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Hydraulics

Topic 2. Uniform Flow in Open Channel

Dr. Mohd Ariff bin Ahmad Nazri


ariffn@uthm.edu.my

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tan Lai Wai


laiwai@uthm.edu.my

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

i.

Understand the concept of uniform flow

ii. Calculate normal flow depth in variable channel


sections using Chezy and Manning equations
iii. Determine the best hydraulic/effective section of
open channel

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Open Channel Flow

Classification
based on Time

Steady

Unsteady

Classification
based on Space

Uniform

Non-Uniform

GVF

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RVF

Uniform flow is considered to be steady only, since


unsteady uniform flow is practically does not exist.
Steady uniform flow is rare in natural streams, only
happens in prismatic channels.
We adopt / assume uniform flow for most flow
computations because uniform flow calculation is
simple, practical and provide satisfactory solution.

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The 132 km long All-American Canal links California's Imperial Valley to the Colorado River. This new
concrete-lined section saves about 3.8 million of water a year over its leaky earthen forerunner
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The concrete channel of Los Angeles River (NGM, 2010)


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The Klang River, Kuala Lumpur & Selangor

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In uniform flow, the normal depth yo occurs when depth of water is


the same along the channel.
Normal depth yo implies that the water depth, flow area, wetted
perimeter, velocity and discharge at every section of the channel
are constant within a prismatic channel.
Thus, in uniform flow, the energy line, water surface and channel
bottom are parallel, i.e. the slopes are equal Sf = Sw = So = S.

V2
2g

yo
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2.1 Velocity Distribution


Depends on the geometry of the channel and wetted boundary
roughness
y

Vmax
Vmax
0.84
0.82
0.80
0.76
0.70
0.62
0.48

Natural channel

0.2yo
0.53
yo

0.52

0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35

Rectangular channel
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Vmax

0.6yo
yo
Vaverage
V

Velocity distribution

2.2 Chezy and Manning Equations


Two most common equations used in the uniform flow computations:
1. Chezy formula

1
2

V CR S
2

1
2
o

C = Chezy roughness coefficient

1 3 2
2. Manning formula V R So
n

n = Manning roughness coefficient

Thus, the general uniform flow equation: V constant R x Sox

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1 6
Difference between Chezy and Manning formulae C R
n

Factors determining the roughness are surface roughness, vegetation,


channel irregularity, channel alignment, silting and scouring,
obstruction, size and shape of channel, stage and discharge, seasonal
change, and suspended material and bed load.

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Derivation of Chezy equation


The Chezy two assumptions are:

1. The force resisting the flow per unit area of the channel bed is
proportional to the square of the velocity: Ff kV 2PL
2. The effective component of the gravity force causing the flow
must be equal to the total force of resistance. This is also the
basic principle of uniform flow where uniform flow will be
developed if the resistance is balance by the gravity forces:
Fg ALsin

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V2
2g

A
yo
W
P
Datum

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p1 Wsin Ff p2 M2 M1

Since for uniform flow, p1 p2 and M1 M2


The resistance to flow is proportional to
the square of the velocity.
Fr
= resistance to flow (N)
Aw = wetted area = PxL
P
= wetted perimeter
L
= length of the channel
K
= constant of proportionality
V
= mean velocity of flow

Total force of resistance is counter-balances with the


effective component of gravity, which is acts parallel
to the channel bed.

kV PL ALsin
2

kV 2PL ALSo

Fr
W

A
L

A
V
So
k P
2

1
2

= Force of resistance
= Weight of the fluid = AL
= Slope angle of the bed
= Specific weight of the fluid
= Cross sectional area of the channel
= Characteristic length of the channel

2 2
V R So
k
1
2

V CR S

1
2
o

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where C = Chezy coefficient

Activity 2.1
A rectangular channel 2.0 m wide carries water at a depth of 0.5 m.
The channel is laid on a slope of 0.0004. The Chezy coefficient is 73.6.
Compute the discharge of the channel.
Given B = 2.0 m, y = 0.5 m, So = 0.0004 and C = 73.6
A = By = 1 m2, P = B + 2y = 3 m, R = 1/3 m
Q AC RSo
y

1
Q 1 73.6 0.0004
3
Q 0.850 m /s
3

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Activity 2.2
Water flows in a triangular channel with side slope 1.5(H) : 1(V),
bottom slope 0.0002 and Chezy coefficient of 67.4. The depth of
flow is 2.0 m. Find the flow rate and average velocity. Based on
Froude number, determine the state of flow.
Given y = 2.0 m, z = 1.5, So = 0.0002 and C = 67.4
A = zy2 = 6 m2, P = 2y = 7.211 m, R = A/P = 0.832 m, D = A/T = 6/2zy = 1 m
V C RSo

V 67.4 0.832 0.0002

V 0.869 m/s

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y
z

Q AV
Q 6 0.869

Q 5.217 m3 /s

Fr

V
gD

Fr

0.869
9.81 1

Fr 0.277 subcritical flow

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Chezy resistance factor C


The following two equations can be used to determine Chezy
coefficient:
0.00155 1

So
n
n = Kutter coefficient
1. Ganguillet-Kutter C

0.00155 n

1 23
So R

23

2. Bazin C

87
m
1
R

m = Bazin coefficient

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Table 2.1a Values of Manning roughness coefficient n


Surface characteristics

Range of n

(a) Lined channels with straight alignment


Concrete
i. formed, no finish

0.013 - 0.017

ii. trowel finish

0.011 - 0.015

iii. float finish

0.013 - 0.015

iv. gunite, good section

0.016 - 0.019

v. gunite, wavy section

0.018 - 0.022

Concrete bottom, float finish, sides as indicated


i. dressed stone in mortar

0.015 - 0.017

ii. random stone in mortar

0.017 - 0.020

iii. cement rubble masonry

0.020 - 0.025

iv. cement rubble masonry, plastered

0.016 - 0.020

v. dry rubble (rip-rap)

0.020 - 0.030

Tile

0.016 - 0.018

Brick

0.014 - 0.017
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Table 2.1b Values of Manning roughness coefficient n


Surface characteristics
Sewers (concrete, asbestos-cement, vitrified-clay
pipes)

Range of n
0.012 - 0.015

Asphalt

i. smooth

0.013

ii. rough

0.016

Concrete lined, excavated rock


i. good section

0.017 - 0.020

ii. irregular section

0.022 - 0.027

Laboratory flumes-smooth metal bed, glass or


perspex sides

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0.009 - 0.010

Manning roughness coefficient n


= 0.020 - 0.022

Manning roughness coefficient n


= 0.020 - 0.022

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Manning roughness coefficient n


= 0.022 - 0.024

Manning roughness coefficient n


= 0.020

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Table 2.1c Values of Manning roughness coefficient n


Surface characteristics

Range of n

(b) Unlined, non-erodible channels


Earth, straight and uniform
i. clean, recently completed

0.016 - 0.020

ii. clean, after weathering

0.018 - 0.025

iii. gravel, uniform section, clean

0.022 - 0.030

iv. with short grass, few weeds

0.022 - 0.033

Channels with weeds and brush, uncut


i. dense weeds, high as flow depth

0.050 - 0.120

ii. clean bottom, brush on sides

0.040 - 0.080

iii. dense weeds or aquatic plants in deep


channels

0.030 - 0.035

iv. grass, some weeds

0.025 - 0.033

Rock

0.025 - 0.045

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Table 2.1d Values of Manning roughness coefficient n


Surface characteristics

Range of n

(c) Natural channels


Smooth natural earth channels, free from growth,
little curvature

0.020

Earth channels, considerably covered with small


growth

0.035

Mountain streams in clean loose cobbles, rivers


with variable section with some vegetation on the
banks

0.040 - 0.050

Rivers with fairly straight alignment, obstructed


by small trees, very little under brush

0.060 - 0.075

Rivers with irregular alignment and cross-section,


covered with growth of virgin timber and
occasional patches of bushes and small trees

0.125

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Manning roughness coefficient n


= 0.11

Manning roughness coefficient n


= 0.20

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Grassed swale

Table 2.2 Values of Manning


roughness coefficient for
grassed swale
Surface
cover

Manning n

Short grass

0.030 - 0.035

Tall grass

0.035 - 0.050

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Table 2.3 Proposed values of Bazin coefficient m


