: tree legume, native seed, thermobiology
233. BREAKING OF DORMANCY OF EUROPEAN MOUNTAIN ASH (Sorbus aucuparia L.) SEED AT
SUBFREEZING TEMPERATURES.
Suszka, J., Bujarska-Borowska, B. Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences (IDPAN), Krnik, Poland,
jsuszka@man.poznan.pl
Seeds of European ash are characterized by deep dormancy that needs to be released by long cold stratification at 3 C
preceded by a 2-week warm stratification at 20 or 25 C After dormancy release at 3 C seeds complete germination at
3 C, but germination lacks uniformity. When during the last phase of breaking dormancy the temperature is increased
to 15-20 C, germination of some seeds is accelerated but in the still dormant seeds secondary dormancy is induced.
Overcoming dormancy was thought to occur at temperatures above 0 C. However, we have found that in Sorbus aucuparia
seeds this process can proceed at temperatures in the range between -1 and -3 C, subsequent to normal stratification i.e.
2 weeks at 20 C followed by 10-15 weeks at 3 C until the first radicles start to appear (usually 15-22 weeks at 3 C). If
frozen in their medium at -3 C, dormancy is released. Seeds can remain frozen for 20-40 weeks without loss of viability.
At the sub-zero temperature the breaking of dormancy in the seeds is continued but they are not able to germinate. When
removed from sub-zero storage and sown at a higher temperature, germination is completed very quickly, even within one
day. This protocol permits storage of seeds and induces a uniform completion of germination.
Keywords: Sorbus aucuparia, seeds, stratification, storage
Informativo
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234. Dormancy Breaking Seed Treatment for Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata)

1
2
Manimohan, M., 2Vijayakumar, A. jaisrivijay@gmail.com, 1PG student, Seed Science & Technology,
Professor(Seed Science) & Deputy Registrar(Education),Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
Medicinal plants are the local heritage with global importance and continue to be an important therapeutic aid to alleviating
ailments of human kind. Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) is one among the prioritized medicinal plants, belonging to the
family Acanthaceae grows wild as under shrub in tropical, most deciduous forests in India. The seeds of kalmegh possess
physiological dormancy or combined dormancy of physical and innate leads to poor germination due to the presence of
inhibitors. Hence, it necessitates identifying suitable seed treatment to break dormancy and improve its germination. In
order to standardize the optimum dormancy breaking treatment, the following treatments were imposed namely GA3
soaking @ 200 ppm for 3 hours, KNO3 soaking @ 1.0% for 4 hours, Thiourea soaking @ 0.4% for 2 hours, Accelerated
ageing for 3 days, Accelerated ageing for 3 days + GA3 soaking @ 200 ppm for 3 hours and Control. For accelerated
ageing test, seeds were packed in perforated butter paper bags and placed in a desiccator maintaining 100% relative
humidity. Then the desiccator was kept inside a hot air oven maintaining 40 C. The treated seeds were subjected to assess the
seed quality parameters namely germination, the seedling length, dry matter production and vigour index. The results revealed
that the accelerated ageing of seeds for three days followed by soaking with GA3 @ 200 ppm for three hours improved not
only the germination but also the seedling quality in terms of root and shoot lenghs and vigour index value.
Keywords: Kalmegh, Dormancy,Germination, Vigour index.
235. EFFECT OF SEED TREATMENT ON PERIWINKLE (Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don cv. roseus) SEED
GERMINATION
Ramasamy, V., 2Vijayakumar, A. jaisrivijay@gmail.com, 1PG student, Seed Science & Technology, 2Professor(Seed
Science) & Deputy Registrar(Education),Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
1
Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don cv. roseus), an important medicinal plant belonging to the family apocynaceae,
is generally propagated by seeds. One of the major problems in Periwinkle is the poor germination of seed due to the
presence of dormancy due to inhibitors. So it is important to improve the seed germination in Periwinkle. To find out a
suitable seed treatment, on experiment was conducted with pre-soaking of seeds with GA3 @ 600 ppm for 12 h, KNO3 @
1.0% for 24 h, water soaking for 24 h and hot water (40 C) soaking for 30 seconds. Freshly harvested seeds of Periwinkle
after sundrying, exhibited 18% germination in a germination room maintained at 251 C temperature and 903% RH.
Pre-treatment with GA3 of 600 ppm for 12 h produced 70% germination along with higher root length (6.68 cm), shoot
length (5.78 cm), dry matter production (18.5 mg seedlings-10) and vigour index (872) while KNO3 of 1.0% for 24 h also
produced 66% germination along with high root length (6.25 cm), shoot length (5.45 cm), dry matter production (16.2 mg
seedlings10) and vigour index (772). The result revealed that pre-soaking of Periwinkle seeds with GA3 @ 600 ppm for 12
h (or) with KNO3 @ 1.0% for 24 h were highly suitable for improving the seed germination and vigour potential.
Keywords: Periwinkle, Dormancy, Germination, Vigour index.
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236. PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF OLANDI SEEDS (Calophyllum brasiliense Camb.).

Da Fr, M., Pescador, R., 1Coelho, C. M. M., 1Farias, F.L. 1Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC),
Florianpolis SC , Brazil, cileide@cca.ufsc.br.
1
Olandi (Calophyllum brasiliense) is a native tree species that has great ecological and economical importance due to its
wood quality. The use of seeds of high quality is essential to produce seedlings. Therefore, the aim of this work was to
evaluate the germination and vigor of the olandi seeds, with or without removal of the integument. Mature fruit were
collected from trees located at the Ecological Park of Crrego Grande, Florianpolis-SC. Seeds were extracted from fruits,
following flesh and endocarp removal. Two samples were taken; one batch of seeds remained intact while in the other the
integument was removed. Experimental design was completely randomized with four replications of 50 seeds each. The
germination testing was realized in a growth chamber at a temperature of 25 C and relative humidity of saturated air,
during 35 days. In the vigor evaluation, five seedlings for each replication were used and assessed for root length, epicotyls
length, shoot length and total seedlings at the end of 35 days of evaluation. Results were submitted to ANOVA and means
were compared using the F test at 5% of probability. The main results showed that the percentage of germination was
higher in the seeds with no integument (90%) than in the seeds with an integument (24%). This could be explained by
the low number of hard seeds (4%) after removal of the integument seeds, compared to the control (73%). The same was
observed in the vigor test: the seeds with no integument showed higher vigor, the longer epicotyl length (3.65 cm) and
shoot length (10.09 cm) and higher total length of seedlings (15.15 cm) in comparison to the treatment with integument
(2.54; 6.44 and 11.03cm, respectively). Regarding the root length, the number of abnormal seedlings and dead seeds, there
were no significant differences between the treatments. According to the results, greater germination and vigor of the C.
brasiliense seedlings could be observed after removal of the integument. We recommend this practice for the sowing of
the Calophyllum brasiliense Camb.
Keywords: Calophyllum brasiliense, conservation, vigor, germination
Acknowledgements: UFSC.
237. OVERCOMING DORMANCY OF Ocotea puberula (Rich.) Nees SEEDS.

Herzog, N.F.M; 1Igncio, V. L.; 1Aburcarma,V.M.; 1Dranski, J. A. 1Schulz, D. G 2Malavasi, M.M.; 2Malavasi,
U.C.; 1Aluno regular inscrito no Programa de ps graduao em Agronomia da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do
Paran (UNIOESTE), Marechal Cndido Rondon - PR, Brazil, hrzmch@gmail.com,2Professor Dr. da Universidade
Estadual do Oeste do Paran (UNIOESTE), Marechal Cndido Rondon - PR, Brazil.
1
Ocotea puberula (Rich.) Nees or canela-guaic is considered a species of economic interest because of its wood
quality. However, O. puberula seeds have a low germination rate, and do not tolerate storage. This study aimed to
evaluate chemical and mechanical seed scarification, to improve germination. The essay used seeds obtained from
ripe fruits harvested from three mature trees located in Foz do Iguau (PR) in November of 2010. Immediately after
harvesting, seeds were dried and treated either with concentrated sulfuric acid for 5 minutes or subjected to mechanical
scarification by sanding the seed coat with sandpaper number 80. The germination test was conducted in paper rolls at
25 C under continuous light for a period of 100 days. Chemical scarification yielded 38% germination and protruded
radicles were first observed 68 days after sowing (DAS) which was different (P<0.05) from the germination of seeds
with mechanical scarification (12% first observed after 70 DAS) and the control seeds (10% first observed after 80
DAS). Therefore, scarification with sulfuric acid is suitable to break dormancy and for germination of Ocotea puberula
(Rich.) Nees seeds.
Keywords: tree species; treatments to overcome seed dormancy; germination.
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238. CURVE seeds imbibition Balfourodendron riedelianum (Engl.) Engl. And Cordia trichotona (Vell.)
Arrab. Ex Steud.
Igncio, V. L., 1Herzog, N. F.M., 1Abucarma, V. M., 1Shulz, D. G., 2Bandeira, K. B., 3Malavasi, M. M., 3Malavasi,
U. C. 1Programa de ps - graduao em Agronomia da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paran (UNIOESTE),
Marechal Cndido Rondon - PR, Brazil, vanessalign@hotmail.com, 2Graduando do curso Agronomia da Universidade
Estadual do Oeste do Paran (UNIOESTE), Marechal Cndido Rondon PR, Brazil, 3Professor Dr. da Universidade
Estadual do Oeste do Paran (UNIOESTE), Marechal Cndido Rondon - PR, Brazil.
1
The imbibition curve is an important tool in the definition of pre-germination treatments for tree seeds in special.
Associated to seed dormancy due to hardness and impermeability of the tegument, seeds of Pau Marfim (Balfourodendron
riedelianum (Engl.) Engl.) and Louro Pardo (Cordia trichotona (Vell.) Arrab. Ex Steud.) were used given the importance
of the species production of hardwood. The objective was to determine the pattern of water uptake by seeds of the species
cited. Imbibition curves were obtained from four replicates of 25 fresh seeds collected in Marechal Cndido Rondon - PR,
Brazil. The soaking process was carried out in wet paper roll at 25oC in the dark. We obtained the mass of seeds with the
aid of a digital scale at time intervals of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 14, 20, 26, 50, 74 and 98 hours . We calculated the rate of
absorption as a function of time. Analysis was performed by a regression analysis, where non-linear models fitted to the
data. At first the seeds had higher imbibition rate followed by stabilization from 20 hours with Pau Marfim seeds and 50
hours with Louro Pardo seeds.We concluded that both tested species do not show tegument impermeability to water.
Keywords: Pau Marfim, Louro Pardo, soaked seed, seed coat permeability.
Acknowledgements: CAPES.
239. DESICCATION TOLERANCE OF Ocotea puberula Nees. SEEDS.

Schulz, D.G., 1Herzog, N.F.M., 1Abucarma, V.M., 1Igncio, V.L., 1Oro, P., 1Volkweis, C., 2Bandeira, K.B.,
Malavasi, M.M., 3Malavasi, U.C. 1Programa de ps-graduao em Agronomia da Universidade Estadual do Oeste
do Paran (UNIOESTE), Marechal Cndido Rondon/PR, Brazil, deisi_gs@hotmail.com. 2Graduanda em Agronomia
(UNIOESTE), 3Professor Dr. da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paran (UNIOESTE), Marechal Cndido
Rondon/PR, Brazil.
1
3
This study aimed to evaluate the degree of desiccation tolerance in seeds of Ocotea puberula Nees. The seeds of O.
puberula Nees were collected manually from four adult trees located in Marechal Cndido Rondon/PR. In the laboratory
seeds were shelled and oven dried at 40 2 C for 0, 2 and 4 hours. Then, the moisture content was determined by drying
at 105 C for 24 hours. Germination was tested using germiteste paper rolls moistened with a water amount 2.5x the weight
of the paper, which were placed in germination chamber at 25 C with a photoperiod of 12 hours. The statistical design was
a completely randomized design with three treatments (drying levels) and four replicates of 25 seeds per treatment. Data
were subjected to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey test (p< 0.05) using the statistical software SISVAR.
The cinnamon-guaic seeds showed a moisture content of 59%, 23% and 13%, and final germination percentage of 64%,
47% and 36% when dried for 0, 2 and 4 hours, respectively. The level of seed desiccation at 40 C did not influence
significantly the percentage, speed and average speed of germination of Ocotea puberula Nees seeds.
Keywords: drying cinnamon-guaic, degree of moisture, recalcitrant seeds.
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240. A STANDARDIZED TETRAZOLIUMTEST IN SEEDS OF Nectandra lanceolata Nees.

Abucarma, V.M., 1Schulz, D.G., 1Igncio, V.L., 1Herzog, N.F.M., 2Malavasi, M.M., 2Malavasi, U.C. 1Programa
de ps graduao em Agronomia da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paran (UNIOESTE), Marechal Cndido
Rondon -PR, Brazil, vmabucarma@hotmail.com, 2Professor doutor da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paran
(UNIOESTE), Marechal Cndido Rondon -PR, Brazil.
1
This study aimed to standardize the best cut of the seeds and concentration for the visualization of tetrazolium staining and
viability of seeds of Nectandra lanceolata Nees. Initially, seeds were soaked for periods of 8, 12 and 24 hours. Afterwards,
seeds were subjected to three types of cuts (longitudinal, transverse and longitudinal bisection) and immersed in 2, 3, 5
triphenyl tetrazolium chloride at concentrations of 0.01%, 0.05% and 0.1% remaining in the dark at a temperature of 40 C
for 4 h. To verify the reliability of the results through the tetrazolium test, a germination test wasperformed, conducted on
paper soaked in germitest at a ratio of 2.5 times the weight of the paper. The seeds were placed in a germination chamber
at 25 C with a photoperiod of 12 h light.The seeds of yellow-cinnamon showed moisture content of 34.3% and thousandseed weight of 112 g. The soaking of seeds of N. lanceolata Nees for 24 h in the longitudinal and longitudinal bisection and
soaking at 0.05% tetrazolium solution for 4 h provided suitable conditions for seed staining, which allowed the evaluation
and interpretation of viability by visualization of structures and damage to the seed. Seed viability of N. lanceolata Nees,
was assessed at 56% by the tetrazolium test, confirmed by the germination test.
Keywords: tree seeds, viability, cinnamon-yellow
241. ROOT ABNORMALITIES IN SEEDLINGS OF BRAZILIAN FORESTRY SPECIES.

Rehbein, L. S., 1Anastcio, M. R., 2Salomo, A. N., 1Santana, D. G., 3Wielewicki, A. P. 1Universidade Federal de
Uberlndia (UFU), Uberlndia-MG, Brazil, 2Centro Nacional de Recursos Genticos (CENARGEN/EMBRAPA),
Braslia-DF, Brazil, antoniet@cenargen.embrapa.br, 3Ministrio da Agricultura, Pecuria e Abastecimento
(LANAGRO/LASO), Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil.
1
An extensive study involving several laboratories is now in progress to establish the first rules for seed analysis for
Brazilian forest tree species. Seeds of 38 native species have been tested through standard germination tests and the
seedlings morphology has been scored. The most common types of abnormalities observed in the seedling primary root
were short wiry root, bifurcated root, atrophied root and folded root. These abnormalities apparently have no correlation
with the physiological quality of the seed lots tested. The species whose seedlings exhibited abnormalities were: 1. Short
wiry root in Aspidosperma macrocarpon, Cassia leptophylla, Ceiba pentandra, Cedrela fissilis, Cybistax antisiphilitica,
Dalbergia nigra, Genipa Americana, Guazuma ulmifolia, Hymenaea stignocarpa, Parkia multijuga, Parkia pendula,
Tabebuia roseo-alba; 2. Bifurcated root in Aspidosperma macrocarpon, Cariniana estrellensis, Cedrela odorata, Cybistax
anthisyphlitica, Dalbergia miscolobium, Hymeneae courbaril, Ormosia arborea, Peltogyne confertiflora, Tabebuia roseaalba; 3. Atrophied root in Apuleia leiocarpa, Aspidosperma macrocarpon, Aspidosperma polyneuron, Dimorphandra
mollis, Magonia pubescens, Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Senna macranthera, Guazuma ulmifolia, Lafoensia pacari,
Pseudobombax tomentosum, Acacia polyphylla, Anadenanthera macrocarpa, Bowdichia virgilioides, Machaerium
vilosum, Citharexylum myrianthum, Parapitadenia rgida, Plathymenia reticulata, Peltogyne nitens, Terminalia argentea;
4. Folded root in Acacia polyphylla, Cariniana legalis, Cedrela fissilis, Cedrela odorata, Ceiba pentandra, Citharexylum
myrianthum, Dalbergia miscolobium, Parkia pendula, Tabebuia chrysotricha, Tabebuia roseo-alba.
Keywords: Seedling morphology, Woody species, Primary root, Physiological quality.
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242. ABNORMALITIES IN SEEDLINGS OF Dimorphandra mollis Benth. (FABACEAE - CAESALPINIOIDEAE)

CAUSED BY METHODS OF OVERCOMING DORMANCY.
Pereira, V. J., 1Lobo, G. A. 1Brando, N. A. L., 1Soares, D. C. P., 2Silva, A. C., 3Salomo, A. N., 1Universidade
Federal de Uberlndia (UFU), Uberlndia-MG, Brazil, vanderley_vamceres@yahoo.com.br, 2 Universidade
Luterana do Brasil (ILES/ULBRA), Itumbiara-GO, Brazil, 3Centro Nacional de Recursos Genticos (CENARGEN/
EMBRAPA), Braslia-DF, Brazil.
1
Information on dormancy overcoming and seed germination of Dimorphandra mollis Benth (native of the Brazilian
cerrado), is widely described in literature as cutting, chemical and mechanical scarification and immersion in hot water.
However, in most articles, evaluation is restricted to the seedling root protrusion, which is insufficient criterion to estimate
the germination potential of a seed lot, according to the official rules for seed testing. Therefore, the present study aimed
to characterize normal and abnormal seedlings of D. mollis from seeds subjected to the dormancy breaking methods
described in literature. The seeds were collected in cerrado areas in the states of Minas Gerais and So Paulo, Brazil, in
2009 and 2010. The experimental design was of randomized blocks, with eight replications of 25 seeds and 12 treatments
of combination methods to overcome dormancy (cutting, mechanical scarification and immersion in hot water) and
disinfestation of the seeds with sodium hypochlorite and / or detergent. The seeding was done under germination paper,
under continuous fluorescent white light at 25 C with seedling counting on the 16th and 21st day after sowing. The normal
seedlings of D. mollis had cotyledons with or without the sprouting of primary leaves, elongated hypocotyls, chlorophyll,
thickened or not and a developed root system or secondary roots. The main abnormalities were cracking and bifurcation
of the hypocotyl-radicle axis and absence or underdevelopment of the root. The highest percentage of abnormal infected
seedlings was due to scarification, and the only treatment that resulted in hard seeds was the immersion in hot water at 70
or 95 C. The cutting in the middle third ruptured the seed coat laterally, preventing the shoot and root system to break
away, causing detachment of the cotyledons, hypocotyls breaks and cracks and poorly developed roots. When proposing
methods to overcome dormancy of D. mollis, one should take into account the anomalies of the seedlings arising from
them, so as not to erroneously estimate the seed germination potential of the species.
Keywords: Faveiro, Germination, Seedling morphology.
243. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON SEED GERMINATION OF Caesalpinia leiostachya (Benth.) Ducke.

Oliveira, A. J. F.; Oliveira, D.V.; Matos, J.M.M.; Martins, R.C.C.; Araujo, D. R. C.; Martins, I.S.; Ramos,
K.M.O.; Amaral, L.G.C. Universidade de Braslia (UnB), Faculdade de Tecnologia - Departamento de Engenharia
Florestal/Laboratrio de Tecnologia de Sementes Florestais. danielavasconcelos_df@hotmail.com
The Caesalpinia leiostachya (Benth.) Ducke, popularly known as Pau-Ferro, belongs to the Caesalpiniaceae family, is a
fast-growing species and is recommended for mixed reforestation on the restoration of degraded areas. Native forests of
slopes, in the Atlantic Forest are widely distributed geographically, occurring from Piau, west-central states, extending to
So Paulo. The aim of this study was to evaluate other forms of breaking tegumentary dormancy of seeds of C. leiostachya,
linking them to germination at different temperatures. Seeds of C. leiostachya were harvested from twenty matrixes
planted in the urban area of Braslia and at the Universidade de Braslia campus, Distrito Federal. The processing of the
seeds and seed germination tests were conducted at the Seed Technology Laboratory, Department of Forest Engineering,
Faculty of Technology, Universidade de Brasilia. Two treatments were studied: I) constant temperature of 25 C and
II) alternating temperatures ranging from 20 C to 30 C. The seeds were placed in Petri dishes, having filter paper as
substrate. Three replicates of 10 seeds from each individual collected were adopted. The botanical criterion for verification
of seed germination was used. For comparison of treatments, was proceeded the analysis of variance applied to data of
germination percentage followed by the Tukey test at 5% probability. It was found that the constant temperature is most
appropriate for conducting studies of germination in this species.
Keywords: germination, temperature and seeds.
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244. VIABILITY STUDY OF Enterolobium gummiferum (Mart.) Macb. SEEDS DISPERSED BY Tapirus
terrestris.
Mota, E. D. H.; Vilalobos, M. P.; Franoso, R. D.; Matos, J.M.M.; Martins, R.C.C.; Araujo, D. R. C.;
Oliveira, D.V.; Carmona, R. Universidade de Braslia (UnB), Faculdade de Tecnologia - Departamento de
Engenharia Florestal/Laboratrio de Tecnologia de Sementes Florestais. danielavasconcelos_df@hotmail.com
Usually, a relationship between reproductive strategies of plants and animal feeding is expected. Seasonal variations are
not exclusive determinants of the reproductive process of woody plants of the cerrado, and part of phenological strategies
displayed may be determined by ecological interactions. This study aims to determine the seed germination potential of
Enterolobium gummiferum (Mart.) Macbr (orelha-de-macaco) after passing the digestive tract of Tapirus terrestris (tapir).
Seeds were harvested from two matrixes of E. gummiferum, which after processing were divided into two parts: I) sample
of seeds that were offered as a supplement to the two individuals of Tapirus terrestris (tapir) living in the premises of
the Braslia-DF Zoo, collected after passage through the digestive tract of animals, and II) sample of seeds studied in the
laboratory. The second sample was subdivided into two treatments: a) seeds without scarification (control), and b) seeds
with a cut on the seed coat. The seed samples were separated into four replicates of 50 seeds and were placed in gerbox
containers containing sand as substrate, in constant temperature chamber calibrated to 25 C. The data were evaluated by
analysis of variance followed by Tukey test at 5% significance level. There was no statistical difference between treatments.
The digestive tract of Tapirus terrestris neither favored nor statistically reduced the seed germination of Enterolobium
gummiferum, but germination averages and percentages were numerically higher than on the control sample. It was also
observed that the digestive tract of Tapirus terrestris did not reduce the viability of the seeds of Enterolobium gummiferum.
The Tapirus terrestris was considered a potential disperser of Enterolobium gummiferum for they dont prey on the seeds
and their digestive tract chemically scarifies the seeds of this tree species.
Keywords: seeds, seed dispersal, dormancy and viability
Thanks: Braslia Zoo, UnB and other collaborators in this research.
245. ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF SEED COAT OF Sideroxylon obtusifolium (ROEM. & SCHULT) TD PENN.
Azevedo, C. F., 1Bruno, R. L. A., 1Silva, K. R. G., 1Alves, E. U., 1Braga Jnior, J. M., 1Quirino, Z. G., 1Bezerra,
A. K. 1Universidade Federal da Paraba (UFPB), Areia-PB, Brazil, riselane@pq.cnpq.br
1
The objective of this research was to describe the anatomical organization of the seed coat of Sideroxylon obtusifolium
(Roem. & Schult) TD Penn. Seeds of S. obtusifolium were collected in Soledade city - Paraba (Brazil) and allowed to soak
in distilled water for about three hours. Later, was removed a small portion of the seed coat in the anti-raphe region, which
was sectioned freehand with a cutting blade, using imbaba petiole as support. This material was stained with safranin
and mounted on glass sheets semi-permanent with glycerine for observation under optical microscope. The seed coat of S.
obtusifolium, with about 25um thickness, is mesotestal with uniseriate epidermis outer (2,1um) covered by a thin cuticle.
Subsequently, the mesotesta is formed by 8-10 layers of sclereids cubic partially, of secondary cell walls thickened and
lignified, with about 1,8um in thickness. Occurs internally a cuticle layer dense and uniform and the middle stratum and
vascular bundles disorganized S. obtusifolium seeds have certain anatomical features that help control the water entering in
seed, indicating that dormancy, mechanism in this species, is aided by physical barriers of the integument.
Keywords: Quixabeira, Dormancy, Cell wall, Cuticle
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246. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF OATS ON GERMINATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LETTUCE.

Santos, E.L., 1Trs, S.P., 1Viecelli, C.A. 1Faculdade Assis Gurgacz (FAG), Cascavel-PR, Brasil. esmael@
fapeagro.org.br
1
Aiming to verify the allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of oat (Avena sp.), we held in vitro tests with seed of lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L. var. Grand Rapids), a bioindicator of chemical compounds. The extracts were obtained by grinding the
whole plant with water and diluted to concentrations of 5, 10, 15 and 20% by adding 10 mL in petri dishes containing the
seeds. The control contained only distilled water. The experiment was conducted in a germination chamber with 25 C
and a photoperiod of 12 hours light. After five days we assessed the percentage of germination, shoot and root growth of
lettuce. Each treatment had four replicates of 25 seeds each, and data were analyzed by ANAVA and Tukey mean by using
the program SISVAR. The results indicate a reduction in the germination of lettuce seeds only at the highest concentration
when compared to control. Shoot growth was enhanced at concentrations of 15 and 20%, and root development at the
concentration of 5% did not differ from control, but the other concentrations reduced the size significantly. Thus, it is
recommended to explore 5% concentration, because it stimulated the development of the shoot and did not interfere with
germination and root system.
Keywords: Avena sp., Lactuca sativa L., allelopathy, green manure.
Acknowledgements: Faculdade Assis Gurgacz
247. INTERFERENCE OF RADISH ON THE INITIAL DEVELOPMENT OF LETTUCE.

Trs, S.P.; 1Viecelli, C.A.; 1Santos, E.L. 1Faculdade Assis Gurgacz (FAG), Cascavel-PR, Brasil.
smarapatrycia@hotmail.com
1
E-mail:
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) has been employed in the South and Midwest regions of Brazil as material for green manure
and cover crop in conservation tillage systems, such as tillage and minimum tillage. This study aimed to demonstrate the
possible interference of radish on germination and early development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). The extracts were
obtained by grinding the whole plant with water and diluted to concentrations of 5, 10, 15 and 20% by adding 10 mL in petri
dishes containing the seeds. The control contained only distilled water. The experiment was conducted in a germination
chamber with 25 C and a photoperiod of 12 hours light. After five days we assessed the percentage of germination, shoot
and root growth of lettuce. Each treatment had four replicates of 25 seeds each, and data were analyzed by ANOVA and
Tukey mean by using the program SISVAR. The results indicated reduced germination at a concentration of 20%, noninterference in other treatments compared to control. The aerial part of lettuce was stimulated at concentrations of 5% and
20% when compared with other solutions and control, while root development was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner.
For this purpose it is necessary to further study the field to provide recommendations to the field.Ouvir
Keywords: Lactuca sativa L., Raphanus sativus L., allelopathy, green manure.
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248. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECT OF WHITE LUPINE ON LETTUCE.

Trs, S.P., 1Viecelli, C.A.,
samarapatrycia@hotmail.com
1
Santos, E.L.
Faculdade Assis Gurgacz (FAG), Cascavel-PR, Brasil.
The white lupine (Lupinus albus L.) is a legume that adapts to various climatic conditions and provides improvements
in soil physical attributes of the culture that justifies the exploration as a green manure. This study aimed to investigate a
possible allelopathic effect in vitro of white lupine on germination and early development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), a
bioindicator of possible interference. The extracts were obtained by grinding with water throughout the plant and diluted
to concentrations of 5, 10, 15 and 20%, adding in the petri dishes containing the seeds. The control contained only distilled
water. The experiment was conducted in a germination chamber with 25 C and a photoperiod of 12 hours light. After five
days we assessed the percentage of germination, shoot and root growth of lettuce. Each treatment had four replicates of
25 seeds each, and data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey mean by using the program SISVAR. The results indicate
reduction in germination and root development, without interference in shoot growth. Considering these results and that
routine laboratory tests were effective in demonstrating the allelopathic effect of white lupine, it is recommended to know
the potential effects on the germination and development in culture that will be established after the green manure arising
from this plant.
Keywords: Lupinus albus L., Lactuca sativa L., allelopathy, green manure.
249. ALLELOPATHIC POTENTIAL OF PEA ON THE GERMINATION AND INITIAL GROWTH OF LETTUCE.
Viecelli, C.A., 1Trs, S.P., 1Santos, E.L. 1Faculdade Assis Gurgacz (FAG), Cascavel-PR, Brasil. clair@fag.edu.br
Pea (Pisum sativum L.) has proven effective in no-tillage agro-ecological balance in the aggregation and improving soil
characteristics. Aiming to check the possible effect of field pea on the germination and development of lettuce (Lactuca
sativa L.), bioassays were performed from the aqueous extract of ground whole plant, harvested fresh at concentrations of
5, 10, 15 and 20% by adding 10 mL in petri dishes containing the seeds. The control contained only distilled water. The
experiment was conducted in a germination chamber with 25 C and a photoperiod of 12 hours light. After five days we
assessed the percentage of germination, shoot and root growth of lettuce. Each treatment had four replicates of 25 seeds
each, and data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey mean by using the program SISVAR. Based on the analysis it was
observed that germination was not affected at 5% concentration when compared to control. However as we increased the
concentration germination decreased significantly. In the development of shoots no significant differences were observed,
however root development was reduced. Considering these results we can say that at first the allelopathic effect of pea
interfere with crop establishment, but it is worth emphasizing field studies to verify that the nutritional effects added to the
soil enables the reduction of the stand will successor cultivation.
Keywords: Pisum sativum L., Lactuca sativa L., allelopathy, green manure.
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250. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY ANALYSIS OF TUBULIN ACCUMULATION IN GERMINATING

Amburana cearensis (Fr. All.) A. C. Smith SEEDS.
Teles, C. A. S., Vasconcelos, P. C. T., Brito, C. D., Castro, R. D., Fernandez, L. G., Loureiro, M. B.
(Lab. Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioproducts, Biofunction Department, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal
University of Bahia, Brazil. - ICS/UFBA, cllari@gmail.com)
Amburana cearensis is an endemic Brazilian species with important medicinal and economic applications. For this
reason studies that involve the description of the biochemical, physiological, cellular and molecular mechanisms are
extremely important as it provides the basis for developing proper strategies towards its sustainable utilization as well as
in situ and ex situ conservation. Some studies have shown that during seed imbibition cell expansion occurs but mitosis
appears only after radicle protrusion and early seedling growth. Thus, germination depends of cell growth requiring the
accumulation and polymerization of tubulin subunits into complex microtubular cytoskeleton organization. Given the
above, the objectives of the present study consisted of the immunocytochemical analysis to visualize the microtubular
cytoskeleton organization and evaluate -tubulin accumulation in seeds of A. cearensis during imbibition and germination.
The microtubular cytoskeleton was visualized under a fluorescence microscope, while the accumulation of -tubulin was
analyzed by western blotting. The results corroborates previous reports on other species in which tubulin and microtubular
cytoskeleton accumulates by means of specific spatial and configurational organization in the embryo radicles of imbibing
and germinating seeds, which are correlated to different cell cycle phases. The elongation of the embryo occurred
exclusively by cell expansion, whereas cell divisions occurred only after radicle protrusion. The -tubulin levels were
detected from dry seeds, presenting small increase after 24 hours remaining constant until the 48 hours. From 72 hours
a fast increase oh the -tubulin levels was observed until the germination. The accumulation of tubulin and microtubular
cytoskeleton is confirmed as a prerequisite for germination also in A. cearensis as well as markers to follow imbibition and
reactivation of the growth and developmental processes during germination.
Keywords: tubulin, cytoskeleton, mitosis,germination .
Acknowledgements: CNPq, RENORBIO, BNB, UFBA
251. SEEDLING MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF FOUR BRAZILIAN WOODY SPECIES.

Lobo, G. A., 1Anastcio, M. R., 1Pereira, V. J., 1Rehbein, L. S., 2Salomo, A. N., 3Wielewicki, A. P., 1Brando, N.
A. L. 1Universidade Federal de Uberlndia (UFU), Uberlndia-MG, Brazil, gabi_alves_lobo@yahoo.com.br 2Centro
Nacional de Recursos Genticos (CENARGEN/EMBRAPA), Braslia-DF, Brazil, 3 Ministrio da Agricultura,
Pecuria e Abastecimento (LANAGRO/LASO), Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil.
1
Biological, ecological and agronomic aspects should be considered in the germination testing of seeds of woody species,
since the criterion of radicle protrusion is inadequate. Therefore, the main objectives of this study were the classification
and morphological characterization of seedlings of four woody species in Brazil, aiming to subsidize the germination tests
for validation of methodologies. After reviewing literature on methods for testing seed germination of Guazuma ulmifolia
Lam. (Malvaceae), Ceiba speciosa (St.-Hill.) Ravenna (Malvaceae), Cybistax antisyphilitica (Mart.) Mart. (Bignoniaceae)
and Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil. (Lythraceae), blotting paper in gerbox was chosen as a substrate for the first species
and scroll type germitest for the others, all kept in BOD at 25 C. Normal Seedlings have showed photosynthetic
cotyledons, a developed primary root system and when absent, developed secondary roots. The main abnormalities found
in seedlings of G. ulmifolia were cotyledons with chlorosis, pigmented and thickened hypocotyl, thickening in the neck
region and infected main root, proving to be atrophied, thin and necrotic. For C. speciosa, seedlings with primary infection,
pigmented hypocotyl, atrophied primary root and brown coloring indicating infection were observed. Abnormalities in
C. antisyphilitica occurred mainly in the roots, with the main root thickened, atrophied, with pigmentation indicating
infection, besides infected secondary roots, cotyledons, hypocotyl and neck region. In L. pacari abnormalities occurred
mainly in the shoot, showing cotyledons with chlorosis, the hypocotyl and neck region with different texture and color
indicating infection and the main root atrophied and curled. The description of these particularities in the morphology of
seedlings is essential for Brazilian woody forest species to be included in the official rules for seed testing.
Keywords: Methodology validation, Seedling classification, Cotyledons, Primary root.
Acknowledgements: CNPq, CAPES, FAPEMIG.
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252. PHENOTYPIC AND GENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF AN F2: F3 MAPPING POPULATION OF

Sorghum bicolor FOR SEED DORMANCY.
Cantoro, R.1,2, Fernandez, L.3, Rodriguez, M. V.1, Gieco, J.4, Puebla, A.3, Paniego, N.3, Heinz, R.3, Benech
Arnold, R.1,2.1IFEVACONICET. Fac. de Agronomia, UBA. rcantoro@agro.uba.ar; 2Ctedra de Cultivos Industriales,
Facultad de Agronomia, UBA. Av. San Martin 4453. 3Instituto de Biotecnologia, CICVyA - INTA Castelar, Buenos
Aires. 4INTA Manfredi, Crdoba.
Understanding grain dormancy in cereals requires genetic studies that allow the identification of genomic regions related
with the regulation of this process. This will confirm the role of candidate genes that have been proposed for seed dormancy,
and to identify new regulatory elements involved in dormancy expression. In this way, the aim of this work is to perform
a phenotypic and genotypic characterization of a F2: F3 mapping population of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, whose
parental lines are IS 9530 (high dormancy) and Redland B2 (low dormancy) to detect QTL associated with seed dormancy.
Genotyping is being done in 200 F2 plants using polymorphic microsatellites.. At the moment, more than 50 SSRs have
been evaluated by PCR and size determination was made with capillary electrophoresis in ABI 3130-Applied Biosystems.
Phenotyping has been done over 200 F3 families (3 blocks and triplicates), in INTA Manfredi (Cba) experimental field, by
calculating germination index (GI). GI obtained for the F3 families has shown a continuum variance within a rank of values
between 0 and 100 (120 is the maximum value for GI). Once genotyping is complete, a genetic map will be constructed
for this population and QTL analysis will be done. Identified QTLs will provide the genetic proof necessary to identify
candidate genes roles proposed for seed dormancy in grain sorghum and will open the possibility to identify new regulatory
components in this system.
Keywords: dormancy, phenotyping, genotyping, sorghum.
Acknowledgements: CONICET, FAUBA, ANPCyT.
253. PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF SWEET CORN SEEDS TREATED WITH GIBBERELLIC ACID.
Canedo Rivera, A. A., 1Von Pinho, R. G., 1Carvalho, M. L. M. de, 1Guimares, R. M. 1University Federal of
Lavras (UFLA) - Department of Agriculture (DAG) Lavras-MG, Brazil, arielcanedo@yahoo.es
1
The preservation of the physiological quality of seeds is essential for later use. This study aimed to evaluate the influence
of gibberellic acid on the physiological quality of stored sweet corn seeds. The experiment was conducted at the Seed
Testing Laboratory of the University Federal of Lavras / MG, between June/09 to March/10; the exercise used super sweet
cornseed from the cultivar SwB585 classified as flat seed. The seeds were placed in 0, 10 and 20 mg.L-1 GA3 solutions
and then were dried and packed in vacuum. The assessments were made by using the search Conduits Electrical Test and
Germination Test Register. Design of the experiment,used four replications in a factorial scheme (2x3x5), corresponding
to the two stages (-10 C refrigerated and dry chamber, -25 C-), at three doses GA3 five assessment periods (0, 60, 120,
180 and 240 days). Seeds in the refrigerated chamber stage had a higher germination, independent of the dose of gibberellic
acid. At 25 C seed germination decreased as the dose of GA3 increased, the test of electrical conduits, seeds with doses of
20 mg.L-1 showed better quality after 120 days, when evaluated at 180 days, the seeds in a solution of 10 mg.L-1 showed
better performance, to 240 days, was found better physiological quality with dose of 0 mg.L-1. Cold chamber dose of 20
mg.L-1 had a higher percentage of germination. When evaluated in that environment to the 240 days for electrical conduits
test, the seeds showed better physiological quality in dose of 0 mg.L-1.
Keywords: bio-regulators, storage, GA3, Zea mays
Acknowledgements: CAPES, UFLA
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254. IMMEDIATE EFFECT OF DRYING METHODS ON CRAMBE SEEDS QUALITY.

Oliva, A. C. E., 1Biaggioni, M. A., 1Teixeira, R. N., 1Rossi, R. F, Bordegato, N. C. Z., 1Riquetti, N. B., 1Cavariani,
C. 1Faculdade de Cincias Agronmicas UNESP, Botucatu SP, Brazil.
1
Crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochst) is a member of the Brassicaceae family. Its seeds have high oil contents and its
growth in Brazil aims to producebiodiesel. Crambe seeds production and commercializationbegan a few years ago. The
research in technologyproduction is essential to obtain high quality seeds. Among the factors that affect seed quality there
is thedrying process.Seed dryingperformed properly can reduce seed moisture contentfor storage without decrease in
its qualitative characteristics.The aim of this study was to evaluate the immediate effectof natural and artificial drying
methods (heated and unheated air) on crambe seeds quality. Theseeds were produced in Fazenda Lageado, Faculdade
de Cincias Agronmicas, UNESP, Botucatu / SP, on April 2009.Seeds were submitted to the following drying methods:
a)seed drying in the shade with natural ventilation; b) artificial drying method usingheated air; c) artificial drying method
using unheated air; d) drying on ceramic patio; e) drying on the mother plant. The seeds were evaluated immediately
afterdrying. The following tests were performed: seed moisture content; standard germination;first count of germination;
seedling emergence; emergence speed indexand electrical conductivity.The experimental designwas randomized blocks
and the data obtained was subjected to theanalysis of variance and means compared byTukey test at 5% probability. There
was no significant difference among drying treatmentsin relation to: germination rate, first count of germination,electrical
conductivity, seedling emergence and emergence speed index.The highest percentage of abnormal seedlingswas obtained
on treatment with heated air drying. The drying on the mother plant method showed the lower percentage of dead seeds.The
drying methods studied did not cause an immediate effecton crambe seeds quality, which showed highpercentage of
dormant seeds post harvest.
Keywords: oilseeds, dormancy, germination, crambe.
Acknowledgements: CAPES, FMS
255. X ray as a unique method to indicate seed viability in Acacia tortilis (Forssk.)
Hayne).
Al-Jabr1, A.M. and Al-Khateeb2, S. A. 1Plant Protection Dept and 2Crops and Range Dept., College of Agric.
and Food Sci.,King Faisal Univ., P.O. Box 420, Al-Hassa, 31982, Saudi Arabia, aaljbr@kfu.edu.sa,skhateeb@
kfu.edu.sa
The role of bruchid beetles infestation on seed germination of Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne) under different incubation
temperatures have been studied under controlled conditions. Results indicated that seed germination was highest(96%)
in scarified seeds at 25-35 C incubation temperature, whereas, it was only 28% in intact seeds. Seeds infected by bruchid
beetles with one or two holes did not germinate even under different incubation temperatures. X ray results of A. tortilis
seeds showed substantial consumption of endosperm and embryonic portions by the bruchid beetles resulting in one or
two holes in the infected seeds curtailing seed germination. A unique method of identifying seed viability of A. tortilis by
X-ray studies have been reported.
Keywords: Bruchid beetles, germination, scarification, Acacia tortilis, temparature.
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256. TREATMENTS FOR OVERCOMING SEED DORMANCY DELONIX REGIA. (Bojer ex hook.) RAF.
Campos, F. G.; Sorace, M. A. F., Camolese, A. C., Villela,T.T., Cossa, C.A. Osipe, R.; Lima, C.B.; Castro,
I.R.D. Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paran Campus Luiz Meneghel (UENP- CLM); Bandeirantes, PR,
Brazil, felipegttbio@hotmail.com
Fabaceae in the type of seed dormancy is more frequent due to the impermeability of the integument. The flamboyant
is exotic and ornamental specie, that has this type of dormancy, requiring techniques for overcoming them. This study
was conducted at UENP-CLM in september-october/2009, with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of methods for
breaking dormancy of seeds through seed germination. The seeds were from dried pods and closed, collected directly
from the tree. The seed treatments were: T 1 and 2 - sowing superficial and buried; T 3 and 4 - 12 h immersion in water,
room temperature, sowing superficial and buried; T 5 and 6 - immersion in water-12h, initial temperature of 80 C, sowing
superficial and buried; T 7 and 8 - immersion in water-12h, room temperature, scarification through excision in two
ends, sowing superficial and buried; T 9 and 10 - 12h-water immersion, initial temperature of 80 C, scarification by
excision of two ends, sowing superficial and buried. The plot was constituted by sowing five seeds per pot. The design
was completely randomized design with 10 treatments and 5 replicates and the averages compared by Tukey test at 5%.
The initial germination percentages ranged from 0 to 56%; T 7 and 10 treatments differed significantly from the others,
showing that scarification at the ends of the seed is essential to accelerate the imbibition and consequently germination.
The treatment of seeds with water at 80 C and the sowing superficial are secondary factors interfering in the process.
Keywords: Flamboyant, Impermeability, Germination
Acknowledgements: Fundao Araucria
257. ENZYME ACTIVITY OF ENDO--MANNANASE IN COFFEE SEEDS SUBJECTED TO DIFFERENT

TYPES OF PROCESSING AND MOISTURE LEVELS.
Rosa, S. D. V. F., 2Santos, G. C., 2Freire, A. I., 3Chaves, A. R. S. 3Santos, F. C. 1Embrapa, Braslia-DF, Brasil,
sttelaveiga@dag.ufla.br, 2Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras-MG, BraSil
1
Coffee seeds are sensitive to desiccation and display low longevity. Besides being a characteristic of the species, a
hypothesis is that during demucilaging and drying, the activation of enzymes linked to the germination metabolism can
occur, reducing desiccation tolerance and physiological quality. The identification of enzymes that are expressed during
these events can help in the understanding of the causes of the low desiccation tolerance and low storage capacity of the
seeds. Therefore, the objective of this work was to study the effect of different types of processing and moisture levels
on seed quality. Fruits of Coffea canephora Pierre were picked at the cherry stage of maturation and submitted to three
processing types: mechanical demucilaging, demucilaging by fermentation in water and seeds maintained in the fruits.
After processing, the seeds and fruits were dried in a forced-air oven at 35oC and samples were collected every 24 hours,
resulting in seeds with moisture levels decreasing from 58 to 12%. For each treatment electrophoresis of the endo-mannanase enzyme and the evaluation of the physiological quality of the seeds was conducted. We observed the activation
of endo--mannanase in seeds submitted to drying after the three processing types. Lower activity was observed in the
seeds submitted to mechanical demucilaging. The Coffea canephora Pierre seeds lose physiological quality as the moisture
level is reduced down to 12% and the deterioration of the seeds can be related to the activation of germination metabolism
enzymes.
Keywords: Coffea canephora Pierre, demucilaging, drying, germination.
Acknowledgements: Embrapa, CNPq, FAPEMIG.
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258. PHYSIOLOGYS GERMINATION OF SUGAR APPLE (Annona squamosa L.).

Moraes, J. C. R. de1, Lacerda, G. A.2 e Del Filho, N.1 (1Universidade Vale do Rio Verde, Trs Coraes, MG,
Brazil, 2Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil. E-mail: guilhermebiotecnologia@ig.com.br)
The seeds germination is a process that involves a coordinated expression of several genes that will support the resumption
of embryo growth, which is in a latent state so far. The present work was carried out using sugar apple seeds (Annona
squamosa L.) as a biological model, despite it presents meaningful amounts of starch and lipids, the main reserve substance
for most seeds, aiming to investigate the metabolic program throughout the germination process. The experiment was
carried in laboratory conditions, where the seeds were placed in a sandbox for germination. Samples were collected at
1st, 10th, 20th, 30th, 40th, 50th, and 60th day of imbibition. The starch, lipid and protein, the enzymatic activity of the
isoforms invertases, sucrose synthase (SUSY), alfa-amilase and isocitrate lyase amounts were analyzed. It was observed a
direct and proportional relationship among the activity of the alfa-amilase and the content of sugars reducers, which induce
the final result of the degradation process and hidrolise of the starch, to supply breathing substratum for the retaking of the
development of the embryo. The results achieved uphold the metabolic program throughout germination hypothesis, with
variations on the evaluated enzymes activities attached to the resumption of the embryo development.
Keywords: alfa-amilase, isocitrato lyase, SUSY, Native plants, Cerrado
Acknowledgements: UninCor, CAPES.
259. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF259 Jatropha curcas L. SEEDS FROM
DIFFERENT ACCESSIONS IN THE SEMIARID OF THE BAHIA STATE, BRAZIL.
Leal, L.E, 1Cerqueira, M.O. 2, Loureiro, M.B; 2Fernandez, L.G; 2De Castro, R.D. (1Universidade Estadual
de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana BA, Brasil, leilaneestevam@hotmail.com; 2Laboratrio de Bioqumica,
Biotecnologia e Bioprodutos; Universidade Federal da Bahia Instituto de Cincias da Sade, Salvador-BA,
Brazil).
1
Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae) has been highlighted due to its seeds oleaginous potential as feedstock for biofuel purposes. However, little is known about the biochemistry and physiology of Jatropha seeds as a result the crop field behavior
in the semiarid region of Bahia. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate the germination potential and quantify
total lipids in Jatropha seeds collected from seven different accessions in the Bahian semiarid. Germination tests were conducted using five replicates of twenty seeds per accession in completely randomized design. Lipid content was determined
by means of continuous hexane extraction in Soxhlet. The results show significant variation on germinability among the
different seed accessions, ranging from 37 to 93%. Similar variations were detected in respect to other variables such as
Meam Germination Time, Germination Rate, Uniformity and Germination Index. The content of total lipids ranged from
32 to 38% among the different accessions, but did not differ at 5% probability according to the Tukey Test. It might be
suggested that in similar edaphoclimatic conditions, the germination Jatropha seeds is very inconsistent, whereas the oil
content seems not to be much affected. Further studies are needed in order to clarify the reasons for such seeds profiles
resulting from Jatropha crops cultivates in the Bahian semiarid region.
Keywords: Physic nut, Oil, Germination.
Acknowledgements: FAPESP, PETROBRAS, CNPq, RENORBIO, UFBA
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Session 3
Seed and Seedling
Stress Tolerance
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260. PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY OF SEED DETERIORATION IN SAFFLOWER (Carthamus tinctorius)

Tavakkol, A. R., Zamani, A. Department of Agronomy & Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture & Natural
Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. tavakkol@ut.ac.ir
This study was conducted to determine the aging mechanism in safflower seed using natural aging (seed was stored
for 6 years under ambient condition) and accelerated aging treatments. Percentage of seed germination, mean time to
germination (MTG), seedling vigor index, some morphological traits including root and shoot length, root and shoot
dry weight and shoot/root dry weight ratio were measured. Also seed and embryo electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde
(MDA) content, catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities were measured for 6,
12 and 18 hours after imbibition. All measured traits decreased significantly with extended accelerated aging time.
Seed germination percentage declined to 64, 56 and 41% in 4, 8 and 12 days of accelerated aging, respectively. MTG
exhibited the highest value in natural aging. Antioxidant enzymes activities were decreased under both natural and
accelerated aging. APX exhibited the highest reduction in activity than other antioxidants enzymes. Electrolyte leakage
and MDA content of seed and embryo increased under extended accelerated aging time. Antioxidant enzyme activity
was positively and significantly correlated with seed germination percentage, seedling vigor index and morphological
traits and was negatively and significantly correlated with MDA content and electrolyte leakage. This correlation
showed that reduction in antioxidant enzyme activity resulted in lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage. The results
support the hypothesis that lipid peroxidation plays an important role in safflower seed deterioration under natural and
accelerated aging.
Keywords: Seed deterioration, Safflower, Lipid peroxidation, Antioxidant enzymes
We are grateful to the University of Tehran for financial support of this project.
261. THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS NANOMETALS ON SEED GERMINATION AND GROWTH PARAMETERS
OF SIX PLANTS ( Brassica napus, Lactuca sativa, Medicago sativa, Triticum aestivum, Phaseollus vulgaris
and Nigella sativa).
Tavakkol, A. R., Ramazani, F. Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture & Natural
Resources, University of Tehran, Iran. tavakkol@ut.ac.ir.
Growth of nanotechnology has caused many nanoparticles to come to our environment. The importance of being
immune against harms of these materials, has increased research on industrial nanoparticles to analyze their poisoning
effects. Using plants is a proper method to estimate indices to evaluate possible poisoning effects of nanoparticles
in the life cycle. This investigation was conducted to study the effects of nanometals on germination and growth
parameters of plants in solid media. Laboratory tests were performed using four nanometals (Zn, Zn-Cu, Ag and Ni)
and six species of plants, namely, rapeseed (Brassica napus), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), wheat
(Triticum aestivum), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and black cumin (Nigella sativa). Agar was used in the growth media
and each nanometal was added separately. Three concentrations (20, 40 and 80 ppm) of nanometals plus control in
three replications were used in this study. Twenty five seeds were put in each petri dish containing various nanometals.
Germination rate, root and shoot length were significantly affected by the treatments. Germination rate of alfalfa,
rapeseed, lettuce and wheat was decreased by Cu (40ppm), Cu (80ppm), Cu (20ppm) and Cu (20ppm), respectively.
However, this trait increased in bean with the highest value in Ni (80 ppm). Shoot length was increased in alfalfa using
40 ppm of Ni, and in rapeseed and bean by 20 ppm of Ni. In contrast, in lettuce, black cumin and wheat, shoot length
was reduced by Cu and Zn. A noticeable result of this research was the effect of 80 ppm of Cu on plants. It caused a
significantly reduction in root length of all plants and reduced shoot length in bean and rapeseed. It had a negative effect
on germination rate of rapeseed.
Keyword: nanometals, seed germination, rapeseed, lettuce, alfalfa, wheat, bean, black cumin.
Acknowledgement: University of Tehran, Iran
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262. THE STUDY NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT OF PARENT PLANT IN COMBINATION WITH SEED
PRIMING BY BIOFERTILIZERS IN TOWARD TO INCREASE OF SALINITY TOLERANCE IN WHEAT
CV. SAYAONZ AT GERMINATION PERIOD.
Fallahi, J., 2Rezvani-Moghaddam, P., 2Khajeh-Hosseini, M., 3Amiri, M.B.,4Aghhavani-Shajari, M.,
Yazdani-Biuki, R. ( 1Ph. D Student in Crop Ecology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. Agroecology86@
yahoo.com, 2Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. 3 Ph.
D Student in Agrocology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. 4M. Sc. Student in Agrocology, Ferdowsi
University of Mashhad, Iran.)
1
4
In order to determine the effect of priming under salinity stress condition on wheat seeds cv. Sayonz from plants were treated
with nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 55, 110, 165 N kg/ha) were obtained an experimental was conducted in 2009. Treatment
consist of 3 types Biofertilizers (Nitragine, Biophosphouros and distillated water) under four levels salinity condition (0,
-0.4, -0.8 and -1.2 MPa). The germination percentage, germination rate, radicle and plumule length, radicle and plumule
dry weights and radicle number per seedling was measured. Results indicated that priming with biofertilizer had a positive
effect on germination percentage, radicle number, radicle length and plumle length. The highest and lowest germination
percentage, radicle length and plumle length was obtained by Nitragine and hydropriming treatments respectively. Also
there were significant different between germination percentage by interaction seed priming and nitrogen fertilizer
treatments. Salinity levels and different rates of nitrogen on all germination factors had negative effect. The highest effects
of nitrogen rates on germination indexes related to 110 kg N/ha. Overall results showed that the biological fertilizer of
Nitragine and middle levels of nitrogen fertilizer (55 and 110 kg N/ha) improved the germination indexes of wheat.
Keywords: Biofertilizer, Germination, Stress tolerance, Wheat
263. EFFECTS OF SEED NOURISHED BY DIFFERENT LEVELS OF NITROGEN, DIFFERENT

BIOFERTILIZERS AND DROUGHT STRESS ON GERMINATION INDICES AND SEEDLING GROWTH
OF WHEAT (Triticum aestivum) CV. SAYONZ.
Fallahi, J.,2Rezvani-Moghaddam, P., 2Khajeh-Hosseini, M., 3Amiri, M.B., 4Yazdani-Biuki, R. (1 Ph. D Student
in Crop Ecology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. Agroecology86@yahoo.com, 2Department of Crop Science,
Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. 3 Ph. D Student in Agrocology, Ferdowsi University
of Mashhad, Iran. 4M. Sc. Student in Agrocology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.)
1
In order to study the effects of different levels of drought stress and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on the germination
indices of seeds harvested from wheat (Tritium aestivum) cv. Sayonz in the field treated with different levels of nitrogen,
in controlled conditions, a factorial layout based on completely randomized design with three replication, was conducted.
Treatments included the seeds that collected from field that received amount of 0, 120, 240 and 360 Kg/ha nitrogen
fertilizer, types of biofertilizer (nitragin, biophosphouros and control) and different levels of drought stress (0, -4, -8 and
-12 bar). The results showed that simple effects of levels of biofertilizers and levels of drought stress were significant on the
all germination characteristics of wheat, except for mean germination time, radicle length to plumule ratio and dry weights
of radicle to plumule ratio, while levels of nitrogen fertilizer only was significant on germination, germination rate and
germination index. The interaction effects had showed that the seeds harvested from nitrogen fertilizer at 240 Kg/ha and
drought stress 0 and -4 bar had the highest germination. Nitragin bifertilizer increased drought stress resistance compared
with control, so that the stress level -4 bar reducing germination for seeds treated with biospher and non-inoculated, than
plants treated with nitrajin, were 40 and 79%, respectively. Effects of three nitrogen fertilizer, biofertilizer and levels of
drought stress were not significant on the characteristics measured.
Keywords: Biophosphouros, Germination, Nitragin
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264. EFFECTS OF APPLYING VARIOUS LEVELS OF NITROGEN ON MOTHER PLANTS ON THE

RESISTANCE TO SALINITY STRESS IN ACHIEVED SEEDS IN TRITICUM AESTIVUM L. CV.
GASKOJEN AT GERMINATION PERIOD.
Fallahi, J., 2Khajeh-Hosseini, M., 2Rezvani-Moghaddam, P. (1Ph.D Student in Agroecology, Ferdowsi University
of Mashhad, Iran. Agroecology86@yahoo.com, 2Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi
University of Mashhad, Iran)
1
In order to investigate the effects of nitrogen rates that applied on mother plants, on the germination and early seedling
growth of produced seeds of wheat vc. Gascogen in the salinity stress, both field and laboratory experiments were carried
out. Field experiment was conducted at Complete Randomized Block Design with four replicates and four levels of 0,
120, 240 and 360 kg/ha urea. Experimental design at laboratory was two factors factorial (45) arranged in a Completely
Randomized Design with 4 replicates of 25 seeds. First factor consists levels of salinity (0, 121.5, 243, 364.5 and 486
mMolal NaCl that gives 0, -0.4, -0.8, -1.2, -1.6 MPa water potential respectively) and the second one levels of nitrogen on
mother plants. Germination rate, germination percentages, root and shoot length and dry weight, root number and abnormal
seedlings were studied. Significantly effect of salinity stress and nitrogen was observed. Salinity reduced significantly
percentage and rate of germination, root and shoot length and dry weights. The effect of nitrogen rates on the germination
characteristics in salinity was negative, to some extent. Interaction results showed that, the effects of nitrogen rates at low
salinity levels was positive or ineffective, while at high levels of salinity the seeds produced at high nitrogen levels on the
mother plants were more sensitive to salinity stress.
Keywords: Germination, Nitrogen, Salinity, Wheat.
265. STRUCTURAL EFFECTS OF STORAGE IN GERMINATED SEEDS OF Sesbania virgata (CAV.) PERS.
Costa, M.C.D., 1Tonetti, O.A.O., 1Silva-Jnior, J.M., 1Faria, J.M.R. (1Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA),
Lavras-MG, Brazil, macecilia@ymail.com)
1
Germinated seeds of Sesbania virgata (Fabaceae) with 1 mm long protruded radicles were able to resume growth
and develop into normal seedlings (91%), after being dried and rehydrated. However, when dried, stored for 90 days
at 5 oC and rehydrated, the survival rate dropped to 75%. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of storage
of germinated seeds on the ultrastructure of radicle cells in germinated seeds dried and stored for 90 days, and in
fresh (non-stored) germinated seeds. In both treatments only germinated seeds with 1 mm long protruded radicles
were used. The analyses were done through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) in four to six excised radicles per
treatment. In both treatments it was possible to observe multifaceted cells from the starchy parenchyma, with periclinal
diameter greater than the anticlinal, thin primary wall, without intercellular spaces. The general aspect of the cells of
the non-stored radicles was not different from the stored ones, which means that the ultrastructural characteristics were
conserved, with no ruptures or cytoplasmic leakage. Thus, the difference in the survival rates following rehydration of
stored and non-stored seeds cannot be explained by some ultrastructural damage.
Keywords: SEM, desiccation tolerance, radicle ultrastructure
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266. RESPONSE OF SEED LONGEVITY TO MOISTURE CONTENT AND TEMPERATURE IN CANOLA

(Brassica napus).
Alivand, R, Tavakkol Afshari, R, Sharifzadeh, F. Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of
Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. tavakkol@ut.ac.ir
The original condition of a product is probably the most important factor affecting its storage. Loss of viability of
stored seeds often hampers canola production. Exposure to warm, moist air is principally responsible for this. To arrest
seed deterioration in storage, therefore, dry-cold conditioned storage is recommended, which is, however, expensive.
In this study, one commercial canola cultivar (Okapi) was used. No previous warehouse storage was done for the seed
lots before acquisition. The seeds with different moisture content (5, 9, 13, 17%) were stored for one month in 0.5 L
capacity sealed aluminum foil packet inside incubators set at five temperatures (5, 15, 25, 35, 45 C). Germination test
was conducted at 20 C for each treatment. Also an electrical conductivity test was done for treatments using 50 seeds
in three replications. Germination of this canola cultivar decreased over the storage temperatures. The higher the storage
temperature, the lower was the physiological quality of the seeds. Higher seed moisture caused faster deterioration
at high temperature. A seed moisture content of 17% at 45 C resulted in no germination. Using same temperatures
with 5% moisture content resulted in only 8% reduction in germination percentage. The results of this study indicate
that at high temperatures, lower moisture content reduced electrical conductivity, which means the degree of cellular
membrane damage was low. At 45 C, reducing moisture content from 17% to 5% improved seed physiological quality
by 63%. There was a good and positive correlation between seed germination and electrical conductivity results. The
best storage treatment was 5% seed moisture content at 5 C.
Keywords: Canola, Moisture content, Seed longevity, Temperature
267. ORGANIC SEED PRODUCTION IN SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus) UNDER BIOFERTILIZER

TREATMENTS.
Tavakkol Afshari1, R., Eisazadeh1, R., Hassanzadeh2, A. 1Department of Agronomy & Plant Breeding, College
of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran. Karaj, Iran. 2Research Station, Ministry of Agriculture,
Urmia, Iran. tavakkol@ut.ac.ir
A two-year field study (2008 and 2009) was conducted to evaluate sunflower organic seed production under biofertilizer
treatment. Fertilizer treatments consisted of A) nitroxin, B) phosphate biofertilizer-2, C) thiobacillus, D) chicken fertilizer,
E) nitroxin + chicken fertilizer, F) phosphate biofertilizer-2 + chicken fertilizer, G) thiobacillus + chicken fertilizer,
H) nitroxin + phosphate biofertilizer-2 + chicken fertilizer, I) nitroxin + thiobacillus + chicken fertilizer, K) phosphate
biofertilizer-2 + thiobacillus + chicken fertilizer, L) nitroxin + thiobacillus + phosphate biofertilizer-2, M) Nitroxin +
phosphate biofertilizer-2 + thiobacillus + chicken fertilizer, N) chemical fertilizer, and O) control. Seedling emergence,
time to flowering, stem height, economical performance, biological performance and harvest index were evaluated. In the
second part, produced seeds under aforementioned treatments were evaluated under simulated stress conditions (salinity
and cold stress) in the laboratory. The results showed that all measured traits were influenced by biological fertilizers. A
number of biofertilizer treatments had better effects on seedling establishment and economical performance. For example,
M treatment resulted in higher seedling emergence in both years. In laboratory tests, produced seeds under biofertilizer
treatments had high rate of germination under stress conditions. These results showed that biofertilizers are good alternatives
for sunflower seed production in thewestern part of Iran.
Keywords: Sunflower, Biofertilizers, Germination, Cold stress, Salt sress
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268. EVALUATION OF TRIACONTANOL TREATMENT ON GERMINATION CHARACTERISTICS OF

WHEAT IN SALINE CONDITIONS.
Radpour, S. 2Sadrabadi Haghighi, R., 3Shariatmadari, M. H. 1Master Student of Seed Science and Technology,
Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, saeed.radpour@gmail.com, 2Associate Professor, Agronomy and Plant
Breeding Department, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch,3Master Student of Agronomy-University of
Brijand.
1
In order to study the effect of priming with triacontanol on seed germination characteristics in salinity condition, an
experiment was laid out according to completely randomized design with four replications. The experiment was based
on two factors of which the first included priming at five levels consisting of control (non-primed), hydro-primed and
triacontanol at 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 concentration, and second including salinity at six levels (0, -0.3, -0.5, -0.7, -0.9, -1.2 MPa)
were applied. Results showed that hydro priming and triacontanol caused promotion of germination characteristics. The
highest seed germination was observed in 0.1 and 0.3 concentration of triacontanol. Salinity reduced the germination
percentage, germination rate, root length, shoot length and fresh weight of the seedlings. In -0.7, -0.9 and -1.2 levels of
salinity, all priming treatments increased germination percentage. Also in 0 and -0.3 levels of salinity, and 0.1 and 0.3
levels of triacontanol increased germination rate.
Keywords:priming,hydro priming,germination percentage, germination rate.
269. EFFECTS OF SALICYLIC ACID AND ASCORBIC ACID ON Agropyron elongatum SEED GERMINATION
AND SEEDLING GROWTH UNDER DROUGHT AND SALT STRESS.
Yadollahi Nooshabadi, S.J., Sharif_Zadeh, F., Tavakkol Afshari, R. Department of Agronomy & Plant Breeding,
College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj,Iran. tavakkol@ut.ac.ir.
Seed priming improves germination characteristics and results in better seed performance under stress conditions. In order
to evaluate the effects of ascorbic acid (AsA) and salicylic acid (SA) pretreatments on enhancement of seed germination
of Agropyron elongatom an experiment was conducted at the Seed Lab, University of Tehran in 2010. The experimental
design was factorial based on a completely randomized design with four replications. Seeds were primed for 12 and 24
hours at two temperatures (10 and 20 C) with AsA (25, 50 and 100 ppm) and SA (25, 50 and 100 ppm). Drought and
salt stress were induced by PEG 6000 (-1.2 and -1.4 MPa) and NaCl (-10 and -12 ds m-1), respectively. All seed priming
treatments resulted in a higher germination percentage and germination rate under drought and salt stress. However,
priming for 24 hours in 25 and 50 ppm AsA and SA were the best treatments. Seedling height and seedling dry matter
also increased in response to AsA. The beneficial effects of AsA and SA could be used for improving seed germination
performance under drought and salt stress.
Keywords: Seed priming, Ascorbic Acid, Salicylic Acid, Drought stress, Salt stress.
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270. Cytochemical evaluation during the germination of artificial aged and primed
sorghum seeds under salinity.
Oliveira, A. B., 2Gomes-Filho, E., 2Alencar, N. L. M., 2Gallo, M. I. (1Universidade Estadual do Piau (Uespi),
Uruu-PI, Brazil, aleufc@gmail.com, 2Universidade Federal do Cear (UFC), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil.
1
The aim of this study was to evaluate the rate of water absorption and cytochemical changes in primed and aged seeds of
sorghum during germination under absence or presence of 100 mM NaCl. The initial batch of seeds of sorghum cv. IPA1011, was divided into two batches of different levels of vigor, by the accelerated aging of half seeds, with half of each
batch also referred to the priming of polyethylene glycol 6000 at -0.86 MPa for 48 hours. Four replicates of 50 seeds
from each batch were placed on two sheets of filter paper, blotting paper saturated with distilled water and placed inside
gerboxes (11 x 11 x 3.5 cm) transparent lids, which were kept in a germination chamber under continuous darkness and
25 C for 72 hours. The cytochemical analysis characterization was measured in the soaking times of 0; 24; 48 and 72
hours. The sorghum seeds cells showed irregular shapes, ranging from elliptical to rounded, and the staining with the
toluidine blue also revealed the presence of nuclei, especially in primed seeds, indicating that some cells showed high
cellular activity. The presence of protein was detected mainly in protein bodies on cytoplasm of cotyledon cells, while
the starch was identified in the form of granules at endosperm. The accelerated aging treatments and seed priming,
associated to salt stress resulted in little morphological and cytochemical visible changes during the experimental period
analyzed.
Keywords: Sorghum-seeds, Seeds-morphology, Salt stress
271. CHANGES IN organic and inorganic solutes in salt-stressed sorghum seedlings

from aged and primed seeds.
Oliveira, A. B., 2Gomes-Filho, E., 2Alencar, N. L. M., 2Prisco, J. T. (1Universidade Estadual do Piau (Uespi),
1
The aim of this work was to evaluate the role of seed priming on salt tolerance in sorghum seedlings from seeds with two
vigor levels (aged or non-aged) and to verify the organic and inorganic solute contributions as osmoregulators in NaClstressed seedlings from aged and primed seeds. The combinations of two seed vigor levels (aged or not), two seed types
(primed or not) and two salinity levels (exposed to NaCl at 100 mM or not) were evaluated. In low physiological quality
seeds (aged seeds), priming provided an attenuation of salinitys negative effects (0 or NaCl at 100 mM) on seedling
growth. The accumulation of Na+ and Cl- ions in NaCl-stressed sorghum seedling shoot from primed seeds indicate a
plant osmotic adjustment induced by seed priming, which was efficient in reducing the osmotic stress caused by salinity.
Proline was the main organic solute that contributed to osmoregulation in NaCl-stressed sorghum seedling shoot and its
levels increased due to seed priming. The observed results suggest that changes in inorganic and organic solute contents,
in both shoot and roots, could have been induced by seed priming and as a function of salt stress tolerance, although the
changes in these organs were poorly related to each other.
Keywords: Sorghum bicolor, Accelerated aging, Priming, Salinity
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272. Seed priming improves early growth of salt-stressed sorghum seedlings from
aged seeds and it is associated with the reduction of lipids peroxidation by
antioxidant-enzymatic system.
Oliveira, A. B., 2Gomes-Filho, E., 2Alencar, N. L. M., 2Prisco, J. T. (1Universidade Estadual do Piau (Uespi),
1
The effects of seed priming on the activity of antioxidative enzymes and lipid peroxidation were studied in shoot and root
of sorghum seedlings from artificially aged seeds or not, grown under control (nutrient solution) or salt stress (nutrient
solution containing 100 mM NaCl) conditions. The experimental design was entirely randomized with four replications
per treatment, in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design, consisting of eight treatments: two lots of seeds (aged or not), two types of
seeds (primed or not) and two growth conditions (presence or absence of NaCl at 100 mM). In seeds of lower physiological
quality, the osmoconditioning mitigated the salinity negative effects (NaCl at 100 mM) on the growth of seedlings. The
osmoconditioning induced increase in catalase (CAT) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activities and these enzymes protected
the seedlings against oxidative damage caused by accelerated aging of seeds and by salinity in the nutrient solution. GPX
is associated with the acclimation to salt stress and CAT acted on both accelerated aging and salt stresses.
Keywords: Sorghum bicolor, Aged and primed seeds, NaCl, Reactive oxygen species
273. ISOFLAVONE CONTENTS IN SOYBEAN SEED SUBJECTED TO HARVEST DELAY.

