Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Farheen Chauhan
2452
VISION
To be the leader in the industry oriented quality education and
training and be the countrys premier institute for certification in the
field of information, electronics and communications technology
(IECT).
MISSION
Our mission is to be the best source for quality assurance in
software education.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE
PAGE NO.
Introduction
6-9
Problem Statement
10
Objective of System
11
12
Working Environment
2.1 History
2.2 Front End Details
2.2.1 About Java
2.2.2 How does it work
2.2.3 Why Java
2.2.4 Interface
2.2.5 Why Notepad
2.2.6 Languages used on Notepad
2.3 Back End Details
2.3.1 Microsoft Access
2.3.2 History of MS Access
2.4 Characteristics of Java
2.5 Advantages of Java
2.6 Features and Specification
14-26
System Design
27-36
Design
3.4.1 Coding for Main page
36-44
4.1 Snapshots
4.2 Summary of Result
Conclusion
45
Future Scope
47
References
48
INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT
1.1 GAS AGENCY SYSTEM
Toll tax is collected to recover the total capital outlay which includes the cost of
construction, repairs, maintenance, expenses on toll operation and interest on the
outlay. The new facility thus constructed should provide reduced travel time and
increased level of service. In India most of the highway projects are given on PPP
basis, i.e. Public Private Partnership. In this the private organization finances and
constructs the facility and recovers the capital from the users in the form of toll tax.
This tax is collected for a reasonable period of time after which the facility is
surrendered to the public. Of late, toll tax is being levied on parking of vehicles in the
urban centres in a move to decongest the streets and reduce the pollution levels. This
concept is known as Congestion Pricing.
Toll Plaza System (TPS) is a web-based portal through which National Highway users
may easily access information related to toll fee and other details viz. current toll
charges; and concessions/discounts available for local vehicles at various toll plaza(s)
in the Country; commercial operation date; date of toll fee notification; effective and
due date of toll rate revision; name and contact details of key personnel on toll plaza;
details of nearest police station; hospitals etc. in addition to facilities available near
toll plaza(s). The portal is GIS based wherein toll plazas may be easily searched on a
map. Toll plaza(s) can also be searched between any two stations with shortest path on
map and applicable toll fee at various toll plazas along the route can be ascertained.
Copy of Gazette Notification for Toll Fee is available for downloading. Toll Rates can
also be accessed through mobile phones by sending SMS to 56070 with predefined
text messages. TPS can be opened through internet on any browser through the URL
www.nhtis.org. This manual is prepared for the public/road users. This Manual
explains in detail how to access various information related to the toll plazas.
A facility is available to ascertain the Toll Plaza Locations as well as the amount of
fee that a user shall have to pay while travelling through a selected stretch of National
Highway. To precede a user has to click on Toll Plaza between two stations.
There are two types of toll collection systems available. These are: (i) Open Toll
System, and (ii) Closed Toll System.
OPEN TOLL SYSTEM
In an open toll system, not all patrons are charged a toll. In such a system, the toll
plaza is generally located at the edge of the urban area, where a majority of long
distance travellers are committed to the facility, with a minimum likelihood of
switching to the parallel free route, or at the busiest section of the toll way [2]. Patrons
are identified by their category and pay a fixed toll for it. The local traffic around the
plaza either gets rebate or can use a service lane. The general layout of an open toll
collecting system is highlighted in Fig. 1.
1.4 TERMINOLOGY
Some of the basic terms that will be used in the chapters to come have been discussed
in this section. Following are the terms and their definitions:
THROUGHPUT: - It is the number of vehicles passing through the toll plaza over a
short period of time, usually 1 hour.
DEMAND: - It is the sum of throughput and the number of vehicles queued up at the
toll plaza during 1 hour.
PROCESSING TIME: - It is the difference between the time a vehicle leaves and
the time when it enters the toll area. The entry time is taken from the moment a
vehicle stops in the queue.
QUEUING AREA: - It is the area of the toll plaza where the number of lanes of
incoming vehicles increase from the number of lanes on highway to the number of
tollbooths. The vehicles queue up in this area to make the toll payment. Fig. 3 shows
the location of queuing area in a toll plaza.