Description of channel

Bazin coefficient m

Very smooth cement of planed wood

0.11

Unplaned wood, concrete, or brick

0.21

Ashlar, rubble masonry, or poor brickwork

0.83

Earth channels in perfect condition

1.54

Earth channels in ordinary condition

2.36

Earth channels in rough condition

3.17

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Activity 2.3
Calculate the velocity and discharge in a trapezoidal channel having a
bottom width of 20 m, side slopes 1(H) : 2(V), and a depth of water 6
m. Given Kutter's n = 0.015 and So = 0.005.
Given B = 20 m, y = 6.0 m, z = 0.5, So = 0.005 and n = 0.015
A = By + zy2 = 138 m2,
P = B + 2y = 33.42 m,

y
z

R = A/P = 4.13 m

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Ganguillet-Kutter

0.00155 1
23

So
n
C

0.00155 n

1 23
So R

0.00155
1

0.005 0.015
C
0.00155 0.015
1 23

0.005 4.13

23

C 76.769

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Chezy velocity V C RSo


V 76.769 4.13 0.005

V 11.03 m/s

Discharge Q AV
Q 138 11.03

Q 1522.14 m3 /s

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Activity 2.4
Find the equivalent Bazin coefficient m for the question in Activity 2.3
and compare the Chezy coefficients obtained from Kutter n & Bazin m.
Known A = 138 m2, P = 33.42 m, R = 4.13 m
Assume that for concrete with Kutter n = 0.015, Bazin m = 0.21
87
Bazin C
m
1
R
87
C
0.21
1
4.13
C 78.852 (fromBazin) 76.769 (from Ganguillet- Kutter)

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Activity 2.5
A trapezoidal channel is 10.0 m wide and has a side slope of
1.5(H) : 1(V). The bed slope is 0.0003. The channel is lined with
smooth concrete n = 0.012. Compute the mean velocity and
discharge for a depth of flow of 3.0 m.
Given B = 10 m, y = 3.0 m, z = 1.5, So = 0.0003 and n = 0.012
A = By + zy2 = 43.5 m2,
P = B + 2y 1 z 2 = 20.817 m,
R = A/P = 2.090 m
1

y
z
B

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1 3 2
Manning velocity V R So
n
2
1
1
V
2.090 3 0.00032
0.012
V 2.359 m/s

Discharge Q AV
43.5 2.359

102.625 m3 /s

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Activity 2.6
In the channel of Example 2.5, find the bottom slope necessary to
carry only 50 m3/s of the discharge at a depth of 3.0 m.
Given B = 10 m, y = 3.0 m, z = 1.5 and n = 0.012

and A = 43.5 m2, P = 20.817 m, R = 2.090 m


2

1 3 12
Manning discharge Q AR So
n
2
1
1
50
43.5 2.09 3 So2
0.012
So 0.0000712
So 7.12 10 5
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Activity 2.7
A triangular channel with an apex angle of 75 carries a flow of
1.2 m3/s at a depth of 0.80 m. If the bed slope is 0.009, find the
roughness coefficient C and n of the channel.
Given y = 0.80 m, So = 0.009, = 75, and Q = 1.2 m3/s
75

0.767
z tan tan
2
2

and A = zy2 = 0.491 m2, P = 2y 1 z 2 = 2.017 m,


R = A/P = 0.2435 m

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75
z

1 3 12
Using Manning equation Q AR So
n
2

1
1
1.2 0.491 0.24353 0.009 2
n
n 0.0151

1
2

Using Chezy equation Q CAR S

1
2
o
1
2

1.2 C 0.491 0.2435 0.009


C 52.197

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1
2

Activity 2.8
A trapezoidal channel of bottom width 25 m and side slope
2.5(H):1(V) carries a discharge of 450 m3/s with a normal depth of
3.5 m. The elevations at the beginning and end of the channel are
685 m and 650 m, respectively. Determine the length of the
channel if n = 0.02.
Given B = 25 m, z = 2.5, yo = 3.5, n = 0.02, and Q = 450 m3/s
A = By + zy2 = 118.125 m2
P = B + 2y 1 z 2 = 43.848 m
R = A/P = 2.694 m

y
z
B

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1 3 12
Manning equation, Q AR So
n
2
1
1
450
118.125 2.694 3 So2
0.02
So 0.00155

Manning equation,

z
So
LH

0.00155

685 650
LH

LH 22601.13 m
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2.3 Conveyance
Conveyance K of a channel section is a measure of the carrying
capacity of the channel section per unit longitudinal slope. It is
directly proportional to discharge Q.
1. Chezy formula

1
2

Q CAR S

1
2
o

K CAR

1
2

1 3 12
1
2. Manning formula Q AR So K AR 3
n
n

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2.4 Section Factor


Section factor Z in the Manning formula is AR2/3, which is a function of
the depth of flow.
2