1
1
Franca-Neto, J. B., 1Carrao-Panizzi, M. C., 1Mandarino, J. M. G., 1Krzyzanowski, F. C., 1Henning, A. A.

Embrapa Soybean, Londrina-PR, Brazil, jbfranca@cnpso.embrapa.br.
In this study the expression of isoflavones in soybean seeds subjected to harvest delay treatments was investigated.
Plants of Doko, BR 36, Davis and BR83-147 soybean genotypes were harvested in five harvest dates under field
conditions in Londrina-PR, Brazil: R7; R7+10 days, R7+17 days, R7+24 days, e R7+31 days. These genotypes were
selected because Doko` and BR83-147 are known to possess high seed quality, and Davis and BR 36 have low
quality. Harvest delay was imposed to induce seed deterioration. Seeds were hand thrashed and had their quality
evaluated by the germination and tetrazolium tests. Additionally, seed contents of isoflavones were determined
by HPLC. For the cultivars Davis and BR 36, the contents of daidzin, genistin, malonyl-daizin, malonyl-genistin,
daidzein, genistein, total isoflavones and total aglycones remained unaltered after all harvest delay treatments.
However, contents of some of these isoflavones varied significantly for the genotypes BR83-147 and Doko
accordingly to the treatments. Significant increases in total isoflavone contents were recorded by imposing harvest
delay in seeds of BR83-147, due to the significant increase in the concentrations of genistin and malonyl-genistin.
On the other hand, Doko had the total isoflavone contents reduced with harvest delay, due to significant reductions
in the contents of malonyl-daizin and malonyl-genistin. For this cultivar, total aglycones (daidzein and genistein)
significantly increased with the harvest delay treatments, fact that was not recorded for BR83-147. These forms
of isoflavone have an antioxidative capability, and the increase in their contents might be acting in the preservation
of the seed quality of this cultivar, when seeds are exposed to the deleterious effects of harvest delay. Seeds of
Doko had the highest concentration of total isoflavones and have the best seed quality among all soybean varieties
cultivated in Brazil. The information of this study suggests that higher contents of isoflavones are related to their
synthesis process. Concerning to the aglycones forms there was a conversion of glucosyl forms (daidzin, genistin)
into their corresponding aglycone forms (daidzein, genistein). This fact may result in resistance to seed deterioration,
resulting in high physiological seed quality. The high seed quality of Doko is also due to the high lignin content in
their seed coats.
Keywords: seed deterioration, seed quality, total isoflavones, total aglycones.
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274. PUMPKIN SEED GERMINATION UNDER SALT STRESS.

Silva, R.C. B. 1Santo, J. S. M., 1Silva, K. K. A., 1Jesus, S. C. P., 1Queiroz, S. O. P., 1Lopes, A. P., 2Dantas,
B. F. 1Universidade do Estado da Bahia (UNEB), Juazeiro-BA, Brazil, 2Embrapa Semirido, Petrolina-PE, Brazil,
barbara@cpatsa.embrapa.br .
1
The effects of salinity on germination may be noted by the difficulty of the seeds to absorb water through membranes,
due to interference by salts of physiological processes. The high concentration of salts is a stressing factor for plants
because it presents osmotic activity by retaining water and the action of ions on the protoplasm. Water is osmotically
retained in a saline solution so that the increased concentration of salt makes it less available to the seeds. The objective
was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of NaCl on pumpkin seeds germination. The seeds were subjected
to salt stress, soaking the paper with sodium chloride at different levels os electrical conductivity (0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and
8.0 dS.m-1). The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme 5 x 2, with five levels of salinity
and two cultivars (Jacarezinho and Coroa), in a total of 10 treatments. There were four replicates with 50 seeds in each
experimental unit. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. The
assessed data were germination percentage, average germination time, average speed germination, index of germination
speed. There was no interaction between the studied variables for different levels of salinity and cultivars. Electrical
conductivity did not affect pumpkin seed germination. However, significant differences were observed between the two
studied cultivars. Jacarezinho seed showed better gemrmination than Coroa seeds. Overall pumpkin seeds showed a low
germination percentage indicating a low vigor, which may have negativily influenced the action of salts on the seeds
germination. Thus, salinity affects the parameters of germination and seedling vigor with different intensities depending on
the cultivar, and damages are proportional to the increase in electrical conductivity. The Pumpkin seedlings have increased
tolerance to salinity during early development.
Keywords: Cucurbita spp, vigor, salinity
Acknowledgements: UNEB, EMBRAPA, CAPES
275. GENOTYPE X ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION ON PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF SOYBEAN

SEEDS TYPE FOOD.
Rocha,V.P.C; Destro, D; Rocha, D. R; Fonseca Jnior,N.S; Prete,C. E. C. Universidade Estadual de Londrina
(UEL),Londrina-PR,Brazil cassio@uel.br
The aim of this study was to evaluate genotype-environment interaction and correlations among tests for the physiological
quality of soybean type food. The field experiments consisted of 13 genotypes in a randomized block design with three
replications, in two locations, Londrina and Imba, both in State of Paran-Brazil, during the harvest of 2006/2007
and 2007/2008. The ratings for quality of the seeds were made through the following tests: standard germination,
emergence in sand (as amended), rate of emergence, and the hundred-seeds weight. Pearson correlation analysis and
adaptability by the method of Eberhart and Russell (1966) were performed. The means of the tests were compared by
the Scott and Knott at 5% probability. In assessing the quality of the seeds, it was considered that the genotypes 01(
Soy 1-Jorge Canevalone)and 07(Monsoy 7221) were the best and the worst 04 (Soy black-Osvaldo Takashi). There
was a correlation between the germination, early test in sand and index growth rate. In the evaluation of adaptability,
genotype 07 (Monsoy 7221) was later adapted in harsh environments and genotype 10 (Fazenda ProgressoX BRS 216)
to favorable environments.
Keywords: Glycine max., Adaptability, Vigour test, Correlation.
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276. SEED PRIMING AND SALT STRESS EFFECTS ON CHILI PEPPER SEEDLING PRODUCTION.
Silva, R.C.B., 1Lopes, A. P., 2Arajo, M.N., 3Matias, J. R., 1Silva, T. C. F.S, RIOS, 1. S. 4Dantas, B. F.
Universidade do Estado da Bahia (UNEB), Juazeiro-BA, Brazil, 2Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), PetrolinaPE, Brazil, 3Instituto Federal do Serto Pernambucano (IF SERTO), Petrolina-PE, Brazil, 4Embrapa Semirido,
Petrolina-PE, Brazil, barbara@cpatsa.embrapa.br .
1
1
For short cycle crops, such as pepper, time of sowing until the establishment of the seedling is a crucial period as it is when
the seed is exposed to a variety of adverse environmental factors that may affect germination performance and success in
establishing a healthy seedling. Among the most common problems associated with vegetables seeds are low-speed and
lack of uniformity in germination. The use of techniques such as priming has been a way to obtain high uniformity and
speed of germination, allowing a shorter crop cycle and an improvement of crop uniformity.The aim of this work was
to evaluate the effect of seed priming and salt stress on seeds and seedlings of chili pepper (Capsicum frutenscens) in
greenhouse, located in Petrolina, Pernambuco State, Brazil. The seeds of chili peppers were subjected to a priming solution
of polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000), with an osmotic potential of - 1.2 MPa, at 25 oC, during five days. After that the primed
and unprimed seeds were subjected to salt stress, in a paper substrate soaked in sodium chloride at electrical conductivities
of 0.0 , 2.0 and 4.0 dS.m-1. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme 3 x 2, with three levels
of salinity and two priming conditions (primed and unprimed seeds ), in a total of six treatments. There were four replicates
with 50 seeds in each experimental unit. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey test
at 5% probability. The assessed data were germination percentage, average emergence time, average speed emergence,
index of emergence speed, as well as, root and shoot fresh and dry weight and length. The data showed that priming caused
a significant increase of seedlings emergence percentage and emergence speed index. Primed seeds produced seedlings
with improved shoot length when subjected to electrical conductivity 2 dS.m-1. Electrical conductivity of 4 dS.m-1 caused a
reduction in the root system, with no difference between the plants whose seeds were primed or not. Seedlings originated
from unprimed seeds showed a lower number of leaves than those from primed seeds. Regarding to dry matter there was
no difference between the treatments, however, the seedlings fresh matter was higher for primed seeds.
Keywords: osmoticpriming, emergence, vigor, salinity.
277. INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF METAL TOXIC LEVELS ON Cecropia sp. SEED GERMINATION
Matheus, M. T., 1Barreto, L. C., 3Gomes, M. P., 1Duarte, D. M., 1Nascentes, C. C., 1Garcia, Q. S. 1Universidade
Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, miele@ufmg.br, 2Universidade Federal do Esprito
Santo (UFES), Alegre-ES, Brazil, 3Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras-MG, Brazil
1,2
Cecropia is a genus composed by pioneer tree species, occurring especially in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, and
commonly in recovering degraded areas. However, there are few studies encompassing these species abilities to establish
in heavy metal contaminated areas. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the heavy metals (As, Cd and Zn) influence
on seed germination of Cecropia sp. The metal doses were selected according to their naturally levels occurring in
uncontaminated and contaminated soil. The seeds were germinated in Petri dishes, moistened with aqueous solution of
As (0, 10, 50, 100 mg l-1), Cd (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.7, 1.1 mg l-1) or Zn (0, 50, 80, 120, 200 mg l-1) at germination chamber (30
C, 12h-photoperiod). It was used four Petri dishes per treatment, corresponding to replicates, with 25 seeds each. Seed
germination percentage and rate of germination was negatively affected by arsenic and zinc, regardless of the dose used.
The Cd negative effect was only verified at doses above 0.7 mg l-1 of Cd. The results indicate that Cecropia sp. seeds show
sensibility to the As, Zn and to high levels of Cd.
Keywords: Plant Inhibition, Heavy metal, Phytoremediation, Germination
Acknowledgments: CAPES, FAPEMIG, CEMIG
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278. EFFECTS OF VARIOUS HEAVY METALS ON SEED GERMINATION CHARACTERISTICS OF CANOLA

(Barassica napus).,
M.H. Gharineh1, Tavakkol, A. R.2 , A. Moosavi1, M. Namarvari1, A. Poshtdar1. 1Department of Agronomy and
Plant Breeding, Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Ramin, Ahwaz, Iran. 2Department of Agronomy
and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. tavakkol@
ut.ac.ir
Heavy metal pollutants are the main concern in agricultural productions. Different heavy metal solutions were
investigated for their effect on seed germination characteristics in Brassica napus. The canola seeds were germinated
after treatment in solutions containing different concentration of heavy metals. Five different concentrations of heavy
metals (BiNO3, BiNO3, CdNO3, Sr (NO3)2, ZnNO3) at 50, 200, 350, 500, 1000 ppm and distilled water as control
were used. Results showed that the percentage germination and rate of increment in root and shoot length decreased
as concentration increased. No germination was observed at 1000 ppm of cadmium level. Root and seedling vigor
increased by application of 200 ppm of BiNO3. There were, however, no growth at 350 and 500 ppm of cadmium
and lead concentrations. Inhibitory effect of heavy metal concentrations was more obvious on root growth than other
investigated traits. BiNO3 exhibited positive effect on root growth in concentration of 50 and 200 ppm. It is concluded
that seeds could germinate under different heavy metal concentration but seedling growth is highly prohibited with
increasing concentration of heavy metals.
Keywords: canola, heavy metal, seed germination, root length
Acknowledgements: University of Ramin, University of Tehran
279. GERMINATION AND STORAGE BEHAVIOUR OF Oenocarpus bacaba MART. SEEDS.

Jos, A. C.; da Silva2, E. A. A.; Coutinho, A. B., Erasmo, E. A. L. (1Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA,
Caixa Postal 3037, CEP 37200-000, Lavras-MG, Brazil, acjose@dcf.ufla.br, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio
de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil, Universidade Federal do Tocantins - UFT, Gurupi-TO, Brazil).
Supported by CNPq, CAPES and FAPEMIG.
1
Oenocarpus bacaba is a palm tree distributed in Amazon forest and forest-savannah transition areas. Germination was
studied under controlled conditions. Constant 20, 25, 30, 35 C and alternating 20/30 and 25/35 C temperature regimes at
12 hours photoperiod. Seeds were collected in the state of Tocantins, Brazil in Dezember of 2010. Germination was carried
over sterilized sand, after cleaning seeds with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 10 minutes and rinsed with distilled water. In
order to study the effect of drying and storage on the final viability, seeds of O. bacaba were dried at 20 C and 50% (5%)
relative humidity. Germination of dried seeds was carried over sand at 30 C. Germination values recorded were nal
germination percentage and germination rate expressed as days to reach 50% of the nal germination percentage (T50).
After 30 days of imbibition, it was not observed differences in germination at constant 20, 25 and 30 C and alternating
20/30 and 25/35 C. Seeds incubated at 35 C did not germinate. Seeds incubated at 30 and 25/35 C presented the lowest
T50, however seeds germinated at 30 C produced seedlings with better pattern of development when compared to those
germinated at 25/35 C.Viability of fresh seeds was reduced from 91.1% to 84.8% when seeds were dried from 0.67 to
0.51 g H2O.g-1 dry weigh. Seeds did not survived drying to 0.36 g H2O.g-1 dry weigh, indicating that seeds of this species
are typically recalcitrant. In conclusion, the most favorable temperature to germinate seeds of O. bacaba is 30 C. Seeds
presented recalcitrant behavior since they could not be dried to low water contents.
Keywords: desiccation tolerance, drying, seed viability, temperature.
Acknowledgements: Edy E. Barna for seed collection.
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280. PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY AND Enzimatic alterations IN CORN SEEDS HARVESTED AT DIFFERENT
TIMES.
Conceio, P.M.; 1Karsten, J.; 1Galvo, J.C.C.; 1Finger, F.L.; 1Chaves, D.V. (1Universidade Federal de Viosa
(UFV), Viosa-MG, Brazil, patymarluci@yahoo.com.br).
1
During seed deterioration, biochemical changes related to activity of the enzymes might occur. Those enzymes can
be associated to the biosynthesis of new tissues, respiratory process, lipid peroxidation and removal of free radicals.
Among the factors that can speed up the deterioration process is the delay of harvest. The objective of this work was
to evaluate the physiological quality and enzymatic activity in seeds harvested at different times. The first harvest was
when seeds reached 25% water content (wet basis) and the other harvests were carried out 10, 20 and 30 days after
the first one. For evaluation of physiological quality of seeds, they were submitted to germination tests, germination
first counting, cold test without soil, accelerated aging and emergency in greenhouse. It was evaluated activities of
the enzymes peroxidase, catalase, alcohol dehydrogenase and -amylase. Reduction of number of normal seedling
at germination test, accelerated aging and emergency in greenhouse was caused by the delay of seed harvest. The
activity of the peroxidase was reduced and the activity of the alcohol dehydrogenase was increased with the delay of
seed harvest. Peroxidase is important because it removes toxic products from the seeds by neutralizing the action of
free radicals during degradation of the membranes. Alcohol dehydrogenase catalyzes conversion of acetaldehyde into
ethanol during fermentative metabolism (anaerobic respiration). The increase on alcohol dehydrogenase activity with
the delay of seed harvest can be related to the increase on respiration of the seeds. It is concluded that with the delay of
the harvest, there was alterations on enzymatic activity of peroxidase and alcohol dehydrogenase, therefore reducing
physiological quality of the seeds.
Keywords: enzyme, physiological quality, peroxidase, alcohol dehydrogenase
281. LIPID PEROXIDATION AND SEED EMERGENCY IN PROGENIES OF THE YELLOW PASSION FRUIT
PLANT AFTER STORAGE.
Oliveira, J. P. B. de, 2Alexandre, R. S., 3Negreiros, J. R. da S., 4Lopes, J. C., 1Bruckner, C. H., 2Fernandes, A. A.
Universidade Federal de Viosa/UFV, Viosa-MG, Brazil, 2Universidade Federal do Esprito Santo/UFES, Centro
Universitrio Norte do Estado do Esprito Santo/CEUNES, So Mateus-ES, Brazil, rsalexandre@click21.com.
br, 3Embrapa Acre, Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal do Acre, Rio Branco-AC, Brazil, 4UFES, Centro de Cincias
Agrrias/CCA, Alegre-ES, Brazil
1
1
The objective of this study was to evaluate the percent seed emergence in 29 half-sib progenies of the yellow passionfruit
plant (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg.) after twenty-four months under storage. The entirely randomized
experimental design was used, with four 50-seed replicates from which the treatments were the progenies (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 and 29). Approximately 21% of those half-sib
progenies maintained the viability of their seeds for twenty-four months under storage. The results point out a remarkable
genetic variability for vigor and emergency of the yellow passionfruit plantlets, with occurrence of individuals with high
and other ones with low capacity to maintaining the physiologic quality of their seeds after storage.
Keywords: Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa, seeds, vigor, stress oxidative
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282. SPECIFIC RESPONSES OF DORMANT RECALCITRANT HORSE CHESTNUT SEEDS TO HEAT SHOCK.
Gumilevskaya, N. A., 2Azarkovich, M. I. (1Bach Institute of Biochemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia, 2Timiryazev
Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, Moscow, Russia, m-azarkovich@ippras.ru)
1
The effects of heat shock on in vivo protein synthesis in embryo tissues of dormant recalcitrant horse chestnut (Aesculus
hippocastanum L.) seeds during stratification were studied. In different times after the start of cold moist stratification,
axes, cotyledon pieces, and cotyledon petioles were excised from seeds and incubated at 28 or 40 for 4 h on the medium
containing 35S-methionine and chloramphenicol (50 g/ml). The total level of protein synthesis, the pattern of synthesized
polypeptides, their distribution between subcellular fractions, and relation to heat denaturation (75 , 5 min) were assessed.
It was established that, in all parts of the embryo, especially in axes, heat shock (HS) increased the total level of protein
synthesis in the beginning of stratification, increased it to a lesser degree after 10 weeks, and suppressed during radicle
protrusion and especially during embryo axis growth. Independently of the time of stratification, which release seeds
from deep dormancy, isolated axes, cotyledons, and petioles of cotyledonary leaves synthesized in vivo the great number
of diverse polypeptides at both 28 and 40 . None of major polypeptides initially present in all parts of the embryo and
belonging mainly to heat-stable proteins was synthesized either at 28 or at 40 . Some proteins synthesized at 40 could
be related to heat-shock proteins (HSP) because their synthesis was not detected at 28 or was markedly enhanced by HS.
The synthesis of HSP is not depend on transcription and occurs with the involvement of pre-mRNAs. A capacity of embryo
to respond to HS did not depend on seed physiological state and their germinability; it manifested similarly in stratified
and non-stratified seeds. In this work, first data were obtained about the presence of molecular mechanisms providing for
HS signal perception and transduction and induction of HSP in the embryo cells of mature dormant horse chestnut seeds,
which are in a metabolically active state, but can not germinate. The synthesis of the bulk of proteins, synthesized by
different embryo parts at 28, continued to be synthesized under HS conditions simultaneously with HSP. It seems likely
that, in the embryo cells, HS induced changes in gene expression and HSP synthesis, but did not discriminate translation of
non-stress mRNAs. Similar response to HS has been earlier observed in orthodox seeds during their development and early
germination steps. It is supposed that a specific response to HS is inherent just in the embryo tissues and can be considered
an additional molecular mechanism improving embryo tolerance to unfavorable environmental conditions.
Keywords: Recalcitrant seeds, Dormancy, Heat shock
Acknowledgements: RFBR, Presidium of RAS (program Molecular and Cell Biology).
283. ANALYSIS OF MORPHO-ANATOMIC AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN SEEDS OF Eremanthus

erythropappus ASSOCIATED WITH LOSS TOLERANCE DESICCATION.
Neves, C.L.P. , Cabral, A.L.A. , Junior,J.M.S. , Faria, J.M.R. Universidade Federal de Lavras (Ufla) Lavras MG Brasil, cinaraliberia@hotmail.com
Candeia is a species belonging to the Asteraceae family. Its main use is the extraction of alfabisabolol essential oil, used by
drug industry. The objective of this research was to evaluate the seed desiccation tolerance at different times of imbibition/
germination. We used seeds collected in Lavras-MG in 2009, with a percentage of germination 97%. The seeds were used
in six treatments plus a control each with four replicates of 50 seeds. The seeds were imbibed for periods up to 90 hours
(imbibition) at which stage the radicles with 1 mm. The seeds after imbibition / germination were desiccated for 2 days in
silica beads. After being rehydrated, the seeds were incubated under germination conditions and observed for 30 days. We
cut transverse and longitudinal sections and analysed them by optical and scanning electron microscopy. It was observed
that seeds imbibed for 90 hours showed significant loss of desiccation tolerance, leading to death of seeds. The seed death
was related to destabilization of periclinals walls, folding of the lamella middle causing the cellular collapse and loss of
cytoplasmic content. Analysis of longitudinal sections revealed morphological changes in cells in the quiescent center
(meristematic) in response to dessication resulting in death of the root apical meristem thereby preventing the production
of new cells.
Key word: SEM. Candeia. Forest seeds. Alfabisabilol.
Acknowledgement: Fundao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)
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284. ABIOTIC STRESSES INCREASE GALACTINOL SYNTHASE ACTIVITY AND a-D-GALACTOSIDES

LEVEL IN DEVELOPING pisum sativum SEEDS
Gojo E., 2Kucewicz, M., 1Lahuta, L.B., 1Michalczyk, D.J., 1Grecki, R.J. 1 Department of Plant Physiology and
Biotechnology, Warmia and Mazury University, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland, ewa.gojlo@uwm.edu.
pl, 2Department of Botany and Nature Protection, Warmia and Mazury University, Plac dzki1, 10-718 Olsztyn,
Poland
1
Galactinol synthase (GolS, EC 2.4.1.123) catalyzes the biosynthesis of galactinol (O--D-galactopyranosyl-[11]L-myo-inositol), that is the main galactose donor during biosynthesis of soluble -D-galactosides in pea seeds. The
changes in galactinol and RFOs (raffinose family of oligosaccharides) content and GolS activity were measured during
the development of Pisum sativum cv. Hubal seeds from 6 DAA (day after anthesis) to 32 DAA. Pea seeds at three
developmental stages 10 DAA, 14 DAA and 16 DAA were dehydrated at 12% RH relative humidity (fast drying),
dehydrated at 70% RH (slow drying) and exposed to low temperature 4 C (cold stress). After 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 96 and
192 h of stress treatments the GolS activity and soluble carbohydrates level were analyzed. At the early developmental
stages the content of galactinol increased, reaching maximum at 16 DAA and then declined. Increase in GolS activity
and galactinol content preceded accumulation of RFOs. Fast and slow drying as well as cold stress treatments increased
of GolS activity and galactinol content followed by accumulation of RFOs. However, the content of galactosides
synthesized in response to stresses depended on seed development stage and stress conditions. The highest RFOs level
was in 16 DAA slowly dried seeds, and the lowest in 10 DAA cold treated seeds. The results indicate that in developing
seeds submitted to abiotic stresses increased GolS activity corresponds to high RFOs accumulation.
Keywords: galactinol, RFOs, cold stress, desiccation
Acknowledgments: This research was supported by MNiSW funds (NN310088137)
285. RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF DESICCATION TOLERANCE IN GERMINATING Vicia hirsuta SEEDS

COINCIDES WITH INCREASE OF SUCROSE AND PROLINE CONTENT
Gojo, E., 1Pirkowska, E., 2Kucewicz, M., 3 Kalemba, E., 3Ratajczak, E., 1Grecki, R.J. 1Department of Plant
Physiology and Biotechnology, Warmia and Mazury University, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland, ewa.
gojlo@uwm.edu.pl, 2Department of Botany and Nature Protection, Warmia and Mazury University, Plac dzki1,
10-718 Olsztyn, Poland, 3Seed Biochemistry Lab, Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5,
62-035 Krnik, Poland
1
Desiccation tolerance (DT) is multifactorial trait that orthodox seeds acquire during development. However, the
increase of water content during germination switches on processes associated with the loss of DT. In germinating
seeds of Vicia hirsuta [L.]S.F. Gray (Fabaceae) the changes of tolerance to fast and slow drying and the content of
soluble carbohydrates were measured. It was found that decrease of -D-galactosides of both groups: RFOs (raffinose
family of oligosaccharides) and Gal-P (galactosyl pinitols) was associated with the loss of DT. Only 24 HAI (hour
after imbibition) seeds remained tolerant to drying. After 48 HAI seeds became sensitive to dehydration. As result of
desiccation, the accumulation of sucrose occurred. Germinating seeds that lost their DT were incubated at PEG solution
( -1,7 MPa, 10 C) for three days. This treatment resulted in re-induction of DT, but only in seeds germinating up to 48
HAI whose radical was not longer than 1,5 mm. The re-establishment of DT was not accompanied by the changes in
-D-galactosides, monosaccharides and cyclitols concentration, however the content of sucrose and proline increased
substantially. The results suggest the role of sucrose and proline in desiccation tolerance.
Keywords: desiccation tolerance, Vicia hirsuta, sucrose, proline
Acknowledgments: This research was supported by MNiSW funds (NN310088137)
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286. GERMINATION OF Handroanthus serratifolius IN RESPONSE TO VARYING LEVELS OF ARSENIUM

AND CADMIUM.
Duarte, D. M., 2Gomes, M. P., 1Matheus, M. T., 1Barreto, L. C., 1Nascentes, C. C., 1Garcia, Q. S., 1Universidade
Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil, duartedm@yahoo.com.br, 2Universidade Federal de
Lavras (UFLA), Lavras-MG, Brazil
1
Handroanthus serratifolius is a native species widely distributed in Brazilian tropical rain forest and savanna regions.
These ecosystems have been threatened by human activities like mining and agriculture, which add toxic chemicals
to the soil. We have been screening native species capable of being used in environmental restoration programs, such
as in heavy metal contaminated areas. In this context, the H. serratifolius, as a native species widely distributed in
Brazilian ecosystems, could be used an alternative to the phytoremediation. The study evaluated the effects of heavy
metals (As and Cd) on seed germination of H. serratifolius. The metal doses were selected according to their naturally
levels occurring in uncontaminated and contaminated soil. The seeds were kept in germination boxes, moistened with
aqueous solution of As (0, 10, 50, 100 mg l-1) and Cd (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.7, 1.1 mg l-1) in a germination chamber (30 C, 12hphotoperiod). Four germination boxes were used per treatment, corresponding to replicates, with 25 seed each. Seed
germination percentage and rate of germination was negatively affected by arsenic, regardless of the As-dose used. No
effect was found for Cd-doses used. The results indicated a possible seed tolerance to Cd. However, the H. serratifolius
seeds showed sensitivity to the As-phytotoxicity effects.
Keywords: Heavy metal accumulation, Abiotic stress, Phytoremediation, Seed germination
287. THE EFFECT OF HEAVY METALS ON SEED GERMINATION OF Anadenanthera peregrina: ARSENIC,
CADMIUM AND ZINC
Gomes, M. P., 2Duarte, D. M., 2Barreto, L. C., 2Matheus, M. T., 2Nascentes, C. C., 2Garcia, Q. S. (1Universidade
Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras-MG, Brazil, marcelopgom@yahoo.com.br, 2Universidade Federal de Minas
Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil)
Anadenanthera peregrina is a plant species whose natural occurrence has been reported in heavy metal contaminated
soil, an important feature in the species selection with phytoremediator potential. The study evaluated the influence of
the heavy metal (As, Cd and Zn) on seed germination of A. peregrina. The metal dose were selected according to their
naturally levels occurring in uncontaminated and contaminated soil. The seeds were kept in germination boxes, moistened
with aqueous solution of As (0, 10, 50, 100 mg l-1), Cd (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.7, 1,1 mg l-1) or Zn (0, 50, 80, 120, 200 mg l-1) in
a germination chamber (30 C, 12h-photoperiod). Four germination boxes per treatment were used, corresponding to
replicates, with 25 seed each. Seed germination percentage and rate of germination was negatively affected by arsenic,
regardless of the As-dose used. The Zn negative effect, in turn, was only verified at doses above 80 mg l-1 and no effect
was found for Cd-doses used. The results indicated a possible seed tolerance to Cd and to low doses of Zn. However, the
A. peregrina seeds showed sensitivity to the As-phytotoxicity effects.
Keywords: heavy metal, abiotic stress, phytoremediation, germination
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288. PUTATIVE ROLES OF DEHYDRIN PROTEINS IN BEECH (Fagus sylvatica L.) SEEDS.
Kalemba, E. M., 1Ratajczak, E., 2Bagniewska-Zadworna, A., 1Pukacka, S. 1Institute of Dendrology, Polish
Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Krnik, Poland, ewa.kalemba@gmail.com, 2Adam Mickiewicz University,
Umultowska 89, 61-614 Pozna, Poland
1
Due to reduced longevity during storage, beech seeds are classified to the intermediate category between orthodox
and recalcitrant. The contribution of dehydrins and dehydrin-like proteins were determined in beech seeds during
seed development, storage and germination, particularly the DHN44 and DHN26 proteins. The subcellular localization
of dehydrins was studied in developing and mature beech seeds using immunochemistry and prediction servers.
Experiments showed that dehydrins were detected within cytoplasm, nucleus, near the membrane structures or
mitochondria. Moreover in silico analyses of Fagus sylvatica dehydrin proteins with accession numbers CAE54590.1
and CBY89194.1 in GenBank database pointed their possible roles. Isis server predicted 5 sites of potential proteinprotein interaction from local dehydrin sequence information. Additionally PFP-server predicted their functions:
regulation of biological processes, response to water, transient metal ion binding ability, cellular polysaccharide
metabolism including transferase activity of mannosylglycolipid and acetylglucosaminyl residues suggesting possible
interactions with carbohydrates, glycoproteins and glycolipids. Characterization of dehydrin protein expression, posttranslational modifications and their possible roles in macromolecules protection in beech seeds is here discussed.
Keywords: dehydrin, subcellular localization, desiccation tolerance, Fagus sylvatica
Acknowledgements: MNiSW (N N309 136535)
289. EFFECT OF HIDROPRIMING AND WATER STRESS ON Barbarea verna SEED GERMINATION.
Sekita, M. C., Soares, G. C. M., Sousa, G. A., Armondes, K. A. P., Milagres, C. C., Dias, D. C. F. S. Universidade
Federal de Viosa (UFV), Viosa-MG, Brazil. msekita_20@msn.com
High quality seed lots are an essential factor to ensure rapid and uniform seedling emergence. Adverse environmental
conditions frequently interfere on seed germination, leading to slow and unsynchronized emergence. Priming is a presowing treatment that involves the initiation of germination metabolism by controlling the hydration of seeds, and
several metabolic events are activated, but not enough for root protrusion. The present work aimed to evaluate the effect
of hidropriming and water stress in cress seed germination. Seeds were surface-sterilized with 1% sodium hypochlorite
for 5 min and thoroughly washed in running water. Afterwards, hidropriming treatment was set: seeds were distributed
on two sheets of towel paper moistened with 6 mL of distilled water, for 24 h, at 20 C. Then, 4 replicates of 50 seeds
hidroprimed and unprimed were sown in gerbox containing 2 sheets of towel paper moistened with 5 mL of PEG 6000
solution at 0.0, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8 and -1.0 MPa. The boxes were kept in an incubator at 20 C for 10 days. Seed quality
was evaluated by germination percentage and germination speed index (GSI). Both primed and unprimed cress seeds
were shown to be sensitive to water stress. Germination was only observed under water potentials 0.0, -0.4 and -0.6
MPa. Mean values of germination of hidroprimed seeds were significantly lower than control. So, hidropriming did not
improve cress seed germination under water stress.
Keywords: cress, hidropriming, water stress
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290. WATER STRESS AND Aspidosperma pyrifolium SEEDS GERMINATION.

Matias, J. R., 2Lopes, A. P., 2Silva, R.C.B., 3Arajo, M.N., 4Ribeiro-Reis, R.C. 5Dantas, B. F. 1Instituto Federal
do Serto Pernambucano (IF SERTO), Petrolina-PE, Brazil, 2Universidade do Estado da Bahia (UNEB), JuazeiroBA, Brazil, 3Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina-PE, Brazil, 4Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana
(UEFS), Feira de Santana-BA, Brazil, Embrapa Semirido, Petrolina-PE, Brazil, barbara@cpatsa.embrapa.br.
1
The Caatinga occupies an area of almost 800 000 km2 and is the only exclusively Brazilian biome. Among the native
species of this biome the Aspidosperma pyrifolium (Mart.) belongs to the family Apocynaceae. This tree is found from
northern Minas Gerais Sate to the northeastern states, an area of extensive water stress. In situations of stress, especially
when there is a decrease in water availability, speed and percentage of germination are also decreased. The aim of this
study was to evaluate the behavior of seeds of A. pyrifolium when subjected to water stress. The study was conducted
at the Seed Analysis Laboratory of Embrapa Semiarid. Drought stress was held using a solution of polyethylene glycol
6000 (PEG 6000) at osmotic potentials corresponding to zero, -0.20, -0.40, -0.60, -0.80, -1.0 and -1.2 in gerbox, at 25oC,
during 10 days. The assessed data were: were germination percentage (%), average germination time (days), average speed
germination (seedlings.day-1), index of germination speed(seedlings.day-1), as well as, fresh and dry weight (g.seedling-1)
and length (cm.seedling-1) of seedlings. The design was a completely randomized design with seven treatments and four
replications of 25 seeds. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means compared by regression analysis Scott
Knott, at 5% probability, using the software SISVAR. The seeds of A. pyrifolium submitted concentrations of -0.2 and -0.4
MPa showed germination above 90% and also showed a higher rate of germination rate and lower average germination
time. The o -0.4 MPa and below reduced seeds speed germination index. Furthermore, at the osmotic potential -1.0 and
-1.2 germination was zero.
Keywords: osmotic potential, germination, drought
291. EFFECT OF DESICCATION ON ROOTS OF GERMINATED SEEDS OF Sesbania virgata.

Tonetti, O.A.O.; 1Faria, J.M.R.; 1Costa, M.C.D.; 2Masetto, T.E. (1Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA, Lavras,
MG; 2Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Dourados, MS), oaotonetti@dcf.ufla.br.
Germinated seeds of Sesbania virgata with 1mm long radicles are able to survive when dried to 10% moisture content and
rehydrated, reaching 97% of normal seedling production. However, with 3 mm or longer, there is no survival anymore. In
tissues sensitive to dehydration, loss of normal configuration can be visualized through microscopic analysis. Thus, the
purpose of this study was to verify, through scanning electron microscopy, the changes that occur in the radicles of seeds
of S. virgata during germination and after drying. Radicles of 1, 3 and 5 mm long were used, excised from germinated
seeds both fresh and after drying in silica gel down to 10% moisture content, as well as radicles of non germinated
seeds. The visualized cells comprise the starchy parenchyma with thin primary wall and without intercellular spaces. In
radicles of germinated seeds, the cellular content fills totally the space bounded by cell walls, and starch granules are
visible. With the advancement of the germination process, the reserves are consumed, decreasing the number of these
structures in radicles of 3 and 5 mm. Only in 5 mm radicles was possible to visualize cells undergoing division. Thus,
with this length, the desiccation prevents growth resumption when the germinated seeds are rehydrated. The technique
of scanning electron microscopy was efficient and indicates that consumption of reserves and cell division may limit the
cell to repair the damage caused by drying in germinated seeds of S. virgata.
Keywords: desiccation sensitivity, ultrastructure
Acknowledgment: FAPEMIG, CNPq
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292. EFFECT OF SALT STRESS ON GERMINATION OF SEEDS OF Aspidosperma pyrifolium

Anadenanthera colubrina.
AND
Matias, J. R., 2Lopes, A. P., 2Silva, R.C.B., 3Arajo, M.N., 4Ribeiro-Reis, R.C. 5Dantas, B. F. 1Instituto Federal
do Serto Pernambucano (IF SERTO), Petrolina-PE, Brazil, 2Universidade do Estado da Bahia (UNEB), JuazeiroBA, Brazil, 3Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina-PE, Brazil, 4Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana
(UEFS), Feira de Santana-BA, Brazil, Embrapa Semirido, Petrolina-PE, Brazil, barbara@cpatsa.embrapa.br.
1
Endemic species of the caatinga, the Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) and Aspidosperma pyrifolium (Mart) are
ecologically important in this ecosystem, However studies on these species are still rare. In general the salinity affects
negatively seed germination, plant stand and crop growth. These effects depend on factors such as species, cultivar,
types of salts, intensity and duration of salinity stress. Normally, salt affected soils are found in arid and semiarid
regions. This study aimed to evaluate the tolerance of seeds of A. colubrina and A. pyrifolium subjected to salt stress.
The work was carried out at the Seed Analysis Laboratory at Embrapa Semiarid. Seeds were sown in germitest substrate
paper, soaked with different salt concentrations of NaCl solutions with electrical conductivities of 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16,
18 dS.m-1. The rolls obtained were kept in BOD the 25 C for 10 days. During this period they were evaluated daily
for germination, considering germinated seeds as the radicle protrusion. The assessed data were: were germination
percentage (%), average germination time (days), average speed germination (seedlings.day-1), index of germination
speed(seedlings.day-1), as well as, fresh and dry weight (g.seedling-1) and length (cm.seedling-1) of seedlings. The design
was a completely randomized design with seven treatments and four replications of 25 seeds. Data were subjected the
analysis of variance and means compared by regression analysis at 5% probability, using the software SISVAR. With
the obtained results, one can notice that A. colubrina was more tolerant to salinity than A. pyrifolium. The germination
of A. colubrina remained constant with increasing electrical conductivity up to 8dS.m-1, being affected only at 16dS.m-1,
and still had over 70% germination. The seeds of A. pyrifolium were tolerant to salinity level of up to 2dS.m-1. Above
that electrical conductivity the average germination time, as well as the average speed and speed index of germination
were significantly affected.
Keywords: electrical conductivity, germination, salinity
293. DESICCATION SENSITIVITY IN Tapirira obtusa SEEDS FROM DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS.

Pereira, W. V. S., Faria, J. M. R., Tonetti, O. A. O. Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras-MG, Brazil,
wvicentesp@yahoo.com.br.
This study aimed to evaluate the desiccation sensitivity in Tapirira obtusa seeds from three environments when submitted
to two drying speeds. The seeds were collected from trees growing on Rupestrian Field, Savannah and riparian forests in
Lavras, MG and submitted to drying in closed boxes with magnesium chloride at 37% of air humidity (slow drying) or
silica gel at 21% of air humidity (fast drying) until reaching moisture contents of 40, 30, 20 and 10% (wet basis). After
dehydration, seeds were put to germinate. Fresh seeds (not subjected to dehydration) from each environment were used
as control. Initial moisture content ranged from 47 to 50%. It was evaluated the percentage of normal seedling and data
was analyzed through software R for Windows 2.12.0. Seeds from the Rupestrian Field showed increasing percentages
of normal seedling formation when submitted to the fast drying with values higher than those attained by slow drying
the seeds. When fast dried 10% moisture content, seeds from Savannah presented lower germination rates. There was no
effect of the moisture content, nor the drying speed on the normal seedling formation of seeds from the riparian forest.
There was no decrease on the normal seedling formation from slow dried seeds, however seeds from Savannah showed
decrease in these values when fast dried to 10% moisture content. The results suggest that Tapirira obtusa seeds are not
desiccation sensitive.
Keywords: Desiccation tolerance, fast drying, slow drying.
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294. RESERVE MOBILIZATION DURING GERMINATION AND SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT OF DWARFPRECOCIOUS CASHEW UNDER SALT STRESS.
Marques, E. C., 1Alencar, N. L. M., 2Oliveira, A. B., 1Gomes-Filho, E. (1Universidade Federal do Cear (UFC),
Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, 2Universidade Estadual do Piau (Uespi), Uruu-PI, Brazil, aleufc@gmail.com)
1
This study aimed to analyze reserve mobilization during seed germination and seedling establishment of dwarf-precocious
cashew subjected to salt stress. Cashew nuts were sown in plastic trays containing vermiculite moistened with distilled water
(control) or NaCl solution with electrical conductivity 18.0 dS m-1 (saline treatment), which were kept in a greenhouse.
For cytochemical analyses, cotyledons of seeds or seedlings at different developmental stages (SD) were harvested. The
selected SD for analyses corresponded to quiescent seed (0 DS), radicle protrusion (2 DS), seedling emergence (4 DS) and
seedling established (8 DS). The cotyledons were fixed in solution containing paraformaldehyde:glutaraldehyde, dehydrated
in a graded ethanol series and blocked in historesin. Thereafter, the material was subjected to the following cytochemical
stains: xylidine Ponceau (XP) for proteins, lugol for starch, and Sudan IV for lipids. Cytochemical analyses revealed that
lipids, starch and proteins were observed in abundance in cashew cotyledons. Lipids were intensively detected at 0 DS,
being reduced mainly at 8 DS under saline condition, where the lipid bodies were visually less abundant than control.
Proteins were identified in protein bodies well organized and uniformly distributed in all extension of cell cytoplasm at
0 DS, however for other stages it was verified reduction in size and abundance of protein bodies comparing to the 0 DS,
mainly from 4 DS, with the most pronounced reduction observed at 8 DS. Starch was also verified in cotyledon cells of
cashew, which was more detectable from 4 DS, being followed for stronger reduction after this period, mainly at 8 DS
under salinity. Therefore, we can conclude that the reserves of cashew cotyledons were mobilizated mainly after radicle
protrusion and that this process was negatively affected by salt stress.
Keywords: Anacardium occidentale, Cytochemistry, Morphology.
295. Programmable Thermogradient Tables Using LED Lights for Seed Research
Welbaum, G. E. Department of Horticulture, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA,
USA, welbaum@vt.edu
A thermogradient table is a system designed for any application where there is a need of testing responses over a broad
range of temperatures. Most often these tables are used for seed germination testing over a wide range of temperatures
simultaneously and for testing the temperature performance of seed coating materials and treatments at different temperatures.
Thermogradient tables can be used for other research such as effects of temperature on insect reproduction, screening cell
cultures, Petri plate experiments, and the investigation of the physical properties of materials. We have designed a units
that operates by circulating warm and cold ethylene glycol solutions through pipes welded to opposite ends of an aluminum
plate enclosed in an insulated, water-resistant polymer case to maintain the gradient. These circulating water baths can
maintain a gradient from 0-50 C and can be programmed for fluctuating temperatures to simulate field conditions. The
temperature drop across the table is less than 1 C. LED grow lights can be added for experiments that require light. These
compact lights use only nine watts of electricity and generate little heat, they contain no lead, mercury, or glass, and emit
a photosynthetic spectrum. Monochromatic LED lights are also available for specific applications to test effects of specific
wavelengths on seed germination or seedling growth. The tables can be mounted on wheels for greater flexibility.
Keywords: seed testing, germination table, temperature response
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296. EFFECT OSMOPRIMING ON GERMINATION AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF Tabebuia

impetiginosa EMBRYOS.
Nascimento, J. F., 2Martins, J. R, Faria, J. M. R. 1Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras-MG,
Brazil, 2Instituto Federal de Alagoas - Campus Avanado Murici (IFAL), Murici-AL, Brazil. janicenascimento@
gmail.com.
1
The objective was evaluate the effect of priming on germination and chemical composition of T. impetiginosa embryos.
The embryos were conditioned in PEG 6000 solution with water potentials of -1.0 and -1.5 MPa for 72 hours at 30 C
(optimum temperature for germination) under constant light. After conditioning, the embryos were rinsed in tap water, and
dried in drying room (22 C and 40% RH) until reach the initial seed water content (6% wb). After drying the embryos
were placed to germinate at 20 and 30 C. It was assessed the final percentage of germination, the index of germination rate
, time of germination and chemical composition of the embryos before and after conditioning. Priming induced significant
changes in starch content and reducing sugars in the embryos. The activation of carbohydrate metabolism may be related
to the beginning of the germination process, whereas the increase in reducing sugar content, which was 55% higher
compared to the control, indicates the physiological adjustment to the condition of water restriction caused by priming.
Analyzing embryos germination 14 days after imbibition it was observed that germination was higher than 96% in all
treatments. However, priming provides a significant increase of index of germination rate in embryos germinated at 20
C. In this condition, time for germination was reduced from 7.36 days (unprimed seeds germinated at 20 C) to 5.40 days
and 4.37 days in embryos primed in solutions of PEG at -1.0 and -1.5 Mpa, respectively. These marked changes in kinetic
parameters indicate that priming resulted in greater uniformity and speed of germination of T. impetiginosa embryos
germinated at sub-optimal temperature.
Keywords: Priming, Tabebuia impetiginosa, sugar content, reducing sugar
Acknowledgements: FAPEMIG, CNPq and CAPES
297. PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN L. SEEDS.

Antunes, C.G.C., 1Souza, C.L.M., 1Pelacani, C.R., 2Castro, R.D., 3Ligterink, W., 3Hilhorst, H.W.M. 1State
University of Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana-BA, Brazil, cimillebio@gmail.com; 2Federal University of
Bahia (UFBA), ICS, Salvador-BA, Brazil; 3Wageningen Seed Lab, Wageningen University, Netherlands.
1
Abiotic factors such as light, temperature, water availability and soil parameters determine the growth of plants, leading to
a series of biochemical and molecular changes that affect plant development. These are very complex stimuli that possess
many different related attributes. Drought stress alters physiological processes and induces morpho-anatomical changes in
many plant species. During the course of evolution plants from Brazilian semi-arid regions have developed adaptations to
tolerate drought. We aim to study the vigour of seeds under osmotic, high temperature and combined stress. Each assay was
performed at 12h photoperiod, with four replicates of 25 seeds in a randomized design and germination was monitored for
10 days. Increased osmotic stress (simulated with polyethylene glycol 8000) resulted in a decrease of the final germination
percentage, rate and uniformity, and number of normal seedlings. Germination was stopped by -1,2 MPa PEG (considered
priming potential). The temperature stress experiment resulted in an optimal temperature of 25 C, with 96% final
germination whereas only 14% of the seeds germinated at 40 C. The combination of osmotic and temperature stress had
a strong negative effect on the various germination parameters. Studies on seed physiology of native plants are important
to generate protocols as starting point for the further molecular dissection of the tolerance to stress.
Keywords: Germination, Osmotic stress, Temperature stress, .
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298. PRE-HARVEST DESICCATION WITH GLYPHOSATE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF SOYBEAN

SEEDS.
Toledo, M. Z., 1Tomaz, C. A., 1Cavariani, C., 2Frana Neto, J. de B. 1Faculdade de Cincias Agronmicas, FCA/
UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil, caatomaz@hotmail.com, 2Embrapa Soja, Londrina-PR, Brazil
1
Pre-harvest desiccation of soybean plants with glyphosate is routinely conducted by seed producers, although it is not
recommended for it may decrease seed physiological quality and, mainly, seedling development. This work had the
objective of evaluating the effects of pre-harvest desiccation of soybean plants with glyphosate on the physiological
quality of seeds harvested at two different times after the application. The experimental design was the completely
randomized block, with four replications. Treatments consisted of the presence and absence of plant desiccation with
glyphosate at R7 stage and harvest of seeds 7 and 14 days after the application. Moisture content of seeds was evaluated
at physiological maturity and right after each harvest. Mechanical damage, viability, weight of 100 seeds, protein content
and accumulation of glyphosate residues in seeds were determined after each harvest. Seed physiological quality was
evaluated by tests of germination, accelerated aging, electrical conductivity, seedling length and seedling dry matter.
Data was submitted to variance analysis and means were compared by the Tukey test (p0.05), as a 2 x 2 factorial
(presence and absence of desiccation x harvest times). Moisture content of soybean seeds harvested after desiccation
of plants was 6.87% lower than moisture of seeds produced by non-desiccated plants 7 days after the application but
no effects were found after 14 days. Accumulation of glyphosate residues in soybean seeds was higher whenever preharvest desiccation was conducted although residues were also found in seeds produced conventionally due to drift.
Seed germination was decreased by pre-harvest desiccation as a result of increased number of abnormal seedlings.
Glyphosate applied as desiccant also decreased seedling length, mainly primary root length. Later harvest decreased
seed quality by slightly increasing mechanical damage and, thus, electrical conductivity, as well as protein content but
not in interaction with pre-harvest desiccation.
Keywords: Glycine max, germination, physiological maturity, phytotoxicity
299. EVALUATION OF PHYTOTOXICITY OF Azadirachta indica, NEEM ON CABBAGE SEEDS Brassica

oleracea L.
Da Silva, J. J. P, 1Hanrand, W., 1De Souza, R. A., 2Nascimento, C. R. 1Centro de Tecnologias Estratgicas do
Nordeste (CETENE), Recife-PE, Brazil, robson.pop@hotmail.com, 2Universidade Federal da Paraba (UFPB), Joo
Pessoa, Brazil
1
Plant origin Idiana, the neem (azadirachta indica) is used in biological pest control and medicine. The germination test
was conducted with neem cake commercial: 2,93 mg/g Aradirachtim; 0,21 mg/g Nimbin; 0,87 mg/g salannin. The study
was conducted in greenhouse technology centers strategic northeast (CETENE). The 256 seeds of cabbage were planted
in a substrate of sand mixed with neem cake: C0- 0%; C - 0,0061%; C -0,15%; C- 0,45%; C4 1,35%; C5- 4,05%;
C6- 12,15%; C7- 36,45%; assigned to 8 treatments and 32 repetitions. The seeds were irrigated daily. Germination was
observed after 8th days of sowing and germination of the variables until day 15th.In treatments with high concentration of
neem cake, there was a reduction on germination of seeds planted, thus it waconcluded that a relationship exists between
the concentrations of treatment and seed germination.
Keyword: Phytotoxicity, Brassica oleracea L, Seed, Azadirachta indica.
Acknowledgment: COOPAVIL, CETENE.
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300. GERMINATION OF Oryza glumaepatula Steud. UNDER HYPOXIA CONDITION.

Pereira, A. P. T., 2Lima, L. B. de, 1Scremin-Dias, E., 1Damasceno Jr, G. A. 1Universidade Federal de Mato
Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande-MS, Brazil, tinti.pereira@gmail.com, 2Universidade Federal do Par (UFPA),
Altamira-PA, Brazil.
1
Oryza glumaepatula Steud., a wild rice native to the Pantanal wetland, is an emergent aquatic grass which occurs in an,
environment characterized by seasonal flooding. This seasonality affects internal and external morphology of plants and
also the ecophysiology of seed germination. This research aimed to verify the influence of hypoxia on germination of O.
glumaepatula. The seeds were collected along the Paraguay River, Corumb, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, and initially
spread on waterlogged (water column of 1 cm) and non waterlogged sand, in paper towel moistened 2.5 times its weight in
water. As first result, we found that the diaspores were dormant. Next, we evaluated proceedings to overcome dormancy,
which are imbibition in water at 40 C for 24 hours and total removal of the anthecium. Non treated diaspores to overcome
dormancy did not germinate, while anthecium removal resulted in 82% germination in moistened paper towels. Thus,
diaspores without anthecium were placed to germinate in flooded (1 cm water column) and non waterlogged conditions, in
Petri dishes with paper towel, in sterilized sand and in commercial nursery substrate. Seed germination of O. glumaepatula
only occurred under the condition of hypoxia after anthecium removal and only in Petri dishes, where seedlings produced
a developed shoot, but a root system with little or no development. The root system has only developed when the seedlings
were removed from the condition of flooding. These results demonstrate that the species has mechanisms to prevent
germination during the flood season, when the diaspores ripen and are deposited under deep water, only germinating in the
dry season on floodplains and along river banks.
Keywords: native plants, Pantanal wetland, seed dormancy, wild rice
301. EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND WATER POTENTIAL ON SEED RESPIRATORY PATTERNS

DURING GERMINATION.
Bello, P. H. N., 2Kunusoth, K., 3Afzal, I., 1Bradford, K. J. (1Department of Plant Sciences, University of California,
Davis, USA, kjbradford@ucdavis.edu, 2Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad, India, 3University
of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan)
1
Cellular respiration is initiated during the early stages of seed imbibition. Understanding the dynamics of seed respiration
during germination provides new opportunities to optimize treatment protocols and to assess seed quality. Previous
approaches to measure seed respiration have largely relied on measurements of samples containing many seeds, making
it difficult to relate specific respiratory patterns to germination timing. The Q2 instrument (ASTEC Seed Technology)
allows the sensitive measurement of respiration (oxygen depletion in sealed vials) by individual seeds. Responses of seed
germination to temperature and water potential can be described by the hydrothermal time model in which germination
proceeds in accordance with thermal time accumulation above a minimum or base temperature (Tb) and hydrotime
accumulation above a minimum or base water potential (b). We characterized the effects of these factors on respiratory
patterns of tomato and lettuce seeds in comparison with their germination kinetics. Consistent patterns of decreasing
respiration rates in response to suboptimal temperatures and water potentials were found for both species. Both germination
rates and respiration rates exhibited linear relationships with temperature, with similar Tb values. Seed respiration rates and
germination rates also decreased linearly with reductions in water potential, regardless of the temperature, but exhibited
apparently different b values. The ability to measure respiration of individual seeds enables more detailed studies of the
relationships between respiration rates and germination rates.
Keywords: Temperature, water potential, germination, respiration
Acknowledgements: American Seed Trade Association Vegetable and Flower Seed Permanent Research Fund, Western
Regional Seed Physiology Research Group (WRSPRG).
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302. CAN SEED OSMOPRIMING PRODUCE WATER DEFICIT TOLERANT SEEDLINGS?