MERGING AREA: - It is the area of the toll plaza where the number of lanes of
outgoing vehicles decreases from the number of tollbooths to the number of lanes on
highway. The vehicles have to merge with other vehicles in this area before the
highway comes to its normal width. Figure shows the location of merging area in a
toll plaza.
OPTIMAL TOLL PLAZA CONFIGURATION: - It is the one which minimizes the
expected time a driver must spend while travelling through the system.
STATEMENT ABOUT
THE PROBLEM OF EXISTING SYSTEM
There are few problems with Toll Plaza system are shown bellow.
The main problem of toll plaza is how we optimize the queue length of vehicles and
the time of customers in the system. Our goal is to ensure that the toll plaza could
handle the traffic flows without any problems. Our objectives are to determine the
number and different types of tollbooths in terms of single or multiple payment. The
number of tollbooths has to be determined in order to process peak traffic hours
without long waiting times. Two extreme but natural options would be:
To offer all types of payment systems in all booths.
To have separate tollbooths for each payment type.
Clearly, offering all payment systems at all tollbooths would seem more efficient and
provide more flexibility during the operation. However, it could also be more costly
as more operators may have to be employed. The electronic payment systems do not
require manual assistance. Separate payment tollbooths, in contrast, may require more
tollbooths in total and lead to longer waiting times. The nature and the complexity of
the toll plaza required a method capable of dealing with both the queueing processes
and the traffic flows at the toll plaza.
Next problem of the highway toll plaza is to reduce waiting time of customers. If the
time taken by the vehicles in the toll plaza were as short as possible, the toll plaza
would obtain a larger traffic capacity. To improve the traffic capacity, The
relationships among the amount of the time taken by vehicles entering the system,
service time, the number of tollbooths and the departing time of the vehicles must be
considered simultaneously. If the number of the tollbooths increases or the serving
time decreases, the average waiting time decreases and the departing time increases.
OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT
The cost of driving these days has far extended past the cost of a monthly car
payment and gasoline. Parking, maintenance, taxes, tolls and insurance can add up
quickly, even if you use a competitive marketplace such as Auto insurance us.
Open-road tolling is a smart technology that offers convenience and could help
lower prices for taxes and tolls.
In an open-road tolling system, the toll operator collects tolls on toll roads without
using booths. Instead, drivers equip their cars with transponders keyed to a credit
card. Users simply drive through a toll plaza at highway speeds and are charged
electronically without having to slow down. Open-road systems also can use
license-plate recognition technology to bill those who don't have transponders.
Currently, 28 states in the U.S. utilize open-road and electronic tolling-collection
systems, but none have expanded their programs throughout their metropolitan
areas.
Here are some benefits of electronic toll-collection in metropolitan areas and a
look at why toll booths will easily become obsolete within the next decade.
If the time taken by the vehicles in the toll plaza were as short as possible, the toll
plaza would obtain a larger traffic capacity. To improve the traffic capacity, The
relationships among the amount of the time taken by vehicles entering the system,
service time, the number of tollbooths and the departing time of the vehicles must be
considered simultaneously. If the number of the tollbooths increases or the serving
time decreases, the average waiting time decreases and the departing time increases.
and user friendly. The design of the Toll Plazas should be such that they are
aesthetically pleasing and efficient and the fee collection staff should be quick,
courteous and adequately trained before deployment.
GENERAL LAYOUT: - The general toll plaza geometry of a 2+2 lane toll plaza.
Initially, the numbers of lanes become equal to the number of tollbooths, which is
equal to three in the queuing area. After the vehicle crosses the tollbooth, the number
of lanes merges back to the original width of the highway, i.e. two-lane. A lane for the
extra wide and the exempted vehicles is provided at the left hand side of the highway.
Some extra space is also maintained for the scope of future plaza expansion. The
design specifications for the design of the flared portions are as listed below:
Lane width = 3.2 m in general and 4.1 m for oversize vehicles.
Median (a) Width = 1.8 m (b) Length = 50 m
Transition - 1 in 10 may be provided from two-lane section to the widened width
at Toll Plaza on either side.
NUMBER OF TOLL LANES: - As discussed previously, tollbooths are erected to
collect the tax from the road users. The number of tollbooths depends on the flow of
vehicles on the facility. Following guidelines are generally followed while deciding
the number of toll lanes in a toll plaza:
Peak Hour Factor: Percentage of vehicles travelling during the peak hour to the
average daily traffic.
Number of toll lanes should be corresponding to the forecast traffic for at least 5
years.
Forecast traffic in terms of vehicle/day for all the toll able categories. Non-toll
able vehicles (e.g. VIP vehicles, ambulances, etc) are exempted from the toll tax
and flow through a separate lane.
If the queue becomes so long that the waiting time exceeds three minutes then the
number of tollbooths need to be increased.
WORKING ENVIORNMENT
2.1 HISTORY OF JAVA
Java history is interesting to know. The history of java starts from Green Team. Java
team members (also known as Green Team), initiated a revolutionary task to develop
a language for digital devices such as set-top boxes, televisions etc.
For the green team members, it was an advance concept at that time. But, it was suited
for internet programming. Later, Java technology as incorporated by Netscape.
Currently, Java is used in internet programming, mobile devices, games, e-business
solutions etc. There are given the major points that describes the history of java.
James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naught on initiated the Java language
project in June 1991. The small team of sun engineers called Green Team.
Originally designed for small, embedded systems in electronic appliances like settop boxes.
Firstly, it was called "Greentalk" by James Gosling and file extension.
After that, it was called Oak and was developed as a part of the Green project.
.WHY OAK NAME FOR JAVA LANGUAGE
Oak is a symbol of strength and chosen as a national tree of many countries like
U.S.A., France, Germany, Romania etc. In 1995, Oak was renamed as "Java" because
it was already a trademark by Oak Technologies.
Front end part is more important. I have chosen Notepad as a front end. Because it
gives good and more workspace for designing Project and it is more secure than
others. The resulting filestypically saved with the txt extensionhave no format
tags or styles, making the program suitable for editing system files to use in
a DOS environment and, occasionally, source code for later compilation or execution,
usually through a command prompt. It is also useful for its negligible use of system
resources; making for quick load time and processing time, especially on underpowered hardware. Notepad supports both left-to-right and right-to-left based
languages. Unlike Notepad offers only the most basic text manipulation functions,
such as finding text. Only newer versions of Windows include an updated version of
Notepad with a search and replace function. However, it has much less functionality
in comparison to full-scale editors.
be
deployed
as byte
code in
a Java
Virtual
Machine (JVM);
byte
code compilers are also available feather languages, including JavaScript, Python,
and Ruby. In addition, several languages have been designed to run natively on the
JVM,
syntax borrows
heavily
from C and C++, but object-oriented features are modelled there are also available in
after Smalltalk and Objective-C. Java eschews certain low-level constructs such
as pointers and has a very simple memory model where every object is allocated on
the heap and all variables of object types are references. Memory management is
handled through integrated automatic garbage collection performed by the JVM. On
November 13, 2006, Sun Microsystems made the bulk of its implementation of
Java
is
used
in
wide
variety
of computing
devices and mobile phones to enterprise servers and supercomputers. While less
common, Java applets run in secure, sandboxed environments.
addition to the grammar. Java just got quite a bit more complex in 1.5 (excuse me,
Java 5). They haven't even released a new version of the language spec yet.
Portability - These days Java really does run well on all the popular platforms
(Linux was a little behind, until Sun realized they needed them... now it's
just FreeBSD, OpenBsd, and NetBsd lagging) (Too bad that Ruby, Python, Perl,
Squeak don't work well on most platforms... Oh wait, they do!)