1 3 12
In Manning formula Q AR So
n

Therefore,

2
3

AR

Qn
S

1
2
o

Section factor AR2/3 is normally used to compute the normal depth yo


when the discharge Q, bottom slope So and Manning roughness
coefficient n are provided.
Computation of yo could be through either direct trial-and-error
computation, based on graph, or through provided design chart.
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Activity 2.9
A trapezoidal channel 5.0 m wide and having a side slope of 1.5(H) :
1(V) is laid on a slope of 0.00035. The roughness coefficient n = 0.015.
Find the normal depth for a discharge of 20 m3/s through this channel.
Given B = 5.0 m, z = 1.5, So = 0.00035, n = 0.015, and Q = 20 m3/s
A = By + zy2 = 5y + 1.5y2
P = B + 2y 1 z 2 = 5 + 2 3.25y
A 5y 1.5y 2
R
P 5 2 3.25y
1

y
z
B

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1 3 12
Manning equation, Q AR So
n

Arranging Manning equation as a function of section factor,


2
3

AR

Qn
S

1
2
o

2
3

5yo 1.5yo2 20 0.015



5yo 1.5y
1
5

2
3
.
25
y

o
0.000352
2
o

5y

o 1.5y

5 2

5
2 3
o

3.25y o

2
3

16.036

Therefore, yo = 1.820 m
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By trial-and-error:
yo (m)

5y

5 2

1.5y

5
2 3
o

3.25y o

5.391

19.159

1.8

15.706

1.820

16.035

2
3

Graphically,

5y

1.5y

5 2

5
2 3
o

3.25y o

yo (m)

2
3

16.036

5y

5 2

1.5y

Therefore, yo = 1.820 m

5
2 3
o

2.5

3.25y o

2
3

5.391

1.5

11.198

1.7

14.115

1.8

15.706

0.5

1.9

17.387

19.159

y o (m)

yo = 1.82 m

2
1.5
1

16.036
0

10

15
AR 2/3

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20

25

Design Chart is available,

Rectangular (z = 0)

y
y
and
B
do

0.37
Circular

0.2194
AR
B

8
3

2
3

and

AR
d

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8
3
o

2
3

2
3

At the x-axis, AR 16.036


AR
B

8
3

2
3

16.036
5

8
3

0.2194

Intersecting at z = 1.5 of trapezoidal channel gives


y
0.37
B

y 0.37 5

Therefore, yo = 1.85 m

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Design chart for lined open drain from


Urban Stormwater Management Manual
for Malaysia (Department of Irrigation
and Drainage, 2000)
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Activity 2.10
A concrete-lined trapezoidal channel with n = 0.015 is to have a
side slope of 1(H) : 1(V). The bottom slope is to be 0.0004. Find the
bottom width of the channel necessary to carry 100 m3/s of
discharge at a normal depth of 2.50 m.
Given yo = 2.5 m, z = 1, So = 0.0004, n = 0.015, and Q = 100 m3/s
A = By + zy2 = 2.5B + 6.25
P = B + 2y 1 z 2 = B + 7.071
A 2.5B 6.25
R
P B 7.071
1

y
z

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Manning equation as a function of section factor,


2
3

AR

Qn
S

1
2
o

2
3

2.5B 6.25 100 0.015



1
B 7.071
0.0004 2

2.5B 6.25

2.5B 6.25
2
3

B 7.071

5
3

75

By trial-and-error, B = 16.33 m

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Activity 2.11
Water flows uniformly at 10 m3/s in a rectangular channel with a base
width of 6.0 m, channel slope of 0.0001 and Manning's coefficient n =
0.013. Using trial-and-error method, find the normal depth.
Given Q = 10 m3/s, B = 6.0 m, So = 0.0001 and n = 0.013
A = By = 6y
P = B + 2y = 6 + 2y
3y
R
3 y
y

B
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2
3

AR

Qn
S

1
2
o

2
3

3y o 10 0.013

6y o
1
3 yo
0.00012
2
3

3y o
2.167
y o
3 yo

By trial-and-error, yo = 1.942 m

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Activity 2.12
A sewer pipe of 2.0 m diameter is laid on a slope of 0.0004 with
n = 0.014. Find the depth of flow when the discharge is 2 m3/s.