Castro, L.E., 1Fraiz, A. C. R., 1Reis, A. M., 1Vaz, T. A. A., 2da Silva, E. A .A. 1Universidade Federal de Lavras
(UFLA), Lavras- MG, Brazil, anafraiz@yahoo.com.br 2 Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu- SP,
Brazil.
1
For the success of a forest stand it is important to use seeds and seedlings tolerant to adverse conditions, for example,
the drought. Priming is a seed pre-germination treatment that improves performance under stressful conditions. An
experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of osmopriming in the induction of tolerance to water restriction during
the production of Eucalyptus grandis seedlings. Seeds were primed in PEG-6000 solution adjusted to osmotic potentials
of -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8 and -1.0 MPa. After priming, seeds were sown in 50 mL plastic tubes on forest nursery and
cultivated during 120 days. Seedlings were measured (diameter and and shoot height) 90 days after sowing (DAS). At
120 DAS, seedlings were transferred from the nursery to the greenhouse, where water supplying was restricted, with
total suspension of irrigation. The physiological variables monitored until the death of the seedlings were water potential,
stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration The results shown that seed priming did not influenced the growth
and drought tolerance of seedlings of E. grandis. Possibly some of the seedlings growing conditions have masked the
priming effects such the limited volume of the plastic tubes and blocking photosynthetic active radiation caused by the
greenhouse.
Keywords: drought stress, priming, seedling production, eucalipto
Acknowledgements: FAPEMIG, CAPES, UFLA
303. INFLUENCE OF SEED VIGOR AND SOIL DENSITY ON SEEDLING PERFORMANCE OF BEANS
SEEDS.
Vazquez, G. H.; 2S, M. E. de; 3Souza, W. J. O. de; 3Suman, A. de C. 1Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP),
Ilha Solteira-SP e Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco (UNICASTELO), Fernandpolis-SP, Brazil, 2Universidade
Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Ilha Solteira-SP, Brazil, marcoso@agr.feis.unesp.br, 3Universidade Camilo Castelo
1
Several studies have shown that increasing soil compaction leads to decreasing yields. Mechanization of agriculture
brings about a rearrangement of soil particles, resulting in increased levels of soil compaction. Soils with increased
compaction levels offer increasing resistance to plant root growth and lower availability of air, water, and nutrients to
the plants. Seed vigor is another factor with considerable influence on plant performance. Thus, the objective of this
research work was to evaluate the influence of bean seed vigor on its germinative performance when germinating in
soils of different compaction levels. Bean seed of different vigor levels resulted from the artificial ageing of the seeds for
periods of 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. Soil density levels were of 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 g cm-3. These two factors had their
levels combined in a factorial arrangement with four repetitions and the experiment set under green house conditions
according to a completely random design. Seeds were sown in lysimeters filled with moist soil where they remained
for 16 days. The experimental data were evaluated according to a regression analysis at the level of 5% of probability.
The results showed that soil compaction increments up to 1.6 g cm-3 reduce the percentage, the speed of emergence,
and the size (measured as seedling height and wet as well as dry matter) of seedlings emerged. It was also verified that
accelerated aging in short periods permits the bean seeds to express their maximum potential - the highest values
of speed of emergence, seedling height, seedling dry and wet weight were reached when the seeds were aged for 55
hours.
Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris, Priming, Accelerated Aging, Stress
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304. EVALUATION OF LEAF WATER POTENTIAL OF GRAVITINGA (Solanum granuloso-leprosum Dunal)

SEEDLINGS SUBMITTED TO WATER STRESS.
Matos, A. C. B., 2Soares, G. C. M., 3Silva, E. A. A., 1Fraiz, A. C. R., 4Hilhorst,H. W. M., 1Davide, A. C., 1Faria,
J. M. R. 1Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras-MG, Brazil, batistamatos@gmail.com, 2Universidade
Federal de Viosa (UFV), Viosa-MG, Brazil, 3Universidade Estadual Paulista Jlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP),
Botucatu-SP, BraziL, 4Wageningen University (WUR), Wageningen, Netherlands
1
The critical value of leaf water potential, which determines the permanent wilting point, may vary among species. The
use of high quality seeds is an important factor to guarantee that seedling production becomes successful. Priming
is a pre-sowing treatment that may improve post-harvest seed quality, leading to a faster and uniform germination,
especially under stress conditions. This work aimed to evaluate leaf water potential of gravitinga seedlings obtained
from primed seeds, during water stress. Primarily, seeds were distributed in Petri dishes with 2 sheets of germination
paper moistened with 10 mL of distilled water (hydropriming) or PEG (8000) solution with water potential of -0.4
MPa (osmopriming), for 15 days at 15 C. Subsequently, primed and unprimed seeds were sown in the nursery. After 8
months of growth, 4 seedlings from each treatment were randomized selected and taken to the greenhouse, where they
were submitted to water stress (total interruption of irrigation for 8 days). The first pair of leaves was collected every
2 days to estimate leaf water potential with the Scholander Pump. Control was established with irrigated seedlings.
It was not observed any difference in water potential of seedlings up to 6 days of stress. However, at the eighth day
of stress, seedlings from unprimed seeds achieved water potential of -3.11 MPa, and seedlings from osmoprimed and
hydroprimed seeds achieved -1.52 and -1.86 MPa, respectively. So, priming of gravitinga seeds improved resistance of
seedlings to water stress.
Keywords: drought, priming, seedling production
Acknowledgements: CNPq, FAPEMIG, CAPES
305. INDUCTION OF TOLERANCE TO THERMAL STRESS DURING GERMINATION OF Eucalyptus grandis

HILL EX MAIDEN.
Fraiz, A. C. R., 1Castro, L. E., 1Vaz, T. A. A., 1Matos, A. C. B., 2Silva, E. A. A. 1Universidade Federal de Lavras
(UFLA), Lavras- MG, Brazil, anafraiz@yahoo.com.br 2Universidade Estadual Paulista Jlio de Mesquita Filho
(UNESP), Botucatu- SP, Brazil
1
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of priming during germination of Eucalyptus grandis seeds submitted
to thermal stress. The experiment was conducted at the Forestry Seeds Laboratory of the Federal University of Lavras,
Lavras, MG. Seeds were primed on PEG 6000 solutions with osmotic potential of -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8 and -1.0 MPa for
36, 48, 120, 240 and 240 hours respectively, at 25 C. In order to optimize the period of incubation, an imbibition curve
was produced at each osmotic potential. To evaluate the effect of priming, germination tests were conducted under
thermal stress. Germination was carried out in Petri dishes on filter paper moistened with distilled water. Petri dishes
were placed on a thermo-gradient table providing a range of constant temperatures (10,14,20,23,25,29and 35 oC).
The experiment was designed as a randomized block, using four replications of 25 seeds in a 6x7 factorial (five osmotic
potentential of priming and seven temperatures). Although priming did not affect the final germination percentage, it
increased the germination rate.
Keywords: eucaliptus, priming, forestry seeds.
Acknowledgements: CAPES, FAPEMIG, UFLA
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Pires, R. M. O., 1Nery, M.C., 2Nery, F.C., 1Rocha, A.S., 1Soares, B.C. 1Universidade Federal dos Vales do
Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina-MG, Brazil, raquel.opires@yahoo.com.br, Universidade Federal
de So Joo Del Rey- (UFSJ), Sete Lagoas-MG, Brazil.
1
The necessity of production and commercialization of high quality forages seeds due to the opening new areas for
pasture, is growing. Consequently, the use of rapid tests is becoming an indispensable tool for evaluation of physiological
quality of these seeds. Among the tests already in use, the accelerated aging test has been considered like a promising
alternative. Thus, the objective of this work is to adapt the methodology of the accelerated aging test for evaluation
of physiological quality of leguminous forage, Calopogonium mucunoides. The seeds were submitted to traditional
accelerated aging and with saturated salt of NaCl, in five periods of aging. 0 (the control treatment), 24, 48, 72 and
96 hours, and three temperature intervals, 40 C; 42,5 C e 43 C. It was observed, that the use of saturated salt of
NaCl carries a less pronounced deterioration and less drastic results as well as the reduction of fungi associated. The
exposition of seeds to the high temperature of 43 C promoted degenerative effects resulting in lower germination rate
and higher percentage of dead seeds. In periods of 24 and 48 hours at 42,5 C, it was observed the reinvigoration of
C.mucunoides seeds in the traditional treatment, probably due to the activation of some mechanism that neutralizes the
subcellular damage that occurs during the deterioration process, but further studies are needed for this treatment. In the
treatment with NaCl, it was observed that the periods of 72 hours at 40 C and 24 hours at 42,5 C, better determine the
physiological quality of Calopogonium mucunoides seeds, promoting greater percentage of normal seedlings.
Keywords: quality, vigor, germination, reinvigoration.
307. GLUTATHIONE CONCENTRATIONS IN Eugenia stipitata MC VAUGH SEEDS STORED AT DIFFERENT

MOISTURE CONTENTS.
Calvi, G. P., 2Aud, F. F., 1Ferraz, I. D. K., 3Kranner, I.. 1Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaznia (INPA),
Manaus AM, Brazil, gpcalvi@yahoo.com.br, 2Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas BA, Brazil,
3
Seed Conservation Departament, Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, UK
1
The aim of this study was to study the stresses that accompany desiccation sensitive recalcitrant seeds stored at different
relative humidities (RH). Six RHs were tested at ambient temperature (25 C) with seeds submersed in running water
(Submersed = SU), or maintained wet in plastic bags with vermiculite. The vermiculite was added dry to the fresh seeds
(same amount as seed weight) (Low Moisture = LM); or moistened with distilled water at a proportion of 0.5g water/1g
vermiculite (Medium Moisture = MM), or 2g water/1g vermiculite (High Moisture = HM) or the seeds were air dried at
25 C and stored in glass containers either with a moisture content (MC) of 15% (Dry = DR) or less than 10% (Very Dry =
VD). Each treatment comprised five replicates with 20 seeds each. After storage each individual seed was divided into four
parts. One quarter was frozen in liquid nitrogen and freeze-dried, two quarters were used for tetrazolium viability staining
(TZ) and another quarter was used to determine seed MC. Freeze dried seeds were separated into viable, intermediate and
dead seeds, according to TZ staining, and grounded to a fine powder. We extracted glutathione (GSH) and glutathione
disulphide (GSSG) and calculated the glutathione half-cell reduction potential (EGSSG/2GSH). After two and four weeks of
storage, when seeds retained MCs of between 55.43 and 60.27% (LM, MM, HM and SU), seeds contained more GSH
compared to seeds that were dried to less than 8.91% MC (DR and VD). Values for EGSSG/2GSH in live, intermediate and dead
seeds differed significantly. The difference between live and dead seeds is in agreement with the suggestions that EGSSG/2GSH
is a useful tool for assessing viability in plant tissues.
Keywords: Recalcitrant seeds, Storage, Viability
Acknowledgements: CNPq, Defra
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308. SIX MONTH WET STORAGE OF A DESICCATION SENSITIVITY SEED FROM THE AMAZON.
Calvi, G. P., 2Franco, M. P., 2Petean, F. C. S., 1Ferraz, I. D. K. 1Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaznia
(INPA), Manaus AM, Brazil, gpcalvi@yahoo.com.br, 2Universidade Federal de So Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba
SP, Brazil
1
Eugenia stipitata (McVaugh; Myrtaceae) is a fruit tree of regional economic importance in the Amazon region. The seeds
are highly desiccation sensitive and with short longevity. Seed weight averages at 0.5 g. The embryo is meristematic
and at maturation no endosperm is visible. The present study aimed to compare low cost and easy reproducible wet seed
storage conditions, which could be carried out by local seed producers. Four different moisture conditions were tested
at ambient temperature (25 C) with seeds submersed in running water (Submersed = SU), or maintained in thin plastic
bags (0,0025mm) with vermiculite. The vermiculite was added dry to the fresh seeds (same amount as seed weight) (Low
Moisture= LM); or moistened with distillated water in the proportion 0,5g water/1g vermiculite (Medium Moisture =
MM), or 2g water/1g vermiculite (High Moisture = HM). Additionally four constant temperatures (20, 15, 10 and 5 C)
were compared with the MO treatment. Each plastic bag contained 25 seeds and was perforated six time with a needle
(0.73mm diameter) to ensure adequate gas exchange. The eight treatments were done with four replicates of 20 seeds.
After six months of storage seed moisture content (MC) was determined (105 C;% wb) and viability was assessed with
tetrazolium staining (TZ). At 25 C storage no viability loss was observed when the seeds were maintained SU or in HM
conditions; the treatments MM and LM at 25 C and MM at 20 C caused viability loss or death, as the MC in the plastic
bags was reduced from 59.1% (control) to 11.1% after six months. At 5, 10 and 15 C moisture content was maintained
high (59.7; 59.8; 45,1% respectively); the seeds lost viability at 5 C, however maintained viability at 10 and 15 C. Thus,
Eugenia stipitata seeds can be stored for six months without significant viability loss.
Keywords: Recalcitrant seeds, Storage, Viability
309. WATER STRESS AND HYDROPRIMING IN Ocimum basilicum SEEDS.

Soares, G. C. M., Sekita, M. C., Batista, D. S., Silva, L. J., Barbosa, F. D., Dias, D. C. F. S. Universidade Federal
de Viosa (UFV), Viosa-MG, Brazil. giulianamourao@hotmail.com
Priming is a pre-sowing treatment that involves the initiation of many metabolic processes, without allowing the completion
of germination. This technique may improve post-harvest seed quality, leading to a faster and uniform germination,
especially under stress conditions. The present work aimed to evaluate the effect of water stress and hydropriming in basil
seed germination. Before treatments, seeds were surface-sterilized with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 5 min, and washed
with running water. Subsequently, hydropriming treatment was established: seeds were distributed in germination box
with 2 sheets of paper towel moistened with 6 mL of distilled water, for 24 h, at 25 C. Afterwards, 4 replicates of 50
primed and unprimed seeds were sown in gerboxes containing 2 sheets of paper towel with 5 mL of PEG 6000 solution at
0.0, -0.4, -0.6 and -0.8 MPa. The boxes were kept in an incubator at 25 C for 14 days. Seed quality was evaluated by final
germination percentage and germination speed index (GSI). Under water stress -0.4 MPa, hydroprimed or unprimed basil
seeds presented the same pattern of germination of that of the control, which may indicate that this species tolerates water
stress up to -0.4 MPa. Germination was drastically affected by lower water potentials. Hydroprimed seeds germinated
more than unprimed ones at lower water potentials, although the mean values of germination were significantly lower than
the control.
Keywords: germination, basil, seed enhancement
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310. LOSS OF DESICCATION TOLERANCE AND EVALUATION OF NUCLEAR DNA CONTENT IN SEEDS
OF Peltophorum dubium DURING AND AFTER GERMINATION.
Guimares, C. G.; 1Faria, J. M. R.; 2Oliveira, J. M.; 3 Da Silva, E. A. A.; 1Universidade Federal de Lavras,
Lavras-MG, Brazil, 2 Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 3 Universidade Estadual Paulista Jlio
de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Botucatu-SP, Brazil. criscgbiologia@hotmail.com
1
Over 50% of forest species produce seeds whose storage may lead to a rapid loss of viability. Thus there is urgency
for studies that address mechanisms involved in the desiccation tolerance/sensitivity and storage of seeds. The present
study aimed to investigate the loss of desiccation tolerance (DT) in seeds of the orthodox species Peltophorum dubium
(Sprengel) Taubert, during and after germination. P. dubium seeds were put to germinate and taken when the primary root
reached the lengths of 1, 3 and 5 mm (68% of water content). Seeds were then dehydrated in silica gel until their initial
moisture content (8%), rehydrated and assessed by survival (development of normal seedlings). These proceedings were
also realized in the assays during imbibition, with 4 replications of 25 seeds sampled after 12, 24, 48, 60 and 72 h of
imbibition. Subsequently, different points of interest were selected (12, 48 and 60 h of imbibition and radicles with 1 mm
length) to assess the nuclear DNA content, in order to relate the beginning of cell cycle with the loss of DT. For the 3 radicle
lengths sampled, no survival was observed in the seeds submitted to drying and rehydration. There was a progressive
decrease in survival of the seeds related with the period of imbibition, and subsequent drying and rehydration, suggesting
that the loss of DT occurs in at the early stages of germination, before the radicle protrusion. Imbibed seeds for 12, 24, 48
and 60 h and germinated ones with a radicle length of 1 mm presented 98, 93, 83, 35, 17 and 0% of survival, respectively.
The assays with the nuclear DNA content did not show a relationship between the resumption of the cell cycle and the loss
of DT.
Keywords: Desiccation sensitivity, cell cycle, radicle protrusion.
Acknowledgements: FAPEMIG, CAPES, CNPq.
311. QUALITY PHYSIOLOGY OF SEED BEAN UNDER SALINITY STRESS.

Lima, J. J. P., 1Gonalves, E. P., 1Oliveira, L. M. N., 3Costa, A. F., 1Lima, A. A., 1Matos, V.P., 1 Paiva, L. G., 1Santana,
B. L. C. G. C. e 1Silva, S. C. A. 1Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Garanhuns-PE, Brazil, edilma@
pq.cnpq.br., 2Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras-MG, Brazil.. 3Instituto Agronmico de Pernambuco (IPA)
Recife-PE, Brazil.
2
Due to the importance for human consumption, the crop bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has been studied widely. Under
field conditions, seeds will not germinate when high levels of salinity and drought occur, which are under the influence of
climate and soil conditions. Salt stress is the result of excess soluble salts, reducing the soil water potential and thereby
preventing the absorption of water by seeds and plants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of stress salinity
on the physiology of seeds of three bean cultivars. The cultivars Princesa, Campeiro and IPA-10 were germinated on paper
towel soaked in sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mmol.L-1. Seed performance was evaluated
by standard germination, first count, IVG, dry weight, and seedling length. Data were analyzed by applying Tukeys test for
variance analysis and polynomial regression for the levels of osmotic potential for each of the physiological variables. The
cultivar Princesa was considered the most vigorous under salinity stress, demonstrating the resistance to adverse conditions
of salinity, while cultivar Campeiro showed intermediate vigor and cultivar IPA-10 showed drastically reduced vigor as
a result of salinity.
Keywords: germination, Vigor, NaCl
Acknowledgements: UFRPE/UAG
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312. EFFECT OF SALINITY AND COLD STRESS ON GERMINATION, SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT AND
DEHYDRIN PATTERN OF CAAHUA SEEDLINGS.
Avella Grillia, M.S., 1Martinez Tosar, L.J., 1Barbarich M.F., 2Mamani F., 2Orsag, V., 1Maldonado, S.,
1
Burrieza, H.P. 1Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Agentina, hernan@
bg.fcen.uba.ar, 2 Facultad de Agronoma, Universidad Mayor de San Andrs, La Paz, Bolivia.
1
The Caahua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) is a widely spread crop in the bolivian high plateau. This plant is capable
of producing seeds of high nutritional quality, while growing in extreme environmental conditions at altitudes over 4000
m.a.s.l. Like the close relative Quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd), the Caahua shows a high protein content (15-20%)
and a good balance of essential aminoacids, fatty acids and minerals. Furthermore unlike Quinua the Caahua lacks
saponins, allowing the elimination of saponin-extraction steps needed before human consumption. This semi-domesticated
crop plant has been studied for its cold-endurance, but not for its saline stress response. We have analyzed germination
and seedling establishment both critical physiological processesunder saline and cold stress, as well as the expression
of dehydrins key water-stress related proteins during these processes. For the germination experiments we assayed two
growing temperatures (4 and 21 C) and different salt concentrations (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mM NaCl). Dehydrins
were detected by means of a specific antibody raised against the well conserved K consensus sequence, present in all the
protein family members described to date. Germination under saline stress is affected only above 300 mM NaCl, while
seedling establishment begins to show mild impairments at 200 mM. Despite cold stress impacts notably on the rate of
growth, after a three-week incubation the overall results under cold + saline stress were similar to those obtained for saline
stress alone (i.e. at 21 C). Western blot analysis of protein extracts shows a clear induction of four dehydrin bands (of
approximately 62, 42, 40 and 29 kDa) with increasing salinity. Again, combined cold + saline stress assays show the same
result observed for saline stress alone, provided an incubation time of tree weeks to allow for seedling establishment under
4 C. Taken together, these results suggest that the Caahua is mostly adapted to cold stress, while it responds to moderateto-strong salinity by upregulating its overall dehydrin load.
Keywords: Chenopodium pallidicaule, salt stress, cold stress, dehydrins
313. EFFECT OF SALINITY ON THE DEHYDRIN PATTERN OF QUINOA SEEDS

Burrieza, H.P.1, Werner-Koyro, H.2, Martnez Tosar, L.J.1, Avella Grillia, M.S.1, Kobayashi, K.1 and
Maldonado, S.1 1 Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Agentina, hernan@
bg.fcen.uba.ar, 2 Institute for Plant Ecology, Justus-Liebig, University of Giessen, Germany.
The potential biotechnological profit of exploiting dehydrins for the improvement of plant stress tolerance makes the study
of Quinua an attractive endeavour. We research the dehydrin content in Chenopodium quinoa cv. Hualhuas mature embryos
of plants growing at salinities ranging from 0 to 500 mol m-3, with salt concentration being the unique variable parameter.
The cv. Hualhuas grows in valleys at altitudes of 3,6004,000 m.a.s.l. and it is adapted to the very arid conditions typical
of the salty soils of the high plateau, with less than 250 mm of annual rain and a minimum temperature of -1 C. The
main aim of this study was to investigate whether the seed developmental dehydrin pattern is affected by the plant growth
conditions. Additionally, we set out to identify inducible/constitutive dehydrins in embryos, leaves and roots of the same
stressed plants. The study was performed by both 1-D western blot and in situ immunolocalization analyses, using a primary
antibody raised against the well conserved K consensus sequence present in all the dehydrin family members described to
date. Immunological analyses of dehydrins in mature embryos revealed the presence of several bands (of approximately
55, 50, 40, 34 and 30 kDa) present in all treatments. The 30 kDa band increased notably with salinity concentrations of 300
mM and higher. When protein extracts were subjected to alkaline phosphatase treatment prior to western blot analysis, the
band of 30 kDa showed a mobility shift compatible with a change in its phosphorylation state. Likewise, bands coincided
with those reported in other two quinoa cultivars. This coincidence suggests that dehydrin bands are characteristic of the
species, all of them being conserved among different cultivars. Our results are in accordance with those previously shown
for dehydrins of unrelated species, namely the presence of low-molecular weight, stress-inducible and phosphorylatable
proteins, presumably linked to enhanced stress tolerance.
Keywords: Chenopodium quinoa; Dehydrins; western blot; Salt stress
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314. THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF SELENIUM IN RECALCITRANT ACER SACCHARINUM L. SEEDS

SUBJECTED TO DESICCATION.
Pukacka, S., 1Ratajczak, E., 1Kalemba, E., 1Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences (ID PAN), 62035 Krnik, Poland, spukacka@man.pozna.pl
1
Freshly harvested silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.) seeds were soaked in either sodium selenite (10 mg/L) or water for
6 h. After washing and air drying, seeds were desiccated at 22oC at a RH of 45- 50% RH to comparable water levels from
50 to 13%. Germination capacity was significantly higher in seeds treated with selenium and desiccated (from 50 to 40, 35
and 30% WC) than in water-soaked seeds. At 20% WC, the seeds from both treatments had low viability (approximately
20%).The electrolyte leakage and the MDA content were significantly lower in the embryonic axes of seeds soaked in
selenite than in seeds soaked in water. It was also found that the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) of embryonic
axes from selenium-treated seeds that were not desiccated, or from seeds that were desiccated to 40% and 35% WC was
significantly higher than that of non-treated axes. No difference in GPX activity was detected in cotyledons. This was
confirmed by activity staining of GPX after native PAGE of proteins extracted from embryonic axes and cotyledons. An
increase in glutathione reductase (GR) activity was also observed in embryonic axes of seeds treated with selenium and
dried to 35 and 30% WC compared to non-treated samples.
Keywords: Desiccation, Glutathione peroxidase, Glutathione reductase, MDA, Selenite
Acknowledgements: Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education
315. SENSIBILITY OF Theobroma subincanum SEEDS TO REDUCTION OF THE MOISTURE CONTENT

AND THE STORAGE LOW TEMPERATURE.
Carvalho, J. E. U. de; 1Nascimento, W. M. O. do (1Embrapa Amaznia Oriental, Belm-PA, Brazil, CEP 66095100, CP 48, urano@cpatu.embrapa.br, walnice@cpatu.embrapa.br).
1
The objective of this study was to test the sensibility of Theobroma subincanum seeds to reduced moisture content conditions
and to exposure to low temperature. To test moisture content reduction, seeds were dried in rooms with relative air humidity
of 55,5% and temperature of 232 C, for 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24 and 48 hours, to obtain seed moisture content of 44.7%,
39.9%, 30.0%, 20.5%, 19.7%, 15.7% and 12.3%, respectively. To test sensibility to low temperature, seeds not exposed
to drying were stored at a temperature of 71 C for 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours. Germination tests were then conducted with
four replication of 50 seeds. Moisture content of the seeds was determined from 50 replication of individual seeds. Results
showed that T. subincanum seeds tolerate reduction in moisture content to level around 30.0%, without compromising
the percentage of seed germination. More accentuated reductions in moisture content decreased the percentage of seed
germination (even further), with a complete loss of germination, when seeds reached moisture content level of around
12.0%. The T. subincanum seeds also showed sensibility to low temperature and lost complete viability when exposed to
a temperature of 7 C for eight hours.
Keywords: Theobroma subincanum, drying, fruit, Amazon.
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316. EMERGENCE OF COMMON BEAN SEEDS UNDER DIFFERENT FIELD CONDITIONS.

Zilio, M., 1Michels, A. F., 1Souza, C. A., 2Coelho, C. M .M., 1Ataide, R. C. N., 1Correa, C., 1Universidade
do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages-SC, Brazil, rnataide@bol.com.br, 2Universidade Federal de Santa
Catarina (UFSC), Florianpolis-SC, Brazil,
1
Under field conditions common bean seeds can be exposed to adverse environmental conditions which leads to lower
emergence than observed in laboratory tests. The objective of this research was to evaluate the emergence of bean seeds
in different field environments. The seeds from 26 beans genotypes were submitted to field conditions germination, to
characterize its physiological potential. The seeds was sowed in 2 places (Joaaba/SC and Lages/SC) and in 3 growing
season (2008/2009, 2009/2010 and 2010/2011). The treatments were arranged in randomized blocks with three replicates.
The data was submitted to variance analysis and the averages compared for Duncan test, P<0.05. Significant effects were
observed with growing season, environment and genotype and growing season x environment. The effect of growing
season was observed in 2008/2009, which was associated with higher emergence (82%) followed of 2009/2010 (67%) and
2010/2011 (60%). Joaaba was the environment with greater emergence (84%) when compared the Lages (56%) in the 3
seasons, which the BAFs 55, 46, 75, 102, 192, 112 and 03 showed higher values of emergence. Significant effects among
genotypes was observed only in Lages environment in each season, where BAFs 121, 112 and 36 in 2008/2009, BAFs 68,
04 and 102 in 2009/2010 and BAFs 102, 81 and 192 in 2010/2011 showed higher emergence. In the 2009/2010 season
had 66mm of rain in Lages during seed emergence stage, but while in Joaaba the rain did not exceed 40mm. Moreover,
the average of temperatures in Lages was 15 C and Joaaba was 20 C. In 2010/2011 season the rain was of 170mm in
Lages and 95mm in Joaaba. The average of the minimum temperatures in Lages was of 10 C and 15 C in Joaaba. In
conclusion, these genotypes were sensitive to environment field conditions, and need temperature higher than 15 C and
rainfall lower than 100mm in the emergence stage.
Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris, Physiological quality, Temperature, Rainfall
Aknowledgments: UDESC, CAPES.
317. THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF SELENIUM IN RECALCITRANT Acer saccharinum L. SEEDS SUBJECTED
TO DESICCATION.
Pukacka, S., 1Ratajczak, E., 1Kalemba, E. 1Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences (ID PAN), 62035 Krnik, Poland, spukacka@man.pozna.pl
1
Freshly harvested silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.) seeds were soaked in either sodium selenite (10 mg/L) or water for
6 h. After washing and air drying, seeds were desiccated at 22 oC at a RH of 45- 50% RH to comparable water levels from
50 to 13%. Germination capacity was significantly higher in seeds treated with selenium and desiccated (from 50 to 40, 35
and 30% WC) than in water-soaked seeds. At 20% WC, the seeds from both treatments had low viability (approximately
20%).The electrolyte leakage and the MDA content were significantly lower in the embryonic axes of seeds soaked in
selenite than in seeds soaked in water. It was also found that the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) of embryonic
axes from selenium-treated seeds that were not desiccated, or from seeds that were desiccated to 40% and 35% WC was
significantly higher than that of non-treated axes. No difference in GPX activity was detected in cotyledons. This was
confirmed by activity staining of GPX after native PAGE of proteins extracted from embryonic axes and cotyledons. An
increase in glutathione reductase (GR) activity was also observed in embryonic axes of seeds treated with selenium and
dried to 35 and 30% WC compared to non-treated samples.
Keywords: Glutathione peroxidase, Glutathione reductase, MDA, Selenite
Acknowledgements: Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education
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318. SEED PRIMING TO IMPROVE THE STAND ESTABLISHMENT AND YIELD PERFORMANCE IN
SPRING MAIZE UNDER DELAYED PLANTED CONDITIONS.
Rehman, H., 1Mehboob, W., 1Basra, S.M.A.B., 1Afzal, I., and 2Farooq, M., 1Department of Crop Physiology,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040-Pakistan, hafeezcp@gmail.com 2 Department of Agronomy, University
of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040-Pakistan
1
Reduction and delay in the germination due to increased soil temperature is major constraint to high yield in spring
planted maize. Seed priming has potential to improve the crop performance under adverse environmental conditions.
The present study was conducted to improve the stand establishment and yield performance of hybrid maize under
delayed planting conditions. Seed priming techniques used were hydropriming, osmopriming with CaCl2 (s=-1.25
MPa), moringa leaf extract (MLE) diluted 30 times and salicylic acid (50 mg L-1) each for 18 h. Non-primed dry
seeds was taken as control. Crop was planted at Feb. 24 (optimum) and Mar 24, 2010 (late condition) using FH-810
hybrid maize cultivar. High temperature at planting delayed the seedling emergence in control while seed priming
treatments resulted in earlier and vigorous seedling stand. Among all the strategies, osmopriming with CaCl2 reduced
the time to 50% emergence (E50), mean emergence time (MET) while increased final emergence (FEP) under optimum
as well late planted conditions as compared to control. Agronomic and yield related traits were significantly affected
by seed priming at both sowing dates. Comparatively reduced days to tasseling, silking and maturity were observed for
osmopriming with CaCl2 followed by MLE priming and no interactive effect was found among the priming treatments
and sowing dates for days to tasseling and silking. Maximum number of grains rows per cob, total kernel rows per cob,
higher number of grains per cob for MLE priming while higher grain numbers, biological and economical yield, harvest
index were recorded for osmopriming with CaCl2 followed by MLE priming under both optimum and delayed planted
conditions. Increased yield by CaCl2 or MLE priming can be attributed to enhanced seedling emergence, chlorophyll
contents and cell membrane permeability. This study suggests further physiological and biochemical investigation of
enhanced field performance by seed priming.
Keywords: Planting date, Seedling vigor, High temperature stress, Economic yield
Acknowledgements: EFS, UAF
319. EFFECTS OF LOW OSMOTIC POTENTIAL ON GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF

SOYBEAN.
Ghobadi, M., 1Khas-Amiri, M., 2Ghobadi, M. E., 1Mohammadi, G. R. 1Department of Biotechnology for
Drought Stress, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran, m.ghobadi@yahoo.com, 2Department of
Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
1
Water deficit is one of the important factors in the germination process, especially in the soybean (Glycine max L.).
Therefore an experiment was designed on soybean in the Crop Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi
University. Factors were including soybean varieties (L17, M9, Clark, Habit and Williams) and water osmotic potential
(0, -0.3, -0.6, -0.9 and -1.2 MPa) with using polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000). The experiment was conducted as factorial
based on Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Analysis of variance showed that different levels
of osmotic potential were significant in all characteristics of germination and seedling growth (germination percentage,
rate and uniformity, shoot and root dry weight). Interaction between cultivars and cultivars osmotic potential on root and
shoot length germination rate was significant. The potential for above -0.3 MPa did not produced seedling any varieties.
Germination percentage was the highest in Clark. Germination rate and uniformity were higher at L17 and Clark
and M9, respectively. In this experiment, Habit had minimum of germination characteristics.
Keywords: Soybean varieties, Germination, Seedling growth, PEG
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320. GERMINATION OF SEEDS OF CORN PRODUCED UNDER SALT STRESS.

Oliveira, L. B., 1Garcia, G. O., 1Nazrio, A. A., 1Lopes, J. C., 2Oliveira, J. P. B. de, 3Alexandre, R. S.,
Fernandes, A. A. 1Universidade Federal do Esprito Santo/UFES, Centro de Cincias Agrrias/CCA, AlegreES, Brazil, 2Universidade Federal de Viosa/UFV, Viosa-MG, Brazil, 3Universidade Federal do Esprito
Santo/UFES, Centro Universitrio Norte do Estado do Esprito Santo/CEUNES, So Mateus-ES, Brazil,
rsalexandre@click21.com.br
1
3
The aim of this study was to evaluate the germination of maize plants cv. PL6880 irrigated with different salt concentrations.
The study was conducted at the Laboratrio de Tecnologia e Anlises de Sementes do Centro de Cincias Agrrias da
Universidade Federal do Esprito Santo (CCA/UFES), em Alegre-ES, Brazil. The experimental design was completely
randomized, where treatments were concentrations salt used in the irrigation water of 0, 0.8, 1.6, 2.4 and 3.6 mg L-1.
The curve of germination of seeds of maize cv. PL6880 against the concentrations of saline irrigation water, descending
behaved in comparison to the absence of salinity (100%), down 4% to 1.6 mg L-1 with an average of 96% germination.
From this concentration there was a slight increase in the percentage of germination, from 1% at a dose of 2.4 mg L-1
(97%) and 2% at a dose of 3.2 mg L-1 (98%). This indicates that the salt concentration did not affect the germination of
this cultivar.
Keywords: Zea mays, salinity, stress
Acknowledgements: CCA/UFES
321. EFFECT OF SALT STRESS ON VIABILITY AND GERMINATION OF BROCCOLI SEEDS.

Maciel, K.S., 1Lopes, J.C., 2Alexandre, R.S. 1Universidade Federal do Esprito Santo/UFES, Centro de Cincias
Agrrias/CCA, Alegre-ES, Brazil, khetrinmaciel@gmail.com. 2Universidade Federal do Esprito Santo/UFES,
Centro Universitrio Norte do Esprito Santo/CEUNES, So Mateus, ES, Brazil.
1
To evaluate the effect of salt stress on germination and viability of seeds broccoli, two lots of broccoli (Brassica oleracea
L. var. Italica), cv. Ramoso Piracicaba, obtained from organic and conventional system production were exposed to two
osmotic potentials (0.0 and -2.0 MPa), by immersion for 15 minutes in a solution of NaCl. The treated seeds with humidity
of 7% were stored during seven months, under cold chamber (52 C and 60% of RH). The experiment was conducted
at the Laboratrio de Tecnologia e Produo de Sementes do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal do
Esprito Santo (CCA-UFES) in the period from january to july 2009. The experiment was a completely randomized design
with four replications. Percentage of germination, fast count, speed germination, abnormal seedlings and dead seeds were
evaluated. The results showed that the seeds of organic farming and conventional farming did not differ in germination;
Greater vigor was observed in conventional seeds, and that soaking seeds in NaCl is detrimental to the preservation of
seed viability.
Keywords: Brassica oleracea, osmotic potential, storage, vigor, seed viability, physiological quality.
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322. GERMINATION AND STORAGE OF PURPLE PASSIONFRUIT SEED TREATED WITH ANTIOXIDANTS.
Almeida, J., 1Lopes, J. C., 2Alexandre, R.S., 1Zuim, V. 1Universidade Federal do Esprito Santo/UFES, Centro
de Cincias Agrrias/CCA, Alegre-ES, Brazil, jcufes@bol.com.br. 2Universidade Federal do Esprito Santo/UFES,
Centro Universitrio Norte do Esprito Santo/CEUNES, So Mateus, ES, Brazil.
1
This study was conducted with the objective of obtaining information concerned to the behavior purple passionfruit seed
treated of antioxidants and stored during 60 days. This work was carried out at the Laboratrio de Tecnologia e Produo
de Sementes of Departamento de Produo Vegetal of Universidade Federal do Esprito Santo (CCA-UFES) in the period
from October to December 2010.The seeds of purple passionfruit (Passiflora edulis Sims. f. edulis.) were extracted
manually from newly harvest fruits, rubbed in wire sieves with cal for to extraction of aril and dried in the shade on filter
paper. When the water content of the seeds fell 8%, they were divided in three lots and treated with vitamin C (100%),
-tocopherol (100%) and seeds without treatment (control), and later was the degree of moisture controlled seed on 12%,
packed in plastic bags and stored during 60 days under cold chamber (52 C and 60% of RH). The experiment was a
completely randomized design with four replications. The Moisture content, germination and vigor (first germination count
and speed germination) were evaluated. The results allowed to conclude that effect of vitamin C increase the percentage o
germination after 60 days of storage, whose values were over 56% and the -tocopherol decrease to 16%. However, by the
tetrazolium test, it was found that 87% in two lots of seeds remain viable and that treatment with -tocopherol this index
reached 97%.
Keywords: Passiflora edulis Sims.f.edulis, -tocopherol, vitamin C, storage potential, quality
Acknowledgements: FAPES and CNPq
323. STANDARDIZATION OF CONDUCTIVITY TEST VARIABLES FOR Cordia trichotoma Vellozo

Arrabida ex Steudel. SEEDS.
Abucarma, V. M., 1Herzog, N.F.M., 1Schulz, D. G. S., 1Igncio, V. L., 2Malavasi, M. M., 2Malavasi, U.C.
Programa de ps graduao em Agronomia da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paran (UNIOESTE), Marechal
Cndido Rondon -PR, Brazil, vmabucarma@hotmail.com, 2Professor doutor da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do
Paran (UNIOESTE), Marechal Cndido Rondon -PR, Brazil.
1
The electrical conductivity test has been an excellent tool for assessing the quality of seeds from various species. More
recently, studies have been conducted to verify its applicability in tree seeds. This study aimed to standardize the methodology
of electrical conductivity test for Louro-pardo (Cordia trichotoma (Vellozo) Arrabida ex Steudel). Seeds of four seed
sources from Marechal Cndido Rondon, Paran were used. Seeds were stored for 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days to create five
different seedlots. The initial seedlots variables included mass of a thousand seeds (37g), germination percentage (53%)
and moisture content of seeds (12.8%). The test was standardized using four replicates of 25 seeds with three volumes
of deionized water (25, 50 and 75 mL) and soaking periods of 0, 1, 2, 4, 12, 24 and 36 h at 25 C. Freshly harvested
seed showed higher percentage and germination rate. Electrical conductivity values showed significant differences among
seedlotswith the following testing conditions : 25 seeds soaked for 12 hours in 50 mL of water at 25 C.
Keywords: seed vigor, Louro-pardo, seed quality.
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324. VARIATIONS IN OXIDATIVE STRESS INDICATORS ACCOMPANY DURING PRIMING AN ATYPICAL

FLUCTUATION IN THE NORMAL GERMINATION OF Salix nigra SEEDS.
Roqueiro, G.1, Burrieza, H.P.2, Maldonado, S.2, Ros, M. C.2*, Maroder, H.3* 1INTA-Castelar, Buenos Aires,
Argentina, 2Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina, hernan@bg.fcen.uba.ar, 3 Universidad
Nacional de Lujan(UNLu), Buenos Aires, Argentina. * Authors contributed equally.
Salix nigra seeds submitted to increased humidification show a decrease in Normal Germination (NG) during early
imbibitions followed by a recovery in that parameter at increasing imbibition periods. Since light-aged seeds contain high
levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), it has been suggested that the atypical decrease in NG could be consequence
of a higher ROS mobilization at early imbibitions, and the subsequent recovery, of an increase in antioxidant enzymatic
action. Fluctuations in several indicators of oxidative stress were compared with those shown in NG with seed water
content increase. To this end several oxidative stress indicators were evaluated in light-aged seeds submitted to increasing
humidification (priming). ROS production was studied using Electronic Spin Resonance Spectroscopy (ESR) and
chemiluminescence. Four indicators of molecular damage were monitored: lipid peroxidation, pigment destruction,
protein oxidation and membrane integrity. Antioxidant activity in the seeds was measured by changes in the enzymes.
Coincident with NG decrease, an increase in the chemiluminescence, lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation and a
decrease in the pigment content and CAT activity was observed at the beginning of priming. Damages were progressively
reverted, and NG restored, with increasing hydration coinciding with the increased activity of the antioxidant defenses. An
increased amount of free radicals in the first hours of priming (oxidative burst) causes extensive damage to membranes,
pigment and proteins, leading to a decrease in NG. This oxidative burst is produced because the water content at that
time is insufficient to activate the enzymatic mechanisms of antioxidant defense and metabolic repair. As priming periods
increase, the damages are progressively reversed as reflected in the recovery of NG.
Keywords: lipid peroxidation, normal germination, primed seed, ROS.
325. INCREASE IN THE PHYSIOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF RICE SEEDS TREATED WITH RHIZOBACTERIA
AND THIAMETHOXAM UNDER DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES.
Soares, V. N., 1Tillmann, M. A. A., 1Moura, A. B., 1Radke, A. K., 1Zanatta, Z. C. N., 1Universidade Federal de
Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas-RS, Brazil, vnsoares@gmail.com
1
The increasing development of new technologies to improve crop productivity demands constant research on the
effectiveness and implementation of these new seed treatments. It is estimated that the cold weather can damage about
seven million hectares of irrigated rice in the world. In South America, about one million hectares are prone to this problem.
Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the ability of Pseudomonas synthaxa (Migula) and thiamethoxam to
increase the physiological potential of rice seeds under different temperatures. Six lots of BRS Querncia with different
physiological quality were used. Also, seeds treated with thiamethoxam, DFs185 (P. synxatha) and untreated seeds were
used. The evaluation criteria were: germination, first count germination, root protrusion velocity, rate of emergence,
emergence to 14 days, length of coleoptiles and roots. All tests were performed at temperatures of 25, 20 and 15 C. At 15
C it was not possible to evaluate the first count of germination, the rate of emergence speed, emergence, length coleoptiles
or roots, as there was no germination until the seventh day. P. synxatha increased the percentage of emergence at 25 C
for half of the lots, but 20 C treatments did not differ from untreated seeds. The treatments increased the germination
percentage and germination count of first few lots at 20 C and germination at 15 C. The treatments gave a higher rate
of root protrusion at 15 C for low quality lots. There was no significant difference regarding the length of coleoptiles and
root in all temperatures. The treatments thiamethoxam and P. synxatha were able to increase the physiological potential
of rice seeds at temperatures of 15 C, 20 C and 25 C. At 15 and 20 C they improved germination and at 25 C, they
increased emergence.
Keywords: Oryza sativa L., bioactivator, PGPR, cold
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326. BEHAVIOR OF Chorisia glaziovii O. Kuntze SEEDS SUBJECTED TO SALT STRESS AND
TEMPERATURES.
Guedes, R. S., 1Alves, E. U., 1Galindo, E. A. 1Universidade Federal da Paraba (UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil, roberta_
biologa09@yahoo.com.br.
1
Thespecies Chorisia glaziovii O.Kuntze isnativeto thenortheast of Brazil, belongs to Bombacaceae family and has
diversified uses in folk medicine, recovery of degraded areas and upholstery industry. This study was aimed to evaluate
germination behavior of C. glaziovii seeds when subjected to salt stress at temperatures. Saline solutions were prepared
using as the solute sodium chloride (NaCl), at concentrations of 0,0 (control); 1.5; 3.0; 4.5 and 6.0 dS m-1 diluted in
distilled and deionized water. Later the seeds were distributed in the substrate and germinated at 25, 30, 35 C constant
and temperature of 20-30 C alternated. The experimental design was entirely randomized, with treatments distributed in
factorial 5 x 4 (five salinity levels and four temperatures), with four replications of 25 seeds. Was evaluated the percentage,
germination speed index and the length of seedlings (root and shoot). Increasing salt concentration in the substrate causes
a reduction in germination and vigor of C. glaziovii seeds, especially in the temperature of 30 and 35 C. At temperature
25 and 20-30 C germination and vigor of seeds are less affected by water stress. The Chorisia glaziovii can be classified
as a halophyte, with high tolerance to salt.
Keywords: barriguda, forest seeds, osmotic potential, seed analysis.
327. INTRODUCTION AND ACCLIMATIZATION OF QUINOA (Chenopodium quinoa WILLD.) AS A CLIMATE

RESILIENT GRAIN CROP FOR PAKISTAN
munir, h.1, basra, s.m.a. 1, cheema, m.a. 2, yousaf s. 3and rauf, S.4
Quinoa is a chenopod, native and staple food of many countries of Latin America was introduced in Pakistan during winter
2008-09. Crop was selected because of the halophytic behavior and extreme tolerance to abiotic stresses i.e. salinity, chilling
freezing, drought and nutrient deficiencies in order to find an alternative to the staple grains under adverse conditions for
future food security. Seed of 10 accessions of quinoa were grown under different climatic regimes of Pakistan like Lahore,
Rawalpindi, Multan and Sargodha. Under Sargodha conditions, accessions: Ames 13730, Ames 13737, PI 634919 and PI
596293 performed excellently based upon emergence and agronomic traits i.e. E50, FEP, GI and MET; plant height, No.
of leaves, No. of Panicles, leaf area, biological yield and economic yield. Whereas, other accessions i.e. PI 478410, PI
510540, PI 510542, PI 614922 and PI 643079 could not respond well to the climate of all of the above mentioned regions
except PI 510537 that performed successfully under Chakwal conditions. In Multan and Lahore, the mortality rate was
found high in respect of all the quinoa accessions. Hence, quiona plantation of some accessions was found feasible under
Pakistan conditions in selected humid regions with cool spells which can supplement the staple grains during drought and
under problem soil conditions for future food security.
Keywords: quinoa, genotypes, yield, Multilocation
Acknowledgement: David Brenner, USDA for supply quinoa germplasm
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328. EVALUATING PHYSIOLOGICAL AND YIELD RESPONSE OF DIFFERENT QUINOA GENOTYPES TO

SOIL APPLIED UREA
munir, h.1, basra, s.m.a. 1, cheema m.a.2, yousaf, s.3 and rauf, s.4.Dept Crop Physiology, University of
Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is famous for its better nitrogen use efficiency especially under stressful condition.
A net house study was conducted during winters 2009-2010 to evaluate the nitrogen use efficiency and its effect on growth
and yield responses of three quinoa genotypes exposed to 0, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha-1 levels of soil mixed urea as a nitrogen
source. Soil applied nitrogen was observed improving plant height, leaf area, leaf area index, stem diameter, number of
panicles per plant, main panicle length, 1000 grain weight, biological yield and grain yield. Moreover, indigenous levels
of nitrogen and potassium were also found increased with increase in soil applied urea. PI596293 responded more strongly
to nitrogen levels than other genotypes with improved biochemical traits like total chlorophyll, total Phenolic, Nitrogen
and Potassium contents. Ames 13730 accumulated maximum indigenous level of leaf nitrogen at 75 kg ha-1 followed by
PI596293 applied with the same dose whereas PI634919 accumulated maximum leaf N and K contents when applied with
50 and 75 kg N ha-1, respectively. Interactive effect showed significant variation in response of genotypes to different N
levels perhaps all the genotypes performed better at least nitrogen level of 50 kg ha-1 than plants with no N application.
Moreover, PI 596293 applied with 75 kg N ha-1 proved significantly better combination for increasing 1000 grain weight,
biological yield and grain yield of quinoa followed by Ames 13730 with 50 kg N ha-1 and PI634919 applied with 75 kg N
ha-1.
Keywords: quinoa, Nitrogen, genotypes, yield, physiology
Acknowledgement: David Brenner, USDA for supply quinoa germplasm
329. Moringa oleifera SURVIVES MODERATE SALINITY CONDITIONS.

Nouman, W., 2Basra, S.M.A., 3Siddiqui, M.T., 2Munir, H. 1Instituto de Biologa, Universidade Nacional Autnoma
de Mxico (UNAM), Ciudad de Mxico, Estados Unidos Mexicanos, wnouman@gmail.com, 2Department of Crop
Physiology, Univeristy of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, 3 Department of Forestry, Range Management and
Wildilife, Univeristy of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
1
Moringa oleifera is a multipurpose plant, rich in essential minerals and vitamins. It is being cultivated in tropical
and sub-tropical areas for medicinal and fodder purposes. The present study was conducted to study the emergence
and seedling growth, physiological and biochemical changes of moringa under different salinity levels (2, 4, 8 and
12 dS m-1). Growth parameters, chlorophyll a and b, - carotene, minerals (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium,
phosphorous), crude protein, total phenolic contents and antioxidants activities of superoxide dismutase, catalse and
peroxidase were investigated. It was found that moringa seedlings survived up to 8 dS m-1 with a slight reduction in its
biomass, chlorophyll a, crude protein and mineral contents like Ca, Mg and K while Na and P concentration and the
activity rate of antioxidants (catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) increased with increasing salinity. Plant
biomass, chlorophyll a contents, SOD and POD activity and mineral contents (Ca, K and Mg) were reduced significantly
but CAT activity, total phenolic, - carotene and chlorophyll b, sodium and phosphorous contents increased significantly
up to 12 dS m-1 as compared to control. A highly positive correlation was found between salinity levels and root length,
number of roots, sodium, phosphorous, chlorophyll b, total phenolic contents and anioxidants activity rate but a highly
negative correlation was recorded between salinity levels and shoot biomass, calcium, magnesium, potassium, crude
protein and chlorophyll a contents. These findings suggest that moringa can tolerate moderate saline conditions with a
mild decrease in its mineral contents by having strong antioxidant system, activating defensive enzymes and minerals
regulation mechanism.
Keywords: Moringa, salinity, antioxidants, minerals
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330. BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS FOR EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY IN Amburana cearensis

SEEDS SUBMITTED TO WATER RESTRICTION CONDITIONS.
Pereira, E.P.L., 1Marques, A. C. S. S., 1Ribeiro, P.R., 1Virgens I.O., 1Loureiro, M.B., 1De Castro, R.D.,
1
Fernandez, L.G. (1Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador-BA, Brazil, epereira229@gmail.com)
1
Amburana cearensis (Fr. Allem) A. C. Smith occurs naturally in the northeast of Brazil, showing tolerance to drought
and heat stresses. Its timber has significant commercial value in carpentry and perfumery, whereas the bark and seeds are
invaluable in traditional medicine. The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activities in Amburana seeds under
water restrictive conditions (osmoticum at -1,2 and -1,4 MPa) using biochemical markers such as phenolic compounds,
hydrogen scavenging capacity by DPPH, activity and electrophoretic profiles of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione
peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase and superoxide dismutase). The results demonstrated an increase in antioxidant
activity ranging from 6.21% to 7.49% in seeds subjected to osmoticum at -1.2 MPa, reaching 10.00% at -1.4 MPa, whereas
there was a decrease from 6.21% to 2.81% in seeds imbibed in water. There was a direct relationship between antioxidant
activity and content of phenolics up to 48h imbibition in water and an inverse relationship from thereon which did not
occur when seeds were subjected to osmoticum at -1.4 MPa. The activity of superoxide dismutase decreased sharply in
seeds under osmotic stress, whereas the activities of glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase increased after 48h.
The results of electrophoretic profiles and enzymatic activity suggest the use of such enzymes as biochemical markers for
evaluating antioxidant activity and oxidative stresses in A. cearensis seeds under water restrictive conditions.
Keywords: Biomarkers, Enzymatic antioxidants, Abiotic stress.
Acknowledgements: CAPES, CNPq, RENORBIO.
331. ACCELERATED AGING TEST ON SEEDS OF THREE VEGETABLE SPECIES

Villela, F. A.1; Malone, P. A. 1; Costa, C. J. 1; Calheiros,V. S.1 (1Universidade Federal de Pelotas UFPel, Programa
de Ps-Graduao em Cincia e Tecnologia de Sementes, Campus Universitrio, Caixa Postal 354, Pelotas RS
Brasil - 96001-970) francisco.villela@ufpel.edu.br
The germination test, conducted under laboratory conditions, usually overestimates the physiological potential of seed
lots and, therefore, necessary to the improvement of tests for the assessment of seed vigor, especially of vegetables. The
objective of this study was to compare different procedures to conduct the accelerated aging test for radish, beet and
pumpkin seeds. So, it was used six lots of seeds each those species.The initial quality of the seeds was evaluated through
the following tests: moisture content, germination, first count of germination and seedling emergence. The seeds were
tested by traditional , saturated and non- satured NaCl solutions, accelerated aging for 48, 72 and 96 hours at 41 C. The
experimental design was with six treatments (lots) with four replications. The exposure periods of 72 hours at 41 C
with saturated NaCl solution and of 48h at 41 C with non-saturated NaCl solution, were adequate for the evaluation of
the physiological potential of radish seeds. Satured and non- satured salt in the accelerated aging test were efficient to
detect differences in vigor levels, among beet seed lots. The traditional method used for 48h at 41 C, was efficient for the
evaluation of the vigor of pumpkin seeds.
Keywords: Raphanus sativus, Cucurbita moschata, Beta vulgaris, NaCl solution
Acknowledgements: CNPq ; CAPES
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332. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS IN GERMINATIING Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr.

All., Anacardiaceae) SEEDS UNDER DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES AND WATER POTENTIALs.
Virgens, I. O.1,2; Castro, R. D. 2; Fernandez, L. G. 2; Cruz, C. R. P. 1 (1Laboratrio de Germinao, Horto
Florestal, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Bahia , Brazil, ivanaovirgens@yahoo.com.br; 2Laboratrio de
Bioqumica, Biotecnologia e Bioprodutos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Cincias da Sade SalvadorBahia, Brasil).
The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological behavior and metabolism of germination of Myracrodruon
urundeuva . I - Thermal screening was between 20 and 40 C; II osmotic screening was in PEG 6000 solutions varying
from -1,2 to 0,0 MPa; III - combined factors: T50 versus osmotic potentials (0,0; -0,2; -0,7 and -1,0 MPa) and 50 versus
temperatures (25, 33 and 40 C). Other physiological parameters evaluated were: radicle protrusion, number of dead
seeds, germination, germination rate, mean germination time, germination index and uniformity. Biochemical analysis
considered quantification of primary metabolites (carbohydrates, soluble sugars, reducing sugars, sucrose and starch),
protein and amino acids. Among the tested temperatures, 25 C was established as the optimum temperature, 33 C to
40 C as most stressing conditions (germination null). The thermal stress caused deleterious effects that hamper seed
germination irreversibly. The biochemical parameters investigated appeared as good biochemical markers.
Keywords: stress, primary metabolites, germinative metabolism.
Acknowledgements: FAPESB, CNPq-RENORBIO
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Session 4
New Seed Uses and
Seed Biotechnology
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333. STIMULATORY EFFECTS OF Agrobacterium rhizogenes STRAINS ON GERMINATION AND

SEEDLINGS GROWTH OF Festuca rubra.
Kepczynska, E., Krl P., Adamska, J. University of Szczecin, Waska 13, 71- 415 Szczecin, Poland.
A soil, hyperplasia-inducing Agrobacterium were the first plant-associated bacteria in which indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)
biosynthesis pathways were studied. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of two strains of A.
rhizogenes on seed germination and seedling growth of grass Festuca rubrum L. cv. Areta, commonly used as a turf for
lawns, athletic and golf fields. We were particularly interested to find out if A. rhizogenes strains LBA 1334 and 15834
have abilities to improving root system, which is responsible for efficiency of nutrient uptake and in consequence for
optimal plant growth. Treatment of F. rubrum seeds by soaking in bacterial inoculum improved the speed of germination
and increased the number of roots and growth of seedling (length of root and blade) at 250 C. This stimulatory effect
on grass growth was enhanced when seed inoculation with bacteria strains was combined with matriconditioning, a
popular physiological method for improving seed performance. Fresh and dry weight of seedlings obtained from seeds
matriconditioned in presence of two strains was 2.5 and 3 times higher in comparing to control seedlings. Moreover
the roots of these seedlings was 2 and 3 fold longer as compared to the control seedlings and the roots were more
branched. Since is recognized that Agrobacterium species are able to produce IAA, a known phytohormone responsible
for stimulation of seed germination and rooting, the aim of this study was also determined the production of IAA by
two strains of A. rhizogenes. Both strains of bacteria produced IAA, so their beneficial effect on seed germination and
seedling growth, especially, rooting is probably related with ability to produce this plant growth regulator.
Keywords: PGPB, Agrobacterium rhizogenes, indole-3-acetic acid, plant growth, Festuca rubra.
334. quality OF Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) seed artificially cooled and stored in
a conventional manner.
Zuchi, J.1; Sediyama, C. S.2; Lacerda Filho, A. F. de 2; Frana Neto, J. B.3; Reis, M. S.2 (1Universidade Federal
da Viosa (UFV), Viosa-MG, Brazil, jacson.zuchi@ufv.br, 3Embrapa Soybean, Londrina-PR, Brazil.)
The production of high quality seeds, in any company, requires an internal quality control program and it needs to be well
established and well managed. Among the various processes by which soybean seeds are submitted, the storage period
takes important role because of the tropical conditions in Brazil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the maintenance of
physiological quality of soybean seeds artificially cooled and stored in a conventional manner. The experiment was settled
at the seed company Sementes Campo Verde LTDA, located in Campo Verde, Mato Grosso state, latitude 15 32 48
S, longitude 55 10 08 W and height 736 meters. Six seed lots of the cultivars Monsoy 8757, TMG 115 RR, and BRS
Valiosa were evaluated in the study. They were cooled at 16 oC and those non-cooled were kept at approximately 23 oC.
Each lot pile contained 360 bags of 40 kg of soy bean seeds. The seeds were cooled by a dynamic cooling process using
an equipment from CoolSeed Company; model PCS 80, with 4-cooler-circuits, 130 kW of power and 225 amperes. The
seeds were cooled after passing through the entire classification process. The experiment was installed in March 2009;
each experimental plot contained nine experimental units (bags) for seed quality analysis, totaling 54 experimental units.
Each lot pile was divided into three portions, basal, middle and top, and each portion consisting of three bags. The seed
samples were taken at three storage periods (zero, 60 and 120 days of storage) and 1.5 kg of seeds were taken from each
bag. The following tests were performed: accelerated aging, seedling emergence in sand substrate, electrical conductivity,
tetrazolium and seed pathology. Based on the results we conclude that artificial cooling is beneficial for the preservation of
soybean seed quality in conventional storage; it also slows down the seed deterioration process and reduces fungi infection
to the seeds.
Keywords: chilling, deterioration, temperature, environment.
Acknowledgements: CAPES, FAPEMIG.
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335. INICIAL GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF Cattleya intermedia (ORCHIDACEAE) IN TRADICIONAL

CULTURE MEDIUM AND FERTILIZERS.
Galdiano-Jnior, R. F., 2Mantovani, C., 2Lemos, E. G. M. 1Faculdades Integradas FAFIBE (FAFIBE), BebedouroSP, Brazil, renatofgaldianojr@yahoo.com.br, 2Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil
1,2
The utilization of commercial fertilizers for the formulation of orchid culture medium can be an important alternative for
reducing costs. The aim of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of different culture mediums for the germination
of the Brazilian orchid Cattleya intermedia. Pods with mature seeds were sown aseptically between the culture mediums
MS with half concentration of macronutrients (T1), medium formulated with Peters NPK 10-30-20 fertilizer 3,0gL-1 (T2)
and formulated with Hyponex NPK 6-6,5-19 3,0gL-1 (T3). The mediums were prepared with 3% sucrose, 0,7% agar and
autoclaved. Each treatment had ten replications, in each of them 500 seeds were inoculated and the pots kept in a cabinet
with controlled temperature and lighting. After 120 days were evaluated the protocorm formation with two leaflets, being
the means subjected to the Tukey test (p< 0,05%). The treatments consisted of commercial fertilizers (T2 and T3) showed a
higher number of germinated plantlets, while 1/2 MS (T1) showed great amount of necrosed protocorms. Thus, the medium
formulated with the fertilizers Hyponex or Peter`s are recommended for the inicial germination of Cattleya intermedia.
Keywords: Orchid germination, protocorms, in vitro culture
Acknowledgements: CEPeD/FAFIBE and CNPq
336. SELECTION OF CULTURE MEDIUMS FOR IN VITRO INICIAL SEED GERMINATION OF Caularthron
bicornutum (ORCHIDACEAE).
Galdiano-Jnior, R. F., 2Mantovani, C., 2Lemos, E. G. L. 1Faculdades Integradas FAFIBE (FAFIBE), BebedouroSP, Brazil, renatofgaldianojr@yahoo.com.br 2Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil
1,2
The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of different culture mediums for the in vitro inicial seed germination
of the Amazon orchid Caularthron bicornutum. Pods with mature seeds were sown aseptically between culture mediums
MS with a quarter of the concentration of macronutrients (T1), MS with a half of the concentration of macronutrients
(T2), medium formulated with Peters NPK 10-30-20 fertilizer 3,0gL-1 (T3) and formulated with Hyponex NPK 6-6,519 3,0gL-1 (T4). The mediums were prepared with 3% sucrose, 0,7% agar and autoclaved. Each treatment had five
replications, in each of them 500 seeds were inoculated and the pots kept in a cabinet with controlled temperature
and lighting. After 90 days were evaluated the protocorm formation with one leaflet, being the means subjected to
the Tukey test (p< 0,05%). The treatments consisted of MS medium with half concentration of macronutrients (T2)
showed a higher number of germinated plantlets, and showed the largest amount of healthy protocorms. This culture
medium is commonly used in the tissue culture because it is very rich and has the suitable amount of nutrients. Thus, it
is recommended for inicial germination of the orchid Caularthron bicornutum.
Keywords: Orchid germination, protocorm, in vitro culture
Acknowledgements: CEPeD/FAFIBE and CNPq
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337. TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS OF THE OIL-RICH SEED OF THE BIOENERGY CROP Jatropha
curcas L.
Costa, G.G.L.; 1Cardoso, K.C.; 1Del Bem, L.E.V.; 1Lima, A.C.; 2Cunha, M.A.S.; 1Vicentini, R.; 3Nicomedes
Junior, J.; 1Yunes, J. A.; Campos, 2F.A. P.; 1Da Silva, M.J. 1State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, SP, Brazil.
marciojs@unicamp.br. 2Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, UFC, CE, Brazil. 3PETROBRAS CENPES, RJ, Brazil.
1
To date, oil-rich plants are the main source of biodiesel products. Because concerns have been voiced about the impact
of oil-crop cultivation on the price of food commodities, the interest in oil plants not used for food production and
amenable to cultivation on non-agricultural land has soared. As a non-food, drought-resistant and oil-rich crop, Jatropha
curcas L. fulfils many of the requirements for biofuel production. We have generated 13,249 expressed sequence tags
(ESTs) from developing and germinating Jatropha seeds. This strategy allowed us to detect most known genes related
to lipid synthesis and degradation. We have also identified ESTs coding for proteins that may be involved in the toxicity
of Jatropha seeds. Another unexpected finding is the high number of ESTs containing transposable element-related
sequences in the developing seed library (800) when contrasted with those found in the germinating seed library (80).
The sequences generated represent a considerable increase in the number of sequences deposited in public databases and
we have integrated and compiled the annotation of fatty acid biosynthesis pathways data to propose schematic metabolic
pathways that lead to oil accumulation in Jatropha seeds. These results can be used to produce genetically improved
varieties of Jatropha with increased oil yields, different oil compositions and better agronomic characteristics.
Keywords: transcriptome, bioenergy, biofuel, Jatropha.
Acknowledgements: UNICAMP, PETROBRAS, ANP, UFC.
338. SIMULATION OF FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS PATHWAYS IN DEVELOPING Jatropha curcas L.

SEEDS BY DNAPATH.
Martins, A.R., 1Lima, A.C., 1Costa, G.G.L., 1Papes, F., 2Nicomedes Jnior, J., 3Domont, G.B., 4Campos, F.A.P.,
Yunes, J.A., 1Galembeck, E., 1Da Silva, M.J. 1State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, SP, Brazil. marciojs@
unicamp.br. 2PETROBRAS - CENPES, RJ, Brazil. 3Chemical Institute, UFRJ, RJ, Brazil. 4Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology Department, UFC, CE, Brazil.
1
1
We have developed DNAPath (http://www.dnapath.com.br) a computational tool that identifies and categorizes
enzymes from nucleotide sequences, plots them over metabolic pathways and enables the dynamic creation of metabolic
pathways based on situations or conditions for enzymatic activation or inhibition. We have submitted for analysis in
DNAPath all J. curcas ESTs generated from cDNA libraries germinating and developing seeds, published in Costa et
al., 2010. Preliminary results with DNAPath for the simulation of metabolic pathways also showed us that we have not
all sequences of all enzymes involved in the fatty acids biosynthesis to a more realistic simulation because the tool also
showed us that some enzymes that are part of this pathway have not been sequenced in our cDNA libraries of J. curcas
L. The DNAPath is a tool which plays an auxiliary function of location of the chemical reactions that make pathways
through the enzymes that participate in it. However, as the tool is dynamic, it can generate metabolic pathways and
alternative routes that have not yet been described in the literature.
Keywords: DNApath, Jatropha curcas, fatty acid, biosynthesis.
Acknowledgements: UNICAMP, PETROBRAS, ANP, UFC, UFRJ, CNPq.
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339. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF Couroupita guianensis AUBL. (LECYTHIDACEAE).

Silva, R. M.; 2Tasso, R. M. R.; 3Coutinho, D. J. G.; 4Silva, S. I. da; 2Gallo, M. I. 1Universidade Federal do
Cear (UFC), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, rejanefungi@hotmail.com; 2Universidade Federal do Cear (UFC), FortalezaCE, Brazil, 3Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife-PE, Brazil,4Universidade Federal Rural de
Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife-PE, Brazil.
1
Couroupita guianensis is a member of the family Lecythidaceae, which consists of 25 genera and 400 species with a
pantropical distribution largely concentrated in the tropical region of South America. This species is popularly known
as abric de macaco. Some ethnopharmacological properties are attributed to this plant, for example, antihypertensive,
antitumor and analgesic activities. The objective of this work was morphological characterization of the reserves of
Couroupita guianensis (Aubl.). For cytochemical study, the seeds had been cut transversally, fixed in Karnovsky for 24h at
ambient temperature. The material was dehydrated in an ethanol series, and embedded in Historesin Embedding Kit (Jung).
The tissue blocks were sectioned in half-automatic microtome. The following cythochemical reactions were carried out:
toluidine blue(TB) for total anionic radicals; xylidine ponceau (XP) pH 2.5 for the detection of total cationic radicals;
periodic acid- Schiff reagent (PAS) for polysaccharide and test with Sudan IV for the globule detection of lipids. The
sections stained with TB revelead cell walls stained in blue, because of the presence of pectin. The sections stained with XP,
revelead of protein bodies in the cytoplasm of the cells of the cotyledons. The reaction of PAS revelead polysaccharides
in the cell walls and cytoplasm of cotyledon cells. The test with Sudan IV was strongly positive for the presence of lipid
globule in the cotyledon cells. Starch was detected through a beam of polarized light under a microscope Olympus BX41
in all cotyledon cells. The main reserve of the seeds of Couroupita guianensis (Aubl.) are lipids, proteins and starch
contained in the cytoplasm of cotyledon cells. These reserves are mobilized during germination to support the growth of
the embryo.
Keywords: Couroupita guianensis, Lecythidaceae, seed and morphology
Acknowledgements: CNPq, FACEPE, CAPES
340. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF Gustavia augusta L. (LECYTHIDACEAE).

Silva, R. M.; 2Tasso, R. M. R.; 3 Coutinho, D. J. G.; 4Silva, S. I. da; 2Gallo, M. I. 1Universidade Federal do Cear
(UFC), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, rejanefungi@hotmail.com, 2Universidade Federal do Cear (UFC), Fortaleza-CE,
Brazil; 3Universidade Federal de Pernambuco UFPE, Recife-PE, Brazil, 4Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco
(UFRPE), Recife-PE, Brazil.
1
Gustavia augusta (L.) popularly known as pau-fedorento is representative of the family Lecythidaceae. The Gustavia
genus possesss 40 species in its majority found in the neotropical regions. This species appears as one of the most
important species of this genus for its botanical characteristics and wide distribution. This species still little is studied,
being known for its use as medicinal plant acting as antiinflammatory. The objective of this work was morphological
characterization of the reserves of Gustavia augusta (L.). For cytochemical study, the seeds had been cut transversally,
fixed in Karnovsky for 24h at ambient temperature. The material was dehydrated in an ethanol series, and embedded
in Historesin Embedding Kit (Jung). The tissue blocks were sectioned in half-automatic microtome. The following
cythochemical reactions were carried out: toluidine blue(TB) for total anionic radicals; xylidine ponceau (XP) pH 2.5
for the detection of total cationic radicals; periodic acid- Schiff reagent (PAS) for polysaccharide and test with Sudan
IV for the globule detection of lipids. The sections stained with TB revelead cell walls stained in blue, because of the
presence of pectin. The sections stained with XP, revelead of protein bodies in cytoplasm of the cells that if find in the
ends of the cotyledons. The reaction of PAS revelead polysaccharides in the cell walls and cytoplasm cotyledon cells.
The test with Sudan IV is negative for identity globules lipids in the cotyledon cells. The starch was detected through
a beam of polarized light under microscope Olympus BX41 in all cotyledon cells. The main reserve of the seeds of
Gustavia augusta (L.) is the starch contained in the cytoplasm of cotyledon cells. These reserves are mobilized during
the germination to support the growth of the embryo.
Keywords: August Gustavia, Lecythidaceae, seed and morphology
Acknowledgements: CNPq, FACEPE, CAPES.
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341. OIL CONTENT AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF SEEDS OF Eschweilera ovata (CAMBESS.)
MIERS. AND Gustavia augusta L. (LECYTHIDACEAE).
Silva, R. M., 2Tasso, de R. 3Coutinho, D. J. G.4Moraes, R. L. C. ; 5Silva, S. I.; 2Gallo, M. I. 1Universidade
Federal do Cear (UFC), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, rejanefungi@hotmail.com; 2Universidade Federal do Cear (UFC)
Fortaleza-CE, Brazil,3Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife-PE, Brazil; 4Instituto Agronmico de
Pernambuco (IPA), Recife-PE, Brazil; 5Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife-PE, Brazil.
1
In recent years, research and production of oil seeds and fruits have been intensified in order to attend the food and
oleochemical industries that absorb most of the oils obtained from natural sources. With the aim to know the oil content
and fatty acid composition of species of the family Lecythidaceae, were extracted and analyzed the seed oils from
Eschweilera ovata and Gustavia augusta. In the extraction was used as solvent n-hexane. The oils were hydrolyzed
with methanolic solution of NaOH and methylated with methanolic solution of boron trifluoride. The methyl esters
of fatty acids obtained from this reaction, were analyzed on a gas chromatograph Shimatzu 5117-A coupled to a mass
spectrometer. The oil content and fatty acid composition is first reported for E. ovata and G. augusta that show total oil
content less than 10%, respectively 9.25% and 6.86%. Both species have as major fatty acid, the linoleic acid which
reached 68.55% in E. ovata and 56.9% in G. augusta. In the oil of E. ovata was also found the palmitic acid (9.07%),
stearic acid (4.74%) and oleic acid (12.99%) while in G. Augusta the oleic acid with 21.03%, was the second greatest
component followed by palmitic acid (12.22%) and stearic (6.52%).
Keywords:Eschweilera ovata (CAMBESS.), Gustavia augusta L,seed and fatty acid
342. MINERAL COMPOSITION AND QUALITY OF SEEDS IN YELLOW PASSION FRUIT ACCORDING TO
GENOTYPES AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION.
Lima, R.V., 1Carvalho, A.J.C. de., 1Monnerat, P.H., 1Vieira, H.D. (1Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense
Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, Brazil, renataviannalima2005@yahoo.com.br)
1
The present study was carried out at Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, in the Centre of
Agricultural Science and Technologies, with the objective of to evaluate the influence of different genotypes and
nitrogen fertilization supplied via manure and urea in the quality of seeds of yellow passion fruit.The experimental
design was comprised of randomised blocks under 3x2x2 factorial scheme, with three genotypes of Passiflora edulis
(grown passion fruit, progenies 0304 and 2904) acquired from the germoplasm bank of UENF and from seeds of passion
fruit grown in the region, which were collected from fruit under a uniform ripening stage, two levels of manure and
two N rates (20 and 80 g) with four replications. The substrates were distributed as follows: substrate 1 one portion of
soil, one portion of sand and one portion of bovine manure (1:1:1 v/v); substrate 2 one portion of soil, one portion
of sand, and no addition of bovine manure (1:1:0 v/v). The seeds produced of yellow passion fruit showed values of
125 g kg-1 crude protein, and increased levels when applied 80 g N, it was found higher P content in the bark ofyellow
passion fruit with cattle manure.The P content in seeds was different according to genotype assessed; the K, Ca, Cu,
Zn, S, Fe in the seeds were not affected by treatments. There were concentrations of 20 g kg-1 of N, 3.39 g kg-1 of P,
3,67 g kg-1 of K, 0.23 g kg -1 of Ca, 1.64 g kg-1 of Mg, 1.09 g kg-1 of S, 35 mg kg-1 of Zn, 10 mg kg-1 of Cu, 29.2
mg kg -1 of Fe and 10.4 mg kg-1 of Mn in the seeds of yellow passion fruit.
Keywords: Passiflora edulis, manure, urea, nutrients.
Acknowledgements: FAPERJ
Informativo
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247
343. INOCULATION OF WHEAT SEEDS WITH MIXES BUSINESS OF REGULATORS AND PLANT
NUTRIENTS
Villela, T. T., Campos, F.G., Camolese, A. C., Osipe, R., Sorace, M. A. F., Cossa, C. A., Lima, L. S.
P. 1Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paran-Campus Luiz Meneghel (UENP), Bandeirantes-PR, Brazil,
adrianocamolese@hotmail.com
The effects of plant growth regulators on crop plants have contributed to the solution of problems of the production
system and increase crop productivity. The study was conducted at UENP-CLM in July/2010, with certified seeds of
wheat BRS-220 to evaluate the effect of seed inoculation with the commercial mixture of nutrients and plant growth
regulators (CM) recommended for this crop. The treatments were: (1) recommended dose (0.7 ml / kg of CM), (2)
double dose, (3) half dose, and (4) control, with four replications. The experiment was conducted in pot and two weeks
after the variables were analyzed: the number of leaves, stem diameter, stem length, length of the first expanded leaf and
dry weight of shoot and root. The completely randomized design and means were compared by Duncan test. Evaluated
parameters showed that the best responses were the diameter of the neck where the 3 treatment was significantly higher
than the second but did not differ from control and length of stem, where the 2 treatment differed significantly from
the control, but not the others. The other parameters were not influenced by treatments. Therefore, based on significant
results obtained only for stem diameter and length, treatment with CM at the doses tested, interfered very little in plant
development compared with control at 15 days after emergence.
Keywords: Triticum aestivum, Growth, Nutrition
Acknowledgements: UENP - CLM
344. INOCULATION OF Zea mays SEEDS WITH COMMERCIAL MIXTURE OF NUTRIENTS AND PLANT
REGULATORS
Camolese, A. C., Villela,T. T., Campos, F. G., Sorace, M. A. F., Cossa, C. A., Osipe, R., Troost, M. E.
Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paran-Campus Luiz Meneghel (UENP- CLM), Bandeirantes-PR, Brazil,
adrianocamolese@hotmail.com
The use of plant growth regulators aims to improve the production of cultivated plants. In the present study evaluated
the effect of inoculation of maize seeds with a commercial mixture of nutrients and plant growth regulators (CM) in
the early development of seedlings. The experiment was conducted at UENP-CLM, June/2010, using certified seeds
of maize cv. 2B710 Hx, previously treated with insecticides, pirimiphos-methyl and deltamethrin and fungicides:
fludioxonil and metalaxyl-M (basic treatment). Another batch of seeds were still with imidacloprid and Thiodicarb,
beyond the basic (blue seeds), inoculated with CM: 0, recommended dosage, double the dose and half dose, a total of
8 treatments and 4 replicates, grown in pots. The completely randomized design and means were compared by Tukey
test at 5%. The variables were: number of leaves, stem length, stem diameter, dry mass of roots and shoots. According
to the results, plants grown from blue seed treated with CM: the recommended dose and double dose showed higher
yields of root dry mass than the other treatments. Red seed plants treated and untreated did not differ on this variable.
Treatment with CM significantly affected the dry mass of shoots and length of the stem of plants of both types of seeds.
The remaining variables did not differ in the treatments. So, being the CM promoter rooting it is assumed that there was
no time to promote the simultaneous development of shoot treatments with MC in the developmental stage investigated
(18 days after emergence).
Keywords: Corn, Nutrition, Regulators
Acknowledgements: UENP CLM
Informativo
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248
345. PHYSIOLOGY OF SEED ALFALFA GENOTYPES OBTAINED IN THE REGION OF THE CITY OF
BANDEIRANTES-PR
Cossa, C.A., 1Sorace, M.A.F., 1Osipe, R., 1Lima, C.B., 2Negrelle, R.R.B., 1Honda, G., 2DAngelis, A.S.R., Campos,
F. G.; Camolese, A. C., Villela,T.T., 1Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paran-Campus Luiz Meneghel (UENP),
Bandeirantes-PR, Brazil, adrianocamolese@hotmail.com 2Universidade Federal do Paran (UFPR), Curitiba-PR,
Brazil
1
The plants originated from sexual propagation present great genetic variability, making possible the selection of materials
with desirable traits. The results of germination tests can provide information on the biology of seeds and consequent
understanding of patterns and processes that influence the community, such as seedling establishment, succession and
natural regeneration of biological communities. The objective of this study was to compare the physiological quality of
seeds of four alfalfa populations of different origins, through the germination and vigor tests performed in the laboratory
OIKOS-UFPR. The germination test was conducted according to the RAS We carried out the following determinations in
the fourth and tenth days after installation test: germination (%G), first count of germination (FCG), germination speed
index (GSI) and accelerated aging (EA). The design was completely randomized with four treatments and four repetitions
of one hundred seeds each, and the averages compared by Tukey test at 5%. The results of analysis of seed germination
indicated that populations had averages ranging from 27.3 to 88.3%, FCG 23.5 to 83.3% and 13.8 to 42.8 GSI%. For the
accelerated aging test, one can observe that the two populations that showed the best results for analysis of germination
only one presented the best potential for storage. This means that seed quality is not only related to the genetic component,
since the four populations are supposed to be the cv. Crioula, but with the factors of production. It was concluded that
there is wide variation in seed quality in the region.
Keywords: Medicago sativa L., Crioula, Accelerated aging
346. CONVENTIONAL INOCULATION OF SEEDS OF Glycine max COMPARED WITH COMMERCIAL

MIXTURE OF NUTRIENTS AND PLANT REGULATORS.
Osipe, R., Cossa, C.A., Sorace, M.A.F., Camolese, A.C., Campos, F.G., Villela,T.T., Troost, M.E.
Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paran-Campus Luiz Meneghel (UENP), Bandeirantes-PR, Brazil, felipegttbio@
hotmail.com
Nitrogen (N) is the nutrient required in greatest amounts for the culture of soybeans. The available nitrogen sources
are nitrogen fertilizer and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) by Bradyrhizobium. BNF can supply all of the N that the
soybean plant requires. Due to the short storage life of Bradyrhizobium, we looked to substitute and/or to associate
with this traditional inoculation commercial mixtures of nutrients and growth regulators as a sustainable alternative for
agricultural production. The experiment was conducted in pots in a greenhouse in May-June/10 with the objective to
analyze the response of the plants to inoculation with Bradyrhizobium compared with the treatment of seeds with CM
(Commercial Mixture: Indolbutyric acid, Gibberellic acid, Kinetin, Thiamine, and nutrients B, S, Cu, Zn, Mn, Mo).
The completely randomized design had five treatments and four replicates: T1 - 120 mL CM/ha (dose recommended);
T2 - 240 mL/ha; T3 - 120 mL/ha + Bradyrhizobium; T4 - Bradyrhizobium; T5 - control. After 40 days the parameters
evaluated were: diameter and number of nodules, diameter and length of the stem, wet and dry mass of aerial shoot and
roots. The means were compared by the Tukeys Test at p < 5%. T1 was greater for height and diameter of stem, but it
did not differ from the control in other parameters. No other parameters were significantly influenced by the treatments.
Therefore, on the basis of the significant results only for diameter and height of stems, the treatments with the CM in
the tested doses, had very little effect on the development of the plants compared with the control and inoculation with
Bradyrhizobium in the 40 days after emergence.
Keywords: Bradyrhizobium, Soybean, Nodulation
Acknowledgements: UENP - CLM
Informativo
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347. INDUCTION BUD BREAK POTATO SEED TREATED WITH MIXTURE OF COMMERCIAL PLANT
NUTRIENTS AND REGULATORS.
Lima, C. B., Cossa, C. A., Osipe R., Sorace, M. A. F., Tashima, H., Campos, F. G., Villela,T. T., Camolese,
A. C., Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paran Campus Luiz Meneghel (UENP- CLM), Bandeirantes-PR,
The potato is a vegetable propagated by tubers free from dormancy at planting, thus several methods have been used to
reduce the dormancy of the tubers of seed potatoes. The gibberellic acid can be used for this purpose, promoting greater
uniformity of sprouting. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of gibberellic acid, obtained by the
commercial mixture (CM) in sprouting from tubers of seed potatoes. The experiment was conducted in June 2010 with
tubers of diameter between 40 and 60 mm grown in pots filled with a mixture of equal parts of sand, soil and filter cake.
Dormant tubers were selected brushed with a solution of the commercial mixture (CM) containing: 50 ppm of gibberellic
acid, 50ppm of Indole butyric acid, 90ppm of Kinetin, Thiamine, and nutrients B, S, Cu, Zn, Mn, Mo, in the breaking of
dormancy and tuber yield of seed potatoes grown in pots filled with a mixture of equal parts of sand, soil and solid sugar
cane residue. The pots were kept in a greenhouse and irrigation needs checked daily. The completely randomized design
with three treatments: T1 - control, T2 - dose of CM (50ppm, GA), T3 - half dose (25ppm GA) applied in aqueous spray.
The parameters were evaluated: number, height and diameter of rods. The statistical design was completely randomized
design with three treatments and twelve replicates and the averages obtained in the evaluations were compared by Tukey
test at 5%. Treatment three good results for height and diameter of stems, showing that the lowest dose of CM was the
best performance to break the dormancy of buds of tubers assessed.
Keywords: Solanum tuberosum, Dormancy
348. INFLUENCE OF THE SIZE OF POTATO SEED TUBERS IN PRODUCTION.

Campos, F. G. Cossa, C. A., Osipe, R., Sorace, M. A. F., Lima, C. B., Villela,T.T., Camolese, A.C., 1Jager,
L. J. de. Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paran Campus Luiz Meneghel (UENP- CLM); Bandeirantes-PR,
The use of seed potatoes in good physiological condition and conservation is an indispensable requirement for
obtaining high yield of potato. Tubers for planting are classified by size according to the Norms and Standards for
Seed Certification: Type I (5-6 cm), Type II (4-5 cm), Type III (3-4 cm), Type IV (2.3 to 3 cm) and Type V (below 2.3
cm). The term mini-tuber is often used to gauge between 1.0 and 2.3 cm. aiming to compare the performance of tubers
due to its size, an experiment was conducted with the treatments: T1 - tubers with a diameter smaller than 5 cm, T2 tubers with diameters between 5 and 7 cm and T3 - tubers with diameter greater than 7 cm. The tubers were grown in
pots filled with a mixture of equal parts of sand, soil and solid sugar cane residue. The pots were kept in a greenhouse
and irrigation needs checked daily. The statistical design was completely randomized design with three treatments and
twelve replicates and the averages obtained in the evaluations were compared by Tukey test at 5%. The parameters were
evaluated: number, height and diameter of stem and fresh mass of tubers. The results for height and number of stems
show that smaller tubers had significantly higher means that larger tuber. The number of tubers decreased significantly
in plants from large seed potato (T3). The size of seed potatoes did not affect production in the humid subtropical
climate conditions in winter because in spite of seed potatoes were small and result in higher number of tubers of the
same fresh mass did not increase.
Keywords: Solanum tuberosum, Gibberellin, Kinetin
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349. TUBER YIELD FROM SECTIONED POTATO SEED TUBERS.

Sorace, M.A.F., Cossa, C.A., Osipe R., Lima, C.B., Villela,T.T., Camolese, A.C., Campos, F.G.,
Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paran Campus Luiz Meneghel (UENP- CLM), Bandeirantes-PR, Brazil,
felipegttbio@hotmail.com
The use of sectioned seed potatoes is very common in temperate countries, with the advantage of reducing the
production cost, especially when the seed tubers are large. Although it can be used in Brazil, sectioning can increase
the decay of the seed potatoes before the emergence, so this recommendation should be viewed with caution in
countries with tropical and subtropical climates. Growth regulators are used to accelerate tuber sprouting to avoid
staying in the soil for long periods. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the effect of different sections
of seed potatoes in sprouting and tuber yield. The experiment was conducted in the winter with the treatments: T1
- whole tubers, T2 - tubers cut in half in the transverse direction with buds sprouted, T3 - tubers cut in half in the
transverse direction with buds not sprouted and sprayed with the commercial mixture (CM) containing 50 ppm of
gibberellic acid, 50 ppm of indole butyric acid, 90 ppm of kinetin, thiamine, and nutrients B, S, Cu, Zn, Mn, Mo.
The tubers from each treatment were planted in pots containing a mixture of equal parts of sand, soil and solid sugar
cane residue. The pots were kept in a greenhouse and irrigation needs checked daily. The parameters evaluated were:
number of stems and tubers, stem height, larger and smaller diameter of tubers and tuber fresh weight. The statistical
design was completely randomized design with three treatments and twelve replicates and the averages obtained in
the evaluations were compared by Tukeys test at 5%. There were statistically significant treatment differences only
for the parameters height and number of stems of intact tubers in relation to cut, treated or not with the CM. It is
concluded that the application of CM associated with the practice of fragmentation tubers increased production in a
humid subtropical climate even in winter.
Keywords: Solanum, Gibberellin, Kinetin
350. POLYAMINES LEVELS OF EMBRYOGENIC CULTURES OF BRAZILIAN PINE (Araucaria angustifolia

Bert. O Ktze) WITH DIFFERENT MATURATION CAPABILITIES.
Jo, L.; 1Santos, A. L. W.; 1Macedo, A. F.; 2Guerra, M. P.; 1Floh, E. I. S. 1University of So Paulo (USP), So
Paulo-SP, Brazil, enyfloh@usp.br; 2Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianpolis-SC, Brazil.
1
Somatic embryogenesis (SE), the in vitro formation of embryos, is an important biotechnological tool for large-scale
propagation of elite genotypes and ex-situ conservation of conifer species. In Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia Bert. O
Ktze), a native endangered specie, protocols for induction and proliferation of embryogenic cultures (ECs) are well established,
although, the proper formation of mature somatic embryos is still problematic. Thus, the identification of molecular markers
for the screening of ECs able to respond to the maturation conditions (abscisic acid and osmotic agents) is highly desirable.
In conifers, polyamines (PAs) play a critical role in various growth and developmental processes, such as the differentiation
and development of somatic embryos. Endogenous PAs, putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) (free and
conjugated) of ECs with different maturation capabilities were extracted and their levels were recorded. Despite of the
maturation capability, in all ECs tested, the levels of free PAs were higher than the conjugated form and the most abundant
PA found in all ECs was Put followed by Spd and Spm. However, ECs responsive to maturation conditions showed values
significantly lower of the Put/Spd+Spm ratio when compared to non-responsive ECs. Based in our results, we can suggest that
the Put/Spd+Spm ratio can be used as a marker to differentiate Brazilian pine ECs with different maturation capabilities.
Keywords: Brazilian pine, Somatic Embryogenesis, Polyamines
Acknowledgements: CAPES, CNPq, FAPESP, Petrobras
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351. EVALUATION OF PROTEIN CONTENT AND LECTIN ACTIVITY IN SEEDS OF Couroupita guianensis
AUBL., ESCHWEILERA OVATA MIERS. AND Gustavia augusta L. (LECYTHIDACEAE FAMILY).
Silva, R. M., 2Silva, S. I., 3Napoleo, T. H., 3Coelho, L. C. B. B., 3Paiva, P. M. G.; 4Gallo, M. I. (1Universidade
Federal do Cear (UFC), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, rejanefungi@hotmail.com, 2Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco
(UFRPE), Recife-PE, Brazil, 3Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife-PE, Brazil, 4Universidade
Federal do Cear (UFC), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil).
1
Lectins are carbohydrate binding proteins able to interact with glycoconjugate present at cell surfaces; for this reason, they can be
detected by erythrocyte agglutination assay and showed biological properties such as insecticidal, antimicrobial, mitogenic and
anti-inflammatory activities. Lectins may play a role in plant defense against microorganisms and insects, activation of enzymes
as well as mobilization of reserve proteins. Lectins are found in seeds, leaves, bark, wood, roots, flowers and tubers. The aims of
this work were to determine the protein content and lectin in seeds of Couroupita guianensis, Eschweilera ovata and Gustavia
augusta. Seeds were weighted, powdered and homogenized with 0.15 M NaCl (16 h; 4 C) for protein extraction. The extracts were
centrifuged (9.000 g, 4 C, 15 min), filtered through filter paper and evaluated for protein content. Hemagglutinating activity (HA)
was determined in microplates; the extracts (50 L) were serially two-fold diluted in 0.15 M NaCl until 1:32,768 and each dilution
was incubated (45 min, 28 C) with 50 L of a suspension (2.5%, v/v) of rabbit erythrocytes treated with glutaraldehyde. One
hemagglutination unit (titer) was defined as the reciprocal of the highest dilution of sample promoting full erythrocyte agglutination.
HA was also determined after previous incubation (15 min, 28 C) of extracts with 200 mM monosaccharide (fructose, galactose,
glucose and N-acetylglucosamine) or 0.5 mg/mL glycoprotein (asialofetuin, ovalbulmin and thyroglobolin) solutions. Specific HA
(SHA) was defined as the ratio between the titer and protein concentration (mg/mL). Protein contents for C. guianensis, E. ovata
and G. augusta seed extracts were 10.1, 19.0 and 16.3 mg/ml, respectively. High HA (titer of 2048) was determined for both E.
ovata and G. augusta extracts with SHA of 107 and 125, respectively. Low lectin activity was found in C. guianensis seed extract
(titer of 4; SHA: 0.39). HA of E. ovata and G. augusta extracts was not inhibited by tested monosaccharides. G. augusta HA was
slightly reduced by thyroglubulin (titer of 1024). On the other hand, E. ovata HA was abolished by asialofetuin and reduced for 64
and 128 in presence of ovalbumin and thyroglobulin, respectively. Inhibition of HA by glycoconjugates assures the lectin nature of
hemagglutination. In conclusion, seeds of C. guianensis, E. ovata and G. augusta contains protein with lectin activity; E. ovata seeds
is a source promissing of lectin due to high protein content and SHA.
Keywords: Lectin, Couroupita guianensis Aubl., Eschweilera ovata Miers. and Gustavia augusta L.
352. TREATMENT OF POTATO SEED MIXES BUSINESS WITH REGULATORS AND PLANT NUTRIENTS.
Tashima, H., Sorace, M. A. F., Cossa, C. A., Osipe, R., Lima, C.B., Camolese, A.C., Campos, F. G.;
Villela,T.T., Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paran Campus Luiz Meneghel (UENP- CLM), BandeirantesPR, Brazil, adrianocamolese@hotmail.com
The dormancy period of potato tubers soon after harvest, varies depending on the cultivar, growing conditions and
storage, mechanical damage and factors that cause uneven and reduced productivity. Several methods can be used to
break dormancy of the potato. The gibberellic acid (GA) as well as breaking dormancy can avoid apical dominance in
tubers that applied before the start of bud apical promotes greater uniformity of sprouting. The aim of this study was to
evaluate the efficiency of the commercial mixture (CM): 50 ppm of gibberellic acid 50ppm, Indolbutyric acid, 90ppm
of Kinetin, Thiamine, and nutrients B, S, Cu, Zn, Mn, Mo, the sprouting and tuber yield. The seed potatoes were grown
in pots filled with a mixture of equal parts of sand, soil and solid sugar cane residue. The treatments were: T1 - control,
T2 - dose of CM (50ppm, GA), T3 - half dose (25ppm GA) with twelve repetitions applied in brushing of buds. The
pots were kept in a greenhouse and irrigation needs checked daily. The parameters evaluated were: number of stems and
tubers, stem height, larger and smaller diameter of tubers and tuber fresh weight. The statistical design was completely
randomized design with three treatments and twelve replicates and the averages obtained in the evaluations were
compared by Tukey test at 5%. The results were significantly not for all parameters except for number of stems where
T2 was better than T1 to T3 did not differ, therefore the application of MC did not significantly affect tuber yield.
Keywords: Solanum, Gibberellin, Kinetin
Informativo
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353. BIOMETRY AND MORPHOLOGY OF FRUITS AND SEEDS OF Gustavia augusta L. (LECYTHIDACEAE).
Silva, R. M.; 2 Ribeiro, R. T. M.; 3Coutinho, D. J. G.; 4Silva, S. I. da; 5Gallo, M. I. 1Universidade Federal do
Cear (UFC), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, rejanefungi@hotmail.com, 2Universidade Federal do Cear (UFC), Fortaleza-CE,
Brazil; 3.Universidade Federal de Pernambuco UFPE, Recife-PE, Brazil; 4.Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco
(UFRPE), Recife-PE, Brazil; 5.Universidade Federal do Cear (UFC), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
1
Knowledge of seeds morphology is important for conservation and taxonomic studies, providing a ready method of
classifying individual species. In this study we examined the biometry and morphology of seeds of Gustavia augusta
L. (Lecythidaceae) from the Atlantic Forest (Paulista/PE) in Brazil. The seeds were removed manually from the fruits,
conditioned in bags of paper and placed in greenhouse the 60 oC for 48 h for dehydration. The length, width and thickness
of the fruits and seeds were measured with digital caliper and the weights recorded on sample of 50 fruits and seeds. Form
and coloration were observed using a stereoscope microscope, drawn and/or photographed. The fruits of G. augusta are
simple of the pixdio type, with five locules, indehiscent, lightly flattened, rounded off in transversal and circular cut in
longitudinal cut. The pulp has a balanced constitution of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins (+/-10%) and 60% of humidity
with average weight of 6,63g. Pericarp is woody, rigid of green color (immature) and brown (mature), with lenticules
evident and average weight of 27,23g. The seeds are exalbuminous,bitegmic,wirycoat, brown when immature, black
when ripe; its dimensions reach on average 15.7 mm, 12.4 mm and 10.2 mm respectively in length, width and thickness,
and average weight of 0, 47 g.
Keywords: Gustavia augusta, Lecythidaceae, seed and morphology
354. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF Mimosa hostilis Benth. (FABACEAE).

Silva, R. M.; 2Negreiros, A. P.; 3Ribeiro, R. T. M.; 4Silva, S. I. da; 5Gallo, M. I. 1Universidade Federal do Cear
(UFC), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, rejanefungi@hotmail.com, 2Universidade Federal do Cear (UFC), Fortaleza-CE,
Brazil; 3Universidade Federal do Cear (UFC), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil; 4.Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco
(UFRPE), Recife-PE, Brazil; 5Universidade Federal do Cear (UFC), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
1
Mimosa hostilis Benth. is found in caatinga, a Brazilian ecosystem. It is popularly known as jurema preta. There are
strong indications that jurema preta has dominance in the succession of flora in the caatinga. M. hostilis is used as forage
for cattle and also has great importance as timber. The purpose of this research was morphological characterization of the
reserves of Mimosa hostilis Benth. For cytochemical study, the seeds had been cut transversally, fixed in Karnovsky for
24h at ambient temperature. The material was dehydrated in an ethanol series, and embedded in Historesin Embedding
Kit (Jung). The tissue blocks were sectioned in half-automatic microtome. The following cythochemical reactions were
carried out: toluidine blue (TB) for total anionic radicals; xylidine ponceau (XP) pH 2.5 for the detection of total cationic
radicals; periodic acid- Schiff reagent (PAS) for polysaccharide. The sections stained with TB revelead cell walls stained
in blue, because of the presence of pectin. The sections stained with XP were strongly positive for the presence of protein
bodies in cytoplasm of the cotyledon cells. The reaction of PAS revelead polysaccharides in the cell walls and also in the
cytoplasm of the cotyledon cells. The starch was detected through a beam of polarized light under microscope Olympus
BX41 in all cotyledon cells. The main reserve of the seeds of Mimosa hostilis is the starch, other carbohydrates and
proteins contained in the cytoplasm of cotyledon cells. During the germination these reserves are mobilized to support the
growth of the embryo.
Keywords: Mimosa hostilis, caatinga, seed and morphology
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355. PROTEASE INHIBITORS OF SEEDS OF NEW AMAZONIAN TREES.

Chevreuil, L. R., 2Matos, M. P. V., 2Ramos, M. V., 1Souza, L. A. G., 1Mendes, L.C.O., 1Hanna, A. C. S.,
Gonalves, J. F. C. (1Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa na Amaznia (INPA), Manaus-AM, Brazil, larissachevreuil@
gmail.com 2Universidade Federal do Cear (UFC), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil.
1
1
Inhibition of proteolytic activity of papain-like enzyme was investigated in seed of Amazonian tree from different
genus [Swartzia (6), Parkia (3), Dicorynia, Dimorphandra, Dinizia, Dialum, Erythrina]. Fine seed powders were first
extracted in 150 mM NaCl (1:10 w/v) for 2 h, centrifuged at 5.000 x g , 20 min at 4 C). Crude extracts were further
submitted to dialysis and freeze dried. Samples of 5 mg/mL dissolved in water were heated (100C, 30 min) in order
to eliminate possible endogenous proteolytic activity and thus, processed as before until freeze dried. Inhibition of the
proteolytic activity of papain was accessed by using 1mM BANA as substrate for papain, respectively. The enzyme were
first incubated (30 min 37 C) with different aliquots of each sample (1-200 L) and thus with their respective substrate
for 30 min, 37 C. The reaction was finished by adding 2% HCl in ethanol. The residual proteolysis was measured
at 540 nm 40 min after addition of 0.06% DMACA [4-(dimethyl-amino) cynnamaldhyde]. One inhibitory unit was
defined as the amount of sample (g/mL) capable of reducing absorbance in 0.01. Papain was inhibited by all species
as follows: S. ingifolia (97%), S. polyphylla (95%), S. laevicarpa (94%), S. argentea (92%), P. panurensis (90%),
P. gigantocarpa (86%), S. pendula (80%), P. platycephalla (72%) and S. sericea (41%). Extracts of Dimorphandra
contata (99.56%), Dialum guianensis (92.45), Dicorynia paraensis (86.71%), Erythrina fusca (80.09%), Macrolobium
multijugum (78.90%) and Dinizia excelsa (77.19%) were also active. This study concludes that Amazonian trees are
interesting sources of inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes and would be therefore purified and studied in details in view of
their biotechnological potentialities against crop pests.
Keywords: Bioprospection, Leguminous tree species, Proteolytic activity
356. TRYPSIN AND CHYMOTRYPSIN INHIBITORS IN SEEDS OF SwartziA AND Parkia.

Chevreuil, L. R., 2Matos, M. P. V., 1Fernandes, A.V., 2Ramos, M. V., 1Souza, L.A.G., 1Gonalves, J. F. C. 1Instituto
Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaznia (INPA), Manaus-AM, Brazil, larissachevreuil@gmail.com, 2Universidade
Federal do Cear (UFC), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
1
The present study investigated the inhibition of trypsin and chymotrypsin in seeds in the genus Swartzia (S. argentea,
S. ingifolia, S. laevicarpa, S. pendula, S. polyphylla and S. sericea) and Parkia (P. panurensis, P. gigantocarpa and P.
platycephalla). Fine seed powders were first extracted in 150 mM NaCl (1:10 w/v) for 2 h, centrifuged at 5.000 x g, 20
min at 4 C. Crude extracts were further submitted to dialysis and freeze dried. Samples of 5 mg/mL dissolved in water
were heated (100 C, 30 min) in order to eliminate possible endogenous proteolytic activity and thus, processed as before
until freeze dried. Inhibition of the proteolytic activity of trypsin and chymotrypsin was accessed by using 1.25 mM
BApNA or azocasein 1% as substrates, respectively. The enzymes were first incubated (30 min, 37 C) with 200 L of
each sample and thus with their respective substrate for 30 min, 37 C for assay trypsin and 1h, 37 C for chymotrypsin.
The reactions were finished by adding acetic acid 30% (trypsin) or TCA 20% (chymotrypsin). The proteolysis was
measured at 405 and 420 nm. One inhibitory unit was defined as the amount of sample (g/mL) capable of reducing
absorbance in 0.01. The inhibition of the enzymes tested proved to be different between genus and between species of
the same genus. The Parkias showed high inhibition of trypsin with percentages of 90 and 99% for P. gigantocarpa
and P. panurensis, respectively. However, P. platycephalla presented low inhibition (58%). Among the Swartzias, the
inhibition of trypsin ranged from 6 to 88% being S. pendula and S. argentea the species with minor and higher values,
respectively. For the activity of chymotrypsin, only P. gigantocarpa and P. platycephalla inhibited the activity of this
enzyme, with percentages of 47 and 63%, respectively. The study demonstrates a variation in the inhibition of different
serine proteinases suggesting a relationship between the families of proteolitic inhibitors found in legume seeds and the
degree of evolution of these plants.
Keywords: Proteolitic inhibitors, Serineproteinases, Leguminous tree species
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357. ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF WASTED TUCUM SEEDS (Astrocaryum aculeatum G. MEY) AT THE
MARKETS IN MANAUS - AM.
Didonet, A. A., 1Ferraz, I. D. K. 1Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amaznia (INPA), Manaus-AM, Brazil,
adriano.didonet@inpa.gov.br.
1
The fruit flesh of the palm Astrocaryum aculeatum G. Mey is highly appreciated in Central Amazon and is part of the
daily diet of many people. Of the large fruit (ca 50 mm), only the several mm thick mesocarp is edible and is generaly cut
off manually with a knife by merchands at the market. The bright orange colored fruit flesh with a very high content of
carotenes has developed into an important local product with growing demand. Consequently generating large amounts
of waste, mainly composed of the very large kernels (ca. 40mm ) with a hard endocarp and solidified oil reserves. The
potencial uses are widespread and involve handicrafts, animal feed, edible oil, coal, biodiesel and oil for cosmetic industry.
The present study aims to quantify the waste and to investigate its economic viability. The preliminary results indicate that
the amount of generated waste is worthwhile to be used in the cosmetic industry.
Keywords: Non timber forest product, municipal solid waste, cosmetic oil; palm seed
Acknowledgements: CAPES; CNPq
358. GENE FLOW OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED SOYBEANS, IN SUMMER AND WINTER SOWINGS,
WITH ISOLATIONS OF SOY OR CORN.
Zanetti, A. L., 2Dos Santos, C. M., 1Arantes, N. E., 3Zito, R. 2 De Santana, D. G. 1Fundao Tringulo de Pesquisa
e Desenvolvimento, Uberaba-MG, Brazil, analuisa@fundacaotriangulo.com.br, 2Universidade Federal de Uberlndia
(UFU), Uberlndia-MG, Brazil, 3Embrapa Arroz e Feijo (CNPAF), Goinia-GO, Brazil
1
The genetically modified soybean, tolerant to glyphosate, has expanded its growing area in few years becoming today the
most sown in the country. The advantages of its use are many compared to the conventional soy, which has led soybean
farmers to prefer it. However, as some markets still show a preference for the non-transgenic soy and its production occurs in
smaller areas, there is the need to supply the market with conventional seeds with high genetic quality. The contamination of
conventional seed lots with transgenic seeds has occurred with high frequency, in many stages of the production chain. One of
the possibilities is the contamination by natural crossing between conventional plants and transgenic plants, in seed production
fields. Faced with this reality, the essay aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the use of isolation barriers with soybean and corn
plants, as well as the gene flow of a transgenic cultivar to a conventional one, in summer and winter crops. The cultivars used
were the conventional MG/BR 46 [Conquista] and the transgenic BRS Valiosa RR. The field experiments consisted of the
combination of the use of two kinds of physical isolation (soy and corn) with two sowing dates (summer and winter), a total
of four experiments. They were conducted at the Getlio Vargas Experimental Farm, of EPAMIG, in Uberaba, MG and the
winter ones at the Suuarana Farm, in So Romo, MG. The field trials were characterized by sowing a 6.5m-sided square
with the transgenic cultivar, isolated on all sides by 3m cultivated with corn plants or the conventional soy, and sided by 8m
of conventional soy. The experimental unit consisted of a 6.5m row of the conventional cultivar, at distances of 0.5, 1, 2, 4,
6 and 8 meters, counted from the last isolation line. Of the harvested seeds, 200g of each experimental unit were used for
bioassay at the Laboratrio de Ensino de Sementes of the ICIAG of UFU and the remainder was sown at the field. Before the
flowering, the plants were desiccated with Roundup (Glyphosate 3l.ha-1). The remaining transgenic plants were counted
and their frequency was calculated. For the bioassay, the seeds were pre-soaked in a glyphosate solution (0.6% e.a.) for 16
hours before the germination test and evaluated on the 5th day, determining the frequency of normal and abnormal seedlings.
It was concluded that: a) the frequency of transgenic plants was higher in winter sowings than in the summer, despite the
barrier used; b) the gene flow was reduced with the increase in distance in all of the experiments; c) the 11m distance wasnt
sufficient to avoid the gene flow and, d) the bioassay was not efficient in the quantification of the gene flow.
Keywords: Genetic contamination, Transgenic, Bioassay, Glycine max
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359. BIOPROSPECTION OF NEW LECTINS IN SEEDS FROM AMAZON TREE SPECIES.

Fernandes, A.V., 1Maranho, P.A.C.; 1Chevreuil, L. R., 2Ramos, M. V., 1Souza, L.A.G.; 1Gonalves, J. F. C.
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaznia (INPA), Manaus-AM, Brazil, varmes@inpa.gov.br 2Universidade
Federal do Cear (UFC), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
1
1
Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins of non-immune origin that exert biological effects through their ability to
specifically bind different carbohydrates structures. These proteins are ubiquitous in nature and seeds are an important
source of lectins. They are recognized as biotechnological tools and possess a wide and varied area of applicability.
The aim of this study is to prospect new lectins in seeds of Amazon trees in order to purify and characterize them for
bioactivity including antifungal and antiproliferative activities. Seeds from 48 leguminous tree species were finely
ground in a blender, and a fine powder was obtained. The powder was stirred into saline solution (0.15M) for 2 h at
room temperature. The homogenate was then centrifuged (20 min, 10.000 x g, 10 0C). The resulting clear supernatant
was filtered, dialyzed with distilled water, and lyophilized. lyophilized materials (10 mg) were re-suspended in 0.1 M
Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.6) with 0.15 M NaCl and the hemagglutinating activity (AHE) was measured in V-bottomed
96-well plates in a final volume of 75 l containing 25 l of 2% of erythrocytes (rat, rabbit, hamster, A, B and O
human), 25 l of 0.15 M NaCl, and 25 l of extract in serial twofold dilutions. Plates were left at 37 0C for 1 hr and
agglutination was visually recorded. The results suggest that between the 48 species analyzed only 2 showed AHE
like first indicative of the lectin presence. Hemagglutinating activity was found in species belonging form genus
poorly studied for lectins.
Keywords: Bioactivity, Hemagglutinating, Antifungal and Antiproliferative activities
360. MANAGEMENT OF THE SEED-TRANSMITTED BACTERIAL FRUIT BLOTCH DISEASE OF

CUCURBITS USING THE MAIZE NON-HOST DISEASE RESISTANCE GENE rxo1.
Zhao, B., 2Burdman S., 3Walcott R.R., 1Welbaum, G. E. 1Department of Horticulture, Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA, bzhao07@vt.edu, 2Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology,
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel Department of Plant Pathology, 3University
of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
1
Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) of cucurbits, caused by Acidovorax citrulli , is a devastating seed-transmitted disease that
affects watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and melon (Cucumis melo) production worldwide. Attempts to control this
disease by treating seeds have been ineffective. To date, no effective resistance genes have been identified from cucurbit
germplasm. We are assessing the use of non-host disease resistance genes from one plant species to control a pathogen in
another species as a strategy for controlling BFB. One candidate is Rxo1, a maize non-host resistance gene that confers
resistance in diverse plant species in recognition of the bacterial type III effector encoded by avrRxo1. Since A. citrulli
has an avRxo1 gene homologue, we will determine if transgenic watermelon-Rxo1 plants will display resistance to BFB .
We will also determine if 19 putative type III effector genes present in AAC001 and M6 strains of A. citrulli can be used
as molecular probes to identify new resistance genes from cucurbit germplasm. The ORF of each effector gene was cloned
into a binary vector for transient expression by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Thus far, 44 melon and 80 watermelon plant
lines from the USDA collection and have been screened with four type III effector genes. Effector Aae1548 triggered a
strong hypersensitive response (HR) in 31 out of 44 melon plant lines.
Keywords: seed transmitted disease, seed pathology, disease resistance genes
Acknowledgements: Funded by the Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund
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361. Biometry, Oil Content and Fatty Acid Profile of Seeds of Galphimia brasiiensis (L.) JUSS.
and Tetrapterys phlomoides (SPRENG.) NIED. (MALPIGHIACEAE).
Silva, R. M.; 2Coutinho, D. J. G.; 2Barbosa, M. O.; 3Mendes, L. C. A.; 4Moraes, R. L. C; 3Silva, S. I. da
(1RENORBIO, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, rejanefungi@hotmail.com; 2Federal University of
Pernambuco, Recife-PE, Brazil; 3Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife-PE, Brazil; 4Agronomical Institute
of Pernambuco IPA, Recife-PE, Brazil.)
1
As vegetable oils are abundant in seeds of Malpighiaceae, this study aimed to analyze the size, weight, oil content
and fatty acid composition in seeds of Galphimia brasiliensis (L.) Juss. and Tetrapterys phlomoides (Spreng.) Nied.
The fruits were obtained from an Atlantic Forest in Dois Irmos, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. Seed lengths, widths
and weights were measured in samples of 50 seeds. The oil was extracted and the methyl esters of fatty acids were
analyzed using a gas chromatograph. G. brasiliensis seeds presented lengths of 3.14 0.10 mm and widths of
2.67 0.09 mm, with an average weight of 0.3375 g per 50 seeds and an oil content of 47.9%. The oil was highly
unsaturated (90.23%), with 6.51% of palmitic acid, 2.48% of stearic acid, 55.28% of oleic acid, and 34.95% of
linoleic acid. The high concentration of oleic acid makes this product very interesting for application in the food
industry. Seeds of Tetrapterys phlomoides (Spreng.) Nied. presented lengths of 3.98 0.44 mm, widths of 3.14
0.30 mm, with an average weight of 0.08 g and an oil content of 63.7%. In this species, 66.75% of the fatty acids
are unsaturated, with 27.89% of oleic acid and 38.86% of linoleic acid as well as the saturated fatty acids palmitic
(12.04%) and stearic (15.69%).
Keywords: Malpighiaceae, fatty acid, seeds and morphology
362. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF Clitoria ternatea L. (FABACEAE).

Silva, R. M.; 2Costa, L.E.C.; 3Ribeiro, R. T. M.; 4Oliveira, D.A.S; 5Silva, S. I.; 6Gallo, M. I. 1Universidade
Federal do Cear (UFC), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, rejanefungi@hotmail.com; 2Universidade Federal do Cear (UFC),
Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, 3Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife-PE, Brazil,4Universidade Federal Rural
de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife-PE, Brazil, 6Universidade Federal do Cear (UFC), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
1
Clitoria ternatea is a member of the family Fabaceae, which consists of 720 genera and 19,200 species and are found
throughout the world growing in many different environments and climates. The methanolicextract of Clitoria ternatea roots
demonstrated nootropic, anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsantand antistress activity. Clitoria ternatearoot extracts
are capable of curing whooping cough if taken orally. The objective of this work was morphological characterization of
the reserves of Clitoria ternatea (L.). For cytochemical study, the seeds had been cut transversally, fixed in Karnovsky
for 24 h at ambient temperature. The material was dehydrated in an ethanol series, embedded in Historesin Embedding
Kit (Jung) and sectioned. The following cytochemical reactions were carried out: toluidine blue (TB) for total anionic
radicals; xylidine ponceau (XP) pH 2.5 for the detection of total cationic radicals; periodic acid-Schiff reagent (PAS) for
polysaccharides and Sudan IV for the detection of lipid bodies. The sections stained with TB revealed cell walls stained
in blue because of the presence of pectin. The sections stained with XP revealed protein bodies in the cytoplasm of the
cells of the cotyledons. The reaction of PAS revealed almost no polysaccharides in the seed. The test with Sudan IV was
positive for the presence of lipid bodies in the cotyledon cells. The main reserve of the seeds of Clitoria ternatea (L.) are
proteins contained in the cytoplasm of cotyledon cells. These reserves are mobilized during germination to support the
growth of the embryo.
Keywords: Clitoria ternatea, Fabaceae, seed and morphology
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Session 5
Seed Ecology
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363. Epiphytic Bacterial Community Diversity on spinach leaves is affected by seed

bacteria, plant developmental stage, and growth environment.
Ponder, M., 1,2Carder, P., 1Lopez-Velasco G., 2Welbaum, G.E. Departments of Food Science and Technology1 and
Horticulture2, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
1
Recent human disease outbreaks of bacterial pathogens transmitted on vegetables, especially fresh spinach, have raised
questions about the potential for seed transmission of human pathogens. The bacterial populations of spinach seed and
seedling leaves were compared using DGGE, to assess bacterial community richness, and real-time PCR to compare
the abundance of select phyla (total bacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, a-Proteobacteria and bProteobacteria). To determine the effect of environment, the plants were grown in field and growth chambers. Vertical
transmission of bacterial community members was evident because the developmental stage of the plant affected the
richness and abundance of select bacterial phyla. The bacterial richness of plants grown in the two environments was
not affected. However, a greater number of bacteria were associated with field grown samples in comparison to those
produced in growth chambers. A statistically significant interaction existed between growth stage and environment
for each of the selected phyla. Populations on cotyledons were smaller than mature leaves, but were not significantly
different than the 3-4 leaf stage seedlings. The culturable populations of bacteria on seeds (~5 log CFU/g) were
significantly smaller than determined using real time PCR (~7 log copies). This study highlights the importance of
vertical transmission of bacterial from seeds to seedlings, suggesting that bacterial transfer from seed to seedling, has
evolved to ensure the transmission of certain bacteria.
Keywords: phyllosphere, epiphytic bacteria, microbial community
364. SEED BANK OF RIPARIAN FOREST OF THE SO FRANCISCO RIVER AT PETROLINA-PE AND
JUAZEIRO-BA -BRAZIL.
Dantas, B.F.; 2Arajo, M.N.; 3Lopes, A.P.; 1Alvarez, I.A.; 1Kiill, L.H.P. 1Embrapa Semirido, Petrolina-PE, Brazil,
2
Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina-PE, Brazil, 3Universidade do Estado da Bahia (UNEB), JuazeiroBA, Brazil, barbara@cpatsa.embrapa.br .
1
The seed bank of tropical forests is involved in at least four processes in population and community leves. These are: the
establishment of populations; the maintenance of species diversity; establishment of ecological groups and restoration
of species richness during forest regeneration after natural disturbances or anthropogenic. The aim of this study was
to characterize the seed bank of four areas of riparian forest of Rio Sao Francisco, at Petrolina-PE and Juazeiro-BA,
Brazil. There are two methods to estimate the amount and composition of the seed banks: 1 - physical extraction from
the seeds, which overestimates by counting non-viable seeds, and 2 - the emergence of seed incubated in soil, which
requires less labor and detects fraction of seeds that germinate. This study used these two methodologies. Soil samples
were collected for evaluation of seed banks in four farms, two in the city of Petrolina and two in Juazeiro-BA. Soil
samples were collected at three different ranges, distanced of 0-10m, 40-50m and 90-100m from the So Francisco
River and at different soil depths which are the litter, 0-5cm and 5-10cm. Each soil sample was removed with the aid
of a hollow circular metal frame (25 cm diameter x 5 cm), while the respective portions of litter were collected by hand
from the same space delimited. The samples were unclodded with a 6 mm mesh screen and placed in metal trays (20cm
x 13cm x 4cm) filled with 2 cm layer of vermiculite. The trays were kept in greenhouse with humidity close to field
capacity by adding water until its appearance at the surface. For a period of five months, the seedlings resulting from
germination were counted. Thereafter the samples were sieved to count tree seeds. It was found that in the two portions
of riparian forest assessed in the city of Petrolina-PE, germination occurred only for herbaceous species seeds. Native
tree seeds were not found in the sieved soil samples. The seed bank samples collected in Juazeiro-BA showed high
germination of herbaceous plants, however, there were found seeds of piranheira (Phyllanthus cf. chacoensis), mamona
(Ricinus comunis), juazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro) and muqum (Albizia inundata) among those that did not germinate.
Keywords: natural regeneration, seed bank, gallery forest
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365. THE BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SEEDS REFLECTS PLANT AGING IN THE MEDITERRANEAN
SHRUB, Cistus albidus L.
Mller, M., Siles, L., Cela, J., Munn-Bosch, S. Universitat de Barcelona, Facultat de Biologia, Departament de
Biologia Vegetal, Avinguda Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, smunne@ub.edu
Seed production of perennial plants varies widely from year to year in response to weather variables, insects and diseases.
However, little is known about the impact of plant aging on the production and quality of seeds. In the present study we
evaluated the biochemical composition of seeds obtained from 2, 7 and 12 years-old Cistus albidus L. plants growing
under Mediterranean field conditions. We found a significant reduction in seed mass and an increase in seed hydration
with plant aging, which were associated with changes in hormone and antioxidant levels. Seeds of 12 years-old plants
showed the highest concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. Similarly, tocopherol and
tocotrienol (vitamin E) levels increased in seeds during plant aging. Furthermore, seeds form 7 and 12 years-old plants
showed significantly higher ABA levels than those of 2 years-old plants. Although similar amounts were observed for
the bioactive GA4 in the three age classes, the amounts of the GA4 precursor, GA9 also varied significantly in seeds
depending on plant age. The results clearly indicate that plant aging significantly alters the production and biochemical
composition of seeds in C. albidus.
Keywords: Antioxidants, Hormones, Plant aging, Seeds
Acknowledgements: MICINN
366. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SUBSTRATA IN THE GERMINATION OF SEEDS OF Albizia hasslerii (Chodat
Burr.) FABACEAE.
oliveira, A. K. M., 1Nunes, A.C. 1Universidade Anhanguera-Uniderp, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil, akmorbeck@
hotmail.com.
1
The knowledge of the ideal conditions for the germination of the seeds from a certain sort is of fundamental importance,
mainly, for the differentiated answers that it can present in function of several environmental factors which involve
water, light, temperature, pathogen agents and the substratum, which has fundamental importance, because it can have
variations in the structure, aeration, capacity of water retaining and degree of pathogens infestation, interfering in the
germination process. Among the species with economic interest and little information on its germinative processes,
Albizia hasslerii, popularly as farinha-seca, a native tree of seasonal forests which in the adult phase can reach 20 m
height, stands out for its potential of usage. There is no information in relation to its rates of germination with harvested
seeds of the individuals from biome Pantanal. In Brazil, the interest for its culture derives from the great ornamental
potential and for reforestations in agroforestry systems, for having fast growth; however it has no durable wood, serving
for internal works of the civil construction, as covers, planks, crates and in confection of light objects as toys. Out
of consideration for the necessity of better knowledge of the native species characteristics, the water content was
evaluated, rate of germination and the vigour of seeds in five substrata (sandy soil, argillaceous soil, sand, vermiculite
and filter paper), placed in B.O.D., in presence of white light, with photoperiod of 12h, at a temperature of 27 C, with
four repetitions of 30 seeds each and design completely randomized. The seeds of the species had a water content of
5.7%, and sandy soil, with 52% germination, and sand, with 42%, presented the best results, statistically the same.
Vermiculite (27%) and filter paper (28%) had smaller percentage of germination. The biggest vigour also was obtained
in sandy soil (2.99) and sand (2.48), statistically the same, indicating higher vigour. The others presented smaller vigour
(argillaceous substratum with 1.73, vermiculite 1.71, and filter paper 1.17), and in all treatments the seeds germinated
from the fourth test day. The variations in the percentages and speeds of germination are related to the utilization of
different types of substratum, because of having distinct characteristics, lead to a variation in the water availability,
modifying the percentages of germination.
Keywords: Pantanal, forest species, farinha-seca.
Acknowledgements: FMB, CNPq.
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367. Effect of temperature on seed germination of Cordia trichotoma (Vellozo) Arrabida

ex Steudel.
oliveira, A. K. M., 1Milanez, A. J.; 2Laura, V. A. 1Universidade Anhanguera-Uniderp, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil,
akmorbeck@hotmail.com, Embrapa Gado de Corte, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
1
Different seed types have slightly different preferred temperature ranges for germination. However, the important thing to
remember is that seed will have a minimum and maximum temperature. Beyond those temperature limits and the seed will
not germinate. The majority of tropical and semi-tropical seeds will germinate in an average temperature range, normally
15-35 degrees. But there is little research work on native species. Cordia trichotoma (louro-pardo) is a tree of the family
Boraginaceae, used for woodcraft, in the civil construction and tree recommended for urban trees and used to compose
heterogeneous reforestation, among other uses, as medicinal in the popular medicine. There is, however, little information
on its germination processes in Savanna areas. Also is a widely distributed native species, found in many different places,
from roadsides to forests, wooded pastures Cerrado (brazilian savanna) and copses. It is therefore necessary to develop
studies in order to indicate the most adequate conditions to obtain higher germination. The objective of this paper was
to analyze the germination behavior of C. trichotoma seeds submitted to constant temperatures of 25, 30 and 35 oC, and
alternating temperatures of 20-30 oC and 25-35 oC, kept in germination chambers of B.O.D type. The seeds used in this
experiment were harvested in the Campo Grande Municipality, Mato Grosso do Sul state, in august/2008. The following
parameters were analyzed: water content, percentage of germination, average period of germination (expressed in days),
germination speed index (germination vigor), with four repetitions of 50 seeds for each treatment, in delineation randomly
assigned. The seeds of the species presented a high water content of 47.2%. The results indicate the best temperature for
seed germination was 25 oC, with 24% germination, followed by 30 C (14% germination), average period of germination
of 13.06 (25 oC) and 9.96 days (30 oC). The germination speed index was statistically the same in both temperatures, 1.0
and 0.8. The temperatures of 35 oC, 20-30 oC and 25-35 oC presented, 1, 3 and 4% of germination, 0.01, 0.1 and 0.1 of
germination speed index and mean time for germination of 23, 25 and 16 days. The temperature of 25 C was considered
the closest to the ideal temperature for the germination of C. trichotoma seeds collected in the region, although with low
germination, indicating small vigor. The other temperatures shown are not suitable for seed germination of the species.
Keywords: Savanna, indigenous species, forest seeds, louro-pardo.
Acknowledgements: FMB
368. Storage period to germination of Astronium fraxinifolium Schott (Anacardiaceae)

diasporEs in different substratA.
oliveira, A. K. M., 1Alves, F. F. 1Universidade Anhanguera-Uniderp, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil, akmorbeck@
hotmail.com.
1
Substrate is important factor that affects the germination behavior of seeds during germination tests.But few native
species have information on the suitable substrate for germination and storage time. Astronium fraxinifolium is a
common tree species distributed in Pantanal Mato-Grossense in flooded forest and wooded pastures. It has ornamental,
apicultural, and medicinal aplications. The aim of this paper was to study the germination of recently collected seeds,
and after 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210 days of storage, using three different substratum (paper filter, sand and forest
soil), with seeds collected in Pantanal do Rio Negro, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Seeds were germinated
in germination chambers (26 oC) with four randomly arranged replicates of 50 seeds for each treatment. Fresh seeds
presented high moisture content (20.1%) whichdecreased during storage. Initial germination (81%) and germination
velocity (14.5) were high and also decreased during storage. Viability did not exceed 180 days. Germination and
germination velocity varied from 81% and 14 (fresh seeds) to to 7% and 0.2 (180 days),to 0% and 0 (210 days) in the
paper filter; from 75% and 12.2 (fresh seeds), to 5% and 0 (180 days) in sand; and from 71% and 7.7 (fresh seeds) to
3% and 0 (180 days ) in the forest soil, respectively. Germination and germination velocity were null after 180 days in
all substratum Considering the handling facility, the paper filter substratum is most indicated for germination of seeds
of this species.
Keywords: Forest seeds, forest diaspores, wood species
Acknowledgements: FMB, CNPq
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369. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SUBSTRATA ON THE GERMINATION OF Curatella americana SEEDS

DILLENIACEAE.
oliveira, A. K. M., 1Nunes, A.C., Farias, G.C.1Universidade Anhanguera-Uniderp, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil,
akmorbeck@hotmail.com.
1
The knowledge of the ideal conditions for the germination of the seeds from a certain sort is of fundamental importance,
mainly, for the differentiated answers that it can present in function of several environmental factors which involve water,
light, temperature, pathogen agents and the substratum, which has fundamental importance. Substrate is important factor
that affect the germination behavior of seeds during germination tests. The substrate comprises the medium into which the
seed is placed to germinate and its purpose is to maintain adequate conditions for seed germination. It influences germination
tests, since factors such as aeration, structure, water retention capacity, and degree of infestation by microorganisms can vary
depending on the material that is used. Among the species with economic interest and little information on its germinative
processes, Curatella Americana, popularly known as lixeira, is an arboreal species used in the civil construction and used
as ornamental, apicultural, and also in the popular medicine, treating diseases. But information does not exist in relation to
its rates of germination with harvested seeds of the individuals from biome Pantanal. To better understand the native species
characteristics, it was evaluated the water content, germination rate and germination speed index (GSI) of the seeds in five
substrata (sandy soil, clayey soil, sand, vermiculite and filter paper), placed in B.O.D., in presence of white light, with
photoperiod of 12 h, at a temperature of 27 C, with four repetitions of 50 seeds each and design completely randomized.
The seeds of the species presented 2.6% of water content, and the filter paper substrata, with 70% of germination, and
sandy substrata, with 64%, presented the best results. The biggest SGI also was obtained in sandy substrata (1.5). The other
substrates, sandy soil 52% germination and 0,6, SGI, clayey soil, 40% germination and 0.7 SGI, sand, 64% germination
and 0.7 SGI, vermiculite, 2% germination and 0.07 SGI. The variations in the percentages and speeds of germination
are related to the use of different substratum, explained by variation of water availability, modifying the percentages of
germination.
Keywords: Pantanal; forest species; forest seed; lixeira.
370. ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL BASES OF SEED GERMINATION OF TWO NOTHOFAGUS SPECIES

DISTRIBUTED ACROSS AN ALTITUDINAL GRADIENT IN THE SOUTH ANDES.
Arana, M.V.1, Gonzalez-Polo, M.2, Martnez-Meier, A.1, Snchez, R.A.3, Benech-Arnold, R.3 Gallo, L.1 1Instituto
Nacional de Tecnologa Agropecuaria, Ro Negro, Argentina, 2Universidad del Comahue INIBIOMA-CONICET, Ro
Negro, Argentina 3IFEVA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Germination behavior is one of the earliest phenotype expressed by plants and this fact has consequences for the
evolution of post-germination traits, ecological niches and geographic ranges of species (Donohue et al 2010 Annu. Rev.
Ecol. Evol. Syst. 41:293319). Across the South Andes Mountains, it is possible to distinguish several environmental
gradients although the pluviometric and altitudinal ones are probably exerting the stronger influence in the distribution
and abundance of the tree species of the region. In the western Andes, around the 36 30 and 40 10 latitude south,
two Nothofagus species, N. obliqua (roble) and N. nervosa (raul), are distributed across a clear altitudinal range (roble:
600-900 meters over the sea level (msl), raul: 900-1000 msl). The aim of this work is to study the germination behavior
of these species in order to evaluate the influence of this trait in the definition of their ecological niches. Our results
indicate that, in both species, cold stratification decreases the level of seed dormancy and that red light (R) promotes
germination even at constant temperature. Whereas alternating temperatures were able to replace the R requirement for
the stimulus of germination in raul, the seeds of roble showed a stronger dependence on both factors. Seed morphology
(bi or tri winged seeds) was associated with the germination physiology in both species. Field studies showed that
seedling emergence is weakly associated with the environmental light quality, and therefore in addition to light, other
factors such as temperature and soil water potential might be more relevant for the control of germination under natural
conditions. Work in progress to address this last involves hidro-termal time models and field measurements in permanent
plots across the altitudinal gradient.
Keywords: Temperate forests, southern beech, environmental gradient, Patagonia.
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371. EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT TREATMENT IN GERMINATION JENIPAPO SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS

FORMATION.
oliveira, A. K. M., 1Barbosa, L. A., 1Ribeiro, J. W. F. R., 1Silva, C. A. A.1Universidade Anhanguera-Uniderp,
Campo Grande, MS, Brazil, akmorbeck@hotmail.com.
1
Seed germination depends on both internal and external conditions. The most important external factors include temperature,
water, oxygen and sometimes light or darkness.Various plants require different variables for successful seed germination, often
this depends on the individual seed variety and is closely linked to the ecological conditions of a plants natural habitat. In some
definitions, the appearance of the radicle marks the end of germination and the beginning of establishment, a period that
ends when the seedling has exhausted the food reserves stored in the seed. Germination and establishment as an independent
organism are critical phases in the life of a plant when they are the most vulnerable to injury, disease, and water stress.But few
native species have information on conditions suitable substrate for germination. Jenipap, or jenipapo (Genipa americana),
Rubiaceae family, occurs through all of Brazil. Its fruit is edible and it is appreciated by fishes and birds, has high economic
value for rural population, besides wood be used in civil construction, furniture making and tool handles. The specie have
ecological importance and the tree is very useful for mixed plantings in swampy and degraded areas. The present work had as
object measure the effects of different pH in germination jenipapo seed and seedlings formation. The fruits were harvested at
Pantanal do Negro, Rio Negro municipality, state of Mato Grosso do Sul. It was quantified the seeds water content and disposed
in six treatments: Control group, scarified group, with mechanical scarification, groups at pH 2, pH 3 and pH 4, with seeds
immersed in hydrochloric acid and dark group, with seeds placed in dark gerbox. Germination rates were high in all of the groups
(+ 93%). Germination speed rate was higher at group pH 2, pH 3 and dark group (3,3; 2,9; 3,3, respectively). Treatments group
pH 2, pH 3 and dark group had the best mean germination time (15,8; 18,5; 16,4, respectively). Average length and dry weight of
radicle were, control group, 2.83 cm and 0.004 g, scarified group, 2,42 cm and 0.003 g, group pH 2, 2.69 cm and 0.003 g, group
pH 3, 2.72 cm and 0.003 g, group pH 4, 2.97 cm and 0.003 g and dark group, 3.66 cm and 0.003 g. Regarding the formation of
radicle, the dark group had the best result, with radicle length are larger and heavier.
Keywords: vigor, chemical scarification, native seeds, Genipa americana.
Acknowledgements: FMB, Capes
372. GERMINATION OF SEEDS Zanthoxylum hasslerianum Chodat IN DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES.

oliveira, A. K. M., 1Farias, G. C. 1Universidade Anhanguera-Uniderp, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil, akmorbeck@
hotmail.com.
1
Substrate is important factor that affect the germination behavior of seeds during germination tests. The substrate comprises the
medium into which the seed is placed to germinate and its purpose is to maintain adequate conditions for seed germination and
for the development of seedlings. It influences germination tests, since factors such as aeration, structure, water retention capacity,
and degree of infestation by microorganisms can vary depending on the material that is used. In addition, it is important to keep
an adequate proportion between water availability and aeration, without excessive moisture, to prevent the water film from
completely surrounding the seed, thus restricting the entrance and absorption of oxygen. But few native species have information
on the suitable substrate for germination. The Zanthoxylum hasslerianum tree is commonly found in regions of the Pantanal
mato-grossense, being used in the urbane arborization, heterogeneous reforestations, joinery, apart from the use in popular
medicine. However the species has not much information referring to the requirements for germination, basic requirement for
the production of seedlings. Taking the potential of use into consideration, the present work had as the aim to define the type
of substrate most appropriate to the germination of seeds of the species, which were collected in Pantanal do Rio Negro. The
tests were carried out with paper-filter substrates, vermiculita, sand substrate and clay substrate, under constant temperature of
27 C, with seeds kept in germination cameras of B.O.D type with four repetitions of 30 seeds for each treatment, in delineation
randomly assigned. The seeds of this species began the germination process from 32o days and the most appropriate substrate
was the sandy soil, with 30% of germination and 0.18 of rate of speed germination, although with low germination, indicating
small vigor. The physical structure of the sand substrate, allowing the biggest drainage and consequently, less tax of retention of
water in the surface, might be the factor that caused bigger germination. The other substrates presented small germination rates
and rate of speed germination, 0% and 0 - filter paper, 3%, and 0.03 - clay soil, 10% and 0.12 vermiculite, 17% and 0.13 sand
substrate, respectively, not being indicated for the species, in the tested conditions.
Keywords: Pantanal, forest seeds, Rutaceae, mamica de porca.
Acknowledgements: FMB, CNPq
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373. Estimation of germination of Vochysia divergens Pohl. seeds after storage period in
three substratum.
oliveira, A. K. M., 1Alves, F. F. 1Universidade Anhanguera-Uniderp, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil, akmorbeck@
hotmail.com.
1
Substrate is important factor that affect the germination behavior of seeds during germination tests. The substrate
comprises the medium into which the seed is placed to germinate and its purpose is to maintain adequate conditions for
seed germination and for the development of seedlings. It influences germination tests, since factors such as aeration,
structure, water retention capacity, and degree of infestation by microorganisms can vary depending on the material
that is used. In addition, it is important to keep an adequate proportion between water availability and aeration, without
excessive moisture, to prevent the water film from completely surrounding the seed, thus restricting the entrance and
absorption of oxygen. Also the viability and quality of seeds depend on how well they are protected and seeds, depending
on storage time, lose their viability. But few native species have information on the suitable substrate for germination
and storage time. Vochysia divergens (Cambar) is common tree species distributed in Pantanal Mato-Grossense present
on flooded forest and wooded pastures. Its characteristics allow it to be used as ornamental, apicultural, and also in
the popular medicine, treating diseases. Considering the importance of studies about this species, the aim of this paper
was to study the germination rates of recently collected seeds, and after 30, 60, 90 and 150 days of storage (laboratory
conditions average temperature 28.5 C), using three kind of substratum (paper filter, sand and forest soil), with
seeds collected in Pantanal do Rio Negro, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. The seeds are germinated in chambers of
B.O.D (27 oC) type with four repetitions of 50 seeds for each treatment, in delineation randomly assigned. The seeds
presented high moisture content (24.3%), decreasing during the experiment period. The initial germination rate (72%)
and germination velocity (18.4) are high, also decreasing during the experiment. The viability did not exceed 150 days.
The rate of germination and germination velocity are: 72% and 16.4 (fresh seeds), 79% and 19 (30 days), 55% and
12 (60 days), 40% and 8 (90 days), 12% and 2 (120 days), 0% and 0 (150 days), in the paper filter; 72% and 15 (fresh
seeds), 60% and 13 (30 days), 56% and 11 (60 days), 31% and 5 (90 days), 18% and 2.5 (120 days), 0% and 0 (150
days), in the sand; and, 72% and 14 (fresh seeds), 53% and 12 (30 days), 45% and 9 (60 days), 26% and 4 (90 days),
13% and 2 (120 days), 0% and 0 (150 days), in the forest soil, respectively. Considering the handling facility, the paper
filter substratum is most indicated for germination of seeds of this species.
Keywords: Pantanal, Rio Negro, forest seeds, Vochysiaceae.
374. CHARACTERISTICS OF FRUITS AND ZOOCHOROUS DISPERSAL IN A WOODY COMMUNITY IN

THE PANTANAL, BRAZIL.
Amaral, T.S., 2Ferreira, S., 3Cara, P.A.A. 1Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo GrandeMS, Brasil, taty.samaral@hotmail.com, 2Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiab-MT, Brasil,
3
Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Itapetinga-BA, Brasil
1
The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of fruits and seeds of woody species that serve as resource for
frugivores, and from these characteristics, infer their dispersal syndromes. From October 2008 to September 2009, all
fruiting woody species of 11 capes were recorded and grouped according to the type and color of the fruit, seed number,
morphometric characteristics and their zoochorous dispersal syndromes. We sampled 34 species belonging to 22 families.
Drupe was the most frequent fruit type (40%), followed by berry (18%), syconium and capsule (12% each). Most of the
species showed yellow fruits (31%), followed by black (25%) and green (20%). Red, brown and purple fruits summed
24% of the species. There was a predominance of medium sized fruits (35%) and fruit with medium-sized seeds (43%).
Ornithocory was the prevalent dispersal syndrome, with great variety of colors and size. In general, some zoochorous
species that occur in the Pantanal have fruits that were probably dispersed by megafauna. Currently, due to the extinction of
their dispersers, some species are eaten by other group of vertebrates, as Genipa americana, who despite having dispersion
characteristics by megafauna, is widely consumed by birds in the Pantanal. However, its unclear what role these birds have
in its seed dispersal. This makes it increasingly necessary studies to determine the performance of these consumers, and
their efficiency as dispersers of seeds of these plants.
Keywords: frugivory, seed dispersal, zoochory, Pantanal
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375. FRUITING PHENOLOGY OF A ZOOCHOROUS COMUNITY AT PANTANAL CAPES, SUB-REGION

OF ABOBRAL, BRAZIL.
Amaral, T.S., 2Ferreira, S., 3Cara, P.A.A. 1Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo GrandeMS, Brasil, taty.samaral@hotmail.com, 2Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiab-MT, Brasil,
3
Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Itapetinga-BA, Brasil
1
In most tropical forests, the period of fruiting is seasonal, which restricts supply of food for frugivores throughout the
year. This study evaluated the offering resources patterns of woody species that are used as a resource for fruitingvertebrates at region of Abobral, Pantanal. The phenological monitoring and the fruiting occurrence were done monthly
during October 2008 to September 2009, through direct observation of shrubs and trees in the canopy of 10 vegetation
islands called capes. Using a semi-quantitative method, the fruiting pattern was markedly seasonal, with a well
pronounced peak in the rainy season, both in relation to the number of fruiting species and individuals, and in the
relation to phenological intensity. This pattern was related to rainfall and temperature. Most species bear fruits for a
several months, with peaks that lasted an average of two months. We sampled 335 individuals in 34 species, belonging
to 22 families. Ficus pertusa and Ficus luschnathiana fruited throughout the year, with two peaks, one in the dry season,
and another in the rainy season. Moreover, the large size, high abundance of individuals and continuous fruiting, make
of these, species highly attractive to frugivores. The fruiting pattern found represents a seasonal offer of resources for
the frugivores community in the Pantanal capes, with few species producing fruits during the dry season. Therefore,
changes that significantly affect the fruiting of zoochorous community can reduce the availability of resources for
frugivores, inducing instability in the general community.
Keywords: phenology, fruits, Pantanal, zoochory
376. DIFFERENCES IN SEED GERMINATION RESPONSES OF FOUR Begonia HERB SPECIES TO RED:FAR
RED RATIO AND TEMPERATURE IN A BRAZILIAN TROPICAL RAIN FOREST.
Carvalho, A. S. R., 2Andrade, L. G., 1Andrade, A. C. S. (1Jardim Botnico do Rio de Janeiro (JBRJ), Rio de
Janeiro RJ, Brazil, acarvalho@jbrj.gov.br; 2Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro RJ,
Brazil).
1
Tropical rain forests are usually influenced by abiotic and biotic factors, creating a mosaic of microsites extremely
important for habitat selection by plants. Since germination of seeds in a natural environment is restricted to places that
present specific environmental conditions, differences in germination requirements may reflect adaptation to local habitats,
affecting both seedling establishment and the maintenance of species diversity in natural communities. Herbaceous species
represent a significant part of biodiversity in the tropical forests. However, few researches have been comparing the
germination responses of seeds from understory and edge species. We investigated the effect of environmental signals on
induction of germination in seeds of four closely related Begoniaceae species growing in two distinct habitats (understory
species: Begonia bidentata, and B. dentatiloba; edge species: B. cucullata, and B. hirtella). The germination responses
were studied under different temperatures (constant and fluctuating), light quality (various red:far red ratios R:FR),
and irradiance (photon flux density PFD in different magnitudes at the same R:FR). For all species the results were:
(a) germination did not occur at any temperature in darkness; (b) germination did not occur or was greatly reduced with
increasing of temperature (> 30 C); and (c) in most cases, germination was not statistically different between high and low
PFD at the same R:FR ratio, independent of the light quality under the filters. In contrast to B. bidentata and B. dentatiloba,
germination of B. cucullata and B. hirtella seeds was strongly inhibited at low R:FR. The results suggest that requirements
for seed germination are independent on phylogeny and life cycle, but are closely related to habitat preference among
species. In addition, light quality is the main signal for seed germination of the studied species.
Keywords: Ecofisiology, Light irradiance, Light quality, Shade tolerance.
Acknowledgements: CAPES, REDUC PETROBRAS, MMA
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377. SEED BANK OF Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. Ex Tul. INTRODUCED IN THE SOIL OF PRESERVED AND
DEGRADED CAATINGA.
Lopes, K. P., 1Dantas, E. A., 1Barbosa, R. C. A., 1Costa, C. C. 1Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG),
Pombal-PB, Brazil, kilson@ccta.ufcg.edu.br
1
The present study was to evaluate the seed bank of Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. ex Tul. in the soil of Caatinga with
different conditions of vegetation cover. For this, seeds were placed in gauze bags (20 x 30 cm) and kept on the ground
or buried at 5 cm soil under natural conditions, in an area characterized by a Caatinga with good vegetation cover
(preserved) and another area of scrub with little or no vegetation (degraded). Seeds subjected to such conditions were
evaluated for a period of 240 days, the seed samples taken every 60 days from the introduction of seed banks in soil to
determine the number of intact seeds, damaged seeds and germinated seeds. When they are kept in a seed bank on the
ground, seeds of Caesalpinia ferrea remain viable for 120 days under natural conditions of Caatinga with a good scrub
vegetation (preserved) and scrub of little or no vegetation (degraded). When buried under 5 cm of soil, seeds lose their
viability after 60 days in the Caatinga environment preserved or degraded. Seeds kept on the ground in either Caatinga
environment have a higher percentage of damaged seeds, while those stored at 5 cm depth have a higher percentage of
germinated seeds and are able to establish new plants in an area of Caatinga, whether preserved or degraded.
Keywords: Land cover, ecology of seeds, tree seeds, viability.
378. GERMINATION OF HETEROMORPHIC ACHENES OF GALLANT SOLDIER (Galinsoga parviflora

Cav.)
Kucewicz, M. 2Gojo, E. 1Department of Botany and Nature Protection, Plac dzki 1, University of Warmia and
Mazury, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland ,magdo@moskit.uwm.edu.pl, 2Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology,
Oczapowskiego 1A, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
1
The gallant soldier (Galinsoga parviflora Cav.), a native of South America, is a neophyte species introduced to Poland
around 200 years ago. Today, it is believed to be a widely propagating and an increasingly aggressive species. This
annual plant produces heteromorphic achenes within each capitulum. We examined (1) the effects of duration of dry
storage on germination, (2) the effects of duration of burial in soil on viability and germination and (3) seasonal variation
in germination buried in the soil of hetromorphic diasporas. Fresh harvested peripheral and central achenes remained
dormant. Both achene types became non-dormant after one month of dry storage. In successive months peripheral
achenes demonstrated higher germination percentage than central achenes. The peripheral and central achenes showed
similar temperature requirements during dry storage. A similar germination pattern was observed in both achene types,
with a germination peak in March. Germination capacity deteriorated over time. After 19 months of dry storage, both
achene morphs failed to germinate at 12 C. Both achene types buried in the soil were 95-99% viable after seven months.
After 18 months of storage in soil (successive growing season), most of the harvested achenes were dead. The studied
achenes did not form a permanent seed bank. Germination of achenes in the soil bank showed a seasonal pattern with
two peaks of germination: in late spring (June) and autumn (October, November). In the first half of the year (till June)
peripheral achenes germinated better or in similar level to central achenes, whereas after this period of time relationship
changed: central achenes germinated better than peripheral ones. Nitrate increased the percentage of seed germination
in spring in both types of achenes.
Keywords: Galinsoga parviflora, heteromorphism, germination
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379. ELAIOSOME EFFECTS UPON GERMINATION OF Mabea fistulifera mart.

Ribeiro, J.W.F., 1Oliveira, A.K.M., 1Martins, P.F.R.B., 1Pereira, K.C.L., 1Silva, C. 1Universidade AnhangueraUniderp, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. akmorbeck@hotmail.com.
1
Mabea fistulifera Mart., commonly known as canudo-de-pito, is a pioneer tree, with height about 7 meters. Occurs at
Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and So Paulo states. M. fistulifera seeds are characterized by presence
of elaiosome, a carneous body covering the seed, which attracts ants, responsible for its spreading. The study aimed to
evaluate M. fistulifera elaiosome removal effects upon germination, in different temperatures. Seeds were collected from
mature fruits harvested at Taboco region, municipality of Aquidauana Mato Grosso do Sul. Experiments took place at
the Interdisciplinary Research on Environmental Systems and Biodiversity Laboratory, belonged to Anhanguera-Uniderp
University, Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul. Two hundred intact (with elaiosome) and two hundred processed
(without elaiosome) seeds were used, within two replications with 25 seeds each per temperature. Seeds were kept at
constant temperatures of 20 and 30 C (68 and 86 F) and alternating temperatures of 20-30 and 25-35 C (68-86 and
77-95 F), in BOD germination chambers. Total germination rate was the studied parameter. Data analyzed with Biostat
5.0 software at 5% probability, followed by Tukey test at 5% (p<0.05), when significant. Processed seeds showed higher
germination rates when compared to intact ones, despite temperature treatment: 60% for alternating 20-30 C, 40% for 20
C and 24% for 25-35 C. No seeds, whether with or without elaiosome, germinated upon constant 30 C.
Keywords: Cerrado, forrest seeds, canudo-de-pito, Euphorbiaceae.
380. SEED RAIN IN ABANDONED AGRICULTURAL NEAR A FRAGMENT PRESERVED IN

NORTHEASTERN SEMIARID BRAZIL.
Souza, J. T., 1De Albuquerque, U. P., 1Arajo, E. de L .1Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE),
Recife-PE, Brazil. Jeff-thiago@hotmail.com
1
The role of preserved fragments of caatinga in the regeneration of an agriculture area that was abandoned 15 years
ago was investigated. 105 seed traps were placed in the disturbed area, distributed in five transects of 210 m each,
perpendicular to a caatinga fragment. Seed traps were placed in strips to each 10m from the fragment. The seed traps
consisted of cylindrical polyethylene recipients with 81 cm of circumference (diameter 25 cm) and 30 cm of height.
All seed traps were monitored monthly from August 2008 to June 2009. For species occurring in the fragment and the
abandoned area, 10 individuals were selected (when possible) and monitored for the occurrence of seed production
and dispersal. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the variation in seed richness and density. A simple linear
regression was used to evaluate the effect of distance from the fragment in the allochtonous seed rain. Seasonal
differences in the seed rain were tested through the Chi-square test. A total of 16 families, 32 genus and 56 species,
where recorded 15 species were woody and 22 were herbaceous. 16 species were identified only at morphospecies level
and three at the family level. The species richness in the seed rain varied significantly between strips (H = 132.44; p
<0.01) and 140 species of the preserved fragment were not recorded in the seed rain at the disturbed area. The total
density of seed rain in the community was 2270 seeds.m-2 in the year, varying from 300 to 1077 seeds among the 21
distance strips. Seed density was 971.2 seed.m-2 for the herbaceous assemblage, 1220.2 seed.m-2 and for the woody
assemblage and 78.2 seed.m-2 belonged to unidentified species. Seed rain density differed significantly among seasons
(2 = 13.63; p <0.01), and it was about twice high in the dry season (1511.1 seed.m-2) and more concentrated in the
early dry season (September, October and November). 28 species (50%) dispersed seeds exclusively in the dry season,
eight of them (28%) being anemochoric, 11 (39%) autochoric and 9 (32%) morphospecies. The results showed that, in
semiarid environments, species richness of the disturbed area is not recovered in 15 years, even with the presence of
preserved fragments. After 15 years of abandonment, the autochthonous seed rain makes it difficult to evaluate the role
of the preserved fragment in the abandoned seed rain area.
Keywords: Dispersal, Regeneration, Seasonal dry forest, autochthonous
Acknowledgements: CNPq/Process: 47.1805/2007-6, CAPES
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381. INPUT DIASPORES WOODY SPECIES IN ABANDONED AGRICULTURAL AREA OF SEASONAL

DRY FOREST IN NORTHEASTERN OF BRAZIL.
Souza, J. T., 1De Castro, C. C,1De Albuquerque, U. P., 1Arajo, E. de L 1Universidade Federal Rural de
Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife-PE, Brazil. Jeff-thiago@hotmail.com
1
This study evaluated the contribution of the diaspores of ten woody species in an area of caatinga vegetation abandoned
for 15 years. In the Experimental Station of the Instituto Agronmico de PernambucoIPA, in Caruaru, Pernambuco state,
ten species were selected based on the occurence of population in the area: Acacia paniculata Willd.; Anadenanthera
colubrina (Vell.) Brenan; Tul.; Croton blanchetianus Baill.; Guapira laxa (Netto) Furlan; Lantana camara L.; Mimosa
arenosa (Willd.) Poir.; Myracrondruon urundeuva (Engl.) Allemo.; Piptadenia stipulacea (Benth.) Ducke.; Schinopsis
brasiliensis Engl. The study was monitored monthly between September 2008 and August 2009. The fruiting period
was accompanied for ten individuals of each species. To investigate the input of diaspores in the area, it was distributed
105 seed traps. The seed traps consisted of cylindrical polyethylene recipients with 25 cm diameter and 30 cm of height,
with holes at the background allow drainage. All individuals of A. colubrina, C. pyramidalis, C. blanchetianus, M.
arenosa and most of L. camara (50%), G. laxa (70%), A. paniculata (80%) and P. stipulacea (90%) produced fruits.
Only M. urundeuva and S. brasiliensis did not fruit. The fruiting peak of A. paniculata, A. colubrina, L. camara, M.
arenosa and P. stipulacea occurred in the beginning of the dry season, whereas that of G. laxa occurred at the end of
this season. On the other hand, C. blanchetianus and C. pyramidalis showed higher fruit production at the middle and
at the end of the rainy season, respectively. The higher abundance of diaspores was recorded for M. arenosa (1.952) and
P. stipulacea (391). The lower abundance was recorded for C. pyramidalis, with only nine seeds in the dry season. In
this season it was recorded higher abundance of C. pyramidalis, M. arenosa, P. stipulacea, A. paniculata, A. colubrina,
L. camara and G. laxa. The unique species that presented fruiting peak in the rainy season was C. blanchetianus.
Curiously, diaspores of M. urundeuva (25) and S brasiliensis (1) were recorded in the dry season, being considered as
allochthonous. It was concluded that the studied species contribute for the entrance of diaspores. Aside some of them do
not present adult individuals, their input in adjacent sites was observed.
Keywords: Regeneration, Caatinga, Dispersal, Allochthonous
Acknowledgements: CNPq/Process: 47.1805/2007-6, CAPES
382. ALLELOPATHIC POTENTIAL USING ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Euphorbia heterophylla L. IN Lactuca

sativa L. SEEDS.
Ludwig, J., Matias, R., Pedrinho, D. R., Brum, G. R., Schleder, E. J. D., Lima, L. B. de. Universidade
Anhanguera Uniderp, Campo Grande-MS, Brasil, juludwig@yahoo.com.br, Universidade Federal do Par (UFPA),
Altamira-PA, Brasil.
The rising costs of inputs used in agriculture and the constant search for new ways of weed control, allelopathic
substances emerge as alternatives. Therefore, the aim in the present study was to evaluate the allelopathic effects of
Euphorbia heterophylla L. ethanolic extract on seed germination and initial development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
seedlings.Accordingly, thecrude extract of E.heterophylla was first extracted from the leavesand further diluted in the
concentrations of 100, 200 and 300 l/mL.From every concentration, it was used 25ml per treatment, soaking over sheets
of paper filterinside Gerbox cases, and above the filter were placed lettuce seeds.It was observed that germination and
first count, on the concentration of 300l/mL, showed significant reductions, and of the dry biomass, the concentration
of 100 and 300l/mL were efficient.On the other hand, the extract effects of radicle heights, seedling heights and green
biomass were insignificant.
Keywords: Lettuce; Germination; Seedlings
Acknowledgements: Universidade Anhanguera Uniderp
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383. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECT OF Synedrellopsis grisebachii UPON Brachiaria humidicola GERMINATION

RATES.
Schleder, E. J. D., Ludwig, J., Matias, R., Brum, G. R., Pedrinho, D. R., Lima, L. B. de., Universidade
Anhanguera Uniderp, Campo Grande-MS, Brasil, schdias@.com.br, Universidade Federal do Par (UFPA),
Altamira-PA, Brasil.
Brachiaria humidicola, originally from equatorial Africa, is a forage plant introduced recently in the country that
eventually escapes into cultivated areas. Among the most common pasture weeds in the Midwest Region, Synedrellopsis
grisebachii stands out because of its aggressiveness when it comes to competition. Such aggressiveness can influence the
germination of installed crops, due to several factors, amidst these there may be allelopathic influences - biomolecules
produced by a plant and discharged into the environment. Evaluated parameters were germination (G), first count (FC),
germination speed index (GSI), radicle length (RL) and seedling length (SL), being the materials placed in germination
chambers (BOD type) in alternating temperatures of 18-20 C (64,4-68F) without light and 33-35 C (91,4-95F) with
light, as development conditions, using the aqueous extract of S.grisebachii in concentrations of 100g, 200g, 300g
and 0g (plainly ethanol, as control) in B. humidicola seeds, totalizing four treatments, with four replications. There
were significant results for G, FC, GSI, RL and SL, demonstrating the allelopathic potential of the aqueous extract of
S.grisebachii.
Keywords: Forage, Invasive, Allelopathy, Germination.
Acknowledgements: Universidade Anhanguera Uniderp
384. Seed size influence on germination responses to light and temperature of

seven pioneer tree species from the Central Amazon.
Aud, F. F., 2Ferraz, I. D. K. 1Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura (Cnpmf), Cruz das Almas-BA, Brazil, fabiana@
cnpmf.embrapa.br, 2Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaznia INPA, Manaus-AM, Brazil.
1
In Amazon secondary forests are dominated by pioneer species that typically produce large amount of small and dormant
seeds that are able to form a persistent soil seed bank. Seed dormancy in this group of species is overcome by environmental
conditions found in open areas, such as high irradiation or alternating temperatures. Nevertheless, a variety of germination
responses to environmental factors are known among pioneers, some of them may germinate in diffuse light or in darkness
condition at constant temperature. One of the factors pointed out as promoters of this variety is seed mass. It seems that
for species with very small seeds, the trigger for germination is light and for larger seeds, temperature alternation may
be a more important stimulus. In this study we established a relationship between seed mass and germination response
to light and alternating temperature for a group of seven woody pioneer species from Amazon forest. We found that an
increase in seed mass was followed by a decrease in the need for light and an increase in the tolerance to alternating
temperatures. Understanding germination strategies may contribute with the knowledge of species coexistence in high
diverse environments and also may assist those involved in forest management and restoration.
Keywords: Alternating temperatures; photoblastic germination; secondary forests; tropical trees.
Acknowledgements: Capes, PDBFF
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385. CLASSIFICATION OF FOREST SEEDS AT THE UPPER RIO GRANDE BASIN BASED ON ITS STORAGE
CAPACITY.
Nery, M. C., 2Davide, A. C., Silva, E.A.A., 4Nery, F. C., 1Pires, R. M. O. 1Universidade Federal dos Vales do
de Lavras- (UFLA), Lavras-MG, Brazil, Universidade do Estado de So Paulo- (UESP), So Paulo- SP, Brazil,
4
Universidade Federal de So Joo Del Rey- (UFSJ), Sete Lagoas-MG, Brazil.
1
Many seeds which are intolerant to desiccation are fundamental to the growth of the vegetation of the upper Rio Grande
Basin, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Many are the difficulties which result from this intolerance, among them, their storage
and consequences of its use, the unsuccessful introspects in the application of conventional techniques for the storage
of recalcitrant seeds and the lack of information, as the physiological and biochemical changes that occurs during the
storage. This project had the objective of classifying the seed of occurrence in the upper Rio Grande Basin, on its storage.
For that, five species of forest seeds, occurring in the upper Rio Grande Basin MG, were classified according to its
tolerance to desiccation and storage, as a way to subsidize further programs of propagation and conservation ex situ.
Seeds of Casearia sylvestris Swart. (Flacourtiaceae), Qualea grandiflora (Vochysiaceae), Guarea kunthiana (Meliaceae),
Eremanthus erythropappus (Asteraceae) and Protium sp. (Burseraceae) were conditioning and submitted to drying, storage
and evaluation of germination and of the index of germination speed. After the physiological classification, it was verified
that the Casearia sylvestris and Eremanthus erythropappus are classified as orthodox seeds, which can be storage at the
low tempeature (-20 C) and low water content (5%), for long periods, without compromising the viability of these
seeds. On the other hand, the Guarea kunthiana and Protium sp. seeds were classified as recalcitrant seeds and Qualea
grandiflora as intermidiate, not tolerating the drying at low contents of water, indicating that the conservations pratices in
situ should be taken into consideration for the preservation of the genetic resources of these species.
Keywords: forest species, desiccation sensitivity, recalcitrant, orthodox conservation.
386. PLANT SPECIES FOR USE IN BIOENGINEERING IN DEGRADED AREAS: ASSESSMENT OF THE
SEEDS CHARACTERISTICS FOR APPLICATION IN BIODEGRADABLE GEOTEXTILE.
Santos, F. S., 1Costa, F. G., 1Marques, A. R. 1Centro Federal de Educao Tecnolgica de Minas Gerais (CEFETMG), Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil, andrearmg@gmail.com.
1
Bioengineering works have physical principles which are capable of controlling erosion processes and sedimentation of
water courses. Some ecologically correct biological techniques can provide easy and cheap solutions for reforestation and
physical stabilization of slopes and river banks. The aim of this study was to select plant species, native to southeastern
Brazil, which are suitable for the manufacture of biodegradable geotextile fertile (coir mesh with seeds), considering the
ecological profile of the species as well as the characteristics of their seeds (seed size, seed pre-treatment, emergence time
and seed storage capacity). For the selection of native species, specialized books were used, in order to use appropriate
classification according to the criteria: 1) successional stage, 2) terrain type of the occurrence, and 3) tolerance to the
sun. Among the selected species, for the preparation of the mixed-seed to be employed on biodegradable geotextile the
following factors were considered: 1) seed size, 2) absence of the seed pretreatment, and 3) seed emergence time. The
species selected that had the seed characteristics compatible with the preparation of geotextile were four leguminous
herbaceous and 126 trees, of which 77 were pioneers, 34 secondary and 15 climax seral stages. Six groups of the mixedseeds were made, each containing seven species, of which three are pioneers, two are secondary and two are climax.
The use of the biodegradable geotextile fertile with native seeds combines the technique of direct seeding with the
containment of erosion and it increases the chances of successful regeneration of the degraded area. This technique can
be an eco-friendly alternative, because it avoids the use of exotic and invasive species, besides having low cost if the
geotextiles are fertilized according to the location one wishes to install them.
Keywords: bioengineering, biodegradable geotextile, mixed-seeds.
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387. EVALUATION OF VIGOR OF PRE AND POST-DISPERSAL SEEDS FROM THE TREE SPECIES
Piptadenia paniculata Benth. (FABACEAE).
Amorim, T.A., 1Vieira, J.L., 1Breier, T. B. 1Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Rio de JaneiroRJ, Brazil, azevedoamorim@hotmail.br
1
The legume tree Piptadenia paniculata Benth. is native to the Atlantic Forest and it has potential for recovering degraded
areas and for commercial uses. This study aimed at evaluating and comparing the vigor of seeds collected in the soil (postdispersal) and collected directly from trees (pre-dispersal). The seeds were obtained from two matrix trees located at the
Ecological Reserve of Guapiau - REGUA, city of Cachoeiras de Macacu, RJ, Brazil. The pre and post-dispersal seeds
were subjected to the test of accelerated aging, at 40 C using the following aging times: 4, 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 hours,
totaling 12 samples. For each sample, 100 seeds (four replicates of 25) were germinated in a gerbox, with constant light
and temperature of 25 C. In the data analysis, we considered the number of normal seedlings produced, and as our data did
not present the normal distribution, a nonparametric test was used to compare the means. The Mann-Whitney test indicated
that post and pre-dispersal seeds did not differ in vigor. Thus, seeds of this species can be harvested directly from the tree
or soil, without lowering the physiological quality of seeds.
Keywords: Piptadenia paniculata, accelerated aging test, handling of seeds, dispersal
Acknowledgements: Programa de Ps-Graduao em Cincias Ambientais e Florestais - PPGCAF / UFRRJ, Reserva
Ecolgica Guapiau - REGUA
388. CHARACTERIZATION OF PHENOLOGICAL PHASES OF A CRABWOOD POPULATION (Carapa

spp.) IN THE AMAZON ESTUARY FLOODPLAIN FOREST.
Dantas, A. R., Lira, A. C. S., 3Guedes, M. C., 4Aparcio, W. C. S. (Acadmico de Engenharia Florestal da
Universidade do Estado do Amap (UEAP), Macap-AP, Brazil, adelson.dantas@yahoo.com.br, Pesquisadora
Bolsista da Empresa Brasileira de Agropecuria (EMBRAPA), Macap-AP, Brazil, 3Pesquisador da Empresa
Brasileira de Agropecuria (EMBRAPA), Macap-AP, Brazil, 4Professora da Universidade do Estado do Amap
(UEAP), Macap-AP, Brazil.
A study was designed to correlate crabwood phenology, rainfall and seed production. The experiment was located at
the Area of Environmental Protection of Fazendinha, a 137 ha floodplain ecosystem situated at Macap, Amap, Brazil
(000304S; 510742W). After a complete inventory, we randomly selected 30 productive trees for phenology
observations. To quantify seed production, the total crown area of the tree was enclosed in a net. The data collection
was conducted every 15 days from October 2009 to December 2010. We applied Augspurgers (1983) test of synchrony
for flowering. Occurrence of buds was negatively correlated with precipitation (r=-0.72). The flower bud phenophase
occurred mainly in November 2009 (83%) and December 2010 (90%), and was negatively correlated with rainfall
(r=-0.72). The same pattern was observed for flowers in anthesis, with a correlation of r=-0.69 and peak production in
November (70%) and October (76%). Flowering during the dry period may be a reproductive strategy for tropical species
since intense rainfall can destroy the floral structure, especially for Carapa sp. which has small and fragile flowers. The
population had a low index of synchrony (zp=0.42), indicating asynchronous flowering. There was peak production of
fruits in March 2010 (93%), with the majority of dispersal occurring in April 2010 (93%). Both phenophases occurred
during the rainy season, as indicated by a positive correlation between rainfall and new fruits (r=0.70) and mature fruits
(r=0.91). This is consistent with water dispersion of seeds in floodplain forests. Seed quantification indicated differences
in seed production between individuals. Individual annual productivity varied from 46 to 2,153 seeds. In spite of some
superproductive trees, total production depends on the total number of trees as seen in the positive correlation (r=0.92)
between total monthly production and the percentage of trees dispersing seeds.
Keywords: Floodplain forest, reproductive phenophases, crabwood seed production
Acknowledgements: Embrapa Amap, UEAP
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389. SEED DORMANCY AND GERMINATION OF DIFFERENT MATURATION TIME FOR TWO
ATRAPHAXIS SPECIES IN CHINA.
Zhao Xiao-Ying, LI Xiao-Mei (College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, China) zzhaoxy@163.
com
Revegetation in Urumqi located in the arid region in NW China is difficult because of shortage of water. Some plants for
revegetation now must be maintained by irrigation and the management cost is great. Atraphaxis spinosa and A. virgata
are component species of natural vegetation in Urumqi and are tolerant of drought and infertile soil. They can change the
landscape as desert ecosystem engineers and facilitate other plants, animals and micro-organisms. They may be potential
pioneer species for revegetation in the area. Atraphaxis spinosa fruits two times annually, in June and September. A. virgata
has a long fruiting period lasting from October to November. Seeds of the two species are dormant at maturity. In this study,
we explore if the two species differ in degree of dormancy and germination . The results showed that: (1)The seeds matured
during June germinated to a higher percentage than in September for A. spinosa. But seeds matured during October had
lower germination percentage than during November for A. virgata. (2) The weight of seeds in June was lighter than in
September for A. spinosa, while seeds in November were lighter for A. virgata. (3)Big seeds had deeper dormancy than
small seeds for the two Atraphaxis species. (4) Dry storage significantly increased germination percentage at 15/6 C for
A. virgata, especially for seeds matured during October. Dormancy of seeds matured during October and November were
released after storing nine and six months respectively for A. virgata. For the two Atraphaxis species, production of seeds
with different germinability and dormancy degree in one plant can prevent germination of maturing seeds at the same time.
It is an important survival strategy.
Keywords: Atraphaxis; Maturation time; Germination; Seed dormancy; dry storage
390. NOVEL SAMPLING AND ASSESSMENT OF SOIL SEED BANKS AT A MINE SITE ON NORTH
STRADBROKE ISLAND.
Nath, V. K. Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, Sustainable Mineral Institute, University of Queensland,
Australia.
Soil seed banks are reserves of viable but un-germinated seeds in the soil surface with potential to maintain and restore
vegetation removed via natural death, animal consumption or other disturbances. The study of soil seed bank composition
at rehabilitation sites may provide some understanding of the degree of successful re-vegetation after mining. Since no
standard method exists for soil seed bank sampling, a novel Scoop technique for intact, minimally disturbed soil sampling
was developed for this study, and compared to more commonly used sampling methods. These methods used in the study
were: (i) the scoop (Sc) designed to remove intact soil surface samples (320 mm x 270 mm x 20 mm deep), (ii) a commonly
used core method (C) using 11 PVC core sample (100 mm dia. x 20 mm deep) per replicate and, (iii) bulk soil sampling
(SP) (150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm deep), to mimic the topsoil removal process employed by the mining company. All
samples were placed in plastic seedling trays (320 mm x 275 mm x 60mm deep) with a layer (30 mm) of freely draining
potting mix, placed in a glasshouse, watered daily by fine spray and germination and emergence recorded. Results showed
that Scoop and Core sampling provided higher species richness (13 and 12 species m-2, respectively) and density (31 and
34 plants m-2, respectively) when compared to Bulk sampling for which species richness was 6 species m-2 and density was
10 plants m-2. Herbs were found to dominate Scoop samples while Core samples had more grasses and greater numbers
of native plants (25 plants m-2) compared to the Scoop (16 plants m-2). In terms of weeds the scoop had an average of 14
plants m-2 compared to the core which recorded 8 plants m-2 but both methods gave significantly higher number of native
plants (19 and 22 plants m-2) respectively. The scoop prove to be a better method at sampling Soil seed banks in terms of
plant density and species richness, presumably because there was least chance of seed loss or burial during sampling.
Keywords: Soil seed bank, method, species richness, plant density, sand mining, rehabilitation
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391. SEED COATING OF CUCUMBER WITH SALICYLIC ACID.

Vieira, J.F.; Rufino, C. A.1;Tavares, L.C.; Brunis, A.B.;Villela, F. A.; 1Lucca Filho, O. A. 1Universidade Federal
de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas- RS, Brasil, email: laynevieira@yahoo.com.br).
1
Salicylic acid is a phenolic compound, involved in a variety of physiological processes of the plants. This acid has been
considered as part of a new class of substances that influence plant growth. In seeds, the effect of salicylic acid is not
well known, especially in important crops such as vegetables. Thus, the objective of this work was to study the effect of
salicylic acid on physiological quality of seeds of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cv. Aodai. The coating of the seeds was
accomplished with the application of products in plastic bags and addition of 100g of seeds. The agitation was performed
for 3 minutes to complete distribution of the product in the seeds. The products were applied in the following order:
salicylic acid (in the following concentrations: 50 mg L-1, 100 mg L-1 and 150mgL-1 and control-water), 0.4 mL of
polymer-Sepiret and 0.4 mL water (for a volume of 1 liter of sprayed solution). The following tests were performed: first
count germination, germination, accelerated aging with salt - 40g NaCl/100ml, cold test, length of shoots and roots, and
the field emergence. A randomized design with five replicates and analyzed by regression was used. Seeds treated with
salicylic acid and submitted to accelerated aging presented the linear model, with increased germination percentage, as
the doses are increased. They are statistically different from the control. In the cold test, the treatments showed a quadratic
model, providing increased percentage of seedlings to the doses of 100 mg L-1. When the seeds were treated with the
highest dose of the product they showed decline of seed germinated. No significant effect was observed for the other tests
evaluated. We conclude that treatment of cucumber seeds with salicylic acid, promotes positive physiological quality of
seeds, when they are subjected to stressful conditions.
Key words: Cucumis sativus L., germination, vigor.
Acknowledgements: CAPES
273
Session 6
Biodiversity and Germplasm
Conservation
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392. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN SEED OF Caesalpinia peltophoroides.

DURING STORAGE.
Moura, E. B. B.1; Borges, E.E.L.2; Flores, A. V.3; Ataide, G. M.3 (1Universidade Federal de Viosa (UFV), ViosaMG, Brazil, 2Universidade Federal de Viosa (UFV), Viosa-MG, Brazil, elborges@ufv.br, 3Universidade Federal de
Viosa (UFV), Viosa-MG, Brazil)
Over the years, forestry research have revealed large variations in the behavior of seeds of different species when stored.
Lipid peroxidation may be among the several possible causes of loss of quality of these seeds. The objective of this study
was to quantify the content and peroxidation of lipids in seeds of Caesalpinia peltophoroides (Caesalpiniaceae) during the
storage period. Seeds were stored in closed paper and plastic bags and in glass bottle at 30 C. Variations in content and
lipid peroxidation were recorded monthly. There were constant and significant reductions in viability of the stored seeds
in any one of the containers. The paper bag maintained the seed quality significantly higher than the others, followed
by plastic bag. Glass was the worst among the three. The containers did not affect significantly the lipid content and
peroxidation apparently is not related to loss of seed viability.
Keywords: peroxidation, seeds, forests, deterioration
Agradecimento: CNPq, FAPEMIG.
393. DIFFERENTIAL LOSS OF mRNAS IN LETTUCE SEED TRANSCRIPTOMES DURING AGING.

Reyes-Chin-Wo, S., 1Dahal, P., 2Kunusoth, K., 3Coppoolse, E., 4Schwember, A., 1Bradford, K. J. (1Department
of Plant Sciences, Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California, Davis, 95616 USA, kjbradford@
ucdavis.edu, 2Dept. of Seed Science & Technology, ANGRAU, Hyderabad, India, 3Rijk Zwaan BV, De Lier, The
Netherlands, 4Pontificia Universidad Catlica, Santigo, Chile)
1
To test the effects of aging on the transcriptome of lettuce (Latuca sativa) seeds, RNA samples were assayed on a custommade Affymetrix GeneChip representing ~35,000 lettuce unigenes. Seeds from a single lot of cv. Rhonda were subjected
to three storage conditions: a frozen control sample (-20 C), a naturally aged sample (stored for 31 months at 50% RH
and 20 C) and an accelerated aged sample (incubated for 68 h at 86% RH and 50 C). The control lot had a germination
percentage of 100%, the naturally aged lot of 88% and the accelerated aged lot of 0%. Hybridization intensity data
from the microarrays was normalized by treatment using the RMA algorithm and a t-test with FDR correction was done
among treatments to identify differentially abundant transcripts. Overall, total hybridization decreased as the germination
percentage fell and no transcripts increased significantly in abundance during aging. The number of detectable genes
declined from ~11,000 for the control to ~2,200 for the accelerated aged seeds, although the total amount of mRNA
extracted from both seed samples was similar. TAGGIT was used to assign the genes to germination-related categories
for annotation and grouping. Among these categories, mRNAs of genes related to photosynthesis and the inhibition of
protein degradation had a greater fold decrease in abundance between the control and the accelerated aged seeds relative to
mRNAs of dormancy-related and seed storage protein genes, suggesting that there are differences in the relative resistance
of these mRNAs to degradation during aging. Differential loss of integrity of stored mRNAs in seeds could be associated
with after-ripening or changes in seed viability during seed storage.
Keywords: accelerated aging, microarray, transcriptome
Acknowledgments: Rijk Zwaan
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394. Genetic variation of seed deterioration in wheat.

Nagel, M., 1Rehman Arif, M.A., 1Tschiersch H., 1Rolletscheck, H., 1Borisjuk, L., 2Kranner, I., 1Brner, A.
Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany, Nagel@ipk-gatersleben.
de, 2Seed Conservation, KEW Gardens, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly,UK
1
Due to the change in agricultural cultivation system at the beginning of the 20th century our plant genetic resources are
of particular relevance today. About 7 Million accessions are stored in genebanks (FAO2009) and are mostly available
for plant breeders and scientific research. Unfortunately the viability status of this plant material is predominately
unknown. Our present study is aimed to characterize long-term stored wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) accessions on
germination and the genetic background of seed deterioration. About 100 wheat accessions did show clear variation
in their germination performance after 30 years of storage under same conditions (0 C, 8% seed moisture content).
Assuming a genetic component of seed longevity a mapping population revealed two major quantitative trait loci (QTL)
for artificial ageing and one separate QTL for dormancy. Further biochemical investigations show differences in total
amount of the major antioxidant glutathione between higher vigor and low vigor accessions which could be a part of
the genetic regulation of seed longevity.
Keywords: Wheat, Genebank, Genetic Variation, Germination, Seed Longevity
395. EFFECT OF DRYING ON GERMINATION AND VIGOR OF Pseudopiptadenia psilostachya G. P. Lewis &
M. P. Lima SEEDS (FABACEAE).
Cruz, E. D., 2Ferreira. J. E. R. (1Embrapa Amaznia Oriental, Belm-PA, Brazil, eniel@cpatu.embrapa.br, 2Cikel
Brasil Verde Madeiras Ltda., Belm-PA, Brazil.
1
Pseudopiptadenia psilostachya is a tree species, found in the Brazilian Amazon exploited for its wood in its native
habitat. The objective of this study was to verify the effect of drying on germination and vigor on P .psilostachya seeds.
Seeds were dried in the laboratory at 23 oC and 55% RH. After obtaining the lowest seed moisture content (SMC) a
sample of seeds was stored at -20 oC for three months. The following SMC were tested: 16.5%, 13.0%, 10.6%, 7.4%,
6.1%, 5.6% and 4.9%. Seeds were sowed in pots (18x23cm) at a depth of 0.5cm. The substrate used was a mixture of
sand and sawdust (1:1), previously heated at 100oC for two hours to reduce biological contamination. The emergence
test was conducted in a laboratory with no temperature and relative humidity control. Seedlings emergence was recorded
daily. The number of days to emergence onset (DEO), emergence (E), emergence speed index (ESI), germination (G),
abnormal seedlings (AS) and dead seeds (DS) were quantified. The experimental design was completely randomized
with four replication of 30 seeds for each treatment. Data were submitted to analyses of variance and treatment means
were compared by Tukey`s test (P0.05). Reduction in SMC affected only DEO and ESI. Seeds with 16.5%, 13.0%
and 10.6% require less time to begin emergence (4.2 to 4.5 days), while seeds with moisture content equal and lower
than 7.4% required from 6.2 to 7.7 days to begin emergence. Reduction of SMC for levels equal and lower than 6.1%
reduced ESI. For other variables the range was 86.7% to 91.7% (E), 85.0% to 90.8% (G), 8.3% to 13.3% (SM) and 0.0
to 3.4% (PA). The lack of sensitivity of P. psilostachya seeds to reduction of moisture content suggested that this species
has orthodox seeds on storage.
Keywords: Desiccation, Dead Seeds, Storage
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396. DESICCATION SENSITIVITY IN Swartzia langsdorffii SEEDS.

Davide, A.C.; 1Tonetti, O.A.O.; 1Vaz, T.A.A., 1Silva-jnior, J.M. (1Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA),
Lavras, MG, Brasil. (oaotonetti@dcf.ufla.br)
1
The seeds behavior during the drying process is linked to the ecological characteristics of plant species and their knowledge
is of fundamental importance in the planning and maintenance of germplasm banks. This work aimed to study the Swartzia
langsdorfii seeds behavior during drying. For this, seeds were harvested at UFLA campus and benefited by the opening
of the fruits with the withdrawal manual aril. With the fresh seeds was determined the moisture content by the method of
humidity oven at 103oC/17h in four replicates of four seeds each. The seeds were taken into a drying room (22oC/40%
RH) where samples were taken periodically at different drying points. With the fresh seeds and at every moisture point,
4 replicates of 15 seeds were taken to germinate in plastic trays containing sterilized sand in incubator regulated at 25oC.
The counts were made daily for 90 days. At each moisture point, the reserve tissue was analyzed by scanning electron
microscopy. The initial moisture was 46% and the seeds presented a critical level and lethal degree of moisture at 38
and 28% respectively, and the time required for drying until these conditions is 4 and 38 days. The images show intense
mobilization of reserves near the critical point, as evidenced by the change of bodies granular to farinaceous. In the lethal
point, one can observe that the reserves were totally consumed and occur folding wall, progressing to flaccidity of the
loss of these compounds pectycellulolyticus, leading the cells to the loss of functional capacity and metabolic, probably
caused by interruption of the communicating system between adjacent cells. Thus, we conclude that S. langsdorffii seeds
are sensitive to desiccation and must be kept above 38% humidity.
Keywords: Recalcitrant seeds, Ultrastructure, SEM, Forest seed
Acknowledgement: FAPEMIG
397. SEED GERMINATION RESPONSES OF THE ENDANGERED PALM Euterpe edulis: IMPLICATIONS
FOR CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION.
Andrade, L. G., 2Andrade, A. C. S. 1 Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil,
leticiaguima@yahoo.com.br; 2 Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botnico do Rio de Janeiro (JBRJ), Rio de Janeiro - RJ,
Brazil.
1
Euterpe edulis Mart. is a palm tree endemic from Atlantic Forest in southeast Brazil, where it constitutes an economically
important non-timber forest product (heart of palm). Their non-selective extractive exploitation has led to drastic reductions
in the populations of E. edulis in many areas where this palm used to be the dominant understorey tree species, mainly in
moist areas. To provide basic information for conservation and restoration programs, we investigated the effects of exocarp
removal, temperature, desiccation, storage, and flooding on the germination of E. edulis seeds under laboratory conditions.
The results showed that presence of exocarp strongly inhibited germination, suggesting the great importance of fruit
consumption during zoochory. Seeds were not dormant at maturity. Optimal temperatures for seed germination were 25,
30 and 30/20 C, and rate of germination decreased with an increasing or decreasing of temperature. Fresh harvested seeds
had high moisture content (46% wb). Germination was maintained when fresh seeds were dehydrated to about 38-34%
moisture content, and they gradually lost their germination ability as dehydration occurred; no germination occurred after
drying to 22-18% moisture content. These characteristics substantiate previous indication of a recalcitrant behavior.
Also, wet storage (44% moisture content) in polythene bags at 12 C is recommended in the short term, since there were no
pre-sprouting and chilling damage compared to 15 C and 5 C, respectively. E. edulis seed did not germinate under flooded
conditions, but seeds germinated after flooding removal up to two months. The seed germination responses of the species
may be considered ecologically advantageous in wet habitats. Since seeds are non dormant and recalcitrant at maturity, we
recommend seedling establishment rather than seeds for conservation and restoration programs of the species.
Keywords: Seed ecophysiology, Desiccation tolerance, Flooding tolerance, Seed dormancy.
Acknowledgements: CAPES, MMA.
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398. GERMINATION AND SEED STORAGE BEHAVIOR OF THE THREATENED BROMELIACEAE

Pitcairnia albiflos: IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION.
Pereira, A. R., 1Andrade, A. C. S., 1Forzza, R. C. 1Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botnico do Rio de Janeiro
(JBRJ), Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil. candrade@jbrj.gov.br.
1
Pitcairnia albiflos Herbert is a rupicolous bromeliad native from Atlantic Forest dominion. It is one of the
threatened Bromeliaceae species, requiring protection by conservation programs. However, such proposals require
basic knowledge of the seed biology of this species, which is not documented. To provide basic information for
conservation and restoration programs, we investigated the germination responses to main environmental factors
(temperature, light quality, and water stress), desiccation and cryostorage tolerance of seeds under laboratory
conditions. The results showed that seeds of P. albiflos germinated only at 20, 25 and 30 C, and failed to germinate
with an increasing or decreasing of temperature and at an alternating temperature (30/20 C). The seeds required
light for maximum germination and did not germinate in a very low red:far red ratio (0.03) or darkness. Both final
germination percentages and rates decreased drastically with a decreasing of water potential from zero to -1.25MPa.
Dried seeds to 5-7% water content (wet basis) at -196 C maintained their viability and vigor for one year. Storage
of seeds at ultra-low water content (ca. 3%) had a detrimental effect on seed longevity. Our results suggest orthodox
storage behavior for seeds of P. albiflos, since they are able to survive after desiccation and freezing. These findings
suggested that seeds should be collected from different populations and sown immediately after harvesting or up to
one year for seedling establishment so that the purpose of restoration and germplasm conservation programs of the
species can be achieved.
Keywords: Water stress, Light quality, Desiccation tolerance, Cryopreservation.
Acknowledgements: CNPq, MMA.
399. STORAGE OF Araucaria angustifolia SEEDS.