Speed - The latest JIT compilers for Suns JVM approach the speed of C/C++
code, and in some memory allocation intensive circumstances, exceed it. (Too bad
Ruby, Python, Perl, and Squeak don't even come close)
Standard APIs - You can happily write your code knowing that the standard java.*
libraries will be waiting on the client for it, assuming a recent enough version of
Java is installed
Garbage Collection- the programmer doesn't have to worry about memory (most
of the time)
VM - see Why Are Virtual Machines Great.
Checked Exception(some people hate this, but its optional) (some ppl love it)
single class inheritance
singly rooted class hierarchy (the reason that lack of templates isn't a killer)
no Operator Overloading
reflection
Inherent support for dynamic linking and loading.
Guarantees of binary compatibility w.r.t. changes to linked code.
fast edit/compile/run cycle faster than what?
I can only attest that this makes Eclipse degrees. It is wonderful to be able to make
small changes to a class and have the recompiled class linked into the running
application for immediate testing. I don't know whether this is possible in other Java
environments.
2.2.4 INTERFACE
An interface is a reference type in Java, it is similar to class, it is a collection of
abstract methods. A class implements an interface, thereby inheriting the abstract
methods of the interface.
Along with abstract methods an interface may also contain constants, default
methods, static methods, and nested types. Method bodies exist only for default
methods and static methods.
Writing an interface is similar to writing a class. But a class describes the attributes
and behaviours of an object. And an interface contains behaviours that a class
implements.
Unless the class that implements the interface is abstract, all the methods of the
interface need to be defined in the class.
An interface is similar to a class in the following ways:
An interface is written in a file with a .java extension, with the name of the
interface matching the name of the file.
Interfaces appear in packages, and their corresponding byte code file must be in a
directory structure that matches the package name.
An interface cannot contain instance fields. The only fields that can appear in an
interface must be declared both static and final.
last line of the file .Notepad accepts text from the Windows clipboard. When
clipboard data with multiple formats is pasted into Notepad, the program only accepts
text in the CF_TEXT format. This is useful for stripping embedded font type and style
codes from formatted text, such as when copying text from a web page and pasting
into an email message or other WYSIWYG text editor. Formatted text can be
temporarily pasted into Notepad, and then immediately copied again in stripped
format to paste into the other program. Notepad accepts text from the
Windows clipboard. When clipboard data with multiple formats is pasted into
Notepad, the program only accepts text in the CF_TEXT format. This is useful for
stripping embedded font type and style codes from formatted text.
Software developers and data architects can use Microsoft Access to develop
application software, and "power users" can use it to build software applications.
Like other Office applications, Access is supported by Visual Basic for
Applications (VBA), an object-oriented programming language that can reference
a variety of objects including DAO (Data Access Objects), ActiveX Data Objects,
and many other ActiveX components. Visual objects used in forms and reports
expose their methods and properties in the VBA programming environment, and
VBA code modules may declare and call Windows operating-system functions.
Group of Joshua Bloch, Bruce Chapman, Aleksey Kudravtsev, Mark Mathieu, Tim
Peierls, and Olivier Tomean. The origins of these features lie in Project Coin, an Open
JDK project started in 2009 with the goal of "Making things programmers do every
day easier". The project solicited proposals from the Java community for broadly
useful language features that were, in comparison with "large" features like generics,
relatively "small" in their specification, implementation, and testing. Thousands of
emails and six dozen proposals later, proposals were accepted from Joshua Bloch (the
try-with-resources statement), Derek Foster/Bruce Chapman.
SYSTEM DESIGN
3.1 METHOD TO DESIGN
The basic environment required to start the project is the Java Development Kit that is
being used for running the application on Java platform. After getting familiar with
that, the next process is what kind of language we are working upon to deal with the
basic core Java, the various controls controlled by the JDK i.e. the Java Development
Kit.
After that you start with your application, first of all, the layouts of your application
are designed which basically deals with the type of Graphical User Interface you are
going to provide to make it look simple and attractive for the user who is using your
application.
When the whole Coding and the layout is completed, the developer who is
developing the project, runs it on any operating system so as to know how the
developed java project runs. To make this project notepad is used where the java code
is written and to compile this command prompt is used.
Now the basic core language i.e. Java, is used to make those layouts work properly
and to shift from one class to the other and setting up all the key actions performed by
the user while using the application or when the project is in the running state.
This field holds the basic coding language written by the user to make the project run
properly. When the whole Coding and the layout is completed, the developer who is
developing the project, runs it on JVD (Java Virtual Device) so as to know how the
developed project runs. To make this project I firstly prepare the layouts for the
screens on the notepad files and then I put the code in the JAVA file and after that I
compile it on command prompt. Once the developer is satisfied, the project can be
posted on the play store so that various users can use it.
By using this method we can manage the database for Toll Plaza. Here different type
of the method and the flowchart are present to show it working.
Let us consider the way of tracking, firstly we start from the choice which is given in
three options.
Admin Login
User Login
Here in this article, I will discuss the features of some well known Java frameworks
and I assure you that my sole intention is to not influence your decision. Read the
following paragraphs to get a comprehensive idea and then decide, what suits you
best?
PLAY:- Its a powerful and lightweight open source web development
framework, loved by thousands of developers all over the world for its scalability,
speed and performance. It uses the Java and Scale programming languages and if
you have knowledge in Scale, it should not take more than an hour to get used to
with this framework. The user interface of Play is simple and intuitive, thus it does
not take time to understand the basic features. One of the key features of Play is
that you dont need to compile your codes, just deploy and restart. While
developing an app, you can easily see the new changes by simply hitting the
refresh button. This feature saves a lot of time during web development. It has just
one configure file and rest of the configuration is done automatically. Play also
comes with testing tools that let developers test their application within the
framework.
GRAILS:- Its an open source web development framework which is built upon
frameworks like Hibernate, Spring and GROMS. One of the strong positive
qualities of Grails is the Enterprise Java Beans or EJB support. EJB helps
developers start their work immediately. They dont need to configure the XML.
This framework offers speedy development features and lets you create highly
robust and scalable applications. There are plenty of ready-made modules
available in Grails and you can use them for your work. It offers unit testing
feature and based on your requirements, you can integrate other testing
frameworks as well.
ECLIPSE:- Its an open source, multi language, Integrated Development
Environment. This framework is used for creating rich client side apps. With the
help of Eclipse, you can build native applications that can run on Windows, Safari
and Linux. It also comes with updated features for deploying desktop apps.
Developers can code in Eclipse using a number of languages including SCALA,
Ruby, C, C++ and COBOL. The framework can be extended easily using plug-ins.
SPRING FRAMEWORK: - Its one of the most popular frameworks that help
you create high performing and testable applications. It takes care of petty
usability features so that you dont have to code everything and can focus on the
main features of your project. One of the unique advantages of spring is that it lets
you connect various components and as a result, you can create a solution for
intricate problems. Some of the other features it offers are cloud support, support
to traditional database rdbms as well as new no sql, better security and
compatibility to mobile..
JAVA RUNTIME: - The android runtime consists of the DVM. It is basically a
virtual machine for embedded devices; while like any other virtual machine is a
byte code interpreter.
we say it is for embedded devices, it means it is low on memory, comparatively
slower and runs on battery power. Beside the DVM, it is also consists of the core
library, which are java libraries, which are java libraries and are available for all
device.
3.4 DESIGN
Write the code in java language on notepad and compile and run it onto command
prompt. The code for the main page is shown bellow:3.4.1 SOURCE CODE FOR THE MAIN PAGE
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.sql.*;
public class midsrc extends JFrame implements ActionListener
{
ImageIcon c1,c2,c3,c4,c5,c6,c8,c9,c10,c11;
JLabel leb1,leb2,leb3,leb4,leb8,leb9,leb10,leb11;
JPasswordField pas1;
JButton buser,badmin,bexit;
char ch;
public midsrc()
{
setLayout(null);
c1=new ImageIcon("poiuyt.jpg");
leb1=new JLabel(c1);
leb1.setBounds(0,0,1400,730);
c8=new ImageIcon("toll1.png");
leb8=new JLabel(c8);
leb8.setBounds(100,40,650,100);
c2=new ImageIcon("ioo.jpg");
leb2=new JLabel(c2);
leb2.setBounds(420,280,200,115);
pas1=new JPasswordField();
pas1.setBounds(432,440,250,28);
pas1.setVisible(false);
c3=new ImageIcon("pok.jpg");
leb3=new JLabel(c3);
leb3.setBounds(750,280,200,115);
c4=new ImageIcon("adm.jpg");
badmin=new JButton(c4);
badmin.setBounds(453,410,130,30);
badmin.addActionListener(this);
c5=new ImageIcon("shetal.jpg");
buser=new JButton(c5);
buser.setBounds(788,410,130,30);
buser.addActionListener(this);
c6=new ImageIcon("b7.jpg");
bexit=new JButton(c6);
bexit.setBounds(1230,88,110,29);
bexit.addActionListener(this);
c9=new ImageIcon("car4.png");
leb9=new JLabel(c9);
leb9.setBounds(130,600,1165,99);
add(pas1);
add(leb3);
add(leb2);
add(leb8);
add(badmin);
add(buser);
add(bexit);
add(leb9);
add(leb1);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{
String s=ae.getActionCommand();
badmin.setActionCommand("Admin");
buser.setActionCommand("User");
bexit.setActionCommand("Exit");
if(s.equals("Admin"))
{
pas1.setVisible(true);
if(pas1.getText().equals("1234567"))
{
dispose();
adminsrc admi=new adminsrc();
admi.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE);
admi.setTitle("Admin Screen");
admi.setSize(1400,730);
admi.setVisible(true)
}
}
else if(s.equals("User"))
{
dispose();
signin in=new signin();
Thread thread=new Thread(in);
thread.start();
in.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE);
in.setTitle("User Login");
in.setSize(1400,730);
in.setVisible(true);
}
else if(s.equals("Exit"))
{
int x=JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(null,"Are You Sure??");
if(x==JOptionPane.YES_OPTION)
{
System.exit(0);
}
}
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
midsrc m=new midsrc();
m.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE);
m.setSize(1400,730);
m.setVisible(true);}}
every exit, it can cause traffic congestion while traffic queues at the mainline toll
plazas (toll barriers). It is also possible for motorists to enter an 'open toll road' after
one toll barrier and exit before the next one, thus travelling on the toll road toll-free.
Most open toll roads have ramp tolls or partial access junctions to prevent this
practice, known as "shunpiking".
With a closed system, vehicles collect a ticket when entering the highway. In some
cases, the ticket displays the toll to be paid on exit. Upon exit, the driver must pay the
amount listed for the given exit. Should the ticket be lost, a driver must typically pay
the maximum amount possible for travel on that highway. Short toll roads with no
intermediate entries or exits may have only one toll plaza at one end, with motorists
travelling in either direction paying a flat fee either when they enter or when they exit
the toll road. In a variant of the closed toll system, mainline barriers are present at the
two endpoints of the toll road, and each interchange has a ramp toll that is paid upon
exit or entry. In this case, a motorist pays a flat fee at the ramp toll and another flat fee
at the end of the toll road; no ticket is necessary. In addition, with most systems,
motorists may only pay tolls with cash and/or change; debit and credit cards are not
accepted. However, some toll roads may have travel plazas with ATMs so motorists
can stop and withdraw cash for the tolls.
The toll is calculated by the distance travelled on the toll road or the specific exit
chosen.
In
the
United
States,
for
instance,
the Kansas
Turnpike, Ohio
Turnpike, Pennsylvania Turnpike, New Jersey Turnpike, most of the Indiana Toll
Road, and portions of the Massachusetts Turnpike, New York Thruway, and Florida's
Turnpike currently implement closed systems.
The Union Toll Plaza on the Garden State Parkway was the first ever to use an
automated toll collection machine. A plaque commemorating the event includes the
first quarter collected at its toll booths.