D2
Area A =
2 sin2
8
Perimeter P = D

r
yo

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2
3

Manning equation: AR

Qn
S

2
3

AR

1
2
o

2 0.014
0.0004

For design chart:

AR
D

8
3

AR
D

2
3

2
3

8
3

1
2

1.4
2

8
3

0.2205

Intersecting at circular section gives

yo
0.6
D
yo 0.6 2 = 1.20 m

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Design Chart:

Rectangular (z = 0)

y
y
and
B
do

0.6
Circular

0.2205
AR

2
3

and

AR

8
8
3
3
o
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2
3

Simplification for Wide Rectangular Channel


yo
0.02
Wide channel:
B
y
For wide channel, o is small, therefore R yo
B

Or simply, R yo

Discharge per unit width


Normally used in rectangular channels.
Q
Discharge per unit width q
B

or

q yV

Unit is m3/s/m.
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Activity 2.13
Water flows through a very wide channel at a rate of 2.5 m3/s/m.
The channel has a base width of 60 m, channel slope of 0.005 and
Manning's coefficient of 0.013. What is the normal depth?
Given: q = 2.5 m3/s/m, B = 60 m, So = 0.005, n = 0.013
For a wide rectangular channel, R = y
Manning equation: q yoV
2

1 3 12
q y o R So
n
5

1
q y o3 So2
n
5
1
1
2.5
yo3 0.0052
0.013
yo 0.6272 m

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2.5 Best Hydraulic Section (Most Effective Section)


A non-erodible channel should be designed for the best hydraulic
efficiency.
Best hydraulic section gives minimum area for a given discharge.
Referring to the channel conveyance,
2

1 3
K AR
n
for a constant flow area A, the conveyance increases with increase
in hydraulic radius R or decrease in the wetted perimeter P.

Simply, Qmax, Rmax and Pmin gives best hydraulic section.


Pmin - reduces construction cost (less lining material), and
- reduces friction force.
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Table. Best hydraulic sections


Cross
section

Side
slope z

Area A

Wetted
perimeter P

Hydraulic
radius R

Top width
T

Hydraulic
depth D

Section
factor Z

Trapezoid

1
3

3y 2

2 3y

y
2

4 3
y
3

3
y
4

3 2.5
y
2

Rectangle

2y2

4y

y
2

2y

2y 2.5

Triangle

y2

2 2y

2y
4

2y

y
2

2 2.5
y
2

Semicircle

y2

y
2

2y

Parabola

8 2
y
3

y
2

2 2y

4 2 2
y
3

BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

2
y
3

y 2.5

8 3 2.5
y
9

Activity 2.14
What is the best hydraulic section for a rectangular channel?
For a rectangular channel,

A By
P B 2y

For best hydraulic section

dP
0
dy

y
B

Let's first assume A to be constant:


A
2y
y
dP
A
2 2
dy
y
P

BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

For best hydraulic section

A
2 2 0
ye
A 2ye2

Bye 2ye2

B 2ye

P B 2ye
P 2ye 2ye
P 4 ye

A
P
2y e2
R
4ye
R

BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

ye
2

Activity 2.15
Show that the best hydraulic trapezoidal section is one-half
of a hexagon.
For a trapezoid,
A By zy 2
P B 2y 1 z 2
1

dP
0
For best hydraulic section
dy

Let's first assume A and z to be constant: B

BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

A
zy
y

60
1
3

Substituting B

A
zy 2y 1 z 2
y
dP
A
2 z 2 1 z2
dy
y
P

For best hydraulic section

A
And, P zy 2y 1 z 2
y

P 2ye 2 1 z z
2

A
2 z 2 1 z2 0
ye
A 2 1 z 2 z ye2

Therefore,

A
R
P

2y 2
e

R
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

ye2 2 1 z 2 z

ye
2

1 z2

If z is allowed to vary, A 2 1 z 2 z ye2


A
ye
2 1 z2 z

2
z

Substitute into P, P 2ye 2 1 z 2 z


P 2

A
2 1 z2

P 2 A 2 1 z2 z

When

1 z2 z

dP
0
dz

ze

1
3
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

When ze

1
,
3

P 2ye 2 1 z 2 z

P 2 3ye
P B 2y 1 z 2
B P 2y 1 z 2

2
ye
3

A 2 1 z 2 z ye2
A 3ye2
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

Activity 2.16
A slightly rough brick-lined trapezoidal channel carrying a
discharge of 25.0 m3/s is to have a longitudinal slope of 0.0004.
Analyse the proportions of
(a) an efficient trapezoidal channel section having a side of
1.5(H) : 1(V),
(b) the most efficient-channel section of trapezoidal shape.