Martins, M. S., Tonetti, O. A. O., Faria, J. M. R. Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Cincias
Florestais. Cx. Postal 3037, Lavras, MG. oaotonetti@dcf.ufla.br
Seeds of Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze (Paran-pine) are classified as recalcitrant, rapidly losing viability
after the harvest. Storage temperature and moisture content of the seeds are the main determinants of post-harvest
conservation of pine nuts. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of storage on the viability of pine nuts. The storage
was done in transparent sealed plastic bags at 5 C and 20 C. Assessments (seed moisture content and germination) were
made after 0 (control), 60, 120, 270 and 420 days of storage. Each germination test, with four replicates of 20 seeds,
lasted around two months. Soon after processing (storage time 0), seeds showed 41% of moisture content and 21% of
germination. After 60 days of storage at 5 C, the germination percentage increased, reaching 66%. After 120, 270 and
420 days of storage at 5 C, germination did not vary significantly, remaining at 68%, 61% and 68% respectively. The
moisture content of the seeds ranged from 39% to 42% in the period, being not significant. The storage at 20oC for 60
days also provided an increase in the percentage of germination (64%) compared to the control. However, after 120
days of storage at such temperature, germination dropped to 35%, and after 270 days there was no more germination.
During storage at 20 C, moisture content of the seeds did not vary significantly, ranging from 40% to 44%. The low
germination of newly harvested pine nuts and its increase after 60 days of storage may have been caused by a collection
of pine nuts just before physiological maturity. The maintenance of mean germination above 60% even after a period of
420 days of storage at 5 C, contradicts the expected behavior typical of recalcitrant seeds.
Keywords: Seed storage, Tree seeds.
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400. PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF SEEDS OF Syngonanthus elegans CRYOCONSERVED.

Duarte, D. M., 2Nunes, U. R.,1Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil,
duartedm@yahoo.com.br 2Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Itaqui-RS, Brazil
1
Syngonanthus elegans (Bong) Ruhland (Sempre-vivas) come from the family Eriocaulaceae and they are native of
savannas in Minas Gerais and Bahia. They are widely commercially exploited and therefore with greater danger of
extinction. Nowadays, the method of cryoconservation appears as one of the cheaper and more efficient. The objective
of the present work was to test the physiological behavior of seeds of S. elegans after immersion in liquid nitrogen.
To thaw the seeds, the following treatments were tested: room temperature, refrigerator, microwave and freezer. After
that the seeds were kept in germination boxes at germination chamber (27 C, 12h-photoperiod). The effect of thawing
method on the physiological behavior of seeds was tested through the vigor test (first count of the germination rate
and speed of germination), germination, green and dry mass and length of seedlings. The treatments done were set in a
factorial arrangement, with a randomized design and the data were submitted to analysis of variance and the averages
are compared through Tukey test at 5% probability. The results found showed that the cryoconservation did not affect
the physiological quality of seeds of S. elegans. For all parameters measured, there was no difference between the
thawing methods.
Keywords: vigor, seed germination, cryoconservation.
401. CHANGES WITHIN SEED LIPID FRACTIONS OFFER A NEW WAY TO NON-INVASIVELY MONITOR
SEED VIABILITY DURING STORAGE.
Crane, J. and Walters, C. USDA-ARS National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation, 1111 South Mason
Street, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA. christina.walters@ars.usda.gov
Monitoring seed viability using germination tests consumes large quantities of seeds and does not predict when seed
viability will crash. Non-invasive tests that show the progress of seed aging would provide greater efficiency. This study
investigates changes in the chemical and physical properties of the lipid component in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seed as
a function of storage time, with the ultimate goal of developing non-invasive assays of seed aging. Seed lots of lettuce
(cv Black Seeded Simpson) harvested between 1987 and 2009 were stored at 5 C and about 35% RH. Decreases in
percent germination and development of normal seedlings declined after about 4 years of storage and seeds were mostly
nonviable after 9 years. Significant changes to the triacylglycerol (TAG) fraction of the seeds were detectable only after
most seeds had died and indicate lipid oxidation, including a reduction in the proportion of linoleic acid, an increase in
free fatty acids, the appearance of epoxidized byproducts, and increases in hexane insoluble fraction. However, changes
in the crystallization behavior of TAG, measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), were evident concurrent
with losses of viability. TAG from aged seeds had significantly slower rates of nucleation and crystal growth. The reduced
tendency for TAG to crystallize may result from subtle and undetected changes in TAG chemistry or greater mixing
between TAG and non-TAG components. The high correlation between percent germination and TAG melting enthalpy
introduces the possibility of a potentially new and non-invasive assay of the progress of seed aging.
Keywords: seed aging, seed storage, lipid, differential scanning calorimetry, germination tests
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402. CHARACTERIZATION OF MOLECULAR MOBILITY WITHIN THE GLASSY MATRIX OF DRY SEEDS
USING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES: PEA COTYLEDON AS A TEST STUDY.
Ballesteros, D., Walters, C. USDA-ARS National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation, 1111 South Mason
Street, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA. daniel.ballesteros@ars.usda.gov or christina.walters@ars.usda.gov
Seed glasses form during maturation drying and regulate seed longevity. Seeds continue to age within the glassy state
and, even during cryogenic storage, viability eventually declines. Inevitability of aging suggests some level of molecular
motion within the glassy matrix and quantifying these relaxations may provide insight about the mechanisms and
kinetics of deterioration. Structural mechanics principles and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) were used to
identify and characterize molecular movement, and its converse structural stability, in seeds of varying water content
between -130 C and 150 C. Glass transitions were identified as alpha relaxations, and additional beta and gamma
relaxations were detected as peaks, plateaus or slope changes in elastic modulus (E), loss modulus (E), and damping
factor (tan delta) measurements. Several relaxations were observed within the glassy state and are believed to reflect
vibration and rotational motion of macromolecule side chains or molecular restructuring within the metastable glass.
The temperature and size of alpha and beta relaxations were affected by seed water content and indicated that the
plasticizing effects of water increased molecular mobility and the probability of physical aging in the glass matrix. Pea
cotyledons were more structurally stable at temperatures below the beta transition and water contents between 0.03
and 0.07 gH2O/g dry mass, suggesting that these are the optimum conditions for maintaining viability. The response of
mechanical properties to temperature changed as pea seeds were dried to water contents less than about 0.05 g H2O/g
dry mass, and perhaps point to a destabilizing effect of excessive drying. Changes in mechanical properties were also
detected in seeds as they deteriorated. Application of DMA to seeds may provide a useful tool to predict moisture and
temperature effects on seed longevity and to noninvasively monitor the progress of aging during seed storage.
Keywords: seed glasses, molecular mobility, storage stability, structural properties
403. COMPARISONS OF SEED LONGEVITY UNDER SIMULATED AGING AND GENEBANK STORAGE
CONDITIONS USING BRASSICACEAE SEEDS.
Walters, C., 1Hill, L.M.,2Koster, K.L. and Bender, J.2 1USDA-ARS National Center for Genetic Resources
Preservation, 1111 South Mason Street, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA and 2Department of Biology, The University
of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA christina.walters@ars.usda.gov
1
Seeds survive for years under dry conditions but then viability crashes without warning. Efforts to provide high
quality seeds to customers, breed longer-living seeds, or to investigate the underlying causes of deterioration during
storage prompt the need for a reliable measure of the longevity phenotype without years of waiting or an after the
fact assessment. Accelerated aging or controlled deterioration tests promised to predict which seed lots would
age relatively fast or slowly by measuring their performance under high humidity and high temperature conditions.
We evaluated how well longevity of seeds exposed to accelerated aging challenges corresponds to survival under
dry, high temperature conditions and to dry, low temperature conditions typically used in seed banks. We used seeds
from the Brassicaceae family because of their wide global distribution, documented range of longevities and a priori
genomic information. One to several populations of 7 species including 4 ecotypes of A. thaliana, were selected for use.
Germination time courses were compared among seed lots stored at high (75%) and low (14%) relative humidity and
elevated temperature (35 and 45 C) with seeds from the same species stored dry at 5C for 30-40 years. There was no
correlation between seed lot response to high and low RH at elevated temperatures. Moreover, there was no correlation
between longevity of samples subjected to accelerated aging conditions and average longevity reported for species
by the seed bank. However, there was a significant correlation between longevity of species exemplars stored at low
humidity and elevated temperatures and average longevity reported for species by the seed bank. We conclude that
accelerated aging tests using high humidity have limited utility for predicting seed longevity among seed lots within a
species or closely related species.
Keywords: Accelerated aging, Brassicaceae, seed longevity, dry, seed storage, relative humidity
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404. INTERMEDIATE SEED STORAGE PHYSIOLOGY: Populus as A NATURAL MODEL SYSTEM.

Walters, C.1, Hill, L.M.1, Volk, G.M.1, and Haiby, K.2 1USDA-ARS National Center for Genetic Resources
Preservation, 1111 South Mason Street, Fort Collins, CO, 80521 USA and Green Wood Resources, Westport, OR
97016 USA. christina.walters@ars.usda.gov
Intermediate seeds are short lived because they have low tolerance to the combined stresses of low moisture and
temperature during storage. We hypothesize that intermediate seeds either 1) exhibit intermediate sensitivity to desiccation
compared to orthodox and recalcitrant seeds; 2) are damaged by subfreezing temperatures as a result of first order phase
changes (i.e., crystallization) of water or lipids; 3) have unstable glassy states, making them relatively unresponsive to
low temperature effects, or 4) fail recover after storage. Seeds of Populus sp. age very quickly in storage, dying within
2 months when stored at room temperature (seeds of most specie usually survive at least 1 year) and within 3-5 years
if stored in the freezer (seeds of most species usually survive at least 75 years). Hence, physiology of Populus seeds is
consistent with attributes of intermediate seed storage behavior. Through experiments on Populus seed responses to
stress challenges, we rule out hypothesis #1 because desiccation tolerance of Populus seeds is comparable to orthodox
seeds; an optimum moisture range for storage exists between 13 and 30% RH. We also rule out hypothesis #2 because
Populus seeds did not exhibit unusual water or lipid crystallization properties. Hypothesis #3 could not be ruled out
because Populus seeds exhibited a rather shallow temperature coefficient, and insensitivity to temperature was more
apparent as seeds became older. Populus is the first tree species with a fully sequenced genome, and this model system
status provides the opportunity to evaluate how storage and aging affects the pattern of gene expression in recovering
seedlings. We believe that understanding the physiology of Populus seeds will shed light on the stresses and responses
to stress that contribute to the intermediate category of seed storage behavior.
Keywords: Populus, seeds, intermediate, lipid, water, desiccation, seed storage
405. WATER PROPERTIES IN SEEDS FROM WILD SPECIES NATIVE TO SPAIN.

Mira, S.1,Gonzlez-Benito, M.E.1, Walters, C.2 (1 E.U.I.T. Agrcola. Universidad Politcnica de Madrid., Madrid,
Spain, 2 USDA-ARS-NCGRP, Fort Collins, CO, USA
Temperature, water content and relative humidity are critical factors contributing to seed longevity during storage. Water
sorption isotherms describe the interrelationships between these critical factors. Understanding these relationships can
lead to predictions about how best to process seeds for storage as well as provide insight on the physical state and
properties of water. Isotherms for seeds are usually constructed by controlling RH and temperature and measuring
the water content. We introduce a new way to construct isotherms in which water content is adjusted, temperature is
manipulated, and RH is measured using a data logger hermetically sealed within foil laminate containers filled with
seeds. Isotherms were constructed for seeds of Malcolmia littorea, Hyssopus officinales and Onopordum nervosum,
Pancratium maritimum and Thapsia villosa for RH ranging between 0 and 90% and temperatures ranging between
5 and 45C. Isotherm data were analyzed for strength of water associations within seeds using typical vant Hoff
analyses and BET estimates of surface coverage. Changes of these parameters with temperature are used to indicate
the proximity of glass transitions and make predictions on seed longevity. Moreover, isotherms constructed at a range
of temperatures are used to predict drying protocols that will result in the desired storage RH within the seed storage
container as temperatures fluctuate. The method of monitoring the RH of seeds in sealed containers using wireless dataloggers also provides information about the quality of the container inters of water vapor transmission rate.
Keywords: Ex situ conservation, germplasm, water sorption isotherms.
Acknowledgements: Support by project CGL2006-10536 (MEC, Spain) and S.M. by FPU program (MEC)
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406. NUTRIENTS CONTENT ASSOCIATED TO PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF COMMON BEAN SEEDS.

Zilio, M., 1Souza, C. A., 2Coelho, C. M. M., 1Michels, A. F., 1Stefen, D. L. V., 1Sponchiado, J. C. 1Universidade
do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages-SC, Brazil, 2Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC),
Florianpolis-SC, Brazil, cileide@cca.ufsc.br.
1
The main evaluations to determinate seed lots by physiological quality as accelerated aged seed test, cold test, electrical
conductivity and seed total protein content. Differences in the vigor of the seeds are associated mainly with the amount
of reserves or the efficiency in its metabolism. However the existing information about relation among the composition
of seeds and vigor is contradictory. Therefore, this research aim was to evaluate the relation of the mineral content
and protein with physiological potential of beans seeds. The seeds from 16 beans genotypes, as 12 landrace and 4
commercial cultivars were submitted to germination and accelerated aging tests, to characterize the physiological
potential of the seeds. The mineral evaluated were iron, zinc, phosphorus, potassium and total protein. The treatments
were arranged in randomized blocks with three replicates, in parcels of four rows with three meters length each row. The
data were submitted to variance analysis and after to simple correlation to P<0.05. The germination showed negative
and significant correlation with zinc (r=-0.45), phosphorus (r=-0.62), potassium (r=-0.68) and with the protein (r=0.75). The accelerated aging also showed negative and significant correlation with content of phosphorus (r=-0.35),
potassium (r=-0.37) and protein (r=-0.51). In general, the seeds of landrace genotypes shows higher mineral content
and protein than commercial cultivars, however its physiological quality was lower. This fact may be explained to
negative relation between mineral and protein with seed vigor. Although the seeds of commercial cultivars showed
lower nutrients content than landrace genotypes the total protein content was higher (25%). The main conclusion was
the mineral and protein content was not promising in the identification of differences in the seed vigor, because that
correlation coefficient was low. But, the results allowed identify landraces genotypes with higher nutrients content in its
seeds in comparison with commercial cultivars.
Keywords: Protein, Minerals, Vigor, Phaseolus vulgaris
407. THE PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF LANDRACE BEAN SEEDS DEPENDS ON THE ENVIRONMENT CROP
Michels, A. F., 1Souza, C. A., 2Coelho, C. M. M., 1Zilio, M., 1Zanesco, P. R., Polli, R G., 1Universidade do Estado
de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages-SC, Brasil, adelinamichels@yahoo.com.br, 2Universidade Federal de Santa
Catarina (UFSC), Florianpolis-SC, Brasil,
1
The common bean crop at Santa Catarina State Brazil is characterized for a low use of certified seeds, therefore it is
cropped in small areas, low input, where familiar farmer answers for 67% of the beans produced in the state. In such a
way, the objective of this work was to evaluate if the physiological quality of beans seeds depends on the production
place of these seeds. The seeds of 26 beans genotypes were used, as 22 landraces and four commercial cultivars are
from the last growing season at the field both places of Joaaba and Lages from Santa Catarina state. The germination,
electrical conductivity(EC) and accelerated aging testes were evaluated in the freshly harvested seeds. The experiment
was conduced under a randomized design with three replicates. The data was submitted to variance analysis (test F) and
Duncan test for separation of means at P<0.05. The accelerated aging test showed difference among genotypes and the
environment crop, the genotypes 84, 50 and 55 in Joaaba and genotypes 13, 36 and 46 in Lages were highest in the
seed physiological quality. The EC was different for seed crop in Joaaba was 77.6S cm-1 g-1 and 64.1S cm-1 g-1 in
Lages. In Joaaba environment the genotype 47 showed low value (EC of 42.1S cm-1 g-1) and Lages the genotype 7
showed 52.8S cm-1 g-1, where the seed membrane integrity was better. The emergence value in Lages was higher than
Joaaba (96% x 93%), with better genotypes were 60, 13 and 75 in Joaaba and genotypes 102, 112, 42, 60 in Lages. In
conclusions, the environment for common landrace bean crop demonstrated to influence physiological quality, but the
seed quality depend on genotype.
Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigor, Germination, Environment
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408. EVALUATION OF THE INCIDENCE OF Fusarium sp IN AA (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) SEEDS DURING
STORAGE.
Nascimento, W. M. O. do (1Embrapa Amaznia Oriental, Belm-PA, Brazil, CEP 66095-100, CP 48, walnice@
cpatu.embrapa.br).
1
Aa seeds (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) are considered recalcitrant in storage. Storage of seeds with high water content
still is the main conservation method used for recalcitrant seeds. To conserve aa seeds for periods exceeding 200
days, seeds must be kept with water content between 37% and 43%, at constant temperature of 20 C in a water vapour
proof container permeable to gas exchange necessary to maintain viability of the seed. However, these conditions
contribute to the development of pathogenetic microrganisms in the seeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate
the incidence of Fusarium in assai seeds during storage. It was used ripe fruits of variety BRS Para, immediately after
harvest. Seed samples with water content of 37% were placed in transparent polyethylene bags and stored for 360 days
in chambers with controlled temperature of 20 C 1 C. After storage and once every 60 days, seeds were subjected
to health evaluations. It was evaluated Fusarium solani and Fusarium verticillioides incidence in aa seeds through
visual observations of the morphological characteristics of the fungi. It was adopted a randomized design comprising
seven treatments (storage periods: 0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 days) and five replicates of ten seeds each. It was
observed that storage of seeds with water content of 37% at 20 C reduced the incidence of Fusarium. It was found
high incidence of Fusarium solani in the beginning of storage (around 60%), with a marked reduction during the study
period. For Fusarium verticillioides, it was found 10% at the beginning of storage, ranging between 0% and 6% during
the period of 360 days.
Keywords: aa, diseases, conservation
409. ENZYME CHANGES IN THE PATTERNS OF SEED Jatropha DURING STORAGE.

Pereira, M. D., 1Dias, D. C. F. S. D., 1Borges, E. E. L., 1Martins-Filho, S., 1Dias, L. A S. 1Universidade Federal
da Viosa (UFV), Viosa-MG, Brazil, marcioagron@yahoo.com.br
1
Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) has emerged as a promising species pair in the production of fossil fuel oil. Although it
is a plant native to Brazil, little is known about the physiological and biochemical alterations that occur in seeds during
storage. Hence, the objective was to evaluate the electrophoretic patterns of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase
during 12 months in storage. Freshly harvested seeds of Jatropha curcas, with a water content of 7%, were stored in
a natural laboratory cold chamber in kraft paper bags. The bags were woven polypropylene fiber drum and the seeds
stored for the period of one year. To evaluate the changes in enzymatic patterns of four samples from each treatment,
100 seeds were sown in paper germitest. The system rolls were moistened with water in an amount equivalent to 3.0
times the weight of dry paper. The rolls were kept in houses of BOD temperature of 30 C for 24 hours for analysis of
the enzymes esterase (EST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The seeds were soaked in cadim to obtain the extracts
that were subjected to analysis technique called eletroforese. Resulting bands indicated that there was an increased
activity of enzymes in all treatments by the ninth month of storage, while seeds stored in the natural environment in
the laboratory showed bands larger and more intense for the enzymes studied. Thus, one can conclude that there is an
increased activity of SOD and POX enzymes in seeds of jatropha during the storage, especially when stored under
natural conditions.
Keywords: Jatropha curcas, seeds, enzyme, deterioration
Acknowledgements: CNPq, FAEMIG, CAPES
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410. STORAGE OF Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. SEEDS.

Alves, E.U., 1Ursulino, M.M., 1Bruno, R. L. A.; 1Silva, K. R. G.; 1Braga Junior, J. M., Gondim, P. S.; ARAJO,
L. R. 1Universidade Federal da Paraba (UFPB), Paraba - PB, Brazil, ednaursulino@cca.ufpb.br. 83-33622300
1
The longevity of seeds is a characteristic of each species and storage under appropriate conditions is a key strategy to
maintain viability for longer period of time, once the seed quality is not improved by storage, but can be maintained with
minimal possible deterioration through proper storage. Therefore aim of this study was to determine the best conditions
and storage periods to maintain the viability and vigor of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. seeds. The experiment was
conducted at the Laboratory of Seed Analysis (CCA - UFPB), followed by a completely randomized design and the
treatments consisted of seeds in three different packages (kraft paper bag, cotton cloth and packaging foil) and stored
in three environments: natural laboratory ambient ( 25 C and 74.5% RH), refrigerator (6 2 C and 90% RH) and
cold (16 C and 90% RH) for a period of 315 days. The characteristics evaluated were: water content, percentage
and germination speed, length and seedling dry weight. After 225 days of storage the germination and vigor of M.
caesalpiniifolia packaged in all packaging and ambients have drastically reduced. The storage under the conditions
studied is effective to preserve the physiological quality of seeds up to 225 days.
Keywords: Germination; natural ambient; controlled conditions; vigor
Acknowledgements: CCA-UFFPB
411. MORPHOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF FRUITS AND SEEDS OF Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.

(LECYTHIDACEAE).
Garcia L. C.; 1Sousa, S. G. A.; 2Ribeiro, F. V.; 2Santos, R. M. 1Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria
(Embrapa Amaznia Ocidental), Manaus-AM, Brazil. lucinda.carneiro@cpaa.embrapa.br. 2Fundao de Amparo
Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas/Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (FAPEAM/UEA/EMBRAPA - fellows),
Parintins-AM, Brazil
1
Bertholletia excelsa H. B.K (tree brazil nut) is a of the symbol Amazon trees due to their social, ecological and economical
for the region. The aim of this study was to evaluate morphological characteristics of fruits and seeds of 15 sites with
trees brazil nut, the phytogeographical region of Parintins Amazonas State, Brazil. Was collected in the 2009/2010
harvest, 80 fruits of two sites (San Sebastian; Our Lady of the Rosary), with trees brazil nut. We evaluated height,
diameter, fresh weight of fruit, seed number and seed weight / fruit. The morphological analyses allowed the following
observations: fruits of the site 1 weighing from 390g to 813g; fruits containing from 13 seeds to 25 seeds, weighing from
105g to 258g the seed / fruit. Brazil nuts (almonds) fresh with shell weighed from 5g to 15g. The site 2 was observed
fruit from 483g to 803g. Fruits containing from 12 seeds to 18 seeds, weighing from 101g to 173g /fruit. Brazil nuts
(almonds) fresh with shell weighed from 6g to 12g. Fruits of site 1 (San Sebastian) have larger and heavier fruit, yet
it had a lower number of seeds per fruit, weight of seeds per fruit and lower weight per nut (almond), when compared
with the values observed in fruit and seeds of the site 2 (Our Lady of the Rosary). Based on the results preliminary
conclusion is that fruit and brazil nut seeds of the two studied show wide variation morphological characteristics that
may contribute significantly to selection of germplasm to establishment of breeding programs and the incorporation of
this species in commercial plantations to ex situ plant conservation of Bertholletia excelsa.
Keywords: Bertholletia excelsa, forest seeds, morphologic seed, Amazon
Acknowledgements: PROJETO KAMUKAIA, FAPEAM, UEA.
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Session 7
Especial Themes
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412. EFFECTS OF SEED PRIMING BY BIOFERTILIZERS ON THE GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF

THREE WHEAT CULTIVARS AT THE EMERGENCE PERIOD UNDER GREENHOUSE CONDITION.
Fallahi, J., 2Rezvani moghaddam, P., 2Ghorbani, R., 3Amiri, M.B., 3Fallah Poor, F. (1Ph. D. Student of Crop
Ecology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Iran. Agroecology86@yahoo.com, 2Prof. of Department of Agronomy,
Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. 3Ph. D. student of Agroecology, Faculty of Agriculture,
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran)
1
In order to investigate the effects of plant growth promoting bacteria on the growth characteristic of wheat, an experiment
was conducted at the Research Greenhouse, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in year
2009. Experimental design was two factors factorial (36) arranged in a completely randomized design with using 3
replications. The first factor consist three cultivars of wheat (Chamran, Sayonez and Gaskogen) and the seconds one
was biofertilizer types (phosphate suloblizing bacteria, biophosphore, nitroxin, nitragin, mixed and control). Results
showed that the effects of biofertilizers were significant about of leaf area, root volume, shoot and root length. Moreover
the difference between cultivars about of emergence rate, leaf area, leaf number per plant, leaf dry weight, total dry
weight and leaf to root dry weight, was significant. The highest and the lowest of emergence rate was observed at
Gascogen (0.8 seed per 12 hour) and chamran (0.56 seed per 12 hour) cultivars, respectively. The interaction effects
were significant about all of the characteristics (emergence rate, leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf number per plant, leaf
dry weight, root dry weight, total dry weight, leaf to root dry weight, shoot length, root length, root to shoot length,
mean leaf length and root volume) unless emergence percentage. Overall, our result indicated that biofertilizers had a
useful and effective function on the improvement of growth characteristics of wheat.
Keywords: Nitroxin, Nitragin, Biophosphore, Plant growth promoting bacteria
413. PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF MANDACARU (Cereus jamacaru) SEEDS STORED IN DIFFERENT

ENVIRONMENTS AND PACKAGES.
Abud, H. F.1; Pereira, D. S.2; Gonalves, N. R.2; Pereira, M. S.3; Bezerra, A. M. E. 4. (Universidade Federal de
Viosa (UFV), Viosa-MG, Brazil, email:hfabud@gmail.com, 2Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), LavrasMG, Brazil,3, 4Universidade Federal do Cear (UFC), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil.
The cactus presents high economic value due to it utilization as an ornamental, forage, medicinal and food. Seed
storage can be conducted in environmental conditions that allow the maintenance of physiological potential without the
loss of vigor. In this work we aimed to evaluate the physiological quality of mandacaru seeds stored in two different
environments and three packages during six months. The treatments were applied in a split-plot arrangement, in
a completely randomized design with four repetitions of 50 seeds each. The plots received a combination of two
environments of storage (cold chamber and natural environment) and three packages (paper bag, raffia bag and glass),
while the subplots consisted of the periods of storage (0, 2, 4 and 6 months). After each stored period, we evaluated
the percentage, velocity index and average time of germination. The cold chamber environment is the most suitable
for the storage of seeds of mandacaru, during the six month period, when compared with natural environments. In this
environment the use of packaging: paper bag, plastic bag or glass, are effective in maintaining the physiological quality.
It was observed that the mandacaru seeds stored in paper bag were stronger than those packed in other containers in the
natural environment, maintaining the germination (88%) and speed (6.4) high, with a shorter average germination (7.1
days) until the end of the experiment. In natural environment the use of permeable packaging, paper bag, is the ideal
storage condition for the maintenance of viability of seeds of mandacaru.
Keywords: Cereus jamacaru, germination, physiological potencial, viability.
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414. PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF XIQUE-XIQUE (Pilosocereus gounellei) SEEDS STORED IN

DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS AND PACKAGES.
Abud, H. F.1; Gonalves, N. R.2; Pereira, D. S.2; Pereira, M. S.3; Bezerra, A. M. E. 4. (Universidade Federal de
Viosa (UFV), Viosa-MG, Brazil, email:hfabud@gmail.com, 2 Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), LavrasMG, Brazil,3, 4Universidade Federal do Cear (UFC), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil.
The storage of seeds under appropriate conditions of temperature and relative humidity favors the maintenance of
their physiological potential, reducing the breathing process and thus decreasing the process of deterioration. This
work aimed to evaluate the physiological quality of xique-xique seeds stored in two different environments and three
packages during six months. The treatments were designed in a split-plot arrangement, in a completely randomized
design with four repetitions of 50 seeds each. The plots consisted of a combination of two storage environments (cold
chamber and natural environment) and three packages (paper bag, raffia bag and glass), while the subplots consisted
of the periods of storage (0, 2, 4 and 6 months). After each stored period the percentage, velocity index and average
time of germination were evaluated. The cold chamber environment was the most suitable for the storage of seeds of
xique-xique, during the six month period, when compared with natural environments. In this environment the use of
packaging: paper bag, plastic bag or glass, were effective in maintaining the physiological quality. The seed storage
in plastic bag showed the highest percentage of germination (87%), but the paper bag was more stable in all variables
analyzed, with 58% germination, speed of 3.9 and mean germination time of 7.9 days after six months of storage. In
natural environment the use of permeable packaging, paper bag, is the ideal storage condition for the maintenance of
viability of seeds of xique-xique.
Keywords: Pilosocereus gounellei, germination, physiological potential, viability.
415. PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF FACHEIRO (Pilosocereus pachycladus) SEEDS STORED IN DIFFERENT

ENVIRONMENTS AND PACKAGES.
Abud, H. F.1; Gonalves, N. R.2; Pereira, D. S.2; Pereira, M. S.3; Bezerra, A. M. E. 4. (Universidade Federal de
Viosa (UFV), Viosa-MG, Brazil, email: hfabud@gmail.com, 2Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), LavrasMG, Brazil,3, 4Universidade Federal do Cear (UFC), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil.
The facheiro (Pilosocereus pachycladus) is a cacti species that occurs in the brazilian semi-arid. The maintenance of
physiological potential of seeds during storage depends on appropriate temperature and relative humidity. This work
aimed to evaluate the physiological quality of facheiro seeds stored in two different environments and three packages
during six months. The treatments were designed in a split-plot arrangement, in a completely randomized design with
four repetitions of 50 seeds each. The plots consisted of the combination of two storage environments (cold chamber and
natural environment) and three package types (paper bag, raffia bag and glass), while the subplots consisted of the storage
period (0, 2, 4 and 6 months). After each storage period percentage, velocity index and average time of germination were
evaluated. The cold chamber was the most suitable for storage of facheiro seeds when compared with natural environments.
In this environment the use of packaging: paper bag, plastic bag or glass, were effective in maintaining the physiological
quality. Seed storage in glass showed the highest percentage of germination (94%), velocity index (10,42) and average
time of germination (4,77). The facheiro seeds stored in glass were stronger than those packed in other containers in the
natural environment, maintaining germination (94,5%) and speed high (10,97), with a shorter average germination (4,57
days) until the end of the experiment. In cold chamber or natural environment the use of impermeable packaging, glass, is
the ideal storage condition for the maintenance of viability of seeds of facheiro.
Keywords: Pilosocereus pachycladus, germination, physiological potencial, viability.
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416. CLIMATE CHANGE AND TRANSGENIC SEEDS: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS.

Cunha, D. A., 2Pires, M. V., 2Coelho, A. B., 3Fres, J. G. 1Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), MarianaMG, Brazil, deniscunha@icsa.ufop.br, 2Universidade Federal de Viosa (UFV), Viosa-MG, Brazil, 3Instituto de
Pesquisa Econmica Aplicada (IPEA), Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil.
1,2
The agricultural sector is one of the most vulnerable to climate change. To adequately quantify the impacts on agriculture
it is necessary to recognize that producers will change their production decisions to maximize the profit according to
each climate scenario. An important adaptive strategy is genetic breeding through the development of resistant seeds
to water stress. This study aims to analyze how climate change will influence the adoption of transgenic seeds and
what will be the impact on the Brazilian farmers profitability. A probit model was estimated followed by a treatment
effect analysis to detect differences among the producers who use these seeds as an adaptation strategy and those who
dont . The dependent variable was the percentage of area cultivated with transgenic seeds in the Brazilian cities (2006
Agriculture Census). The explanatory variables included socio-economic, agronomic and climatic conditions. The
climate change projections were based on temperature forecasts and precipitation from 2020 and 2050, according to
the models of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) and considering the A1B scenario (worst
case) and A2. The results indicate that the probability of use of transgenic seeds will grow from 74% in the current
period to 86% in 2020 and 84% in 2050, for both scenarios. The producers who will adopt this adaptation strategy will
have higher profits. In the A2 scenario, the difference among producers that will use and those that wont use could be
R$167,000 in 2020 and R$173,000 in 2050 (A1B scenario values are R$151,000 and R$173,000). These results show
that transgenic seeds will be used widely and also confirm its importance to reduce the losses resulting from climate
change, production costs, as well as the competition over water resources in a global context.
Keywords: Climate change, Adaptation, Agriculture, Transgenic seeds
Acknowledgements: UFOP, UFV, IPEA, FAPEMIG, FAPESB
417. DIAGNOSTIC OF SEED GERMINATION TESTS AND QUALITY STANDARDS TO TROPICAL TREE
SPECIES: A CRITICAL ANALYSE.
Figliolia, M.B.; 2Pia-Rodrigues, F.C.M. (1Instituto Florestal de So Paulo, So Paulo-SP (IF-SP), Brazil,
mafigliolia@if.sp.gov.br; 2Universidade Federal de So Carlos- campus Sorocaba-SP (UFSCar-Sorocaba), Brazil,
fpina@ufscar.br;)
1
The demands of seeds for environmental restoration programs require the definition of minimum quality standards that
contribute to the regulation of forest seed production and trade, especially of native species. With the aim of proposing
minimum germination standards, results from 2000 to 2007 of 1,843 seed analyses including 270 tree native species of
southeastern Brazil were obtained from the database of the Forestry Institute of So Paulo. Only species with at least
three results of analysis of germination were included in the final list of selected species. To each species, the averaged
percentage of germination, minimum and maximum value, standard deviation and coefficient of variation (CV) were
calculated. From the total (n= 270), only 155 species (57.4%) were included in the established criteria. To selected
species, 20 (12.9%) presented CV less than 30% and 58 species (37.4%) showed CV higher than 100%, which indicates
a large range of variation among seed lots from the same species. Uniform germination results (CV<30%) were observed
for Albizzia sp., Anadenanthera falcata (Benth.) Speg., Aspidosperma cylindrocarpon M. Arg, A. ramiflorum M. Arg,
Copaifera langsdorffii Desf.; Cedrela fissilis Vell. Eugenia leitonii Legrand, Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don, Maclura
tinctoria (L.) D. Don. ex Steud, Strychnos pseudoquina A. St.-Hil., Mabea fistulifera Benth., Tabebuia pentaphylla
(L.) Hemsl., T. roseo-alba (Ridl.) Sand., and Triplaris brasiliana Cham. Just the species A. ramiflorum, C. fissilis,
M. fistulifera and T. pentaphylla, presented germination percentage of 8010% and so we can recommend to them a
minimum standard of 70%. The high level of variation observed indicated that forest seed commercialized in southeast
Brazil is not uniform, with many species (>50%) displaying low germination (< 60%). The cause of the variation among
seed lots from the same species should be investigated and also included in the diagnosis information about date of seed
harvest, number of trees sampled, place of origin of seeds and description of the stage of maturation.
Keywords: Atlantic Forest; tropical forest seed; seed quality; germinative capacity
Acknowledgments: IF-SP; UFSCar-Sorocaba
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418. COMPARISON OF METHODOLOGIES FOR SEED MOISTURE CONTENT ANALYSES OF ATLANTIC

FOREST SPECIES: Handroanthus avellanedae (Lorentz ex Griseb.) Mattos-BIGNONIACEAE.
Pia-Rodrigues, F.C.M.; 2Figliolia, M. B.; 3Roberto, L. P. C. (1Universidade Federal de So Carlos- campus
Sorocaba-SP (UFSCar-Sorocaba), Brazil, fpina@ufscar.br; 2Instituto Florestal de So Paulo, So Paulo-SP (IF-SP)
- Brazil, mafigliolia@if.sp.gov.br; 3Instituto Florestal de So Paulo, So Paulo (IF-SP) - Brazil, leoniceroberto@
yahoo.com.br)
1
The botanical diversity, biochemistry and morphology of tropical forest seeds involve the development of appropriate
techniques and principles to evaluate their quality. The low availability of forest seeds requires the use of appropriate
methodologies and minimum sample size to determine moisture content. Aiming to compare sample sizes and methods
proposed for seed water content analyses of exotic tree species, different seed samples (3.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.25 and
0.125g) of Handroanthus avellanedae (Lorentz ex Griseb.) Mattos were subjected to drying at 105 oC for 24 hours
(T-1), 103 oC for 17 hours (T-2) and 70oC until constant weight (T-3), with four replicates per treatment. Samples of
3.0g were considered as standard and were compared to the others by calculating the significant average difference.
The sample size influenced the amount of water removed from the seeds (Hu) in each method tested. At T-1 there
was no effect of sample mass on the water content removed from the seeds; no significant difference was observed
among samples from 3.0 (Hu = 9.4%) to 0.25 g (Hu = 7.4%), although in the 0.125g sample (Hu = 2.4%) the moisture
removal was lower than the others. In T-2 there was no influence of sample size (Humean = 6.8 0.47%). With the T-3
method, samples from 3.0g (Hu = 8.7%) to 0.5g (Hu = 9.0%) were similar. Based on these results, the recommended
methods were T-1 and T-3, which allowed the use of smaller samples (1.0 to 0.25g). When compared to the other
methods, T-2 was not indicated because of its lack of effectiveness in removing available seed water moisture.
Keywords: Orthodox seed; tropical forest seed; seed quality
Acknowledgments: IF-SP; UFSCar-Sorocaba
419. ANATOMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SEEDS OF YELLOW PASSION FRUIT PROGENIES.

Alexandre, R. S., 2Negreiros, J. R. da S., 3Meira, R. M. S. A., 3Soares, R., 4Lopes, J. C., 5Lima, R. V., 3Dias, D. C.
F. dos S., 3Bruckner, C. H., 1Fernandes, A. A. 1Universidade Federal do Esprito Santo/UFES, Centro Universitrio
Norte do Esprito Santo/CEUNES, So Mateus, ES, Brazil, rsalexandre@click21.com.br, 2Embrapa Centro de
Pesquisa Agroflorestal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil. 3Universidade Federal de Viosa/UFV, Viosa, MG, Brazil.
4
UFES, Alegre, ES, Brazil. 5Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense/UENF, Campos de Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil.
1
The propagation of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Degener) is done through seeds. Studies
of the anatomy of seeds of this species are important to investigate the low germination of some genotypes. The study
aimed to evaluate the the anatomy of seeds of yellow passion fruit. The anatomy of the seeds was done at the Laboratory
of Universidade Federal de Viosa/UFV. Samples of seeds within each progeny were fixed in FAA50. Subsequently, the
samples were embedded in paraffin, subjected to cuts in the Advance Auto Microtome RM 215 - Leica in sections of 20
M and then dehydrated in alcohol series and stained with a combination of basic fuchsin and astra blue. The sections were
photomicrographed in photonic Olympus AX 70 microscope and submitted to the analyzer readings Image Pro-plus, for
observations of thickness (M) cells of the aril and seed coat. This work shows the existence of genetic variability among
the progenies of this species observed in the thickness of the cells of the aril and seed coat.
Keywords: Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa, Anatomy, Seeds
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420. SEEDLING EMERGENCE OF PAPAYA AFTER STORAGE OF DIFFERENT SEEDS LOTS.

Alexandre, R. S., 2Mendes, R. de C., 3Lopes, J. C., 2Oliveira, J. P. B. de, 1Schmildt, E. R., 1Fernandes, A. A.
Universidade Federal do Esprito Santo/UFES, Centro Universitrio Norte do Estado do Esprito Santo/CEUNES,
So Mateus-ES, Brazil, rsalexandre@click21.com.br, 2Universidade Federal de Viosa/UFV, Viosa-MG, Brazil,
3
UFES, Centro de Cincias Agrrias/CCA, Alegre-ES, Brazil
1
1
The aim of this work was to evaluate the seedling emergence of papaya (Carica papaya L.) after storage of different
seeds lots. The experimental design utilized was completely randomized (DIC), with four replications of 50 seeds. The
treatments were applied to 25 lots stored for six months. Seed viability was evaluated by seedling emergence and speed
of emergence. Five of the seeds lots presented higher physiological quality, while the other lots displayed reduced
physiological quality during storage.
Keywords: Carica papaya L., progagation, vigor
421. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY TEST FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY EVALUATION IN MILLET

SEEDS.
Dias, K. M., 1Zilio, M., 1Sbrissia, A. F., 1Souza, C. A. 1Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), LagesSC, Brazil, kamila.dias@gmail.com.
1
There is little information about testing methodology for forage species, and mainly about the number of seeds, water
volume and time required for separation of lots. Thus, the aim of this work was to verify the efficiency of the electrical
conductivity test to determine the vigor of millet seeds. Two lots of millet seeds were used, submitting them to several
tests like germination, first count, seedling emergence in the substrate, cold, electrical conductivity and moisture
content, with variations in the volume of distilled water (50 mL and 75 mL), number of seeds (50 and 100) and soaking
period (0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours). The seeds were stored in a BOD chamber (25 C) during the whole soaking
period. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications. The data was subjected to analysis
of variance and the means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. The simple correlation coefficients between
the germination and vigor tests, and the seedling emergence test in the substrate were calculated as well. The results
showed that germination, first count, emergence and cold tests separated the two lots, noticing that the first lot presented
the highest values. A highly significant positive correlation was identified between the germination, first count and cold
tests, and the seedling emergence test in the substrate. In the electrical conductivity test, only 50 seeds soaked in 50 mL
of distilled water for 24 and 48 hours were efficient for separation of lots, and presented significant negative correlation
with the emergence test in the substrate. In the other treatments, the lot with lower electrical conductivity didnt reflect
higher seedling emergence. The conclusion was that the electrical conductivity test isnt a good indicator to classify the
vigor levels of millet seeds.
Keywords: Physiological potential, Pennisetum americanum, Vigor test.
Acknowledgements: UDESC, CAPES
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422. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY TEST AS A FUNCTION OF THE NUMBER OF SEEDS, WATER

VOLUME AND SOAKING TIME FOR RED CLOVER SEEDS.
Dias, K. M., 1Zilio, M., 1Sbrissia, A. F., 1Souza, C. A. 1Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), LagesSC, Brazil, kamila.dias@gmail.com.
1
One of the limiting factors in the utilization of red clover seeds is the shortage of information about its vigor and efficient
methodologies for evaluation of the lots. The aim of this study was to verify the efficiency of electrical conductivity test on
the evaluation of the physiological quality of red clover seeds. Two lots of red clover seeds were used in specifics tests like
germination, first count, moisture content, cold without soil, seedling emergence in greenhouse and electrical conductivity.
The electrical conductivity was measured using 50 and 100 seeds soaked in 50 and 75 mL of distilled water for 0, 1, 2, 4, 8,
12, 24 and 48 hours. The seeds were stored in a BOD chamber (25 C) during the soaking period. The experimental design
was completely randomized with four replications. The data was subjected to analysis of variance and the means were
compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. The results showed that the second lot had significantly greater vigor compared
to the first lot in the germination, emergence, first count and cold tests. In the conductivity test, using 50 seeds soaked in
50 mL of water was effective for the evaluation of lots after the 0 hours, while for the 50 seeds/75 mL, 100 seeds/50 mL
and 100 seeds/75 mL tests, there was a separation of lots after 1 hour. The results of the electrical conductivity based on the
number of seeds and volume of water showed that the volume of distilled water was the main responsible for separation
of lots after the 2nd hour, and not the number of seeds. According to the results of this study, the recommended value for
the electrical conductivity test of this crop is 50 seeds soaked in 50 mL of distilled water, and the assessment should be
performed after the first hour for a better separation of lots. The electrical conductivity test is an efficient option to classify
the lots of red clover seeds in levels of vigor.
Keyword: Vigor, Trifolium pratense, Germination
Acknowledgements: UDESC, CAPES.
423. GENETIC EVALUATION OF YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS AT ADVANCED GENERATIONS IN

RAPESEED. (Brassica napus L.).
Hashemi, A. S., 1Nematzadeh, G. A., 1Babaeian Jelodar, N., 2Ghasemi, O. 1College of Agricultural Sciences,
University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources of Sari, Iran, P. O. Box 578, a_hashemi2004@yahoo.com,
2
Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Mazandran Province, Iran
1
Three varieties of rapeseed namely Foseto, Option500 and Goliath including F2 and F3 generations (crosses among them)
were planted in a complete randomized block design for evaluation of genetic variation, heritability, genetic advance and
relationships between yield and its component in an experimental field of the Rice and Citrus Research Institute, University
of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources of Sari, Iran. The results indicated that the maximum phenotypic and
genotypic variation related to the number of pod/plant and seed yield, and also their heritability in F2 and F3 generations
were 94, 83 and 89, 96%, including the good genetic advance in F2 and F3 generations, 33.81, 40.5 and 45.69, 53.7%,
respectively. These genetic values express the role of additive effect of the genes controlling the heritability of the studied
traits, so selection of the agronomic important traits at the early generations will be effective. The correlation between
phenotype and genotype showed a positive and significant relationship among seed yield, number of pod/plant, number
of branch/plant, 1000 grain weight and pod length in F2 and F3 generations. The path analysis also indicated, the direct
effect of the number of pod/plant in F2 and number of branch/plant in F3 generation, so these traits can be good criteria for
selection at the segregating generations in rapeseed breeding program.
Keywords: heritability, genetic advance, correlation, path analysis.
Acknowledgement: RCRI
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424. PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF SUNFLOWER ACHENES AS A FUNCTION OF THE EFFECT OF

BORON, ENVIRONMENT AND GENOTYPE.
Silva, F. D. B., 1Berger, P. G., 1Aquino, L. A., 1Dias, L. A. S., 1Dias, D. C. F. S., Abud, H.F. 1Universidade Federal
de Viosa (UFV), Minas Gerais-MG, Brazil, freddenilson@gmail.com.
1
The physiological quality of sunflower achenes was studied in dependence of the effect of boron, environment and
genotype. The treatments were designed in a factorial arrangement, consisting of three genotypes, which are BR-122,
MG-02, M742 and boron contents of 0 and 6,0 Kg.ha-1 in a completely randomized design with four repetitions and
in three distinct environments. The data obtained in the experiments was analyzed individually to diagnose the effect
of the factors genotype and boron. Later, we conducted a conjoint analysis to evaluate the effect of the environment,
since there was homogeneity between the residual variances. The variables analyzed were boron levels, percentage of
germination (%), first count (%) and 1000-seed weight. To determine the boron content the azometina-H method was
used. Variables related to seeds were obtained according to the RAS. Despite the higher dose of boron, the nutrient
content of seeds was not significantly changed. The growth of sunflower in an environment where temperatures are
higher during the dry mass increase of seeds and allows a faster drying of the chapters after physiological maturity
and this favors a greater thousand seed weight and percentage of germinated seedlings. However, under this culture
condition, the percentage of seedlings in the first count was not influenced. Regarding the genotypes, M-742 showed
a higher percentage of seedlings in the first count. Regardless of the dose of boron, the production of sunflower seeds
should be performed in an environment with temperatures that favor the accumulation and drying of seeds pre-picked.
The M742 genotype had a higher vigor.
Keywords: Helianthus annuus, boron, vigor.
425. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF Syngonanthus (ERIOCAULACEAE) SEEDS WITH

CONTRIBUTIONS TO STUDIES OF PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS.
Barreto, L.C. , De Paula, P.C. , Garcia, Q.S. (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais -UFMG, Belo HorizonteMG, Brazil, leilanecb@ufmg.br)
The genus Syngonanthus, belonging to the family Eriocaulaceae, is currently divided into five sections based on floral
characters: Carphocephalus, Chalarocaulon, Syngonanthus, Eulepis and Thysanocephalus. Once the delimitation of
the sections and the detection of key characters are being questioned, the Scanning Electron Microscopy technique may
have a fundamental importance for the discussion about the phylogenetic relationships in the genus. This study aimed to
evaluate the morphological characteristics of Syngonanthus seeds by SEM. It was used eight species, belonging to four
sections: S. anthemidilforus, S. flaviceps and S. verticilatus (Sect. Syngonanthus); S. caulescens (Sect. Carphocephalus);
S. cipoensis (Sect. Thysanocephalus) and S. bisulcatus, S. nitidus and S. dealbatus (Sect. Eulepis). It was observed that
seeds are endotestal with an appearance in ribs, and they have a mycropilar operculum, which is an important character
in the phylogenetic relationships of the family. Seeds belonging to the sections Syngonanthus and Carphocephalus
have a reticulated pattern, with the external periclinal walls that can be present or not. The seeds of the sections
Thysanocephalus and Eulepis have a rough ornamentation, but without distinct patterns. In all seeds of S. sect. Eulepis
were observed spheres recovering the surface, which are probably bacteria Staphylococcus that can have the function of
assist the germination. The data obtained are useful to achieve a more natural classification for the family and a better
understanding of their phylogeny.
Keywords: Seed, Testa sculpture, Eriocaulaceae, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
Acknowledgments: FAPEMIG
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426. HYDRATION-DEHYDRATION FOR ALLEVIATING SEED AGEING IN TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum)

cv.PKM 1.
Renganayaki, P. R. and 1Ramamoorthy. K. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil
Nadu, INDIA prr1966@gmail.com
1
The present study concentrates on seed enhancement techniques for alleviating seed ageing in tomato (Solanum
lycopersicum). In high value crops like tomato, maintenance of seed vigor is important and has a bearing on productivity.
In order to manage the deterioration during storage aged /non aged seeds of tomato cv.PKM 1 were hydrated in vitamin
solutions and water followed by dehydration and analyzed for seed quality parameters. The seeds hydrated for 3h with
Vitamin-E solution at a concentration of one percent followed by dehydration for a seed moisture content of 8%, when aged
for four days at 100% RH and 400C, recorded lower EC, higher speed of germination and Vigor Index. The performance
of aged seeds, for hydration-dehydration with Vitamins did not show much advantage for these parameters. It is possible
that hydration-dehydration permits the seeds to carry out repair of cell membranes damage (studied through electrical
conductivity) that could have accumulated during seed storage and thereby can be recommended as a pre-storage as well
as pre- sowing seed treatment.
Keywords: tomato, seed- ageing, management, seed treatment
427. ELECTRICAL CONDUTIVITY FOR VIGOR EVALUATE OF Araucaria angustifolia SEEDS DURING
THE NATURAL AGING UNDER DIFFERENT STORAGE CONDITIONS.
Garcia, C., 1Coelho, C. M. M., 1Maraschin, M., 2Oliveira, L. M. de. 1Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
(UFSC), Florianpolis SC , Brazil, cileide@cca.ufsc.br, 2Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC),
Lages SC, Brazil.
1
Less vigorous seeds have a lower rate of restoration of the integrity of cell membranes during imbibition and therefore
release greater amounts of solutes to the outside environment. The objective of this research was to investigate the
application of electrical conductivity in embryos of A. angustifolia as a implement to obtain faster information on the
physiological quality of seeds during natural aging. The test was performed on mature embryos freshly harvested and
every 60 days of storage in normal laboratory environment without temperature control, refrigerator (5oC) and freezer
(-18oC), for 180 days. The pattern of exudates leaching was evaluated at different periods of imbibitions (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,
12 and 24 hours), and related to the results with the seedlings emergence and water content of seeds. The experiment was
conducted in a completely randomized design, with 4 replications of 10 seeds, and statistical analysis was performed
using the Tukey test at 5% probability. The results indicated that the peak in electrical conductivity occurred after 12
hours of embryos imbibition, followed by a stable pattern of exudates leaching. There was no significant difference
between the water content of freshly harvested seeds and during storage in different environments. The freshly harvested
seeds had lower electrical conductivity (56 s/cm/g), which differed from other treatments. There was total loss of
viability of seeds stored in a freezer at 60 days of storage. Seeds in this condition showed the highest values of exudates
leaching (299 s/cm/g at 60 days, 329 s/cm/g at 120 days, and 341 s/cm/g at 180 days of storage) in comparison with
those stored at normal environment and refrigerator. The seeds kept in refrigerator preserved their viability by 180 days
after harvest, but the electrical conductivity test was not sensitive enough to detect differences between seeds stored at
normal environment and refrigerator at 60, 120 and 180 days after harvest. The application of electrical conductivity test
for A. angustifolia seeds may be indicated to detect low or high degrees of deterioration, being less sensitive to detect
intermediate degrees of deterioration.
Keywords: deterioration, conservation, vigor.
Acknowledgements: UFSC, CAPES, UDESC.
Informativo
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428. PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF STORED PEARL MILLET SEEDS.

Teixeira, R. N., 1Toledo, M. Z., 1Nakagawa, J. 1Cavariani, C., 2Zucareli, C. Faculdade de Cincias Agronmicas
da Universidade Estadual Paulista Jlio de Mesquita Filho (FCA/UNESP), Botucatu-SP, Brazil, renakent@
gmail.com, 2Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Centro de Cincias Agrrias, Londrina-PR, Brazil.
1
The pearl millet plant has been featured in straw production in the no tillage system. Thus, the use of good quality seeds
is very important to allow a good seedlings establishment in the field, however, inadequate storage conditions can result
in vigor and germination loss. This study aimed to assess the millet seeds quality during storage in four conditions of
conservation. Seeds of pearl millet cultivar BN-2 were stored for eight years, in a natural environment, dry chamber (40 to
50% relative humidity and no controlled temperature), frost free refrigerator (10 to 15% relative humidity and temperature
of 5 to 7 C) and freezer (48 to 52% relative humidity and temperature of -18 to -20 C). Seeds were evaluated for moisture
content, germination, first count germination and electrical conductivity. Data were subjected to variance analysis. The
storage environments averages were compared by Tukey test (P 0.05) and the storage time was analyzed by regression.
The seeds stored in the refrigerator showed the lowest water content (6.2%), reflecting favorably on the germination
(91%). However, there was no significant difference on the percentage of germination when refrigerator and freezer were
compared and there was no effect of storage period (8 years) on the pearl millet seeds quality stored in these environments.
The quality of stored seeds in the natural environment and in the dry chamber with intermediate water content (9.8% and
10.2%, respectively), was affected by storage period, with decrease in germination percentage over the time due to the
increase in the number of non germinated seeds.
Keywords: Pennisetum americanum, germination, vigor, conservation.
429. LIPID PEROXIDATION IN STORAGE SOYBEAN SEEDS.

Teixeira, R. N., 1Cavariani, C., 2Cataneo, A. C. 1Nakagawa, J. 1Baldini, L. S. 1Faculdade de Cincias Agronmicas
da Universidade Estadual Paulista Jlio de Mesquita Filho (FCA/UNESP), Botucatu-SP, Brazil, renakent@gmail.
com, 2Instituto de Biocincias de Botucatu da Universidade Estadual Paulista Jlio de Mesquita Filho (IBB/
UNESP), Botucatu-SP, Brazil.
1
Oilseeds likely to suffer rapid deterioration during storage, a fact that has been attributed by many authors to lipid
peroxidation. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the physiological changes in soybean seed stored under uncontrolled
conditions of temperature and relative humidity, as a function of lipoperoxide content. Therefore, we used 67 soybean
seed lots of different cultivars, harvested in 2008/2009 and stored in a dry chamber. Oxidative damage suffered by each
batch were evaluated by determining the content of lipoperoxide and the physiological seed quality was evaluated by the
following tests: germination, accelerated aging, electrical conductivity, seedling length and seedling dry weight at 0, 3 and
6 months of storage. Subsequently, data were analyzed by correlation test. In all tests was found reduction in the soybean
seeds quality due to the increase in lipoperoxide content. The germination percentage was affected only after three months
of storage, but the vigor evaluated by accelerated aging, electrical conductivity, seedling length and seedling dry weight
was affected since the first evaluation, before being submitted to storage conditions. In conclusion, therefore, the lipid
peroxidation contributed to the quality loss of soybean seeds naturally aged.
Keywords: Glycine max, deterioration, seed quality.
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430. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FORAGE SPECIES SEEDS.

Souza, P. F., 1Nery, M. C., 1Pires, R. M. O., 1Pinto, N. V. A. D., 1Santos, M. M. 1Universidade Federal dos Vales
do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina-MG, Brazil, raquel.opires@yahoo.com.br.
1
The study of chemical composition is also of practical interest of seeds technology, because both the vigor and the
storage potential of seeds are influenced by the contents of compounds present in them. The objective of this work was
to determine the chemical composition of seeds of Stryphnodendron adstringens, Melanoxylon brauna and Kielmeyera
lanthrophyton. To evaluate the chemical composition of these seeds were determined the moisture content, ethereal
extract , fixed mineral residue, crude protein, crude fiber, total soluble sugars, reducing and no-reducing sugars, total
tannins and starch. For Melanoxylon brana, the moisture content was of 7%, 14,7% of ethereal extract, 4% to fixed
mineral residue, 9,7% of crude protein, 0,06% of crude fiber, 5,5% of starch, 8% of total soluble sugars, 0,45% of
reducing sugar, 7,6% of no-reducing sugar and 0,24% of tannins. For Stryphnodendron adstringens seeds the moisture
content was of 7%, 14,6% of ethereal extract, 2,8% to fixed mineral residue, 9,6% of crude protein, 0,06% of crude
fiber, 7,5% of starch, 2,3% of total soluble sugars, 0,61% of reducing sugar, 1,7% of no-reducing sugar and 0,39% of
tannins. For Kielmeyera lanthrophyton, the moisture content was of 7%, 15% of ethereal extract, 2,4% to fixed mineral
residue, 6,2% of crude protein, 2,4% of crude fiber, 7,2% of starch, 2,9% of total soluble sugars, 0,4% of reducing sugar,
2,5% of no-reducing sugar and 0,57% of tannins. It was concluded that the seeds of Stryphnodendron adstringens,
Melanoxylon brauna and Kielmeyera lanthrophyton have the tendency to be classified like oleaginous seeds due to the
higher percentage of their constituents be ethereal extract.
Keywords: Stryphnodendron adstringens, Melanoxylon brauna, Kielmeyera lanthrophyton, storage.
431. IMBIBITION CURVE OF Stryphnodendron adstringens AND Melanoxylon brauna SEEDS.

Souza, P.F., 1Nery, M. C., 1Pires, R.M.O., 1Soares, B.C., Santos, M.M. 1Universidade Federal dos Vales do
Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina-MG, Brazil, raquel.opires@yahoo.com.br.
The water is fundamental for cellular metabolism during the germination, favoring the enzymatic activity and degradation
of storage substances, generating energy for the resumption of embryo growth. In this reasearch, it was tried to establish the
duration of the phases in the process of imbibition of Stryphnodendron adstringens and Melanoxylon brauna seeds. Seeds
of Stryphnodendron adstringens and Melanoxylon brauna, were placed in plastic boxes on moistened paper and incubated
at 25 C in B.O.D., with four replications of 25 seeds. It was calculated the percentage increase of mass over time, in
function of the initial mass of seeds in the intervals of 2 hours during the period of 12 hours, 4 hours during the period of 28
hours, 6 hours during the period of 12 hours, 24 hours in the next days until the radicular protusion of 50% of seeds of each
specie. It was calculated the percentage increase of mass over time, in function of the initial mass of seeds in the intervals
of 2 hours during the period of 12 hours, 4 hours during the period of 28 hours, 6 hours during the period of 12 houras,
24 hours in the next days until the radicular protusion of 50% of seeds of each specie. It was established an equation that
would adjust to the imbibition pattern, and delineate the begining, the end and the duration of the phases in the germinate
process. After the third degree equation was determined, the roots of the second degree equation, the points of inflexion
of the curves and the amount of water absorbed by the seeds until the beginning of phase II (first point of inflexion of the
curve) were calculated. It was conclued that for the Melanoxylon brauna seeds, the phase 1 had the duration of 266,5 hours
culminating with phase 2. The Stryphnodendron adstringens seeds presented only the phases I and III, being the end of
phase I with 99,65 hours, starting from this point, the phase III.
Keywords: Stryphnodendron adstringens, Melanoxylon brauna, absorption, water.
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432. VIABILITY EVALUATION OF THREE LOTS OF OIL RADISH BY TETRAZOLIUM TEST

Pires, R.M.O., 1Nery, M. C., 1Silva, L.H.M.C., 1Rocha, A.S. 1Soares, B.C. 1Universidade Federal dos Vales do
1
The oil radish (Raphanus sativus L.) has been studied as alternative to biodiesel production, thanks to the considerable
content of oil in their seeds, beyond the low viscosity and facility of extraction. However, the lack of technologies for
grains production and the availability of quality seeds for this goal becomes a challenge to the research institutions and
seed companies which need fast and effective methodologies to evaluate the viability of these seeds. The tetrazolium
test, has been used successfully in the control programs of quality seeds because it is a rapid method that estimates the
viability of lots of seeds. In the case of Raphanus sativus L., it does not exist yet, appropriateness of the methodology in the
realization of tetrazolium test to determine the viability of seeds. This way, the objective of this work, was to adequate the
methodologies of tetrazolium test for Raphanus sativus L. seeds. Three lots of seeds were used: CATI AL-1000, IPR 116
lot from 2004 and IPR 116 lot from 2005. The seeds were evaluated by the following determinations and tests, moisture
content, germination test and tetrazolium test. The seeds were soaked for 6 hours, and stored in the tetrazolium solution
for 12 hours at the following concentrations: 0,1%; 0,2%; 0,3% e 0,4%, using the temperatures of 25 C, 30 C, 35 C e
40 C. Four repetitions of 50 seeds were used. The results for moisture content were: IPR04 7,5%; IPR05 7,1% e CATI
8,0%; what which demonstrated a uniformity between the lots. The germination was of 33% for the IPR04 lot; 61% for the
IPR05 lot, and 92% for the CATI lot. Being the tetrazolium, a test that must be analyzed together with the germination test,
the values of viable seeds that came closer to the values of germinated seeds, were found at the concentrations 0,1%; 0,2%
e 0,3% for the temperature of 40 C, however, in this temperature, the seeds were presented in the red carmine coloration,
making it difficult to classify viable and unviable. Due to the fact of facility of visualization, the concentrations of 0,1% e
0,2% to 30 C, are recommended conditions to evaluate the physiological quality of Raphanus sativus.
Keywords: viability, tetrazolium, concentrations.
433. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF Eremanthus erythropappus SEEDS.