CONCLUSION
By doing of toll plaza we can have the best solution over money loss at toll plaza by
reducing the man power required for collection of money and also can reduce the
traffic indirectly resulting in reduction of time at toll plaza. From the above
discussions we can conclude that toll tax is a fee which is used for the use of a newly
constructed facility to recoup the total capital outlay. The private organization builds,
operates and then transfers the facility after a projected period of time. The Electronic
Toll Collection (ETC) system is the most efficient method of toll collection with
minimum delays. But due to its high installation cost its not that prevalent in India.
We can find the optimum number of tollbooths by applying queuing theory to
ascertain the delays in both queuing and merging areas. The optimum number of
tollbooths should minimize the overall delay time. The toll plaza design should be
done in accordance with the Indian Standard Codes available. Toll prices are set in a
way that they attract maximum number of users and the agency should be able to
recover the cost within specified period of time.
As mentioned above the toll rates should not be more than savings derived by the road
user by using the facility. The savings will be perceived differently by people of
different category and people using different modes. For public transport user, he/she
is not concerned with vehicle operating cost. Instead, he/she is concerned with the
fare to be paid for the unit distance travelled. But for private mode, the user is
concerned with the vehicle operating cost and travel time saved. Travel distance,
travel time and toll are taken as deterrence measure. Maximum limit of toll as a
deterrence is found, beyond which the suggested shortest path becomes
uneconomical. Toll is a fee collected for the use of the road, bridge, tunnel, etc. to
recover the total capital outlay which includes interest on outlay, cost of repairs,
maintenance and also expenses on collection of toll. Hence the amount of toll should
not exceed the benefits which the user receive while using the toll road. The benefits
are due to savings in travel time, travel cost, increase in comfort and convenience. The
toll structure should be fixed in such a way that investments and expenses are
recovered within a reasonable period of time. The product of optimum toll rate and
traffic volume finally determines the gross toll revenue.
The entire toll plaza area can be divided into two areas namely queuing and the
merging area. The vehicles line up to pay the toll in the queuing area. The vehicles
wait for their turn to pay the toll at the toll booth. The delay is called as the queueing
delay. Similarly, once the vehicle crosses the toll booth, the number of lanes reduces
from number of tollbooths to the original width of the highway. A vehicle travelling in
a lane has to wait or slow down to allow another vehicle in the adjacent lane to pass.
These kind of delays are termed as merging delays. Manual toll collection is most
widely used collection method in India. It requires a toll collector or attendant. Based
on the vehicle classification, cash toll is received by the collector. The collector, who
also dispenses change, may accept and sell scrip, tickets, coupons, making an entry of
the vehicle in the system and issuing receipt to the patron Due to manual intervention,
the processing time is highest.
FUTURE SCOPE
ETC lane / RFID based tolling system will be used at almost every toll plaza in India
in the near future. ETC tolling systems have been recommended in a report by the
Apex Committee constituted by the Government of India under the chairmanship of
Nandan Nilkeni. Toll collection systems based on GPS technology will be
implemented in the near future. The free-flow system can manage several lanes,
electronically collecting tolls from vehicles as they pass beneath an overhead gantry.
This system is currently being used in countries such as the United States, Australia,
Canada, Chile and Israel. In a free-flow system, there are no lane dividers and
therefore no automatic barrier gates. When vehicles pass through a gantry, data gets
exchanged between tags installed on vehicles and readers installed on gantry. This
exchange happens simultaneously on all lanes at once. Vehicles dont even have to
slow down. If a vehicle does not have a valid tag, the system records the transaction
as a violation, recognises its licence plate automatically, and the toll is collected later.
Total cost of that road.
The duration of toll plaza.
And the remaining balances after each transaction.
Implementation of automatic money debit system
Implementation of image processing for centralize data recording
Designed a system to give complete solution for traffic and transport related problems
such as Toll gate control, traffic signal control, traffic rules violation control, parking
management and special zone alert using the latest RFID technology. It is proposed as
a low cost optimized solution using RFID and GSM mobile technology.
REFERENCES
WEBSITES
Web link Used:- www.tollplazasystem.com
Web link Used:- www.wikipedia.com/java
Web link Used:- http://www.zeegmo.com/tollplazasystem.php