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Learning Outcomes
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:
i.
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Classification
based on Time
Steady
Unsteady
Classification
based on Space
Uniform
Non-Uniform
GVF
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RVF
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The 132 km long All-American Canal links California's Imperial Valley to the Colorado River. This new
concrete-lined section saves about 3.8 million of water a year over its leaky earthen forerunner
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V2
2g
yo
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Vmax
Vmax
0.84
0.82
0.80
0.76
0.70
0.62
0.48
Natural channel
0.2yo
0.53
yo
0.52
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
Rectangular channel
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Vmax
0.6yo
yo
Vaverage
V
Velocity distribution
1
2
V CR S
2
1
2
o
1 3 2
2. Manning formula V R So
n
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1 6
Difference between Chezy and Manning formulae C R
n
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1. The force resisting the flow per unit area of the channel bed is
proportional to the square of the velocity: Ff kV 2PL
2. The effective component of the gravity force causing the flow
must be equal to the total force of resistance. This is also the
basic principle of uniform flow where uniform flow will be
developed if the resistance is balance by the gravity forces:
Fg ALsin
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V2
2g
A
yo
W
P
Datum
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p1 Wsin Ff p2 M2 M1
kV PL ALsin
2
kV 2PL ALSo
Fr
W
A
L
A
V
So
k P
2
1
2
= Force of resistance
= Weight of the fluid = AL
= Slope angle of the bed
= Specific weight of the fluid
= Cross sectional area of the channel
= Characteristic length of the channel
2 2
V R So
k
1
2
V CR S
1
2
o
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Activity 2.1
A rectangular channel 2.0 m wide carries water at a depth of 0.5 m.
The channel is laid on a slope of 0.0004. The Chezy coefficient is 73.6.
Compute the discharge of the channel.
Given B = 2.0 m, y = 0.5 m, So = 0.0004 and C = 73.6
A = By = 1 m2, P = B + 2y = 3 m, R = 1/3 m
Q AC RSo
y
1
Q 1 73.6 0.0004
3
Q 0.850 m /s
3
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Activity 2.2
Water flows in a triangular channel with side slope 1.5(H) : 1(V),
bottom slope 0.0002 and Chezy coefficient of 67.4. The depth of
flow is 2.0 m. Find the flow rate and average velocity. Based on
Froude number, determine the state of flow.
Given y = 2.0 m, z = 1.5, So = 0.0002 and C = 67.4
A = zy2 = 6 m2, P = 2y = 7.211 m, R = A/P = 0.832 m, D = A/T = 6/2zy = 1 m
V C RSo
V 0.869 m/s
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y
z
Q AV
Q 6 0.869
Q 5.217 m3 /s
Fr
V
gD
Fr
0.869
9.81 1
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So
n
n = Kutter coefficient
1. Ganguillet-Kutter C
0.00155 n
1 23
So R
23
2. Bazin C
87
m
1
R
m = Bazin coefficient
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Range of n
0.013 - 0.017
0.011 - 0.015
0.013 - 0.015
0.016 - 0.019
0.018 - 0.022
0.015 - 0.017
0.017 - 0.020
0.020 - 0.025
0.016 - 0.020
0.020 - 0.030
Tile
0.016 - 0.018
Brick
0.014 - 0.017
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Range of n
0.012 - 0.015
Asphalt
i. smooth
0.013
ii. rough
0.016
0.017 - 0.020
0.022 - 0.027
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0.009 - 0.010
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Range of n
0.016 - 0.020
0.018 - 0.025
0.022 - 0.030
0.022 - 0.033
0.050 - 0.120
0.040 - 0.080
0.030 - 0.035
0.025 - 0.033
Rock
0.025 - 0.045
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Range of n
0.020
0.035
0.040 - 0.050
0.060 - 0.075
0.125
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Grassed swale
Manning n
Short grass
0.030 - 0.035
Tall grass
0.035 - 0.050
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Bazin coefficient m
0.11
0.21
0.83
1.54
2.36
3.17
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Activity 2.3
Calculate the velocity and discharge in a trapezoidal channel having a
bottom width of 20 m, side slopes 1(H) : 2(V), and a depth of water 6
m. Given Kutter's n = 0.015 and So = 0.005.
Given B = 20 m, y = 6.0 m, z = 0.5, So = 0.005 and n = 0.015
A = By + zy2 = 138 m2,
P = B + 2y = 33.42 m,
y
z
R = A/P = 4.13 m
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Ganguillet-Kutter
0.00155 1
23
So
n
C
0.00155 n
1 23
So R
0.00155
1
0.005 0.015
C
0.00155 0.015
1 23
0.005 4.13
23
C 76.769
BFC21103 Hydraulics
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V 11.03 m/s
Discharge Q AV
Q 138 11.03
Q 1522.14 m3 /s
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Activity 2.4
Find the equivalent Bazin coefficient m for the question in Activity 2.3
and compare the Chezy coefficients obtained from Kutter n & Bazin m.
Known A = 138 m2, P = 33.42 m, R = 4.13 m
Assume that for concrete with Kutter n = 0.015, Bazin m = 0.21
87
Bazin C
m
1
R
87
C
0.21
1
4.13
C 78.852 (fromBazin) 76.769 (from Ganguillet- Kutter)
BFC21103 Hydraulics
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Activity 2.5
A trapezoidal channel is 10.0 m wide and has a side slope of
1.5(H) : 1(V). The bed slope is 0.0003. The channel is lined with
smooth concrete n = 0.012. Compute the mean velocity and
discharge for a depth of flow of 3.0 m.
Given B = 10 m, y = 3.0 m, z = 1.5, So = 0.0003 and n = 0.012
A = By + zy2 = 43.5 m2,
P = B + 2y 1 z 2 = 20.817 m,
R = A/P = 2.090 m
1
y
z
B
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1 3 2
Manning velocity V R So
n
2
1
1
V
2.090 3 0.00032
0.012
V 2.359 m/s
Discharge Q AV
43.5 2.359
102.625 m3 /s
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Activity 2.6
In the channel of Example 2.5, find the bottom slope necessary to
carry only 50 m3/s of the discharge at a depth of 3.0 m.
Given B = 10 m, y = 3.0 m, z = 1.5 and n = 0.012
1 3 12
Manning discharge Q AR So
n
2
1
1
50
43.5 2.09 3 So2
0.012
So 0.0000712
So 7.12 10 5
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Activity 2.7
A triangular channel with an apex angle of 75 carries a flow of
1.2 m3/s at a depth of 0.80 m. If the bed slope is 0.009, find the
roughness coefficient C and n of the channel.
Given y = 0.80 m, So = 0.009, = 75, and Q = 1.2 m3/s
75
0.767
z tan tan
2
2
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75
z
1 3 12
Using Manning equation Q AR So
n
2
1
1
1.2 0.491 0.24353 0.009 2
n
n 0.0151
1
2
1
2
o
1
2
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
1
2
Activity 2.8
A trapezoidal channel of bottom width 25 m and side slope
2.5(H):1(V) carries a discharge of 450 m3/s with a normal depth of
3.5 m. The elevations at the beginning and end of the channel are
685 m and 650 m, respectively. Determine the length of the
channel if n = 0.02.
Given B = 25 m, z = 2.5, yo = 3.5, n = 0.02, and Q = 450 m3/s
A = By + zy2 = 118.125 m2
P = B + 2y 1 z 2 = 43.848 m
R = A/P = 2.694 m
y
z
B
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1 3 12
Manning equation, Q AR So
n
2
1
1
450
118.125 2.694 3 So2
0.02
So 0.00155
Manning equation,
z
So
LH
0.00155
685 650
LH
LH 22601.13 m
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2.3 Conveyance
Conveyance K of a channel section is a measure of the carrying
capacity of the channel section per unit longitudinal slope. It is
directly proportional to discharge Q.
1. Chezy formula
1
2
Q CAR S
1
2
o
K CAR
1
2
1 3 12
1
2. Manning formula Q AR So K AR 3
n
n
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1 3 12
In Manning formula Q AR So
n
Therefore,
2
3
AR
Qn
S
1
2
o
Activity 2.9
A trapezoidal channel 5.0 m wide and having a side slope of 1.5(H) :
1(V) is laid on a slope of 0.00035. The roughness coefficient n = 0.015.
Find the normal depth for a discharge of 20 m3/s through this channel.