Santos, M.M., 1Nery, M.C., 1Pires, R.M.O., 1Pinto, N.V.A.D., 1Souza, P.F. 1Universidade Federal dos Vales do
1
To know the chemical composition of native forest species seeds, can help in the higher quality seedlings production,
seeking the recuperation of different areas. Besides this, the chemical composition can influence in the storage process
of the seeds. Eremanthus erythropappus (Asteraceae) has multiple uses, being highly durable woods and essential oils its
most attractive products. Thus, the objective of this work was to determinate the chemical composition of Eremanthus
erythropappus seeds. The seeds, were collected at the Parque Estadual do Biribiri, Diamantina, MG in 2009. With three
replications, it was determined the chemical composition; the moisture content, fixed mineral residue, crude protein,
ethereal extract, crude fiber and total starch. The Eremanthus erythropappus seeds contains approximately: 7,05% of
moisture content, 4,10% of fixed mineral residue, 19,48% of crude protein, 26,97% of total starch, 22,53% of ethereal
extract, and 26,92% of crude fiber.
Keywords: Eremanthus erythropappus, chemical composition.
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434. VIGOR TESTS IN Acosmium subelegans SEEDS.

Santos, M. R. O., 2Espsito, M. P.; 2Barbedo, C.J. 1Instituto Florestal (IF), So Paulo - SP, Brazil, marcia_
oliveiras@yahoo.com.br; 2Instituto de Botnica (IBt), So Paulo - SP, Brazil.
1
Regarding seeds of Brazilian forest species, yet there are few established protocols for vigor tests, due mainly to the
great diversity of local flora and consequent physiological and morphological variations of seeds as well as the lack of
larger studies in seed technology for most of these species. This study was designed to determine, among the most widely
used vigor tests best suited for seeds of Acosmium subelegans (Mohlenbr.) Yakovlev (Fabaceae), a species of medicinal
interest, which occurs in savanna and semideciduous forest, also used in forest restoration. Seeds collected in Assis - SP
(03/10/2010) with an initial moisture content of 10%, were subjected to water stress treatments at 42 C to controlled
deterioration in humid chambers with 40ml of water for different periods (4, respectively control, 4.5, 10.5 and 22.5
hours). Seeds were subjected to germination tests (paper roll at 25 C and 30 C), electrical conductivity at different
times and temperatures of imbibition (6, 24 and 48h at 20 C, 24 and 48h at 25 C), accelerated aging (42 C/48h) and
seedlings emergence in soil and sand. We also analyzed the germination and emergency speed index (GSI and ESI).
Germination at 25 C showed no significant differences in total germination rates (86-90%), but the large increase in
abnormal seedlings in the sub-lot more deteriorated (15%) compared to the others (8.4%). The GSI was consistent with
the results of germination. When conducted at 30 C, the results were divided into two blocks: control and sub-lot less
damaged (85-86% germination and GSI of 4.3 and 5.3) and the two lots more deteriorated (41% germination and GSI of
1.8). The emergency test results were similar, not possible to differentiate treatments ( emergency rates of 45-50% and
ESI 2.6 -3.2). In the accelerated aging test, the germination rate decreased gradually from 82% to 73%, with increased
mortality rate of seeds from control and sub-lot less damaged (18 and 19%) for the two sub-lots more deteriorated (25
and 27%). The electrical conductivity tests were very sensitive to vigor differences between treatments, especially with
imbibition at 20 C/6h, with values that increased progressively with the period of deterioration in the ratio of 34%, 43%
and 146% compared to control. The other tests evaluated showed no significant differences between treatments.
Keywords: vigor, seeds, protocol, forest
435. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY TEST IN SUDAN GRASS SEEDS.

Zilio, M., 1Dias, K. M., 1Sbrissia, A. F., 1Souza, C. A. 1Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), LagesSC, Brazil, marciozilio@gmail.com.
1
There are few information about physiological quality of seeds and specific methodologies for a vigor evaluation of these
seeds. In this way, the electrical conductivity test has been considered by researchers as a good indicator of seedling
emergence in field, efficient for separation of lots, besides of being fast, practical and easily executed. The aim of this
work was to establish methodology for the electrical conductivity test in sudan grass seeds, evaluating soaking periods,
number of seeds and volume of water. Two lots of sudan grass seeds were used, submitting them to tests like germination
and humidity, germinations first count, substrate seedling emergence, cold, and electrical conductivity. The electrical
conductivity was measured using 50 and 100 seeds soaked in 50 and 75 ml of distilled water for 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48
hours. The seeds were stored in BOD chamber (25 C) during the soaking period. The experimental design was completely
randomized, with four replications. The data was subjected to variance analysis and the means were compared by Tukey
test at 5% probability. The germination, emergence and cold tests stratified the two lots. However, the germinations first
count test wasnt efficient for separation of lots. The electrical conductivity test with 50 seeds/50 ml of water and 100
seeds/50 ml of water wasnt efficient for vigor evaluation of the sudan grass seeds. However, when 50 and 100 seeds were
soaked in 75 ml of distilled water, then there was separation of lots after the first hour of soaking. Examining the results
of the electrical conductivity according to the number of seeds and water volume, its clear that the water volume provides
bigger differences in the electrical conductivity values. The conclusion was that the electrical conductivity test with four
replications of 50 seeds soaked in 75 ml of distilled water at 25 C allowed the separation of lots after the first hour of
soaking, making it promising for vigor evaluating of sudan grass seeds.
Keywords: Physiological quality, Membrane integrity, Sorghum sudanense.
Acknowledgements: UDESC, CAPES
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436. CONTRIBUTION OF THE PLANT LIFE CYCLE AND GENOTYPES TO PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY
OF COMMON BEAN SEEDS.
Zilio, M., 1Souza, C. A., 2Coelho, C. M. M., 1Michels, A. F., 1Nunes, F. R., 1Universidade do Estado de Santa
Catarina (UDESC), Lages-SC, Brazil, marciozilio@gmail.com, 2Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC),
Florianpolis-SC, Brazil.
1
The aim of this work was verify the relation between the plant life cycle and physiological quality of common bean seeds.
The experiment was carried out at field at Joaaba-SC, during 2009/2010 growing season. Twenty-six beans genotypes were
used, of which 22 were landrace genotypes and 4 were commercial cultivars. The treatments were arranged in randomized
blocks with three replications, in parcels of four rows with three meters length each row. The evaluation of the plant cycle
was in day number in three cycles: emergence to flowering (V1-R6), flowering to physiological maturity (R6-R9), and
emergence to physiological maturity (V1-R9). The seeds were harvested, dried, standardized to 12% of water content and
stored in dry chamber. The determination of the physiological quality of the seeds was performed by germination tests,
first counting germination, electrical conductivity and accelerated aging. The data were submitted to variance analysis and
simple correlation. No significant relationships were observed between cycle length with germination and cycle length
with first count of germination. However, the accelerated aging showed significant positive correlation with the stages:
V1-R6 (r=0.53), R6-R9 (r=0.40) and V1-R9 (r=0.51). These results showed that genotypes with longer growth stages tend
to produce seeds with higher physiological quality that lead to support better storage longevity. The electrical conductivity
showed significant negative correlation with stages R6-R9 (r=-0.27) and V1-R9 (r=-0.23), and it indicates that seeds of
beans genotypes with longer growth stages present greater membrane integrity. Such results can be explained because
genotypes with longer development grew in better environmental conditions, particularly after the full flowering (R6-R9).
Therefore, bean genotypes with longer life cycles had greater vigor.
Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigor, Germination, Earliness
437. BIOMETRIC DATA OF FRUITS AND SEEDS OF DIFFERENT PROGENIES OF Euterpe oleracea MART
(AA ARECACEA).
Silva, M.C.A., 1Santos, I.N. L., 1Lima Jr., M.J.V., 1Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus-AM, Brazil,
marcely.andrade@gmail.com.
1
Aa is a very useful palm in the Amazonia as food and also for manufacturing bio-jewelry. This study aimed to evaluate
the biometrics characteristics of fruits and seeds of eleven progenies of aa. The fruits were collected in Santa Brbara
city PA/ Brazil. The progenies correspond to the lots 22, 23, 32i, 37, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71 and 72. The phenotypic
characters such as productivity and the plant health were considered for the selection. The fruits were collected and stored
in packaged with the recommendation of RAS (2009) then, they were sent to the Laboratory of Forest Seed at Federal
University of Amazonas/Brazil. The biometric data of fruits and seeds were obtained using thirty units randomly selected
of each lo, then, they were placed in a numbered egg shape for a better control. Later, we could see the following biometric
data: fresh weight by using an analytic balance, and length, width and thickness by using a digital caliper. The fresh weight
of fruits ranged between 1.0 and 1.5g and the fresh weight of seeds ranged between 0.6 and 1.1g. The lots 65,70 and 72
presented higher length of fruits with 12.3mm and the lot 68 presented shorter 10.7mm. The lot 69 showed the greater
length of seeds with 10.9mm and the lot 71 shorter with 8,8mm. The lot 65 showed greater width with 12.8mm and the
lots 68 and 71 were shorter with 10.7mm each. The lot 65 showed the greater thickness of fruits with 12.7mm and the lot
71 was shorter with 10.5mm. Seeds with shorter thickness were found at lot 68 with 8.9mm and the greater one we could
see at the lot 69 with 10.7mm. Based on the averages compared by Tukey test at 5% probability, there were significant
differences among the matrices. The progeny 65 showed the best fruit length, width and thickness whereas progeny 69
showed better seed length, width and thickness Therefore, we conclude that there is genetic variability of the progenies.
Keywords: biometry, genetic variability, palm,
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438. PRELIMINARY STUDIES OF ACCELERATED AGING TEST IN Macrotiloma axilare SEEDS.

Pires, R.M.O., 1Nery, M.C., 2Nery, F.C., 1Rocha, A.S., 1Santos, M.M. 1Universidade Federal dos Vales do
de So Joo Del Rey- (UFSJ), Sete Lagoas-MG, Brazil.
1
The pasture degradation is one of the biggest problems in the brazilian cattle industry, being that, the largely cultivated
pastures present some degradation stage. Among other facts that culminates in degradation, the use of low quality forage
seeds is one of the main responsible factor, culminating in the loss of vigor, productivity and natural recuperation capacity
of pastures. The aceleratted agtest, determines the quality of seeds lots. The objective of this work was to adapt the
methodology of the accelerated aging test for evaluation of physiological quality of leguminous forage, Macrotiloma
axilare. The seeds were submitted to the traditional accelerated aging and with saturated salt of NaCl, in five periods of
aging: 0 (the control treatment), 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours, and three temperature intervals, 40 C; 42,5 C e 43 C. It was
observed, that the use of saturated salt of NaCl carries a less pronounced deterioration and less drastic results as well as
the reduction of fungi associated. The exposition of seeds to the high temperature of 43 C promoted degenerative effects
resulting in lower germination rate and higher percentage of dead seeds. In periods of 24 and 48 hours at 42,5 C, it
was observed the reinvigoration of M.axilare seeds in the traditional treatment, probably due to the activation of some
mechanism that neutralizes the subcellular damage that occurs during the deterioration process, but further studies are
needed for this treatment. At the treatment with salt, the periods of 24 hours at 43 C, 48 hours at 40 C, and 96 hours at
42,5 C, are the periods that better determine the physiological quality of Macrotiloma axilare seeds, promoting greater
percentage of normal seedlings.
Keywords: tradicional test, salt, germination, reinvigoration.
439. GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH AFTER MAIZE SEED TREATMENT WITH PLANT
GROWTH REGULATOR.
Souza, C. A., 2Coelho, C. M. M., 1Zilio, M., 1Zanesco, P. R., 1Tormem, M. E., 1Universidade do Estado de Santa
Catarina (UDESC), Lages-SC, Brazil, souza_clovis@cav.udesc.br, 2Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC),
Florianpolis-SC, Brazil.
1
Plant growth regulators are chemicals that modify plant growth, flowering, and dormancy by mimicking plant hormones.
The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of maize seeds treatment with different plant growth regulators on
germination and seedling development by direct seed soaking. The experiment consisted of seven treatments: untreated
seeds(control); direct application of Trinexapac-ethyl(TE), Mepiquat Chloride(MC), Chlormequat chloride(CC),
2-chloride ethyl-trimethylammonium chloride(CCC), ethphon(E) e Prohexadione-Ca(PC) on the seeds and soaking
in solutions equivalent to spray dose of each regulator. After the treatments, the seeds were sowed using a germitest
paper roll and allowed to germinate in a germination chamber, at 25 C or in soil at field conditions. Germination first
count and germination were evaluated at 5 and 10 days after seeding, respectively, and germination speed index (GSI)
(5 to 15 day after seeding), seedling height, leaf chlorophyll and leaves number at 16 day after seeding. The treatments
were arranged in randomized blocks with four replicates, using maize Bandeirante cultivar. The dates were compared
from controls at P<0.05, after applying Dunnetts test or duncans test between regulators. At chamber condition, the
germination under treatments that used growth regulator CC(36%), E(41%) and PC(41%) was lower that control(58%),
but at the first count CCC(52%) and PC(60%) was higher than control(48%). In the field, the treatment CC(32%) and
CCC(33%) were higher than TE(17%) and PC(20%), but did not differ from control(25%). The GSI parameter, the
treatment PC(11) was higher than TE(8) but anything else were different from control(12). The chlorophyll content did
not differ from control and among regulators. The plant height treated with TE(14cm) was 6cm lower than control(20cm).
The leaves number per plant was 4.8 in CC and 3.9 in TE, but no differ from control(4.5). In conclusion, theses plant
regulators may be used as the propose of seed treatment study.
Keywords: Zea mays, Vigor, Germination, Plant regulator
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440. NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZERS RATES ON SEED QUALITY AND
PRODUCTION OF Brachiaria humidicola.
Deminicis, B.B., 2Vieira, H.D.; 2Jardim, J.G., 3Arajo, S.A.C., 1Salomo, B.M. 1Universidade Federal do Esprito
Santo (UFES), Alegre-ES, Brazil, brunodeminicis@gmail.com, 2Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy
Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, Brazil, 3Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri
(UFVJM), Diamantina-MG, Brazil.
1
There exists a lack of information about the fertilization of forages plants when the seeds production is the final purpose.
Thus the study of influence of nutrients doses is necessary for increase the productivity and to obtained seeds with
superior quality. Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the influence of effect of doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium on the quality and seed production of koronivia grass. The experimental design used in the two experiments was
a randomized blocks replicated with four repetitions. In the first experiment was used four nitrogen doses (0, 100, 200 and
400 Kg/ha) and four potassium doses (0,100, 200 and 400 Kg/ha) and in the second experiment was used three nitrogen
doses (0, 100 and 200 Kg/ha) and three phosphorus doses (0, 50 and 75 Kg/ha). The seeds harvest was accomplished 24
days after beginning of the emergency of the flowers (from 5 to 10 flowers/m2). The seeds were counting and weighted. Its
results evidenced the effect (P <0,05) of the nitrogen fertilization in the production, in weight and in number, and quality
of seeds, however the fertilization with phosphorus and potassium didnt show any effects.
Keywords: Fertilization, Seeds, Koronivia grass.
441. BIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF FRUITS AND SEEDS OF BURITI (Mauritia flexuosa L.) IN AN AREA OF
LOWLAND IN MUNICIPALITY OF MAZAGO AMAP, BRAZIL.
Lemos, R. A., Dantas, A. R., Lopes Filho, R. P., Damasceno, L. F. (Universidade do Estado do Amap
(UEAP), Macap-AP, Brazil, renelemos@bol.com.br, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuria (EMBRAPA),
Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal do Amap (CPAF/AP), Macap-AP, Brazil, raimundo@cpafap.embrapa.br)
Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.) is a palm which origin is in Amazon and it occurs naturally alone or in groups. It is found
throughout the State of Amap, predominantly in reeds called alluvial communities. It is a specie with high potential for
biofuel production because in its fruits and seeds is found a significant amount of vegetable oil. The objective of this study
was to analyze the morphological characteristics of fruits and seeds of Buriti. The study site was a lowland located in the
municipality of Mazago, southwest of the State of Amap. The collecting fruits occurred from August/2009 to July/2010.
Fruit production during the study period was continuous, occurring the peak production in February and March/2010.
Plants of the floodplains of Mazago are more productive when compared to plants from others areas of the State, probably
because they are in areas where soil moisture levels are always high even during the drought period. It was sampled 460
seeds from 10 matrices (46 seeds.matrices). The confidence interval averages (E) was calculated with 95% probability.
Measurements taken included the following ranges of values for the measurements of seeds: weights ranged from 16.4 to
33.2 grams (average 23.7 g 3.1 g) with dimensions ranging from 3.2 to 3.9 cm to longitudinal length (average 3.5 0.1
cm) and 2.8 the 3.7 transversal length (average 3.1 0.2 cm). The percentages of weight seed in relation to dry fruit weight
ranged from 37.5 to 58.6% (average 48.9% 3.95%). The variation is explained by the fact of dealing with native plants,
whose variability is marked for various features. The fruits have weights ranging from 31.0 to 62.0 grams (average 43.5 g
3.9 g), 5.0 to 6.3 cm (average 5.5 0.2 cm) to longitudinal length and 4.4 to 5.1 cm (average 4.7 0.1cm) to transversal
length. It was registered a large range in the relation seed weight/fruit weight that varied from 44.0% to 67.8% (average
54.3% 4.6%).
Keywords: Biofuel, alluvial communities, seeds and fruits morphology, vegetable oil.
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442. ACCELERATING AGING TEST MODIFIED: AN ALTERNATIVE TEST TO ASSESS SEED PHYSIOLOGIC
QUALITY ON TREATED PEANUTS.
Fernandes-Buzzerio, N., 1Nunes, J.C.S, 1Quatrini, M., 1Demetrio, L., 2Trafane, L.G., 2Tremocoldi, A. R.,
3
Frana, E.A. 1Seed Care Institute Latin America (Syngenta), Holambra-SP, Brazil, 2UNICAMPO-Maring-PR,
3
NNServios, nilceli.fernandes@syngenta.com.
1
The accelerating Aging Test exposes seeds for short periods to the two environmental variables that cause rapid seed
deterioration: high temperature and high humidity. High vigor seeds lots will with-stand these extreme stresses conditions
and deteriorate at a slower rate than low vigor seed lots. For some species, as peanuts, the high presence of contamination
with fungi (pathogenic or saprophytes) and also by bacteria, can provide in the standard germination test and accelerating
aging test the interference in the lab results, given unclear results. This can happen due the favourable conditions that
these tests are incubated (25 C/dark or light). To minimize this problem, some methods are recommended as the seeds
emergence on sand. Looking for this association between minimization of seeds contamination and vigor tests, an
alternative accelerating aging test was tested. The variety of peanuts IAC886 was treated with Maxim XL+Cruiser 350
and tested using the standard germination test, accelerating aging test modified (41 C/48H, sowing in sand trays:25
C-27/16 hours light) and seedbed emergence. In the standard germination test was observed low seeds germination
with high contamination of fungi and bacteria in all treatments. When observed the accelerating aging test modified and
Seedbed emergence results, the treatment with Maxim XL and Cruiser 350 showed statically equal (Scott-Knott test at
5% level of probability), differing of untreated. Based on these results, we can conclude that the accelerating aging test
modified have correlation with seedbed emergence and can be used as an alternative method to test the vigor on peanuts
seeds.
Keywords: Vigor, Accelerating Aging Test Modified, peanuts, seeds treated
443. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY TEST FIT FOR SEEDS OF Pisum sativum subsp. arvense.
Machado, C. G., 2Martins, C. C., 3Santana, D. G. de, 1Cruz, S. C. S. 2Oliveira S. S. C. de 1Universidade Estadual
de Gois (UEG), Unidade Universitria de Palmeiras de Gois, Palmeiras de Gois-GO, Brazil, carlagomesmachado@
gmail.com, 2Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Cincias Agronmicas (FCA), Botucatu-SP,
Brazil, 3Universidade Federal de Uberlndia (UFU), Uberlndia-MG, Brazil.
1
Seed quality in agricultural production is a major factor to be considered in the deployment of a crop, making it
important to obtain information about seed germination and vigor. This study had the objective to fit the methodology of
the electrical conductivity test to evaluate the physiological quality of Pisum sativum subsp. arvense seeds. Ten lots of
the cultivar IAPAR 83 were studied to establish the methodology for the electrical conductivity test. Germination, first
count of germination and seedling emergence in greenhouse were studied. For the electrical conductivity test, different
temperatures (20 C and 25 C), water volumes (75 mL and 250 mL) and imbibition periods (8, 16, 20, 24 and 28 hours)
were evaluated. For both evaluations, four replications of 50 seeds were used. The vigor and germination tests were
sensitive to evaluate the quality of seeds from different studied lots, although there were variations in the ordering of the
lots with respect to their vigor. The water volume, time and soaking temperature influenced the electrical conductivity
values. It was concluded that the electrical conductivity test is sensitive to differentiate seed lots of forage pea whenever
conducted with 250 mL of water under 25 C for 24 hours.
Keywords: Forage pea, Vigor, Physiological potential, Leaching.
Acknowledgements: CAPES
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444. STORAGE SYSTEMS IN SUNFLOWER SEEDS.

Abreu, L. A. S., 1Carvalho, M. L. M., 1Silva, T. T. A., 1Pinto, C. A. G. 1Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA),
Lavras-MG, Brazil, luapsouza2003@yahoo.com.br
1
The evaluation of seed quality in the storage is important role in seed production system, mainly in Brazil, due to
unfavorable climate conditions at seed oleaginous species conservation as the sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.).
The research was carried out with the objective of to investigate the effect of different types of package and storage
environments on sunflower seed quality after 12 months of storage. Were used seed of two sunflower hybrids (Helio 250
and Helio 251) and three types of packages: layered Kraft paper and plastic package with and without vacuum condition.
The seeds were stored in cold room or in conventional warehouse. Seed quality was evaluated using the following tests:
germination, seedling emergence, accelerated aging, electrical conductivity, sanity test, seed moisture and oil content
and evaluation of changes in alcohol dehydrogenasis (ADH), malate dehydrogenasis (MDH) and superoxide dismutase
(SOD) enzyme systems. The storage response of sunflower seeds in cold room or in conventional warehouse ranged
with package used. The storage in cold room is more effective in preserving the physiological quality of sunflower
seeds, and in this environment, the storage in paper packages is more adequate. The sunflower seeds conservation in
conventional warehouse in packages with vacuum condition favored the preservation of physiological quality. Changes
in physiological quality of sunflower seeds were detect at the enzymatic systems ADH and SOD. Regardless of storage
conditions, the incidence of the fungi Aspergillus sp. and Alternaria sp. was favored. The oil content in seed decreases
over time regardless of storage conditions.
Keywords: Helianthus annuus L., Oleaginous seed, Deterioration, Seed conservation
445. TEMPERATURE IN PRIMING IN SOLID MATRIX OF COFFEE SEEDS STORED WITH A HIGH WATER
CONTENT.
Carvalho, C. A. M., 2Guimares, R. M., 2Silva, T. T. A. 1Instituto Federal do Sul de Minas Gerais (IF), MuzambinhoMG, Brazil, calberto@eafmuz.gov.br, 2Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras-MG, Brazil.
1
The water content and temperature of seeds affect significantly the biological processes that determine different responses
when the seeds are submitted to different levels of those factors. In priming, the expected responses are in relation to
physiological quality and, though promising, this procedure in coffee seeds still is in an experimental phase. With the
objective of evaluating the performance of coffee seeds (Coffea arabica L.) stored for twelve months and submitted to
priming in solid matrix at three different temperatures, the present research was carried out in the Seed Analysis Laboratories
of the Agriculture Department of the Federal University of Lavras, Lavras-MG (Laboratrios de Anlise de Sementes do
Departamento de Agricultura da Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras MG. Seeds with 36.0% of moisture were
classified, treated, conditioned in polyethylene packages and stored in cold chamber for till 12 months. From the beginning
of the storage (month zero) and every three months (3, 6, 9 and 12 months), the samples were submitted or not to priming
in solid matrix at temperatures of 20, 30 and 40 + 1oC for 6 days. After the germination and vigor evaluations, it appeared
that priming for 6 days at temperatures of 20 and 30 C did not improve, but it maintained the germination of seeds stored
for 3 and 6 months; it increased seedling emergence from seeds stored for 9 months and the emergence velocity of the
seedlings was improved in seeds stored for 3 months. A temperature of 40 C is not recommended for conditioning
Keywords: Coffea arabica L., germination, vigor
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Pires, R.M.O., 1Nery, M.C., 2Nery, F. C., 1Rocha, A. S., 1Soares, B. C. 1Universidade Federal dos Vales do
Jequitinhonha e Mucuri(UFVJM), Diamantina-MG, Brazil, raquel.opires@yahoo.com.br, Universidade Federal de
So Joo Del Rey- (UFSJ), Sete Lagoas-MG, Brazil.
1
The necessity of production and commercialization of high quality forages seeds due to the opening of new areas for
pasture, is growing. Consequently, the use of rapid tests is becoming an indispensable tool for evaluation of physiological
quality of these seeds. Among the tests already in use, the accelerated aging test has been considered as a promising
alternative. Thus, the objective of this work is to adapt the methodology of the accelerated aging test for evaluation of
physiological quality of leguminous forage, Calopogonium mucunoides. The seeds were submitted to traditional accelerated
aging and with saturated salt of NaCl, in five periods of aging, 0 (the control treatment), 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours; and
three temperature intervals, 40 C, 42.5 C and 43 C. It was observed, that the use of saturated salt of NaCl carries a less
pronounced deterioration and less drastic results as well as the reduction of associated fungi. The exposition of seeds to the
high temperature of 43 C promoted degenerative effects resulting in lower germination rate and higher percentage of dead
seeds. In periods of 24 and 48 hours at 42.5 C, the reinvigoration of C.mucunoides seeds was observed in the traditional
treatment, probably due to the activation of some mechanism that neutralizes the subcellular damage that occurs during the
deterioration process, but further studies are needed for this treatment. In the treatment with NaCl, it was observed that the
periods of 72 hours at 40 C and 24 hours at 42.5 C, better determine the physiological quality of C. mucunoides seeds,
with less reduction in the percentage of normal seedlings.
Keywords: quality, vigor, germination, reinvigoration.
447. ALTERNATIVE METHODOLOGY FOR THE ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY TEST IN CORN SEEDS.
Andrade, E. R. 1, Barreto, M. L. A.1, Pereira, L.1, Melo, L. F.2 e Fagioli, M.3 Laboratrio de Tecnologia de Sementes,
Universidade de Braslia, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Caixa Postal 04457, CEP 70910-970, Braslia, DF, Brasil 1Graduao
em Agronomia, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinria, 2Mestrado em Agromomia, UNESP - Ilha Solteira,
3
Professor Adjunto, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinria, mfagioli@unb.br.
The present work had for objective to study alternative methodology of electric conductivity test in the evaluation of
vigour in corn seeds. The experiment evaluated different methodology as treatments (periods of soak: 6 and 16 hours;
temperature of the incubation: 35 oC; number of seeds in the container: 75 and 100 seeds; amount of distilled water
of soak: 65 mL) in the conduction of electric conductivity test, compared with the methodology considered pattern
for corn seeds (25 oC/24 hours/50 seeds/75 mL of distilled water). The laboratory evaluations were: moisture content,
germination in roller paper, the vigour for the accelerated aging and electrical conductivity test and in the field the
seedling emergence. The experimental design was completety randomized, being the compare means the Tukey test
(5%), with four replications. According to the obtained results, it was observed that the electric conductivity test of
seeds presents alternative methodology with stable conditions for application in the evaluation of the seeds vigour in
corn, offering results similar for the methodology pattern. The combined factors involving temperature, period of soak,
amount of seeds and amount of distilled water they make possible earnings of time of 8 or 18 hours in the transport of the
test and larger amount of having leached cellular measured, without detriment in the result of the electric conductivity
test.
Keywords: Zea mays L., vigour, leached cellular, rapid method.
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448. EVALUATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF SOYBEAN SEEDS PRODUCED IN DISTRITO

FEDERAL AND SURROUNDING AREAS IN THE 2009/2010 HARVEST.
Barreto, M. L. A.1, Andrade, E. R.1 e Fagioli, M.2 Laboratrio de Tecnologia de Sementes, Universidade de Braslia,
Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Caixa Postal 04457, CEP 70910-970, Braslia, DF, Brasil 1Graduao em Agronomia,
Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinria, 2Professor Adjunto, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinria,
mfagioli@unb.br.
In the production of high quality soybean seeds, the region of Distrito Federal and surrounding areas is distinguished
because of its favorable environmental conditions at high altitude, with mild temperatures at the end of cycle and low
humidity during the period of storage, which maintains the quality of material produced. However, studies show that
lack of quality control compromises the germination and vigour of most of these seeds. Based on this, the research was
conducted, aimed to evaluate the physiological quality of soybean seeds produced in the 2009/2010 harvest. Samples
were collected from different cultivars of producer companies: Pioneer, Syngenta Seeds, Tec Agro, Sementes Gois and
Santa Eliza Seeds, totaling 15 lots. The cultivars analyzed were: P98R31, P99R01, P98Y11, P98Y70, Syn-A/D, SynS/A, Syn-J/C, Syn-O/B, BRS Valiosa RR, Emgopa 313 (Lot 1), BRS Conquista, M8766 RR, MSOY 7908, Emgopa 313
(Lot 2) and Jiripoca. The Seeds Technology Laboratory - Universidade de Braslia (UnB) was used in the development
of this research. In the evaluation of these materials the following tests were applied: determination of moisture content
of seeds (WT); sodium hypochlorite (5%) test for mechanical damage (MD); germination test in filter paper (G); electric
conductivity test (EC); field emergence (FE) and emergence speed (ES). The experimental design was completely
randomized, being the compare means the Tukey test (5%), with four replications. The following variations were
obtained: 10 to 12% for WT; 4 to 24% for MD; 48 to 94% for G; 49,13 for 113,26 S cm-1 g-1 for CE; 73 to 95% for
FE; 38,5 to 75,5 for ES. We can conclude that the care in the production of seeds is directly reflected in the germination
and vigour of soybean seeds. Of the fifteen materials analyzed, two were below the limits of germination and vigour.
Thus, it should be considered as grain and not as seed lots. Ler foneticamente
Keywords: Glycine max (L.) Merrill, seed quality, seed vigour, seed lots.
449. REPEATABILITY AND REPRODUCIBILITY IN THE VALIDATION PROCESS FOR SEED

GERMINATION TESTS OF BRAZILIAN WOODY SPECIES.
Brando, N. A. L., 1Nascimento, F. G., 1Soares, D. C. P., 1Pereira, V. J., 1Lobo, G. A., 1Santana, D. G. 1Universidade
Federal de Uberlndia (UFU), Uberlndia-MG, Brazil, nubiaalbrandao@hotamil.com.
1
The validation of methodologies standardizes procedures and guarantees the repeatability and reproducibility of results.
Cultivated species have valid methodologies for germination tests, but they are almost nonexistent for native woody
species. This study aimed to evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of the lots in the process of validation of methods
for germination tests of the woody species in Brazil. Ten species were used in the research: Astronium fraxinifolium Schott
ex Spreng., Ceiba speciosa (A.St.-Hill.) Ravenna, Cybistax antisyphilitica (Mart.) Mart., Enterolobium contortisiliquum
(Vell.) Morong., Guazuma ulmifolia Lam., Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil., Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth., Peltophorum
dubium (Spreng.) Taub., Pseudobombax tomentosum (C. Martius & Zuccarini) Robyns and Pterogyne nitens Tul. Protocols
containing methodologies for testing the germination of these species were sent to laboratories (between 11 and 12)
together with four lots of distinct physiological quality. Variances of repeatability and reproducibility were calculated for
the percentage of normal seedlings, after the exploratory analysis of Box-plot. The variances of reproducibility were higher
than the variances of repeatability for almost all of the lots, except for one of the lots of Guazuma ulmifolia and Mimosa
caesalpiniaefolia where this aspect was reversed. The variances of repeatability were lower for lots of higher quality,
except for Pterogyne nitens which presented the lowest variance of repeatability in the low quality lot. The variances of
reproducibility were lower in high-and low-quality lots. Just Peltophorum dubium showed lower reproducibility variance
for the intermediate lot. Thus, lots of high or low quality, where seedling classification is very clear, present more reliable
results in the reproduction of the methodology. However, the higher the genetic variability the greater the variances of
repeatability and reproducibility of results will be.
Keywords: Germination, Normal seedlings, Variances, Lots.
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450. INTERLABORATORY QUALITY CONTROL IN METHODOLOGY VALIDATION OF BRAZILIAN

WOODY SPECIES BY k AND h STATISTICS OF MANDEL.
Brando, N. A. L., 1Nascimento, F. G., 2Silva, A. C., 1Anastcio, M. R., 1Rehbein, L. S., 1Santana, D. G.,
1
Universidade Federal de Uberlndia (UFU), Uberlndia-MG, Brazil, nubiaalbrandao@hotamil.com, 2Universidade
Luterana do Brasil (ILES/ULBRA), Itumbiara-GO, Brazil.
1
In the validation process, statistics used in evaluating the quality of laboratories are implemented and serve as a tool
to detect existing variabilities. The k Mandel statistic examines the variability of results of each laboratory for each
lot, pointing out labs that showed no repeatability. The present study aimed to carry out the quality control of results of
normal seedlings from 12 laboratories participating in the process of validation of test methods for seed germination
of 10 species. Four lots were sent to laboratories with different germination quality along with the protocol for the
implementation of the germination test and evaluation of percentage of normal seedlings. Mandels k and h statistics
were calculated at 0.01 and 0.05 significance after Box-plot exploratory analysis. According to the analysis of Mandels
k statistic, laboratory 11 indicated high repeatability variances in four lots of Astronium fraxinifolium and in two lots
of Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia, laboratory 1 in two lots of Pterogyne nitens and laboratory 5 in two lots of Enterolobium
contortisiliquum. In the analysis of Mandels h statistic, laboratory 3 was appointed as discrepant in relation to other
laboratories for two lots of A. fraxinifolium and two lots of P. nitens, laboratory 4 for three lots of C. antisyphilitica,
laboratory 5 in two lots of Guazuma ulmifolia and in two lots of Peltophorum dubium, laboratory 12 in two lots of M.
caesalpiniaefolia and in three lots of Pseudobombax tomentosum, laboratory 13 in two lots of E. contortisiliquum, in
three lots of Lafoensia pacari and 1 lot of P. dubium. For the other laboratories, discrepant data in the analysis of these
statistics was incidental to species and lots, showing that variations in results are mainly due to intrinsic variability of
the species and secondarily to random experimental errors.
Keywords: Laboratories, Variabilities, Discrepancies, Experimental error.
451. PROCEDURES STATISTICAL VALIDATION OF METHODOLOGY FOR TESTING OF GERMINATION

OF WOODY SPECIES OF THE CERRADO.
Nascimento, F. G., 1Brando, N. A. L., 1Soares, D. C. P., 1Rehbein, L. S., 2Wielewicki, A. P., 1Santana, D.
G. 1Universidade Federal de Uberlndia (UFU), Uberlndia-MG, Brazil, fabioagro43@hotmail.com, 2Ministrio da
Agricultura, Pecuria e Abastecimento (LANAGRO/LASO), Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil.
1
Statistical models are essential in the validation process for inclusion of species, especially forest, in the brazilians rules for
seed analysis. Thus, the aim was to apply the analysis model of variance results of the validation of methods for testing the
seeds germination of native species of Brazil after the confirmation of presuppositions of normality and homogeneity. Lots
of seed with different germination qualities of 10 woody species (Astronium fraxinifolium; Cybistax antisyphilitica; Ceiba
speciosa; Dimorphandra mollis; Enterolobium contortisiliquum; Lafoensia pacari; Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia; Parkia
pendula; Peltophorum dubium; Pseudobombax tomentosum) were sent with respective methodologies for laboratories,
in numbers of six to 12. The experimental design was completely randomized (laboratories x lots), with four replications
in plots of 50 seeds and 100 seeds for true value. For all species, the percentage of normal seedlings was the analyzed
characteristic on which the model was applied to analysis of variance, after the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality of the
residuals and the Levenes test for homogeneity of variances. All species, except D. mollis, showed values of W statistics
of Shapiro-Wilk and F of Levenes, associated with probabilities greater than 0.01, indicating that the residuals follow a
normal distribution and the variances are homogeneous. Were considered validated methodologies whose tested model
analysis of variance detected, for normal seedlings, the significant effect for lots, and not significant for labs and interaction.
Even considering the particularities of the native forest species and high variability mainly by not dealing with improved
materials, the methodologies described in the literature for species were enough to be validated.
Keywords: normality, homogeneity, seeds, normal seedlings
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452. EVALUATION OF RAW AND COATED TOBACCO SEED QUALITY BY THE ACCELERATED
AGING TEST.
Carvalho, C. de.; Novembre, A.D.L.C. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, (ESALQ),Caixa Postal
9, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba-SP, castelancarvalho@gmail.com.
Vigor tests are applied to complement the physiological seed quality. Therefore, the objective of this research was
tostudythe accelerated aging testto estimate thequality of raw and coated tobacco seeds(Nicotianatabacum). Five lots of
raw and coated seeds, Virginia variety, CSC 439 cultivar, wasaging usingwaterandNaCl saturated salt solutionat41
C and 43 C for 12 and 24 hours. The seeds were evaluated at 7, 10 and 16 days after sowing by the germination
test.Simultaneously,the seedswereevaluatedby standard germinationtestandseedling emergence. The experimental
design was a completely randomized and the means were compared by Tukey test (5%).Theaccelerated aging testusing
waterorsaline solution does not sortlotsofraw tobacco seeds accordingto theseedling emergence.However when it was
used NaCl saturated salt solution and thecombinationof43 Cfor 24hof aging and evaluation performed at 7 days after
sowing, sorted coated seed lots according to seedling emergence.
Keywords: Nicotiana tabacum, Vigor, Quality control
Acknowledgements: CAPES, CNPq
453. METHODOLODY VALIDATION FOR SEED GERMINATION TESTS OF Cedrela odorata L. E Cedrela
fissilis Vell.
Soares, D. C. P., 1Anastcio, M. R., 1Brando, N. A. L., 1Lobo, G.A., 1Pereira, V. J. 1Universidade Federal de
Uberlndia (UFU), Uberlndia-MG, Brazil, nubiaalbrandao@hotmail.com.
1
The great challenge of the methodology validation process for seed germination testing of woody species in Brazil is
to organize the seed and seedlings production sector and formalize commercialization. Seed longevity of the genus
Cedrela is a limiting factor in the validation process because they must be sowed immediately after the ripening of the
fruit. Thus, the objective was to develop protocols for seed germination testing of Cedrela odorata and Cedrela fissilis
for validation and inclusion of these species in the rules for seed testing in Brazil. The seeds were disinfected with a
detergent solution, followed by washing in running water, put in germination paper and kept in an incubator set at 25
C and continuous white light. The counting of normal seedlings was recorded at 14, 21 and 28 days, the latter being
only for C. odorata. The experiment designs were completely randomized in 3 x 7 and 3 x 9 factors for C. fissilis and
C. odorata, respectively, with the first factor being related to lots with different quality levels (low, intermediate and
high quality) and the second to the laboratories. The protocols of each species were sent to two laboratories responsible
for determining the true value of 400 seeds divided into 16 replicates of 25. Five laboratories for C. fissilis and seven
for C. odorata seeds received 200 seeds to perform the test with eight replications of 25 seeds. The Levenes test for
homogeneous variances and the Shapiro-Wilks test for residuals with normal distribution were applied to the data of
the normal seedlings followed by the variance analysis model. The methodology is validated for each species since the
lot effect is significant (P <0.01) and the laboratory and interaction effect is insignificant. The percentage of normal
seedlings in the lots of higher quality species matched those described in literature, indicating that the methods can
be reproduced and therefore validated. The importance of the genus Cedrela in the Brazilian and international timber
industry justifies the organization of production and commercialization of seeds.
Keywords: Woody species, Physiological quality, Cedar, Seed longevity.
Acknowledgements : CNPq, FAPEMIG.
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454. FUNGICAL MICROFLORA IN SEEDS OF FIVE NATIVE FOREST SPECIES OF RIO GRANDE DO
SUL BRAZIL.
Zanatta, Z.G.C.N.1; Meneghello, G.E.1; Soares, V. N.1; Fin, S.S1.; Tillmann.M.A1; Huller, A.1 (1Universidade
Federal de Pelotas UFPel/ Departamento de Fitotecnia, PPG em Cincia e Tecnologia de Sementes FAEM/UFPel
Campus Universitrio Caixa Postal 354 CEP 96001-970) email: zarelacasas@yahoo.com.br
The aim of this study was to evaluate seed pathology of native Forest seeds like: Cambuim (Myrciaria tenella (DC.) Berg),
Cherry (Eugenia involucrata DC.), Jaboticabeira (Plinia trunciflora (Berg) Kausel), Wild peach (Prunus myrtifolia (L.)
Urban .) and Surinam Cherry (Eugenia uniflora L.) harvested in the forests located in the Northwestern State of Rio Grande
do Sul - Brazil. This work was developed at the Seed Pathology Lab of the Postgraduate Program in Seed Science and
Technology. The test was conducted by the method of incubation on filter paper (Blotter Test), using 200 seeds for each
species studied, which were packed in 10 plastic box called gerbox (twenty seeds each), totaling 200 seeds. The gerboxs
were incubated for a period of seven days at a temperature of 22 2 C under fluorescent lighting, the distance was 40 cm
for 12 hours each day. Evaluations were performed by examining individual seeds with a stereomicroscope. It was checked
the presence or not the fungus on the seeds and the data expressed in percentages. The samples examined from five species
had a higher fungi incidence in the seeds of: Fusarium spp, Penicillium spp, Cercospora spp., Alternaria spp, Rhyzopu.,
Epicocum, Clamisdoporium spp Pestalotia, Chaetomium, Colletotrichum spp.
Keywords:, Pathology, Fungus, Seed
455. Control of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli through seed microbiolization

with Bacillus cereus on common beans.
Denardin, N. D.1; Sbalcheiro, C. C1.; Agostini, V1.; Moura, A.B and Tumelero, A. I1. 1Faculdade de Agronomia
e Medicina Veterinria, Laboratory of Bacteriology and Microbiology, Universidade de Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil.
norimar@upf.br
The common bean crop in Brazil is often damaged by the common bacterial blight, incited by the bacterium Xanthomonas
axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap). Infected seeds are main sources of inoculum for this bacterium and seed microbiolization
with biocontrol agents may be useful to manage this disease. A strain (UPF 008) of Bacillus cereus was isolated from the
rhizosphere of corn plants and used to treat bean seeds infected with Xap. The use of naturally infected seeds (5 104 UFC.
seed-1) resulted in 57% seedling emergence and 412.14 units for the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), with
a grain yield of 1242 kg.ha-1. Seed microbiolization with B. cereus (3,5 mL of a suspension containing 8 106 UFC.mL-1)
reduced AUDPC to 83,96 units and increased seedling emergence to 90% and grain yield to 1889 kg.ha-1. Combination
of B. cereus with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli or Rhizobium plus the insecticide thiamethoxam resulted in
AUDPCs of 78,87 and 86,28 units, seedling emergence of 91% and 94%, and yields of 1368 kg and 2027 kg.ha-1. Seed
treatment with B. cereus reduced disease development and increased yield, especially when combined with Rhizobium and
thiamethoxam.
Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris, biological control, seed microbiolization.
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456. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECT OF AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF Allamanda cathartica ON THE GERMINATION

OF SEEDS AND GROWTH OF SEEDLINGS OF Lactuca sativa L.
Goes, F. S. de, 2Lacerda, G. A. (1Universidade Jos do Rosrio Vellano (UNIFENAS), Divinpolis-MG, Brazil
2
Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador-BA, Brazil, guilhermebiologia@yahoo.com.br)
1
Some plant species have the ability to produce allelochemicals from secondary metabolism. These substances may influence
the development of other plants. The objective of this work was to demonstrate allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts
of Allamanda cathartica on seed germination and seedling growth of Lactuca sativa L. (Lettuce), as well as perform a
comparative study of extraction methods - room temperature (RT) or hot water (80 C). The extracts were obtained from
100 g of fresh leaves with 200 mL of RT or hot deionized water. Bioassays tested five concentrations of each extract (12,5;
25; 50; 75 e 100%) plus a negative control (deionized water) during 6 days incubation under constant temperature (25
C). The seeds physiological parameters evaluated were germination (G%), mean germination time (tm), germination
speed index (GSI), and the lengths of seedlings (hypocotyl-radicle). Both water extracts reduced or significantly inhibited
the percentage of seed germination as it also severely affected early seedling growth when compared with the negative
control. Also showed a trend to change in other parameters, and the RT extract showed more drastic results on all variables
as compared to the hot water extract. The results, therefore, indicate the existence of allelopathic potential of Allamanda
cathartica and suggest the use of RT water extracts.
Keywords: Bioprospection, Biotic stresses, Native plants, Cerrado
Acknowledgements: UNIFENAS.
457. BIOCHEMICAL AND ANTIOXIDANT EVALUATION OF SEEDS OF Myracrodruon Urundeuva Allemo

AND Schinus terenbethifolius Raddi.
Oliveira, C.S.C.1, Ribeiro, P. R.1,2, Loureiro, M.B.1, De Castro, R.D.1, Fernandez, L.G.1 (1Biofunction Department,
Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil cnbiologa@gmail.com).
Schinus terebinthifolius and Myracrondruon urundeuva are Anacardiaceae species. Leaves and seeds are traditionally
prepared as infusion or syrup for astringent, antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, blood purification, and treatment of
hemoptysis and uterine disorders. Phytochemical studies have demonstrated the presence of flavonoids and tannins in
seed extracts as antioxidant substances. In this context, a comparative biochemical analysis was undertaken to evaluate
the antioxidant activity of black pepper (M. urundeuva) and Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius) seeds. The
extracts were obtained by Soxhlet extraction using ethanol 96%, hexane and petroleum ether. Antioxidant activity, total
lipids and triglycerides were determined by visible spectrophotometry. The concentration of total lipids ranged from
19.7% (extraction with ethanol after extraction with hexane) and 28.3% (extraction with ethanol), while cholesterol
ranged from 26.0 mg/dL (hexane extract) and 83.9 mg/dL (ethanol extract after extraction with hexane) and triglycerides
between 23 mg/dL (after hexane extraction of ethanol) and 274.6 mg/dL in the petroleum ether extract. It was found that
the antioxidant activity of seeds M. urundeuva showed a decrease in initial concentration depending on type of extract
ranging from 500 to 17.63 g/mL. Thus, it is clear that the high antioxidant potential of seeds of M. urundeuva can be
explained by the presence of substances capable of inhibiting free radicals.
Keywords: Schinus terebinthifolius, Myracrondruon urundeuva, medicinal plants
Acknowledgements: CNPQ, RENORBIO, FAPESB
Informativo
A B R AT E S
vol.21, n.1, 2011
309
458. Seedborne infection of Jatropha curcas caused by Serratia marcescens.

Moitinho, B.M1; Vasconcelos, M.P.1; Matos, D.A.1; Damio, A.O.1; Franco, L.L.1; Fernandez2 L.G.; De
Castro, R.D.2; Almeida, P.F1; Roque, M.R.A.1, milton.roque@ufba.br. (1Laboratrio de Biotecnologia e Ecologia
de Microrganismos; 2Laboratrio de Bioqumica, Biotecnologia e Bioprodutos; Universidade Federal da Bahia
Instituto de Cincias da Sade, Salvador-BA, Brazil).
Microorganisms isolated from plants (endophytics) and rhizospheric region have been used for bioprospecting, such as
biological control agents and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Our research group have studied some species
of PGPRs obtained from endemic plants in the semiarid Brazilian Northeast (Mucug-Bahia), and we have observed signs
of infection in Jatropha curcas seeds by bacteria (seed rot) in non-inoculated treatments by PGPRs. This observation led us
to isolate the causal agent which has been identified as Serratia marcescens by molecular methods. Subsequently, we used
healthy seeds with high germinability for new pathogenicity tests. Seed triplicates were divided into two pre-treatments,
firstly with a disinfection process with sodium hypochlorite, alcohol and sterilized water (5X); second the seeds were
washed in sterile water, then inoculated with sterile distilled water (control) and with an inoculum (concentration of 105
colony forming units). The assessment showed 90% of germination, and all seeds inoculated (100%) with the bacterium
Serratia marcescens showed symptoms of root rot and seedborne disease, including a lysate with red color pigment typical
from Serratia species.
Keywords: Seedborne disease, Serratia marcescens, Germination.
Acknowledgements: CNPq, Programa de Ps-graduao em Biotecnologia, UFBA
459. MORPHOMETRIC PLASTICITY AND REPRODUCTIVE INDEX IN INDIVIDUALS OF Byrsonima

RICH. EX. KUNTH. FROM DISTINCTS RIPARIAN MICROENVIRONMENTS OF DOCE RIVER, MG,
BRAZIL
Magalhes, A. F., 2Carvalho, D. 1Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil,
allanfmbh@yahoo.com.br, 2Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras-MG, Brazil
1
The present work evaluated the variation morphometric and reproductive index of propagatives structures in subpopulation
of two wood forest species B. intermedia DC. e B. verbascifolia in order to understand, in spatial microscale, the
importance of distinct riparian microenvironments about yours mechanism of reproduction and plasticity phenotypic.
The data collect was realized in two Conservation Units, Estao Ambiental de Peti UHE Peti (artificial lakes) and
Parque Estadual do Rio Doce PERD (natural lakes), at Rio Doce, MG, Brazil. The riparian microenvironments were
defined in function of the incidence of light registered (Data Logger LI-COR LI-1400) under the canopy of trees and
physic-chemistry properties (pH, organic matter, Al, BS, t, T, V, m, sand, silt, clay, electric conductivity) of soil near
of water. The sampling constituted of collect of flowers bunches (30 units/individuals) to determination of numbers
of fruits, total length (CT) e effective length (CE) of bunches. In each bunches, three at four fruits were external and
internal (pyrene) characterized by total length, diameter and total volume. The final stage constituted in quantification
of number of seeds in each fruit by ray-x image. The results observed that in spite of discrepancy heterogeneous of
riparian microenvironments, by the Principal Components Analyzer (PCA), the morphometric variation of propagatives
structures and the reproductive index did not evidenced. This way, the species studied showed it importance in utilization
on reclamation riparian areas programs since to the microenvironments studied, there was not larger effect on the
reproductive index and morphometric variation of propagatives structures.
Keywords: Byrsonima, Microenvironments, Riparian forest
Acknowledgements: FAPEMIG; DEFLOR Bioengenharia
Informativo
A B R AT E S
vol.21, n.1, 2011
310
460. STRUCTURAL VARIATIONS IN Anadenanthera colubrina (VELL.) BRENAN SEEDLING SUBMITTED

TO DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES .
Azevedo, C. F., 1Bruno, R. L. A., 1Silva, K. R. G., 1Ferrari, C. S., 1Alves, E. U., Quirino, Z. G., 1Andrade, A. P.,
1
Silva, G. Z., 1Universidade Federal da Paraba (UFPB), Areia-PB, Brazil, katrgs@gmail.com
1
The objective of study was to evaluate the effects of different temperatures on growth of Anadenanthera colubrina
(Vell.) Brenan seedling (Leguminosae). The seeds were sowing on the sand, with four replicates of 25 seeds, in BOD at
constant temperatures of 25, 30 and 35 and alternated of 20/30 C. The characteristics evaluated were: length and stem
diameter; length and root diameter; and length and leaves width. The data were analyzed in randomized design with four
replicates and the averages compared by Tukey test (5%). The temperatures caused no significant effect on stem length of
A. colubrina, but increased the diameter (P<0.01) when the plants were kept at 30 (1.34mm), 35 (1.16mm) and 20-30 C
(1.30mm) compared to seedlings submitted to 25 C (1,03mm). The root showed growth higher (P<0.01) at temperatures
of 25 (12.40cm), 30 (12.08cm) and 20-30 C (11.53cm), compared to 35 C (7.94cm); while the diameter (P<0.01) was
increased in 30 (1.52mm) and 35 C (1.67mm), compared to 25 (1.25mm) and 20-30 C (1.49mm). No significant effects
of temperature on the length and leaves width. The alternated temperature of 20-30 C is more appropriate to promote
the development of structures that benefit the growth of A. colubrina seedlings, as it promotes greater absorption and
distribution of water and minerals from the soil, reducing the root diameter and increasing the root length and stem
diameter.
Keywords: Angico, seedling development, morphology
Informativo
A B R AT E S
vol.21, n.1, 2011
311
Index by Authors
A
Abbasi Surki A. 104
Abreu, L. A. S. 188, 302
Abucarma, V. M. 192, 193, 235
Abud, H. F. 286, 287, 292
Aburcarma,V. M. 191
Adamska, J. 242
Adeleye, I. A. 122
Adimargono P. S. 100
Aflitos, S. A. 84
Afzal, I. 188, 224, 233
Aghhavani-Shajari, M. 205
Agostini, V. 307
Ahmadzadeh, M. 123
Akintunde, A. T. 122
Albert-Ludwigs 78
Albertos, P. 157
Albuquerque, K. S. 169
Albuquerque, P. M. 177, 178
Albuquerque, U. P. 266, 267
Alcntara, N. V. 170, 180
Alencar, N. L. M. 129, 130, 175, 209, 210, 221
Alexandre, R. S. 141, 143, 144, 214, 234, 235, 289, 290
Alivand, R. 207
Al-Jabr, A. M. 200
Al-Khateeb, S. A. 200
Almeida, J. 235
Almeida, P. F. 309
Almeida, T. 141, 142
Alvarenga, A. A. de 171, 173, 174
Alvarez, I. A. 258
Alves, E. U. 91, 92, 195, 237, 283, 310
Alves, F. F. 260, 263
Alves, F. V. 115
Amaral da Silva, E. A. 137
Amaral, L. G. C. 194
Amaral, T. S. 263, 264
Amiri, M. B. 205, 286
Amodo, S. C. 162
Amorim, T. A. 186, 270
Anastcio, M. R. 193, 198, 305, 306
Andrade, A. C. S. 165, 168, 264, 276, 277
Andrade, A. P. 310
Andrade, E. R. 303, 304
Andrade, L. G. 165, 264, 276
Andrade, S. E. O. de. 154
Anese, S. 137
Antunes, C. G. C. 84, 222
Informativo
A B R AT E S
Aparcio, W. C. S. 270
Aquino, L. A. 292
Arana, M. V. 261
Arantes, N. E. 254
Araujo, D. R. C. 151, 152, 194, 195
Arajo, E. de L. 266, 267
Arajo, E. F. 135
Arajo, E. L. 266
Arajo Junior, E. S. 155
Arajo, L. R. 283
Arajo, M. N. 212, 219, 220, 258
Arajo, S. A. C. 300
Arajo, T. T. de. 154
Arc, E. 72, 74, 77
Arisnabarreta, S. 139, 146
Armondes, K. A. P. 218
Arribat, S. 69
Arruda, Y. M. B. C. 175
Artigot, M. -P. 64
Artur, M. A. S. 171, 172
Asahina M. 72
Ashwath, N. 187
Atade, G. M. 141, 142, 274
Ataide, R. C. N. 182, 232
Aud, F. F. 227, 268
Auge, G. A. 185
Avella Grillia, M. S. 230
Azarkovich, M. I. 74, 153, 215
Azevedo, C. F. 195, 310
Azevedo, S. L. de 154
B
Babaeian Jelodar, N. 291
Bagniewska-Zadworna, A. 218
Bailly, C. 69
Baker, J. 139
Balzs, E. 70
Balbuena, T. S. 184
Baldini, L. S. 113, 294
Ballesteros, D. 279
Balzergue, S. 69
Bandeira, K. B. 192
Barbarich, M. F. 230
Barbedo, C. J. 297
Barbosa, F. D. 228
Barbosa, L. A. 262
Barbosa, M. O. 256
vol.21, n.1, 2011
312
Barbosa, R. C. A. 154, 155, 265

Barbosa, R. M. 130, 184
Barker, G. 160
Barrero J. M. 68
Barreto, C. F. 154
Barreto, L. C. 131, 152, 212, 217, 292
Barreto, M. L. A. 303, 304
Barros, C. F. 168
Barros, D. P. 141, 142
Barroso, L. M. M. 183
Barros, R. S. 140, 172
Baskin, C. C. 97
Baskin, J. M. 97
Basra, S. M. A. 237, 238
Basra, S. M. A. B. 188, 233
Bassel, G. W. 71, 72, 73, 133
Batista, D. S. 228
Batista, G. S. 128, 165
Batlla, D. 139, 140, 146, 160
Bazin, J. 69
Beachy, R. N. 91
Bello, P. H. N. 102, 224
Bender, J. 279
Benech-Arnold, R. L. 127,139, 140, 146, 185, 199, 261
Bentsink, L. 71, 76, 129
Berger, M. 64, 92
Berger, P. G. 292
Berjak, P. 101, 105
Bernardes, R. S. A. 177, 178
Bertero, H. D. 160
Bewley, J. D. 73
Bezerra, A. K. 195
Bezerra, A. M. E. 286, 287
Bhardwaj, R. M. 83, 161
Bhering, M. C. 135, 136
Biaggioni, M. A. 200
Bieras, A. 166
Bodrone, P. 139, 146
Bogatek, R. 146, 147, 186
Bolyakina, Ju. P. 153
Bordegato, N. C. Z. 200
Borges, E. E. de L. 141, 142, 177, 178
Borges, E. E. L. 274, 282
Borisjuk, L. 63, 108, 275
Brner, A. 83, 103, 106, 275
Bove, J. 62
Bowden, L. H. 163
Bradford, K. J. 68, 102, 145, 224, 274
Braga Jnior, J. M. 195, 283
Brando, N. A. L. 194, 198, 304, 305, 306
Brasileiro, B. G. 135, 136
Bray, C. M. 83, 138, 161
Breier, T. B. 186, 270
Brian, N. 100
Brito, C. D. 64, 198
Informativo
A B R AT E S
Bruckner, C. H. 136, 141, 214, 289

Brum, G. R. 267, 268
Brunis, A. B. 272
Bruno, R. L. A. 195, 283, 310
Buckley, W. T. 71
Bueno, B. F. 128
Buitink, J. 62, 82
Bujarska-Borowska, B. 187, 189
Buller, L. 78
Burdman, S. 255
Burrieza, H. P. 230, 236
Burtet-Sarramegna, V. 87
Bussinguer, A. P. 151, 152
C
Cabral, A. L. A. 215
Calheiros,V. S. 239
Calmon, A. 92
Calvi, G. P. 227, 228
Camargo, F. P. 113
Camolese, A. C. 158, 2201, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251
Campos, F. A. P. 244
Campos, F. G. 158, 201, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251
Canedo Rivera, A. A. 199
Cantliffe, D. J. 70
Cantoro, R. 185, 199
Cara, P. A. A. 263, 264
Carder, P. 258
Cardoso, K. C. 244
Cardoso, V. J. M. 162, 163, 189
Carrao-Panizzi, M. C. 210
Carvalho, A. J. C. 246
Carvalho, A. S. R. 264
Carvalho, C. A. M. 302
Carvalho, C. de. 306
Carvalho, D. 309
Carvalho, J. E. U. de 115, 181
Carvalho, M. L. M. de 199, 302
Casenave, E. C. 121
Cassandra Berjak, P. 104
Castellanet, P. 92
Castro, C. C 267
Castro, I. R. D. 201
Castro, L. E. 225, 226
Castro, R. D. 84, 198, 202, 222, 239, 240, 308, 309
Cataneo, A. C. 294
Cattelan, L. V. 149
Cavariani, C. 113, 200, 223, 294
Cazetta, T. C. 151
Ceccato, D. V. 160
Cela, J. 259
Cembrowska, D. 78
Centeno, D. C. 162
vol.21, n.1, 2011
313
Cerqueira, M. O 202
Chatelain, E. 62
Chaves, A. R. S. 201
Chaves, D. V. 214
Chaves, I. S. 171, 172, 173, 174
Cheema M. A. 237, 238
Cheng, H. Y. 85, 131
Chevreuil, L. R. 177, 253, 255
Cicero, S. M. 117, 136, 142
Clay, H. 96, 134
Cockerell, V. 163
Coelho, A. B. 288
Coelho, C. M. M. 164, 182, 183, 191, 232, 281, 293, 298,
299
Coelho, C. P. 172
Coelho, L. C. B. B. 251
Conceio, P. M. 135, 214
Contreras Mariani, R. 121
Cook, D. 79
Coppoolse, E. 274
Cor, J. E. 184
Corbineau, F. 80
Correa, C. 182, 183, 232
Cossa, C. A. da 135, 158, 201, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251
Costa, A. F. 229
Costa, C. A. da 135
Costa, C. C 265
Costa, C. F. A. 134
Costa, C. J. 239
Costa, F. G. 269
Costa, G. G. L. 244
Costa, L. E. C. 256
Costa, M. C. D. 171, 206, 219
Coutinho, A. B. 213
Coutinho, D. J. G. 245, 246, 252, 256
Crane, J. 278
Cruz, C. R. P. 240
Cruz, E. D. 164, 275
Cruz, S. C. S. 301
Cueff, G. 72, 74, 77
Cunha, D. A. 288
Cunha, M. A. S. 244
Cursi, P. R. 138
Curto, M. 157
D
Dadalto, W. L. 150
Dahal, P. 68, 145, 274
Daibes, L. F. 162, 163, 189
Dalbato, A. L. 132
Damasceno Jr, G. A. 179, 224
Damasceno, L. F. 300
Damio, A. O. 309
DAngelis, A. S. R. 248
Informativo
A B R AT E S
Daniel, I. O. 106, 122

Dantas, A. R. 270, 300
Dantas, B. F. 211, 212, 219, 220, 258
Dantas, E. A. 265
Dantas, T. A. 154
Davide, A. C. 137, 226, 269
Davide, A. C. 276
Dayd, J. 64
Debska, K. 147
De Castro, R. D. 239
Dehghanpour F. H. 122
Dekkers, B. J. W. 71, 76, 84
Del Bem, L. E. V. 244
Del Filho, N. 202
Demetrio, L. 301
Deminicis, B. B. 300
Denardin, N. D. 307
Dent, K. 96, 134, 160
Destro, D. 211
Dias, D. C. F. S. 110, 129, 135, 136, 141, 150, 165, 166,
218, 228, 282, 289, 292
Dias, D. C. S. 149
Dias, K. M. 290, 291
Dias, L. A. S. 110, 135, 282, 292
Dias, L. C. 184
Dias, M. A. 135, 165, 166
Didonet, A. A. 254
Dietz, K. J. 111
Dixon, R. A. 62
Domont, G. B. 244
Dourado Neto, D. 117
Dousseau, S. 171, 173, 174
Douterelo Soler, I. 96, 134, 160
Dranski, J. A. 191
Dratch, P. 100
Drury, G. E. 83, 161
Duarte, D. M. 131, 152, 212, 217, 278
Drr, C. 86
E
Echtler, A. L. 77
Effgen, S. 100
Eisazadeh, R. 207
Elias, M. E. A. 157
El-Maarouf-Bouteau, H. 69
Entesari, M. 123
Erasmo, E. A. L. 213
Espsito, M. P. 297
Eva, G. B. 108
F
Fagioli, M. 303, 304
Fallahi, J. 205, 206, 286
vol.21, n.1, 2011
314
Fallah Poor, F. 286

Farbod, F. 120
Faria, J. M. R. 169, 171, 206, 215, 219, 220, 222, 226, 229,
277
Faria, R. T. 153, 158, 159
Farias, F. L. 191
Farias, G. C. 261, 262
Farooq, M. 188, 233
Feng, J. 76
Fres, J. G. 288
Fernandes, A. A. 141, 143, 144, 214, 234, 289, 290
Fernandes, A. V. 177, 178, 253, 255
Fernandes-Buzzerio, N. 301
Fernandes, G. W. 97, 161
Fernndez-Arbaizar, A. 75, 148, 157
Fernandez, L. 199
Fernandez, L. G. 64, 84, 198, 202, 239, 240, 308, 309
Fernando, M. T. R. 159
Ferrari, C. S. 310
Ferraz, I. D. K. 175, 227, 228, 254, 268
Ferreira. J. E. R. 164, 275
Ferreira, P. I. 167
Ferreira, R. B. 113
Ferreira, S. 263, 264
Ferreira, S. A. N. 116, 157
Figliolia, M. B. 96, 288, 289
Figueiredo, D. D. C. 144
Finch-Savage, W. 160
Finch-Savage, W. E. 96, 134
Finger, F. L. 214
Fin, S. S. 307
Floh, E. I. S. 111, 184, 250
Flres, A. V. 141, 142, 274
Florin, C. 92
Fogliani, B. 87
Fonseca Jnior, N. S. 211
Footitt, S. 96, 134, 137
Forti, V. A. 117
Forzza, R. C. 277
Fraiz, A. C. R. 225, 226
Frana, E. A. 301
Frana Neto, J. B. 117, 210, 223, 242
Franco, L. L. 309
Franco, M. P. 228
Franoso, R. D. 195
Freire, A. I. 201
Freitas, A. R. 131
Fr, M. 191
Freschi, L. 162
Fresnillo, P. 148
Frigeri, R. B. C. 162, 163, 189
Fuchs, J. 63
Informativo
A B R AT E S
G
Galdiano-Jnior, R. F. 109, 243
Galembeck, E. 244
Galndez, G. 147
Galindo, E. A. 237
Galland, M. 72, 74
Gallo, M. I. 129, 175, 209, 245, 246, 251, 252, 256
Gallardo, K. 82
Gallo, L. 261
Galvo, J. C. C. 214
Ganesan, K. N. 94
Garcia, C. 164, 293
Garcia, G. O. 234
Garcia, L. C. 183, 283
Garcia, Q. S. 73, 131, 134, 152, 212, 217, 292
Gaspar, M. 162
Gautam, R. 187
Gentil, D. F. O. 116
Gerd, M. 63, 108
Gharineh, M. H. 213
Ghasemi, O. 291
Ghobadi, M. 116, 233
Ghobadi, M. E. 116, 233
Ghorbani, R. 286
Gieco, J. 199
Ginwal, H. S. 106
Giorni, V. T. 73
Glowacka, K. 133
Gniazdowska, A. 146, 147, 186
Godin, B. 74, 77
Goes, F. S. de 308
Goggin, D. E. 79
Gojlo, E. 216, 265
Goloviznina N. A. 72
Gomes Filho, E. 125, 126, 129, 130, 175, 209, 210, 221
Gomes, J. P. 167
Gomes Junior, F. G. 91, 92
Gomes, M. P. 152, 212, 217
Gonalves, E. P. 176, 177, 181, 229
Gonalves, J. C. G. 178
Gonalves, J. F. de C. 177, 178, 253, 255
Gonalves, N. R. 286, 287
Gondim, P. S. 283
Gonzlez, B. M. E. 280
Gonzalez-Polo, M. 261
Grecki, R. J. 65, 72, 133, 216
Gorian, F. 93
Gosparini, C. O. 168
Graeber, K. 78
Groot, C. C. 71
Groot, S. P. C. 71, 104
Gubler, F. 68
Guedes, M. C. 270
Guedes, R. S. 91, 92, 181, 237
Guerra, M. P. 111, 250
vol.21, n.1, 2011
315
Guimares, C. G. 229
Guimares, R. M. 199, 302
Gumilevskaya, N. A. 74, 215
Gu, W. H. 63
Gu X. -Y. 76
H
Habermann, G. 166
Hadjuch, M. 109
Haiby, K. 280
Hanna, A. C. S. 178, 253
Hardy, R. 108
Harperscheidt, M. 100
Hashemi, A. S. 291
Hassanzadeh, A. 207
Heberle, E. 135
Hedden, P. 90
He, H. 129
Heinz, R. 199
He, J. 62
Hellmeister, L. G. 150
Hellmeister, L. G. C. 149
Henkemeier , N. P. 144
Henning, A. A. 210
Herzog, N. F. M. 191, 192, 193, 235
Hilhorst, H. W. M. 71, 77, 84, 85, 90, 113, 129, 149, 156,
222, 226
Hill, L. M. 100, 279, 280
Hilst, P. C. 110
Hoang, H. H. 80
Holdsworth, M. 76, 79
Honda, G. 248
Horsley, T. N. 80
Huang, H. 86
Huang, Z. 91, 137
Huber, D. J. 70
Huget, S. 86
Hugh, W. P. 82
Huguet, T. 82
Huller, A. 307
Hundertmark, M. 62
Huo, H. 68, 145
Huttly, A. 90, 139
I
Igncio, V. L. 191, 192, 193, 235
Ilse, K. 82
Innecco, R. 129, 130
J
Jacobsen, J. V. 68
Informativo
A B R AT E S
Jager, L. J. de. 249

Jardim, J. G. 300
Jayasuriya, K. M. G. G. 97, 159
Jesus, S. C. P. 211
Job, C. 87
Job, D. 72, 74, 77, 87
Jodas, N. F. 163
Johannes, F. 108
Jo, L. 250
Jones, W. R. 80
Joosen, R. V. L. 90, 149, 156
Jos, A. C. 213
Juchaux, M. 86
Juhsz, A. 70
Junior, J. M. S. 215
K
Kahn, N. 77, 85, 156
Kalemba, E. 216, 231, 232
Kalemba, E. M. 111, 218
Kamiya, Y. 72, 133, 157
Karlsson, L. M. 132
Karsten, J. 214
Kazmi, R. 77, 85, 156
Kennedy, K. 100
Kepczynska, E. 242
Kepczyski, J. 78
Khajeh-Hosseini, M. 205, 206
Khas-Amiri, M. 233
Kiill, L. H. P. 258
King, J. 76
Kissmann, C. 166
Kobayashi, K. 230
Kobiljski, B. 83
Kodde, J. 71, 104, 156
Kohout, L. 70
Koornneef M. 100
Koster, K. L. 279
Kranner, I. 103, 227, 275
Krasuska, U. 146, 147, 186
Krl, P. 242
Krzyzanowski, F. C. 210
Kucewicz, M. 216, 265
Kunusoth, K. 68, 145, 224, 274
L
Labalette. F. 92
Lacerda Filho, A. F. 135, 242
Lacerda, G. A. 202, 308
Lages, M. C. da C. 154
Lahuta, L. B. 216
Langlade, N. 69
Laura, V. A. 260
vol.21, n.1, 2011
316
Lazarini, E. 113, 114

Leal, L. E, 202
Ledroit, L. 86
Le Gall, S. 62
Leite, T. V. P. 152
Lemos, E. G. L. 243
Lemos, E. G. M. 243
Lemos-Filho, J. P. 97, 161
Lemos, R. A. 300
Leprince, O. 62
Leubner-Metzger, G. 69, 76, 78
Levasseur, C. 92
Leymarie, J. 80
Light, M. E. 70
Ligterink, W. 71, 77, 84, 85, 90, 129, 149, 156, 222
Lima, A. A. 176, 177, 181, 229
Lima, A. C. 244
Lima, A. S. 170
Lima, C. B. 158, 201, 248, 249, 250, 251
Lima, E. L. 114
Lima, J. J. P. 176, 177, 229
Lima Jr, M. J. V. 179, 180, 298
Lima, L. B. de. 169, 170, 179, 180, 224, 267, 268
Lima, L. S. P. 247
Limami, A. M. 82
Lima, R. V. 141, 148, 246, 289
Lira, A. C. S. 270
Lira, J. M. S. 174
Lobo, G. A. 194, 198, 304, 306
Locardi, B. M. 126
Lohwasser, U. 83
Lone, A. B. 153, 158, 159
Lopes, A. P. 211, 212, 219, 220, 258
Lopes Filho, R. P. 300
Lopes, J. C. 141, 214, 234, 235, 289, 290
Lopes, K. P. 154, 155, 265
Lopez-Velasco G. 258
Lorenzo, O. 75, 148, 157
Lounifi I. 72
Loureiro, M. B. 64, 198, 202, 239, 308
Lucca Filho, O. A. 272
Ludwig, J. 170, 267, 268
Luhman, R. 100
M
Macedo, A. F. 250
Machado, C. G. 301
Maciel, K. S. 234
Magalhes, A. F. 309
Magalhes, M. M. 173, 174
Ma, H. 63
Maia, F. F. 172
Maia, J. 84
Malavasi, M. M. 191, 192, 193, 235
Informativo
A B R AT E S
Malavasi, U. C. 191, 192, 193, 235

Maldonado, S. 230, 236
Malone, P. A. 239
Mamani, F. 230
Mandarino, J. M. G. 210
Manimohan, M. 190
Mantovani, C. 243
Maranho, P. A. C. 255
Maraschin, M. 164, 293
Marconi, S. 93
Marcos Filho, J. 91, 92
Marion-Poll, A. 74, 77
Maroder, H. 236
Marques, A. C. S. S. 239
Marques, A. R. 134, 269
Marques, E. C. 221
Martinez-Andujar, C. 72, 91
Martnez-Meier, A. 261
Martinez Tosar, L. J. 230
Martins, A. P. 151, 152
Martins, A. R. 244
Martins, C. C. 301
Martins, C. P. V. 173
Martins-Filho, S. 282
Martins, I. S. 151, 194
Martins, J. R. 171, 222
Martins, L. 138
Martins, L. S. T. 168
Martins, M. S. 277
Martins, P. de F. 170
Martins, P. F. R. B. 266
Martins, R. C. C. 151, 152, 194, 195
Masetto, T. E. 219
Matheus, M. T. 131, 152, 212, 217
Mathur, J. 73
Matias, J. R. 212, 219, 220
Matias, R. 267, 268
Matos, A. C. B. 137, 226
Matos, D. A. 309
Matos, J. M. M. 151, 152, 194, 195
Matos, M. P. V. 253
Matos, V. P. 181
McCallum, C. 68
Medhurst, A. 79
Meharan S. z. 120
Mehboob, W. 233
Mehdi Z. 120
Mehrhoff, L. 100
Meira, R. M. S. A. 289
Melkus, G. 63
Melo, L. D. F. A. 176, 177, 181
Melo, L. F. 303
Mendes, L. C. A. 256
Mendes, L. C. O. 253
Mendes, R. de C. 290
vol.21, n.1, 2011
317
Mendiondo, G. 79
Meneghello, G. E. 307
Menezes, J. C. G. 151
Miatton, E. 75
Michalczyk, D. J. 216
Michels, A. F. 182, 183, 232, 281, 298
Miernyk, J. A. 109
Milagres, C. C. 218
Milanez, A. J. 260
Milberg, P. 132
Miranda, L. 167
Mira, S. 280
Modrego, A. 148
Mohammadi, G. R. 233
Moitinho, B. M 309
Molica, R. J. R. 176
Moller, I. M. 85, 86
Monnerat, P. H. 246
Montechiarini, N. H. 168
Monteiro, E. F. 162
Monteiro, M. A. 144
Moosavi, A. 213
Moraes, J. C. R. 202
Moraes, J. N. 162, 163, 189
Moraes, R. L. C. 246, 256
Moraes, R. P. 183
Morais Neto, J. P. 114
Morandi, E. N. 168
Moreira, G. C. 144
Mro, F. V. 108, 124, 128
Morris, K. 160
Mota, E. D. H. 195
Moura, A. B. 236, 307
Moura, E. B. B. 274
Moura, S. S. S. 177
Mller, C. 140
Muller, G. 106
Mller, M. 73, 259
Mundim, R. C. 105
Munir, H. 237, 238
Munn-Bosch, S. 73, 259
Mut, P. 185
Mycock, D. J. 103
N
Nagel, M. 83, 275
Nakabayashi, K. 75, 157
Nakagawa, J. 113, 294
Nakatani, S. H. 158
Namarvari, M. 213
Nambara, E. 157
Napoleo, T. H. 251
Nascentes, C. C. 152, 212, 217
Nascimento, C. R. 223
Informativo
A B R AT E S
Nascimento, F. G. 304, 305

Nascimento, J. F. 222
Nascimento, M. das G. R. do 155
Nascimento, W. M. 70, 128
Nascimento, W. M. O. do 115, 181, 282
Nath, V. K. 271
Nazrio, A. A. 234
Negreiros, A. P. 252
Negreiros, J. R. da S. 141, 214, 289
Negrelle, R. R. B. 158, 248
Nematzadeh, G. A. 291
Nery, F. C. 227, 269, 299, 303
Nery, M. C. 269, 227, 295, 296, 299, 303
Neumann, K. 83
Neves, C. L. P. 169, 171, 215
Ngobese, N. Z. 105
Nguyen, T. T. 72
Nicomedes Jnior, J. 244
Nonogaki, H. 72, 75, 91, 133
Nonogaki, M. 91
Nouman, W. 238
Novembre, A. D. L. C. 306
Nunes, A. C. 259, 261
Nunes, F. R. 298
Nunes, J. C. S, 301
Nunes, U. R. 278
O
Obendorf, R. L. 65
Ohadi, S. 120
Okhovvat, S. M. 123
Okunola, O. K. 122
ler-Footitt, H. 96, 134
Oliva, A. C. E. 200
Oliveira, A. B. 125, 126, 129, 130, 175, 209, 210, 221
Oliveira, A. C. S. de 148
Oliveira, A. J. F. 151, 194
Oliveira, A. K. M. 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 266
Oliveira, C. 108, 124
Oliveira, C. S. C. 308
Oliveira, D. A. S. 256
Oliveira, D. M. T. 161
Oliveira, D. V. 151, 152, 194, 195
Oliveira, E. M. 148
Oliveira, G. L. 110, 150
Oliveira, G. S. 143, 144
Oliveira, J. A 188
Oliveira, J. M. 229
Oliveira, J. P. B. de 214, 234, 290
Oliveira, L. B. 234
Oliveira, L. M. 164, 167, 293
Oliveira, L. M. N. 176, 181, 229
Oliveira, M. N. S. 172
Oliveira, M. P. 152
vol.21, n.1, 2011
318
Oliveira, S. A. 114
Oliveira, S. R. de 154
Oliveira S. S. C. 301
Oracz, K. 69
Ordiz, I. M. 91
Oro, P. 192
Orsag, V. 230
Ortega-Baes, P. 147
Osipe, R. 249, 250
Osipe, R. 158, 201, 247, 248, 249, 251
P
Paiva, L. G. 176, 177, 181, 229
Paiva, P. D. O. 172
Paiva, P. M. G. 251
Paiva, R. 172
Pammenter, N. W. 101, 104, 105
Paniego, N. 199
Panozzo, L. E. 150
Papes, F. 244
Pasquini, S. 93
Patil, A. 90
Paula, P. C. 292
Pavelski, J. A. 164
Pawowski, T. A. 185
Pedrinho, D. R. 267, 268
Pelacani, C. R. 84,140, 222
Pereira, A. P. T. 179, 224
Pereira, A. R. 277
Pereira, D. S. 286, 287
Pereira, E. P. L. 239
Pereira, K. C. L. 266
Pereira, L. 303
Pereira, M. D. 282
Pereira, M. S. 286, 287
Pereira, T. S. 168
Pereira, V. J. 194, 198, 304, 306
Pereira, W. V. S. 220
Perreau, F. 77
Pescador, R. 191
Petean, F. C. S. 228
Peter J. 108
Petroli, A. 167
Phartyal, S. S. 106
Philipp, C. 75
Phillips, A. 90, 139
Pierce, S. 76
Pierre, J. 86
Pieruzzi, F. P. 184
Pia-Rodrigues, F. C. M. 96, 288, 289
Pinheiro, F. J. A. 140
Pinto, C. A. G. 302
Pinto, N. V. A. D. 295, 296
Pinto, T. L. F. 117
Informativo
A B R AT E S
Pirkowska, E. 216
Pires, M. V. 140, 172, 288
Pires, R. M. O. 227, 269, 295, 296, 299, 303
Pivetta, K. F. L. 128
Pluskota, W. E. 72, 133
Polli, R. G. 182, 281
Ponder, M. 258
Poshtdar, A. 213
Possiede, Y. 170
Posta, M. 70
Powles, S. B. 79
Prete, C. E. C. 211
Prisco, J. T. 209, 210
Prosperi, J. -M. 82
Provost, C. M. 138
Puebla, A. 199
Pukacka, S. 111, 218, 231, 232
Pupel, P. 72, 133
Q
Quatrini, M. 301
Queiroz, S. O. P. 211
Quirino, Z. G. 195, 310
R
Radke, A. K. 236
Rahimian M. H. 120
Rajjou, L. 72, 74, 77
Ramamoorthy. K. 65, 93, 293
Ramasamy, V. 190
Ramezani, F. 123, 204
Ramos, K. M. O. 152, 194
Ramos, M. V. 253, 255
Ratajczak, E. 111, 216, 218, 231, 232
Rauf, S. 237, 238
Raven, P. 100
Rehbein, L. S. 193, 198, 305
Rehman Arif, M. A. 83, 275
Rehman, H. 188, 233
Reis, A. M. 225
Reis, M. S. 165, 242
Reis, M. V. 172
Renganayaki, P. R. 65, 93, 293
Reyes-Chin-Wo, S. 145, 274
Rezende, M. A. S. 143, 144
Rezvani-Moghaddam, P. 205, 206, 286
Ribeiro, F. V. 283
Ribeiro, J. W. F. 266
Ribeiro, J. W. F. R. 262
Ribeiro, P. R. 239, 308
Ribeiro, R. C. 161
Ribeiro-Reis, R. C. 219, 220
Ribeiro, R. T. M. 252
vol.21, n.1, 2011
319
Richard H. Ellis 102

RIOS, . S. 212
Ros, M. C. 236
Riquetti, N. B. 200
Rissi, R. N. 109
Rizzo, E. 180
Roberto, L. P. C. 289
Robles, N. C. 97
Rocha, A. S. 227, 296, 299, 303
Rocha, D. R 211
Rocha Faria, J. M. 137
Rocha,V. P. C 211
Rodrigues, A. C. 172, 173
Rodrigues, M. B. C. 167
Rodrigues, R. S. 114
Rodrguez, D. 148
Rodrguez, M. V. 139, 146, 199
Rolletscheck, H. 63, 275
Roqueiro, G. 236
Roque, M. R. A. 309
Rosa, S. D. V. F. 201
Rosseto, R. E. 144
Rossi, R. F 200
Rotta, J. A. 170
Rubim, R. F. 148
Rufino, C. A. 272
S
Sadrabadi Haghighi, R. 208
S Junior, A. 115
Sales, N. M. 97
Salomo, A. N. 105, 193, 194, 198
Salomo, B. M. 300
S, M. E. de 114, 225
Snchez, R. A. 261
Santa, C. C. 184
Santana, B. L. C. G. C 229
Santana, D. G. 115, 193, 254, 301, 304, 305
Santo, J. S. M. 211
Santos, A. L. W. 111, 184, 250
Santos, C. M. 115, 254
Santos da S. C. 71
Santos, E. L. 144, 196, 197
Santos, F. C. 201
Santos, F. S. 269
Santos, G. C. 201
Santos, I. N. L. 179, 180, 298
Santos, I. R. I. 105
Santos, J. F. 184
Santos Junior, H. C. 149, 150
Santos, M. M. 295, 296, 299
Santos, M. R. O. 297
Santos, R. M. 283
Santos, R. P. 178
Informativo
A B R AT E S
Santos, V. S. 169
Santos, Y. M. 141, 142
Sanz, L. 75, 157
Sathish, S. 94
Sayyad-Amin, P. 133
Sbalcheiro, C. C. 307
Sbrissia, A. F. 290, 291, 297
Schimpl, F. C. 178
Schleder, E. J. D. 267, 268
Schlgl, P. S. 111
Schmildt, E. R. 290
Scholefield, D. 79
Schulz, D. G. 191, 192, 193
Schulz, D. G. S. 235
Schwember, A. 274
Schwember, A. R. 102
Scremin-Dias, E. 169, 170, 179, 224
Sebestyn, E. 70
Sediyama, C. A. Z. 165, 166
Sediyama, C. S. 165, 242
Sediyama, T. 165
Sekita, M. C. 150, 218, 228
Senthil, N. 94
Sequi, P. 93
Sershen, B. P. 101
Sershen, V. B. 101
Seyed, A. S. 120
Shahsavar, A. R. 133
Shariatmadari, M. H. 208
Sharifzadeh, F. 123, 207
Sharif,_Z. F. 208
Sheila, A. P. 102
Shulz, D. G. 192
Siddiqui, M. T. 238
Siles, L. 259
Silva, A. C. da 164, 194, 305
Silva, B. M. S 108, 124
Silva, C. 266
Silva, C. A. A. 262
Silva, C. B. 130
Silva, D. C. 172
Silva, D. F. P. 136
Silva, E. A. A. 113, 213, 225, 226, 229, 269
Silva, F. D. B. 292
Silva, G. Z. 310
Silva-Jnior, J. M. 169, 171, 206, 276
Silva, K. K. A. 211
Silva, K. R. G. 195, 283, 310
Silva, L. H. M. C. 296
Silva, L. J. 110, 228
Silva, M. C. A. 179, 180, 298
Silva, M. J. 244
Silva, P. P. 128
Silva, R. C. B. 211, 212, 219, 220
Silva, R. M. 175, 245, 246, 251, 252, 256
vol.21, n.1, 2011
320
Silva, S. C. A. 177, 229

Silva, S. I. da 245, 246, 251, 252, 256
Silva, T. C. F. S. 212
Silva, T. T. A. 188, 302
Silveira, F. A. O. 97, 161
Simo, E. 166
Siqueira, D. L. 166
Siqueira, S. N. C. 176
Sivakumar, D. 112, 167
Skultety, L. 109
Sliwinska, E. 73
Soares, B. C. 227, 295, 296, 303
Soares, D. C. P. 194, 304, 305, 306
Soares, G. C. M. 137, 218, 226, 228
Soares, M. M. 149
Soares, R. 289
Soares, V. C. 170, 180
Soares, V. N. 236, 307
Socolowski, F. 136, 142
Song, L. R. 63
Song, S. Q. 85, 86, 131
Sos, V. 70
Soppe, W. 75
Sorace, M. A. F. 158, 201, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251
Soriano, P. E. 150
Sotrati, V. V. 109
Sotta, B. 80
Sousa, G. A. 218
Sousa, S. G. A. de 183, 283
Souza, A. M. 151, 152
Souza, B. L. 110, 149, 150
Souza, C. A. 182, 183, 232, 281, 290, 291, 297, 298, 299
Souza, C. L. M. 222
Souza, E. S. 171
Souza Filho, P. R. M. 98
Souza Filho, P. R. M. S. 127
Souza, H. P. R. 176
Souza, J. T. 266, 267
Souza, L. A. G. 253, 255
Souza, L. C. de O. 173
Souza Neto, J. D. 166
Souza, P. F. 295, 296
Souza, R. A. 223
Souza, W. J. O. de 225
Sparkes, D. 79
Sponchiado, J. C. 182, 183, 281
Steadman, K. J. 79
Stefanello, T. H. 169
Stefen, D. L. V. 281
Steffens, C. A. 167
Strong, A. 100
Strub, J. M. 87
Suman, A. de C. 225
Sumathi, S. 65
Su, M. J. 159
Informativo
A B R AT E S
Sundareswaran, S. 94, 112, 167

Suszka, J. 187, 189
Szafranski, K. 186
Szalai, G. 70
T
Takahashi, H. W. 158
Takahashi, L. S. A. 153, 158, 159
Takaki, M. 98, 126, 127
Takeda-Kamiya N. 72
Takeda, N. 133
Tamado, T. 132
Tashima, H. 249, 251
Tasso, de R. 246
Tasso, R. M. R. 245
Tatematsu, K. 157
Tavakkol, A. R. 122, 123, 204,207, 208, 213
Tavares, L. C. 272
Teixeira, R. N. 113, 200, 294
Teles, C. A. S. 64, 198
Tella, O. A. 122
Teulat-Merah, B. 82, 86
Thapliyal, R. C. 106
Theodoulou, F. 79
Thompson, R. D. 62
Tillmann, M. A. 236, 307
Toledo, M. Z. 223, 294
Tomaz, C. A. 223
Tomm, G. O. 150
Tonetti, O. A. O. 206, 219, 220, 276
Toorop, P. E. 84, 137
Tormem, M. E. 182, 183, 299
Torres-Jerez, I. 62
Toselli, M. E. 121
Tozin, L. R. S. 169
Tozzi, H. H. 166
Trafane, L. G. 301
Tremocoldi, A. R. 301
Trs, S. P. 196
Troost, M. E. 247, 248
Tschiersch, H. 275
Tumelero, A. I. 307
U
Udvardi M. K. 62
Ursulino, M. M. 283
V
Valentini, M. 93
Van Bolderen, M. 71, 76
Vandecasteele, C. 82
vol.21, n.1, 2011
321
Van Der Plas, L. H. W. 90

Van Dorsselaer, A, 87
Van Staden, J. 70, 78
Varghese, B. 101
Vasconcelos, M. P. 309
Vasconcelos, P. C. T. 198
Vasconcelos, P. T. 64
Vaughan, S. P. 90, 139
Vazquez, G. H. 113, 114, 225
Vaz, T. A. A. 225, 226, 276
Venudevan, B. 112, 167
Verdier, J. 62
Viana, J. S. 176, 177, 181
Vicentini, R. 244
Vidigal, D. S. 129
Viecelli, C. A. 196, 197
Vieira, D. C. M. 136, 142
Vieira, H. D. 148, 246, 300
Vieira, J. L. 186, 270, 272
Vieira, L. N. 111
Vieira, R. D. 108, 124, 130, 184
Vijayakumar, A. 112, 190
Vilalobos, M. P. 195
Villegente, M. 87
Villela, F. A. 239, 272
Villela, T. T. 201,247, 249, 251
Villela,T. T. 158, 248, 250
Vincourt, P. 69
Viquez, Z. A. M. 71
Virgens, I. O. 239, 240
Volk, G. M. 280
Volkweis, C. 192
Von Pinho, E. V. R. 188
Von Pinho, R. G. 199
W
Wagner, M. H 86
Walcott, R. R 255
Walters, C. 100, 278, 279, 280
Wanchoo, A. 90
Wang, L. Q. 63
Wang, M. 62
Wang, W. Q. 85, 131
Ward, J. 139
Wassner, D. 127
Waterworth, W. M. 83, 138, 161
Weitbrecht, K. 69
Informativo
A B R AT E S
Welbaum, G. E. 221, 255, 258

Werner-Koyro, H. 230
West, C. E. 83, 138, 161
White, R. 68
Wielewicki, A. P. 193, 198, 305
Wijetunga, A. S. T. B. 97, 159
Willems, L. A. J. 71, 77, 85, 90, 156
Windauer, L. B. 127
Winiewska, A. 186
Wood, A. 76
Wu, J. H. 85
Yadollahi Nooshabadi, S. J. 208

Yamaguchi, S. 72, 133
Yazdani-Biuki, R. 205
Ye, H. 76
Yoong, F. -Y. 68
Young, N. 62
Yousaf, S. 237, 238
Yunes, J. A. 244
Z
Zamani, A. 204
Zanatta, Z. G. C. N. 236, 307
Zanesco, P. R. 182, 183, 281, 299
Zanetti, A. L. 254
Zanotti, R. F. 149, 150
Zerlin, J. K. 162
Zhang, J. 76
Zhao, B. 255
Zhao, J. 62
Zhao Xiao-Ying 271
Zilio, M. 232, 281, 290, 291, 297, 298, 299
Zito, R. 254
Zongo, C. 87
Zucareli, C. 294
Zuchi, J. 68, 102, 242
Zucoloto, M. 166
Zuim, V. 235
X
Xiao-Mei, L.
Xiao-Ying, Z.
271
271
vol.21, n.1, 2011
322
Index by Subject
A
ABA 68, 80, 91, 145, 168
ABA-Signalling 75, 157, 185
Abies alba 185
Abiotic Factors 98
Abiotic stress 84, 86, 184, 217, 239
Abscisic acid 146
Absorption 295
Acacia tortilis 200
Aa 282
ACC 140
Accelerated Aging 126, 174, 209, 225, 248, 274, 279
Accelerated aging test 270
Accelerating Aging Test Modified 301
Achene development 139
Action spectrum 79
Adaptability 211
Adaptation 288
Adenium obesum 159
Afforestation 158
Aged and primed seeds 210
Ageing 104, 120
Aging 71
Agriculture 288
Agrobacterium rhizogenes 242
Alanine metabolism 108
Alcohol dehydrogenase 214
Alfa-amilase 202
Alfabisabilol 216
Alfalfa 121, 204
Allelopathic 144
Allelopathy 196, 197, 268
Allium cepa 128
Allochthonous 267
alluvial communities 300
Aloysia 147
Alpha-bisabolol oil 169
Alternating temperature 165, 268
Amaryllids 105
Amazon 231, 283
Amazon fruit 116
Amazonia 157
Amazon palms 177
Ambrette 112, 167
Anacardium occidentale 221
Analysis of seeds 91, 92
Anatomy 289
Angico 310
Informativo
A B R AT E S
Annonas 181
Antifungal and Antiproliferative activities 255
antioxidant 101
Antioxidant enzymes 204
Antioxidants 238, 259
Apple embryos 186
Aquatic plant, 169
Arabidopsis 71, 83, 90, 129, 149, 161
Arabidopsis ecotypes 137
Araucaria angustifolia 164, 184
Arid environments 147
Ascorbic Acid 208
Assai 178
Association genetics 83
Astrocaryum aculeatum Meyer 180
Atlantic Forest 96, 288
Atraphaxis 271
August Gustavia 245
autochthonous 266
Avena fatua 78
Avena sp 196
Average time 115
Alluvial communities 223
B
Barley transformation 79
Barriguda 237
Base water potential 140
Basil 228
Bean 204
Bertholletia excelsa 283
Beta vulgaris 239
Bet-Hedging 96
Bioactivator 236
Bioactivity 255
Bioassay 144, 254
Biodegradable geotextile 269
Biodiesel 113
Bioenergy 244
Bioengineering 269
Biofertilizers 205, 207
Biofuel 244, 300
Biological control 307
Biomarkers 239
Biometry 298
Biophosphore 286
Biophosphouros 205
vol.21, n.1, 2011
323
Bioprospection 253, 308

Bio-regulators 199
Biosynthesis 244
Biotic stresses 308
Black cumin 204
Boron 292
Bradyrhizobium 248
Brassicaceae 279
Brassicaceae Seeds 69
Brassica napus 150
Brassica oleracea 160, 234
Brassica oleracea L 223
Brazilian Pine 111, 250
Brazilian Savanna 142
Bruchid beetles 200
Butenolide 78
Byrsonima 309
C
Caatinga 207, 252, 267
Cactaceae 129, 153, 158, 172
Cactus 172
Cactus see 130
Caesalpinia pyramidalis 222
Caesalpinoideae 170
Calophyllum brasiliense 191
Candeia 169, 216
Candidate genes 83
Canola 123, 207, 213
Canudo-de-pito 266
Carbohydrate metabolism 63
Carbon monoxide 147
Carica papaya L. 290
Caryocar villosum 183
Caryopses 78
Cathodic water 101
Catingueira 84
Cedar 162, 306
Cell cycle 229
Cell death 117
Cell expansion 73
Cell structures 153
Cell wall 195
CEPA 149, 150
Cereal Seed 108
Cereus jamacaru 286
Cerrado 97, 126, 161, 166, 179, 202, 266, 308
Chaco 170
chemical scarification, 262, 296
Chenopodium pallidicaule 230
Chenopodium quinoa 231
Chilling 242
Chlorophyll retention 113
Cinnamon-yellow 193
Informativo
A B R AT E S
Citrus 166
Climate change 288
Clitoria ternatea 256
Coat-imposed dormancy 160
Coffea arabica L. 302
Coffea canephora Pierre 201
Cold 236
Cold stress 207, 216, 230
Collet hairs 73
Coloration 130
Colour 121
Comparative seed biology 78
Complex dormancy 171
Concentrations 296
Conservation 116, 164, 191, 282, 293, 294
Controlled conditions 283
Convergent evolution 161
Corn 247
Correlation 211, 291
Cosmetic oil 254
Cotton 121
Cotyledons 198
Couroupita guianensis Aubl. 245, 251
Crabwood seed production 270
Crambe 200
Crambe abyssinica Hochst 114
Cress 218
Crioula 248
Crop production 184
Crucifer 113
Cryoconservation 278
Cryopreservation 101, 103, 104, 105, 277
CTS 79
Cucumis sativus L. 272
Cucurbita moschata 239
Cucurbita spp 211
Cumaru 91, 92, 154
Curve fitting 156
Cuticle 195
Cyanide 147
Cyanobacterial 176
Cyclitols 65
Cystoskeleton 64
Cytochemistry 129, 175, 221
Cytokinin 172
Cytoskeleton 198
D
Daucus carota L. 70
Dead Seeds 275
Deep simple epicotyl morphophysiological dormancy 132
Degree of moisture 192
Dehydrins 218, 230, 231
Dehydrogenases enzymes 130
vol.21, n.1, 2011
324
Demucilaging 201
Desiccation 216, 231, 275, 280
Desiccation sensitivity 84, 85, 106, 219, 229, 269
Desiccation tolerance 84, 86, 103, 206, 216, 218, 220, 276,
277
Deterioration 121, 142, 242, 274, 282, 293, 294, 302
Development 86, 109, 111
Differential scanning calorimetry 278
Diospyros lotus 133
Direct seeded rice 188
Discrepancies 305
Disease resistance genes 255
Diseases 282
Dispersal 266, 267, 270
DNA content 73
DNA damage 83, 161
DNA damage response 161
DNA fragmentation 117
DNA ligase 83
DNA path 244
DNA repair 83
DOG1 75, 78, 145
Dormancy 68, 77, 79, 126, 127, 129, 135, 137, 139, 140,
141, 146, 148, 149, 150, 155, 157, 158, 164, 172, 190,
195, 199, 200, 215, 249
Dormancy and viability 195
Dormancy break 161
Dormancy breakage 140, 185
Dormancy cycling 96, 134, 137
Dormancy release 147
Dormancy removal 146, 186
Dragon fruit 158
Drought 219, 226
Drought stress 64, 208, 225
Drought tolerant crop 132
Dry 279
Drying 201, 213, 231
Drying cinnamon-guaic 192
Drying rate 101
Dry storage 271
E
Earliness 298
Ecofisiology 264
Ecological groups 96
Ecology of seeds 265
Economic yield 233
Ecophysiology 169
Electrical conductivity 131, 220
Embryo Development 159
Embryo Dormancy 160
Embryogenesis-regulating genes 111
Embryonic axis 105
Emergence 212
Informativo
A B R AT E S
Emergence speed index 143, 144

Endangered 100
Endemic species 73
Endosperm 76
Endosperm cap 72
Endosperm Weakening 69
Endo--mannanase 137
Ensete edule 132
Entesari, M. 123
Environment 160, 242, 281
Environmental Sensing 96
Environmental sensing gap sensing 134
Environmental signals 137
Enzymatic antioxidants 239
Enzyme 78, 214, 282
Epicotyl dormancy 132
Epiphytes plants 153
Epiphytic bacteria 258
Eremanthus erythropappus 296
Eriocaulaceae 292
Eschweilera ovata (CAMBESS.) 246
Eschweilera ovata Miers 251
Estilosante 140, 172
Ethanol 71
Ethylene 146, 172, 186
Eucalipto 225
Eucaliptus 226
Eugenia tinguyensis 186
Euphorbiaceae 64, 266
Excel implementation 106
Excision 104
Experimental error 305
Exposure duration 120
Ex situ 100
Ex situ conservation 138, 280
F
Fabaceae 256
Fagus sylvatica 218
Farinha-seca 259
Fast Drying 220
Fatty Acid 92, 244, 256
Faveiro 194
F.Edulis 235
Fertilization 300
Festuca rubra 242
Flamboyant 201
Flash drying 105
Flooding tolerance 276
Floodplain forest 270
Fluridone 126
Flux balance modelling 63
Fodder sorghum 65
Forage 268
vol.21, n.1, 2011
325
Forage pea 301

Forest 274, 297
Forest diaspores 260
Forest seeds 136, 141, 142, 154, 155, 177, 178, 180, 183,
216, 226, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 266, 269, 276
Frugivory 263
Fruit 231
Fruit maturity 110
Fruits 264
Fungi 170
Fungus 307
G
GA 91
GA3 199
Gabiroba 179
Galactomannan 162
Galactosyl cyclitols 65
Galinsoga parviflora, 265
Gallery forest 258
GC 156
Genebank 103, 275
Gene expression 72, 96, 134, 145
Generalized genetical genomics 77, 85, 90, 156
Genetic advance 291
Genetic contamination 254
Genetic variability 179, 298
Genetic Variation 103, 275
Genipa americana 262
Genotypes 131, 237, 238
Genotyping 199
Germination 64, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78, 79, 91, 103, 105,
108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 121, 122, 124, 127, 129,
131, 133, 135, 136, 138, 140, 141, 145, 148, 152, 154,
155, 156, 157, 160, 161, 164, 166, 167, 168, 170, 171,
173, 174, 176, 177, 181, 187, 190, 191, 194, 198, 200,
201, 202, 205, 206, 207, 212, 217, 219, 220, 222, 223,
224, 227, 228, 229, 233, 265, 267, 268, 271, 272, 275,
281, 283, 286, 287, 291, 294, 298, 299, 302, 303, 304,
309
Germination evaluation 179
Germination of lettuce seeds 144
Germination of seed 86
Germination paper 175
Germination percentage 130, 208
Germination potential 125
Germination rate 131, 208
Germination table 221
Germination test 153, 158, 278
Germination time 97
Germinative capacity 288
Germinative metabolism 240
Germinative Vigor 77
Germplasm 280
Informativo
A B R AT E S
Germplasm conservation 106

Gibberellic acid 149
Gibberellin 90, 126, 171, 249, 250, 251
Gibberellin metabolism 185
Glory lily 112, 167
Glutathione 103
Glutathione peroxidase 231, 232
Glutathione reductase 231, 232
Glycine max 64, 113, 182, 211, 223, 254, 294
Glycine max ( L.) Merrill 117, 304
Grain colour 139
Green light 79
Green manur 197
Green manure 196, 197
Green seeds 117
Growth 247
Gustavia augusta 252
Gustavia augusta L. 246, 251
H
Handling of seeds 270
Hard seed 164
Hardseededness 148
Harperscheidt m. 100
Harvest 151
Heat shock 215
Heavy metal 87, 152, 212, 213, 217
Heavy metal accumulation 217
Helianthus annuus L. 115, 292,302
Hemagglutinating 255
Heritability 291
Heteromorphism 265
Heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence 108
Hidropriming 218
High 63
High temperature stress 233
High-throughput analysis 156
Homogeneity 305
Hordeum 83
Hordeum vulgare L. 100, 102
Hormones 182, 259
Hydro priming 208
Hydrotime 131
Hylocereus 158
HYperaccumulation 87
Hypocotyls 178
I
Image analysis 156
Imbibition 103, 127
Immature Seed 168
Impermeability 201
Indigenous species 260
vol.21, n.1, 2011
326
Indole-3-acetic acid 242

Infrared thermography 82
Integrated seed coating 93
Intermediate 280
Internal morphology, 142
Invasive 268
Invasive plants 134
In vitro culture 243
Isocitrato lyase 202
Isoflavones 64
Isotherm curve 102
Isotherms 102
Lippia 147
Lixeira 261
Lolium rigidum 79
Longevity 62, 82, 104, 174
Loquat seeds 136
Lots 304
Lounifi I. 72
Louro Pardo 192, 235, 260
LsNCED4 145
Lupinus albus L. 197
Lycopersicon esculentum L. 144
J
Jasmonic acid 68
Jatropha 244
Jatropha curcas L. 110, 127, 244, 282
K
Kalmegh 190
KAR1 70
Kielmeyera lanthrophyton 295
Kinetin 249, 250, 251
KNO3 120, 123
Koronivia grass 300
L
Laboratories 305
Lactuca sativa L. 143, 196, 197
Land cover 265
Leached cellular 303
Leaching 301
LEA-proteins 62, 84
Lectin 251
Lecythidaceae 245, 252
Legume 62, 86, 130, 163
Legume seed maturation 65
Legume seeds 82
Leguminosae 108, 124, 154
Leguminous tree species 253
Lepidium (Brassicaceae) 78
Lettuce 114, 145, 204, 267
Lettuce seed quality 114
Leucaena leucocephala 134
Light 177
Light intensity 120
Light irradiance 264
Light quality 264, 277
Lipid 166, 278, 280
Lipid peroxidation 204, 236
Lipids 142
Informativo
A B R AT E S
Machine vision 65
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Spectroscopy 93
Maize 93, 103, 120
Maize hybrid 94
Malpighiaceae 256
Mamica de porca 262
Management 293
Mandacaru 130
Manure 246
Marker-trait associations 83
Mass spectrometry 109
Maturation 62, 110, 116
Maturation time 271
Maturity 115
Maturity index 112
MDA 231, 232
Mechanical Scarification 181
Medicago sativa L. 248
Medical 176, 177
Medical Plant 158
Medicinal plants 308
Medicinal trees 106
Melastomataceae 97
Melon 173
Membrane integrity 297
Metabolite Imaging 108
Metabolites 156
Metabolomics 77, 85, 90
Method 271
Methodology validation 198
Mezereon 132
Microarray 70, 274
Microbial Community 258
Microenvironments 309
Mimosa hostilis 252
Minerals 238, 281
Mitochondria Membrane 85
Mitosis 198
Mixed-seeds 269
Modeling 140
Moisture 188
vol.21, n.1, 2011
327
Moisture content 102, 179, 180, 207

Moringa 238
Morphologic Seed 283
Morphology 108, 128, 129, 135, 175, 221, 310
Morphophysiological dormancy 132, 159
M. Truncatula 62
Multilocation 237
Mulungu 109
Municipal Solid Waste 254
Myracrondruon urundeuva 308
Myrtaceae 116, 167
N
NaCl 210, 229
NaCl solution 239
Nanometals 204
N application 116
Native plants 91, 92, 131, 179, 202, 224, 308
Native Seeds 189, 262
Native species 187
Native Tree 169, 176
Native tree 169, 176, 177
Natural Ambient 283
Natural Regeneration 258
NCED 68
Near InfraRed Spectroscopy 92
New Caledonia 87
Next generation sequencing 84
Nicotiana tabacum 306
Nitragin 205, 286
Nitrate 77
Nitric oxide 77, 146, 147, 162, 186
Nitrogen 206, 238
Nitroxin 286
NMR 63, 108
Nodulation 248
Non-essential ions 152
Non-invasive 82
Noninvasive imaging 63
Non-invasive tests 100
Non timber forest product 254
Normal Germination, 236
Normality 305
Normalization 71
Normal seedlings 148, 304, 305
Nutrient content 114
Nutrients 246
Nutrition 247
O
Ocotea odorifera 184
Oil 202
Oilseeds 200
Oleaginous seed 302
Informativo
A B R AT E S
Oligosaccharides 82
Omics 72
Orchid germination 243
Oregano 122
Orest Seeds 283
Organic substrate 143, 144
Ornamental Plant 159
Orthodox 111
Orthodox Conservation 269
Orthodox seeds 97, 289
Oryza sativa L. 236
Osmopriming 123
Osmotic conditioning 165
Osmotic conditioning 125
Osmotic potential 219, 234, 237
Osmoticpriming 212
Osmotic stress 125, 222
Osmotin 133
Overexpression 68
Oxidative damage 101
Oxygen 104
Oxygen availability 127
P
Palm 179, 298
Palmae 157
Palm Seed 254
Pantanal 169, 170, 259, 261, 262, 263, 264
Pantanal wetland 224
Papaya 150
Passiflora edulis 246
Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa 141, 214, 289
Passiflora edulis Sims 235
Path Analysis 291
Pathology 307
Pau Marfim 192
Peanuts 301
PEG 233
Pennisetum americanum 290, 294
Peptide transporter 138
Perisperm 117
Periwinkle 190
Peroxidase 214
Peroxidation 274
Peroxiredoxin 111
PGPB 242
PGPR 236
Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow 117
Phalaris minor 120
Phaseolus vulgaris 182, 225, 232, 281, 298, 307
Phenology 264
Phenotyping 156, 199
Phosphate 129
Phosphorylation 75
vol.21, n.1, 2011
328
Photoblastic germination 268

Photoblastism 130
Phyllosphere 258
Physical characteristics 138
Physical dormancy 97, 132, 134
Physic nut 135, 175, 202
Physiological Dormancy 97
Physiological Maturity 65, 112, 223
Physiological potential 286, 287, 290, 301
Physiological quality 128, 135, 150, 152, 154, 174, 193,
214, 232, 234, 297, 306
Physiology 115, 238
Physiology Germination 178
Physiology quality 125
Phytate 94
Phytocrome Photoequilibrium 98
Phytoremediation 212, 217
Phytotoxicity 152, 223
Pilosocereus gounellei 287
Pilosocereus pachycladus 287
Pinus elliottii 80
Pinus taeda 80
Piptadenia paniculata 270
Pisum sativum L. 197
Plant 74
Plant aging 259
Plant density 271
Plant growth 242
Plant growth promoting bacteria 286
Plant growth regulators 184
Plant hormones 182
Planting date 233
Plant Inhibition 212
Plant propagation 138
Plant regulator 183, 299
Pluskota, W. E. 72, 133
Poa annua 120
Polyamines 250
Polyethylene glycol 173
Populus 280
Populus tomentosa 131
Potassium nitrate 149, 173
Potentialphysiological. 92
Pre-germination treatments 154, 157
Pre-harvest seed deterioration mechanism 63
Pre-harvest sprouting 185
Presidium of RAS 74
Pretreatment 80
PR gene 133
Primary Dormancy 78
Primary Metabolism Components 177
Primary Metabolites 240
Primary root 193, 198
Primed Seed 236
Priming 84, 120, 122, 126, 128, 137, 166, 174, 208, 209,
Informativo
A B R AT E S
222, 225, 226

Proanthocyanidin 139
Progagation 290
Proline 216
Prolonged germination 175
Propagation 172, 181
Proteases 117
Proteasome Pathway 69
Protein 166, 281
Protein and DNA 94
Protein Phosphatase 2C 75
Protein Phosphatases type 2C 148
Proteolitic inhibitors 253
Proteolytic activity 253
Proteomic analysis 86
Proteomics 74, 109, 185
Protocol 297
Protocorms 243
Pseudomonas fluoresecens 123
PTMs 74
Q
qRT-PCR 71
QTL 68, 76, 156, 160
QTL analysis 77, 85, 90, 149
Quality 62, 227, 235, 303
Quality control 306
Quantitative Genetics 100
Quinoa 237, 238
Quinoa 160
Quixabeira 195
R
Radicle 76
Radicle Protrusion 229
Radicle Ultrastructure 206
Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides 65
Rainfall 232
Rapeseed 92, 204
Raphanus sativus, 239
Raphanus sativus L. 196
Rapid Method 303
Reactive oxygen species 210
Recalcitrant 104, 105, 111, 136, 186, 269
Recalcitrant seeds 101, 159, 179, 192
Recalcitrant seeds 97, 153, 215, 227, 228, 276
Red:far-red ratio 165
Redox chemistry 82
Reducing sugar 222
Regeneration 266, 267
Regulators 247
Rehabilitation 271
Relative Humidity 102, 279
vol.21, n.1, 2011
329
Reproductive Phenophases 270

Reserves mobilization 138, 177
Resistance 87
Respiration 71, 224
Respiration Pathway 85
Revegetation 187
RFBR 74
RFOs 216
R:FR ratio 168
Rice 72, 76
Rice Seeds 135
Richoderma Harzianum 123
RIL population 149, 156
Rio Negro 263
Riparian forest 158, 309
RNAi 68, 79
Root 178
Root Length 213
Rootstock 181
Rupestrian fields 73
Rutaceae 262
S
Safflower 204
Salicylic Acid 208
Salinity 125, 206, 209, 211, 212, 220, 234, 238
Salt 299
Salt stress 207, 208, 209, 230, 231
Sand mining 271
SAUR proteins 148
Savanna 260
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 292
Scarification 124, 133, 155, 200
Scarifying seeds 109
Schinus terebinthifolius 308
Seasonal dry forest 266
Secondary dormancy 73, 80
Secondary forests 268
Sectioning 186
Seed 62, 72, 74, 75, 150, 157, 162, 163, 170, 223, 292, 307
Seed Ageing 293
Seed aging 278
Seed analysis 136, 180, 237
Seed and fatty acid 246
Seed and morphology 245, 252, 256
Seed bank 258
Seedborne disease 309
Seed coat 124
Seed coat permeability 155, 192
Seed conservation 302
Seed deterioration 71, 204, 210
Seed development 63, 64, 85, 90, 111, 112
Seed dispersal 195, 263
Seed dormancy 75, 76, 78, 80, 122, 165, 167, 183, 224, 271, 276
Informativo
A B R AT E S
Seed ecophysiology 165, 276

Seed enhancement 122, 228
Seed fraction 64
Seed germination 76, 120, 183, 184, 204, 213, 217, 278
Seedling 86, 108, 149, 173, 178
Seedling classification 198
Seedling development 137, 310
Seedling emergency 115
Seedling growth 116, 123, 182, 183, 233
Seedling morphology 168, 193, 194
Seedling performance 93
Seedling production 159, 225, 226
Seedling quality 85
Seedlings 143, 267
Seedlings emergence 126
Seedling vigor 233
Seed longevity 100, 102, 103, 207, 275, 279, 306
Seed longevity and viability 134
Seed lots 304
Seed microbiolization 307
Seed pathology 255
Seed preparation 130
seed preparation and tetrazolium. 151
Seed priming 94, 188, 208
Seed processing 142
Seed quality 77, 90, 96, 100, 117, 136, 156, 165, 167, 210,
235, 288, 289, 294, 304
Seed quality test 71
Seed quality testing 93
Seeds 110, 148, 189, 195, 214, 259, 274, 280, 282, 289, 297,
300, 305
Seeds and analysis tests 151
Seeds and fruits morphology 300
Seeds and morphology 256
Seeds and viability 152
Seeds evaluation 143, 144
Seeds-morphology 209
Seed Storage 102, 277, 278, 279, 280
Seed storage physiology 106
Seeds treated 301
Seed, stress 82
Seed structure 161
Seed testing 221
Seed transmitted disease 255
Seed treatment 293
Seed viability 213, 234
Seed viability model 106
Seed viability testing 163
Seed vigor 71, 82, 115, 235, 304
Seed vitality 93
Seed weight 121
Selenite 231, 232
SEM 206, 216, 276
Sensitivity 103
vol.21, n.1, 2011
330
Serineproteinases 253
Serratia marcescens 309
Sexual propagation 128
Shade tolerance 264
Slow drying 220
Smoke derived from plant 175
Soaked seed 192
Soil porosity 184
Soil seed bank 271
Solanum 250, 251
Solanum tuberosum 249
Solitary palm 128
Somatic Embryogenesis 250
Sorbus aucuparia 189
Sorghum 185, 199
Sorghum bicolor 125, 126, 188, 209, 210
Sorghum-seeds 209
Sorghum sudanense 297
Sowing date 160
Sowing Density 114
Sowing depth 124
Soybean 63, 109, 123, 165, 248
Soybean varieties 233
Species richness 271
Sprouted seeds 163
SSH 84
Stand establishment 70, 188
Storage 63, 188, 227, 228, 275
Storage mobilization 162
Storage potential 235
Storage temperature 146
Stratification 133, 185, 189
Stress 225, 234, 240
Stress oxidative 214
Stress tolerance 205
Stryphnodendron adstringens 295
Subcellular localization 218
Submerged seeds germination 127
Substrate 124, 170
Sucrose 216
Sugar content 222
Sulfuric acid 171
Sunflower 92, 207
Sunflower achene 139, 146
Supplemental irrigation 116
SUSY 202
Temperature 80, 124, 139, 162, 163, 168, 200, 207, 213,
224, 232, 242
Temperature and relative humidity stress 63
Temperature and seeds 194
Temperature response 221
Temperature stress 222
Testa sculpture 292
Tetrazolium 163, 296
Tetrazolium test 186
Thaumatin-like protein 133
Theobroma subincanum 231
Thermal time 131, 162, 163
Thermobiology 189
Thermoinhibition 68, 70, 145
Thermotherapy 128
Third of head 115
Thymelaeaceae 132
Tissue-specific expression 76
Tolerant 106
Tomato 71, 77, 85, 156, 174, 293
Tomato seeds 72
Total aglycones 210
Total isoflavones 210
Tradicional test 299
Transcription factor 157
Transcriptome 70, 86, 145, 244, 274
Transcriptomics 76
Transcriptomics 77, 84, 90
Transgenic 254
Transgenic seeds 288
Treatments to overcome seed dormancy 191
Tree legume 189
Tree seeds 169, 171, 193, 265, 277
Tree species 191
Trifolium pratense 291
Triticum 83
Triticum aestivum 183, 247
Tropical forest seed 288, 289
Tropical trees 268
Tropical tree species 178
Tubulin 198
U
Ubiquitin 69
Ultrastructure 219, 276
Urea 246
V
T
Tabebuia impetiginosa 222
Tamboril 181
T-DNA 149
Tegument 168
Informativo
A B R AT E S
Vacuoles 153
Variabilities 305
Variances 304
Vegetable oil 300
vol.21, n.1, 2011
331
Verbenaceae 147
Viability 151, 167, 193, 227, 228, 265, 286, 287, 296
Vicia hirsuta 216
Vigor 110, 113, 114, 150, 164, 174, 176, 178, 182, 183, 191,
211, 212, 214, 227, 229, 234, 262, 272, 278, 281, 283,
290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 297, 298, 299, 301, 302, 303,
306
Vigor test 290
Vigour 121, 149, 175, 182, 303
Vigour index 190
Vigour test 211
Vinhtico 141
Vitamin C 235
Vochysiaceae 263
W
Water 280, 295
Water activity 102
Water Availbility 98
Water deficit 84
Water potential 224
Water sorption isotherms 280
Water stress 218
Water stress 168, 277
Informativo
A B R AT E S
Weed 98
West African rice 122
Western blot 231
Wheat 68, 90, 116, 139, 204, 205, 206, 275
Wild Rice 68, 170, 224
Woody species 193, 260, 306
Y
Yield 93, 114, 188, 237, 238
Z
Zea mays 86, 199, 234, 299
Zea mays L 303
Zhao Xiao-Ying 271
Zoochory 263, 264
Zygotic embryogenesis 111
Symbols
9-cis-epoxycarotinoid dioxygenase 68
-amylase 90
-tocopherol 235
vol.21, n.1, 2011
332
Informativo
A B R AT E S
vol.21, n.1, 2011

Livro Resumos ISSS 2011

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Livro Resumos ISSS 2011

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ISSN 0103-667X

BRAZILIAN ASSOCIATION OF SEEDS TECHNOLOGY

April 10th to 15th, 2011 - Costa do Saupe - BA

1st Vice Event Manager

1st Vice President

2nd Vice Event Manager

2nd Vice President

vol.21, n.1, 2011

The contents of the articles are of entire responsability of the authors

Informativo ABRATES, Londrina

vol.21, n.1, 2011

vol.21, n.1, 2011

Resource Managing Institution:

Dr. Luzimar G. Fernandez

Dr. Marta Bruno Loureiro

Dr. Claudineia R. Pelacani Cruz

Dr. Renata Silva Mann

Dr. Claudio J. Barbedo

Dr. Kent J. Bradford

Dr. Maria Laene M. de Carvalho

Dr. Alison A Powell

Dr. Roberto Benech-Arnold

Dr. Frank Gubler CSIRO

Dr. Oscar Lorenzo Snchez

Dr. Kenneth Thompson

Dr. Peter Toorop

Dr. Juliano Pdua

Dr. Marcos Gimenes

vol. 21, n. 1, 2011

Tecnical and Marketing Director of Abrates

vol. 21, n. 1, 2011

Message of the Conference and ISSS Presidents

vol. 21, n. 1, 2011

Monday 11th April 2011

Krystyna Oracz, University of Freiburg, GERMANY

vol. 21, n. 1, 2011

Tuesday 12th April 2011

Session 5 - Michael Black Founders' Plenary Lecture

Norman W. Pammenter, University of Kwazulu-Natal, SOUTH AFRICA

Wednesday 13th April 2011

Session 9 - ISTA / ABRATES Session

Saupe Thematic Dinner

Ax Night at Village Theater

Thursday 14th April 2011

Artigot Marie-Pierre, Universit De

Kent J. Bradford, University Of California, USA

Ralph l. Obendorf, Cornell University, USA

Renganayaki P. Raju, Tamil Nadu

Manuela Nagel, Genbank, GERMANY

Vilmos Soos, Agricultural Research Institute

Cassandra Naidoo, University of Kwazulu-Natal,

Steven P.C. Groot, Wageningen University and

vol. 21, n. 1, 2011

Coffee break & Trade Exhibition

Session 11B Technical Session - B

Noorullah Khan, Wageningen University and

vol. 21, n. 1, 2011

Matthieu Villegente, University of New Caledonia,

Friday 15th April 2011

vol. 21, n. 1, 2011

Luis Sanz, Salamanca University, SPAIN

Calmon Anne, Toulouse University, FRANCE

Coffee break & Trade Exhibition

Nomali Ziphorah Ngobese, University of