Introduction:

Machining is a manufacturing term incorporating a wide scope of advancements

and strategies. It can be generally characterized as the procedure of removing
material from a work piece utilizing power driven machine devices to shape it
into a planned design. Most metal segments and parts require some type of
machining amid the production processes. Different materials, for example,
plastics, rubbers, and paper products, are additionally normally produced
through machining procedures.
It can be characterized as the procedure of removing material from a work piece
as chips. The term metal cutting is utilized when the material is metallic. Most
machining has low set-up expense contrasted with shaping, forming, and casting
procedures. In any case, machining is a great deal more costly for high volumes.
Machining is essential where tight tolerances on measurements and precision
finishes are required. (Thomasnet.com, 2015)
There consists of many machining processes .They are normally classified into
the following classes:
i) Cutting, for the most part including single-point or multipoint cutting devices,
each with a plainly characterized geometry.
Ii) Abrasive machining, for example, lapping, grinding.
iii) Non-traditional machining procedures, using electrical, chemical, and ideal
sources of energy. (Mfg.mtu.edu, 2015)
Phase transformation:
Development of another phase having a unique physical character and/or an
alternate structure than the parent phase. It includes two phenomena i.e
Nucleation and Growth
Nucleation is development of a nucleus or little particles of the new phase. : A
nucleus is shaped when the Gibbs free energy, G, of the system diminishes i.e.
difference in G gets to be negative.
There are two types of nucleation Heterogeneous and Homogeneous: Growth
Increase in size of the nucleus to the parents stage.
Homogeneous nucleation:
Homogeneous nucleation is much rarer than heterogeneous nucleation.
Notwithstanding, homogeneous nucleation is less difficult thus simpler to
comprehend than heterogeneous nucleation, so the most straightforward
approach to comprehend heterogeneous nucleation is to begin with
homogeneous nucleation. So the traditional nucleation hypothesis estimation for
the homogeneous nucleation barrier
.The most straightforward illustration of
nucleation is hardening of a metal. Above melting point T m, liquid free energy,
Gi < G s (Solid free energy) and free energy change for solidification G > 0.

Below

m,

<

and

nuclei

of

the

solid

phase

form.

Heterogeneous nucleation:
Heterogeneous nucleation, nucleation with the core at a surface, is a great deal
more normal than homogeneous nucleation. Heterogeneous nucleation is
regularly much quicker than homogeneous nucleation in light of the fact that the
nucleation obstruction G* is much lower at a surface. This is on the grounds
that the nucleation obstruction originates from the positive term in the free
vitality G, which is the surface term. For homogeneous nucleation the core is
approximated by a circle thus has a free vitality equivalent to the surface region
of a circle, 4r2, times the surface strain . Be that as it may, as should be
obvious in the schematic of naturally visible beads to one side, beads on
surfaces are not finished circles thus the interface's zone between the drop and
the encompassing liquid is under 4r2 as shown in fig-2

Figure-2

The iron-carbon diagram: