Bio EOC Final Review

Scientific Method

Biochemistry

Cells

observations,

water molecules - polarity, hydrogen bonds,

Cell Theory (3 tenets)

testable hypothesis,

effect on cell membranes, cohesion, adhesion,

identify variables,

universal solvent, moderates temperature,

Prokaryotic Cells

control group

expands when freezes

no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

interpret data: read charts and graphs

(unicellular, microscopic)

adequate sample

Archea and Bacteria Domains

replicating findings

Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm,

hypothesis, theory and law

plasmid (DNA), ribosomes

inference and a prediction

science, non-science topic areas may be
very logical and based on good reasoning,
but simply do not fall within the realm of
science. They would include any belief
system, e.g., religious beliefs, philosophy,
personal opinions or attitudes, a sense of
esthetics, or ethics, pseudoscience may
be defined as a non-science which is
portrayed and advertised as a legitimate
science by its followers and supporters.
Good examples of a pseudoscience would

Eukaryotic Cells
macromolecules - monomers, polymers,
structure and function of each:
carbohydrates (glucose, sugars, starch,
glycogen, cellulose, chitin)
proteins (antibodies, enzymes, hemoglobin,
insulin, collagen)
nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
lipids (fats, phospholipids, steroids, hormones)

nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

(uni- and multicellular, micro- and
macroscopic, ,auto- and heterotrophic)
Organelles (structure and function)
Endosymbiotic Theory mitochondria and
chloroplasts have their own DNA and
ribosomes - may have been free living
prokaryotes that invaded and developed a
symbiotic relationship with host cell.

include "astrology"

Cell Membrane

Microscopes

Cell Cycle

Controls movement into and out of cells

Compound Microscope (Light Microscope)

Mitosis asexual reproduction, somatic cells

Phospholipid bilayer - semipermeable

Dissecting Microscope

One division = diploid cells

Phospholipid molecule - hydrophilic head,

Less magnification, resolution

Division of the nucleus

hydrophobic tails

Can view living specimens

Interphase: Gap1, Synthesis, Gap 2

Passive Transport: diffusion, osmosis,

facilitated diffusion
Active Transport: endocytosis
(pinocytosis, phagocytosis), exocytosis

Scanning Electron Microscope

Surface structures
Transmission Electron Microscope

Mitotic Phase: Prophase, Metaphase,

Anaphase, Telophase
Cytokinesis = Division of the cytoplasm

internal structures

Osmosis: hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic)

*SEM, TEM have much greater magnification

0smotic pressure

and resolution, no living specimens

cancer? What are some causes of cancer

Cell Cycle

Genetics

Genetics cont.

Meiosis sexual reproduction, gametes

Mendel: pea plants, seven traits

Punnett Square = possible outcomes

Two division cycles = haploid cells

Law of Dominance = if a dominant gene is

Spermatogenesis (4 sperm)

present, that trait will be seen

Oogenesis (1 egg, 3 polar bodies)

Law of Segregation = During the formation of

Genetic variation : segregation,

gametes (eggs or sperm), the two alleles

crossing over, random fertilization

responsible for a trait separate from each

Meiosis I : tetrads, crossing over,

other. Alleles for a trait are then

reduced to haploid condition

"recombined" at fertilization, producing the

Non-Mendelian Inheritance

no replication between divisions

genotype for the traits of the offspring.

Incomplete Dominance = blended traits

Law of Independent Assortment = Alleles for

Codominance = both dominant alleles

different traits are distributed to sex cells (&

expressed (Type AB blood)

Meiosis II: same as mitosis

offspring) independently of one another.

Multiple Alleles, Polygenetic Traits,

Pleiotropy, Epistasis

Pea Plant Experiments (P, F1, F2 generations)

Alleles, genotype (homozygous,

heterozygous) phenotype, karyotype,
pedigree, sex-linked genes

DNA and Replication

Protein Synthesis

Protein Synthesis cont.

Composed of nucleotides

Transcription is the synthesis of mRNA from a

Translation occurs at the ribosome when

DNA template.

tRNA reads the codon in place (matches

codon with anticodon), and drops off the
associated amino acid to add to the
polypeptide chain coded for by DNA.

It is like DNA replication in that a DNA strand

5 carbon sugar, phosphate group,

is used to synthesize a strand of mRNA.

nitrogenous base (A-T, C-G)

Only one strand of DNA is copied.

Complementary base pairs (adenine

A single gene may be transcribed thousands of

-guanine, cytocine - thymine)

times.