Given B = 5.0 m, z = 1.5, So = 0.00035, n = 0.015, and Q = 20 m3/s
A = By + zy2 = 5y + 1.5y2
P = B + 2y 1 z 2 = 5 + 2 3.25y
A 5y 1.5y 2
R
P 5 2 3.25y
1
y
z
B
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1 3 12
Manning equation, Q AR So
n
AR
Qn
S
1
2
o
2
3
2
3
.
25
y
o
0.000352
2
o
5y
o 1.5y
5 2
5
2 3
o
3.25y o
2
3
16.036
Therefore, yo = 1.820 m
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By trial-and-error:
yo (m)
5y
5 2
1.5y
5
2 3
o
3.25y o
5.391
19.159
1.8
15.706
1.820
16.035
2
3
Graphically,
5y
1.5y
5 2
5
2 3
o
3.25y o
yo (m)
2
3
16.036
5y
5 2
1.5y
Therefore, yo = 1.820 m
5
2 3
o
2.5
3.25y o
2
3
5.391
1.5
11.198
1.7
14.115
1.8
15.706
0.5
1.9
17.387
19.159
y o (m)
yo = 1.82 m
2
1.5
1
16.036
0
10
15
AR 2/3
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20
25
Rectangular (z = 0)
y
y
and
B
do
0.37
Circular
0.2194
AR
B
8
3
2
3
and
AR
d
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
8
3
o
2
3
2
3
8
3
2
3
16.036
5
8
3
0.2194
y 0.37 5
Therefore, yo = 1.85 m
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Activity 2.10
A concrete-lined trapezoidal channel with n = 0.015 is to have a
side slope of 1(H) : 1(V). The bottom slope is to be 0.0004. Find the
bottom width of the channel necessary to carry 100 m3/s of
discharge at a normal depth of 2.50 m.
Given yo = 2.5 m, z = 1, So = 0.0004, n = 0.015, and Q = 100 m3/s
A = By + zy2 = 2.5B + 6.25
P = B + 2y 1 z 2 = B + 7.071
A 2.5B 6.25
R
P B 7.071
1
y
z
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
AR
Qn
S
1
2
o
2
3
2.5B 6.25
2.5B 6.25
2
3
B 7.071
5
3
75
By trial-and-error, B = 16.33 m
BFC21103 Hydraulics
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Activity 2.11
Water flows uniformly at 10 m3/s in a rectangular channel with a base
width of 6.0 m, channel slope of 0.0001 and Manning's coefficient n =
0.013. Using trial-and-error method, find the normal depth.
Given Q = 10 m3/s, B = 6.0 m, So = 0.0001 and n = 0.013
A = By = 6y
P = B + 2y = 6 + 2y
3y
R
3 y
y
B
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
2
3
AR
Qn
S
1
2
o
2
3
3y o 10 0.013
6y o
1
3 yo
0.00012
2
3
3y o
2.167
y o
3 yo
By trial-and-error, yo = 1.942 m
BFC21103 Hydraulics
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Activity 2.12
A sewer pipe of 2.0 m diameter is laid on a slope of 0.0004 with
n = 0.014. Find the depth of flow when the discharge is 2 m3/s.
D2
Area A =
2 sin2
8
Perimeter P = D
r
yo
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
2
3
Manning equation: AR
Qn
S
2
3
AR
1
2
o
2 0.014
0.0004
AR
D
8
3
AR
D
2
3
2
3
8
3
1
2
1.4
2
8
3
0.2205
yo
0.6
D
yo 0.6 2 = 1.20 m
BFC21103 Hydraulics
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Design Chart:
Rectangular (z = 0)
y
y
and
B
do
0.6
Circular
0.2205
AR
2
3
and
AR
8
8
3
3
o
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
2
3
Or simply, R yo
or
q yV
Unit is m3/s/m.
BFC21103 Hydraulics
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Activity 2.13
Water flows through a very wide channel at a rate of 2.5 m3/s/m.
The channel has a base width of 60 m, channel slope of 0.005 and
Manning's coefficient of 0.013. What is the normal depth?
Given: q = 2.5 m3/s/m, B = 60 m, So = 0.005, n = 0.013
For a wide rectangular channel, R = y
Manning equation: q yoV
2
1 3 12
q y o R So
n
5
1
q y o3 So2
n
5
1
1
2.5
yo3 0.0052
0.013
yo 0.6272 m
BFC21103 Hydraulics
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1 3
K AR
n
for a constant flow area A, the conveyance increases with increase
in hydraulic radius R or decrease in the wetted perimeter P.