Rough brick-lined gives Manning roughness n = 0.017

BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

(a) Fixed side slopes of 1.5(H) : 1(V),

For best hydraulic section

A 2 1 z z y
2

2
e

ye
and R
2

A 2.1056ye2
2

1 3 12
From Manning equation, Q AR So
n
2
1
3
y
1

25
2.1056ye2 e 0.0004 2
0.017
2
A By zy 2
2.1056ye2
B
1.5y e
ye
B 1.7137 m

ye 2.8298 m

2.830 m
1.5

BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

1.714 m

(b) If the side slope is not fixed, the side slope and other channel
characteristics for most-efficient trapezoidal section are
1
ze
3

ze 0.5774

A 3ye2

ye
2

1 3 12
From Manning equation, Q AR So
n
2
1
3
y
1

25
2.1056ye2 e 0.0004 2
0.017
2
ye 3.045 m

2
ye
3

Be 3.516 m

1
0.5774
BFC21103 Hydraulics

Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

3.045 m
3.516 m

2.6 Channels of Compound Sections


Compound sections channel - channels that are composed of several
distinct subsections with each subsection different in roughness from
others.

Manning equation is applied separately to each subsection to


determine the mean velocity.
n

Q Vi Ai
i 1

Or

n 12
K i So
V i 1
A
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

Activity 2.17
[Final exam question, Semester I, Session 2013/2014]
A composite channel as shown is designed to convey 19.8 m3/s of
water. The channel on a longitudinal slope So = 1:2000 is to be
lined with concrete (n = 0.017). Determine the normal depth of
flow based on graphical method.

3m

2
3

4m
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

Assignment #2
Q1.

[Final Exam Sem II, Session 2008/2009]


(a)

What is conveyance factor K?

(b)

Figure Q1(b) shows a compound channel and its dimensions.


The channel has bottom slope of 0.0036 and side slope of 1.5(H)
: 0.75(V). Determine the value of Chezy resistance coefficient C
and velocity of flow if flowrate is 10 m3/s.

1.5 m
0.2 m
0.5 m
Figure Q1(b)
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

Q1.

(c)

A very wide rectangular channel has a slope of 0.0004 and


Manning n = 0.02. If 2.54 m3/s/m flow is to be conveyed in this
channel, estimate the normal depth.

(d)

A trapezoidal channel is to carry 18 m3/s of flowrate on a


bottom slope of 0.0009. Given that Manning's n is 0.026 and the
sides of channel are inclined 63.44 to the vertical, determine
the bottom width, depth and velocity for the best hydraulic
section.

BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

Q2.

[Final Exam Sem I, Session 2010/2011]


(a)

Utilizing the concept of section factor, prove that the section in


Figure Q2(a) gives
2
3

4.58y 10y
Z 4.58y 2 10y
15.94
8.12y

when the discharge of the uniform flow is 33.6 m3/s, bed slope
So = 0.001 and Manning coefficient n = 0.015.

yo

yo
2

10 m

yo

45
2yo
Figure Q2(a)

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Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

60

Q2.

(b)

Determine the depth of flow yo of the channel if the best


hydraulic section is needed for a composite section as in Figure
Q2(b) to convey 6.5 m3/s of flow. Manning coefficient n and bed
slope are 0.015 and 0.0015, respectively.

4.5 m

y2
yo

y1

Figure Q2(b)
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

Q3.

[Final Exam, Sem I, Session 2007/2008]


(a) Water flows at a depth of 2.5 m in a rectangular concrete
channel (n = 0.013) of width 12 m and bed slope 0.0028. Find
the velocity and rate of flow.
(b)

Q4.

A housing area needs a channel to convey 9.8 m3/s of runoff. A


trapezoidal channel is proposed with 3 m width and side slope
3(horizontal) : 4(vertical). If the channel is concrete-lined (n =
0.013) and bottom slope So is 1 : 2000, determine the normal
depth using graphical method.

[Final Exam, Sem I, Session 2007/2008]


(a) Prove that the most efficient cross section for triangular channel
is half of a square.
(b)

A concrete-lined irrigation channel with Manning's n = 0.020 is


needed to convey 12.5 m3/s of flow. The channel has a
trapezoidal section with bottom slope So = 0.0015. Determine
the most effective size of the channel if the side slope is
restricted to 3(horizontal) : 1(vertical).
BFC21103 Hydraulics
- End of Question Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

THANK YOU

BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)

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