Side
slope z
Area A
Wetted
perimeter P
Hydraulic
radius R
Top width
T
Hydraulic
depth D
Section
factor Z
Trapezoid
1
3
3y 2
2 3y
y
2
4 3
y
3
3
y
4
3 2.5
y
2
Rectangle
2y2
4y
y
2
2y
2y 2.5
Triangle
y2
2 2y
2y
4
2y
y
2
2 2.5
y
2
Semicircle
y2
y
2
2y
Parabola
8 2
y
3
y
2
2 2y
4 2 2
y
3
BFC21103 Hydraulics
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2
y
3
y 2.5
8 3 2.5
y
9
Activity 2.14
What is the best hydraulic section for a rectangular channel?
For a rectangular channel,
A By
P B 2y
dP
0
dy
y
B
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
A
2 2 0
ye
A 2ye2
Bye 2ye2
B 2ye
P B 2ye
P 2ye 2ye
P 4 ye
A
P
2y e2
R
4ye
R
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
ye
2
Activity 2.15
Show that the best hydraulic trapezoidal section is one-half
of a hexagon.
For a trapezoid,
A By zy 2
P B 2y 1 z 2
1
dP
0
For best hydraulic section
dy
BFC21103 Hydraulics
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A
zy
y
60
1
3
Substituting B
A
zy 2y 1 z 2
y
dP
A
2 z 2 1 z2
dy
y
P
A
And, P zy 2y 1 z 2
y
P 2ye 2 1 z z
2
A
2 z 2 1 z2 0
ye
A 2 1 z 2 z ye2
Therefore,
A
R
P
2y 2
e
R
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
ye2 2 1 z 2 z
ye
2
1 z2
2
z
A
2 1 z2
P 2 A 2 1 z2 z
When
1 z2 z
dP
0
dz
ze
1
3
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
When ze
1
,
3
P 2ye 2 1 z 2 z
P 2 3ye
P B 2y 1 z 2
B P 2y 1 z 2
2
ye
3
A 2 1 z 2 z ye2
A 3ye2
BFC21103 Hydraulics
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Activity 2.16
A slightly rough brick-lined trapezoidal channel carrying a
discharge of 25.0 m3/s is to have a longitudinal slope of 0.0004.
Analyse the proportions of
(a) an efficient trapezoidal channel section having a side of
1.5(H) : 1(V),
(b) the most efficient-channel section of trapezoidal shape.
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
A 2 1 z z y
2
2
e
ye
and R
2
A 2.1056ye2
2
1 3 12
From Manning equation, Q AR So
n
2
1
3
y
1
25
2.1056ye2 e 0.0004 2
0.017
2
A By zy 2
2.1056ye2
B
1.5y e
ye
B 1.7137 m
ye 2.8298 m
2.830 m
1.5
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
1.714 m
(b) If the side slope is not fixed, the side slope and other channel
characteristics for most-efficient trapezoidal section are
1
ze
3
ze 0.5774
A 3ye2
ye
2
1 3 12
From Manning equation, Q AR So
n
2
1
3
y
1
25
2.1056ye2 e 0.0004 2
0.017
2
ye 3.045 m
2
ye
3
Be 3.516 m
1
0.5774
BFC21103 Hydraulics
3.045 m
3.516 m
Q Vi Ai
i 1
Or
n 12
K i So
V i 1
A
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Activity 2.17
[Final exam question, Semester I, Session 2013/2014]
A composite channel as shown is designed to convey 19.8 m3/s of
water. The channel on a longitudinal slope So = 1:2000 is to be
lined with concrete (n = 0.017). Determine the normal depth of
flow based on graphical method.
3m
2
3
4m
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Assignment #2
Q1.
(b)
1.5 m
0.2 m
0.5 m
Figure Q1(b)
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Q1.
(c)
(d)
BFC21103 Hydraulics
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Q2.
4.58y 10y
Z 4.58y 2 10y
15.94
8.12y
when the discharge of the uniform flow is 33.6 m3/s, bed slope
So = 0.001 and Manning coefficient n = 0.015.
yo
yo
2
10 m
yo
45
2yo
Figure Q2(a)
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
60
Q2.
(b)
4.5 m
y2
yo
y1
Figure Q2(b)
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Q3.
Q4.
THANK YOU
BFC21103 Hydraulics
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