Carries genetic code in genes (order of

After transcription, the DNA strands rejoin.

bases)

mRNA moves to a ribosome to begin

Occurs during S phase of cell cycle

translation into a polypeptide chain

Mutations: Point mutations =

Read in triplets called codons

Mutations

frameshifts)

Central Dogma = gene - RNA - polypeptide

Chromosomal mutations = deletion,

Uracil replaces thymine in RNA

Duplication, inversion, translocation)

Enzymes

biological catalysts
(structures that speed up reactions)

made of proteins and have a

specific shape

they are not changed or used up

in reactions

they work by lowering the

activation energy necessary for
a chemical reaction to occur
Terms to know: active site, substrate,
induced fit model
optimal conditions
Affected by: temperature, pH, amount of
substrate, amount of enzyme
denature

Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight ---> 6O

Cellular Respiration
2

Reactants

+ C6 H12O

Products

6O

+ C6 H12O

---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + E

Reactants

Products

Performed by autotrophs (green plants and

Performed by autotrophs and heterotrophs

other photosynthetic organisms)

to change the energy in the chemical bonds

Energy from sun is used to make food in the

of glucose into a usable form of cell energy

form of monosaccharides. Used by plants and

Energy (in the form of ATP)

heterotrophic organisms to provide energy for

Carbon dioxide is a waste product

life functions.
Oxygen is a waste product

Evolution

Charles Darwin
Lamarck
Lyell
Malthus
Mendel
Wallace
Evidence to support the theory of
evolution:
Fossil record
Comparative anatomy
Comparative embryology
Biogeography
Molecular biology
Observable evolutionary change

Phylogeny and Cladistics

The evolutionary development and history of a
species or higher taxonomic grouping of

Modern Synthesis is a theory about how

from inorganic starting materials in the

evolution works at the level of genes,

phenotypes, and populations whereas Darwinism
was concerned mainly with organisms,

Some groups of organic molecules formed

bubble-like structures called
coacervates. Coacervates were made of
organic molecules surrounded by a film of
water molecules. Coacervates could
selectively absorb different materials
from the surrounding water and
incorporate them into their structure.
Some of these coacervates started to
group, grow and divide. Millions of years
later some of them evolved into true
biological cells
cyanobacteria = oxygen in atmosphere

Early in its formation the Earths surface

consisted of molten rock and the atmosphere

Cladogram

crust. Within a short period of time the

water. The rock cooled and formed a solid

surface of the crust cooled sufficiently for
water to condense from the atmosphere. A
hot water ocean covered the Earth, and the
atmosphere consisted primarily of carbon
dioxide and a smaller amount of nitrogen,
methane, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide.

on genetics and biochemistry.

complex organic compounds.

laboratory.

consisted primarily of carbon dioxide and

Evolutionary relationships among groups based

with each other, producing new, more

relevant molecules could be synthesized

speciation and individuals.

DNA and amino acid sequences

Evolution of populations: Genetic Drift
Gene Flow, Nonrandom mating
Genetic variation

Earth, these molecules were interacting

under conditions that simulated the early

Earth, amino acids and other biologically

Homologous structures

Fuelled by the still-extreme heat of early

Miller and Urey's experiment showed that

organisms. Also called phylogenesis

Evidence of common ancestor

Early earth cont.

Early Earth

The first, simple organic molecules

accumulated in the ocean for millions of
years, producing a so-called 'organic soup'.

Hominids and Evolution of Man

Ecology and Biogeochemical Cycles

any of a family (Hominidae) of erect bipedal

Biotic/abiotic

primate mammals that includes recent humans

Characteristics of life

together with extinct ancestral and related

Primary and secondary succession

forms and in some recent classifications the

Pioneer species and the climax community

gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan.

biodiversity, invasive and indigenous species,

food chain, food web, energy pyramid,
trophic levels, producers, consumer levels,
decomposers, energy vs matter through a
food chain, carrying capacity, exponential
growth (J), logistic growth (S), homeostasis,
acids, bases, buffers, how seasonal
variations affect an ecosystem, how
reduction in biodiversity affect an
ecosystem, renewable and nonrenewable
resources

Australopithecines importance in human

evolution.
Trends observed in hominid evolution:
1. Bipedalism:
2. Cranial capacity:
3. Skull shape:
4. Jaw:
5. Teeth:
6. Tools:
7. Language:

Homo sapiens

water cycle and the carbon cycle

Classification

Plant Kingdom

Carolus Linneaus - taxonomy

Binomial nomenclature
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family,

Genus species
3 Domains:
Archea, Bacteria, Eukarya
6 Kingdoms
Archeabacteria - prokaryotic,
extremophiles

ORGANS: Roots
Stems
Leaves
TISSUES: Ground
(mesophyll)
Dermal
(epidermis, cuticle)
Vascular (xylem. phloem)
Meristematic (apical, lateral)
Cambium
STRUCTURES: Fruits
Flowers
Cones
Seeds

Eubacteria - prokaryotic
Eukaryotes
Protista - microscopic, unicellular
Fungi - multicellular, heterotrophic

Brain Anatomy

Guard
Cells
Stomata

1. occipital
2. parietal
3. frontal
4. temporal
Also:

Plantae - multicellular, autotrophic

cerebrum, cerebellum, pons, medulla

Animalia - multicellular, heterotrophic

oblongata, brain stem

Human Reproductive System

Basic anatomy and physiology of the

human reproductive system.
male human reproductive system
seminal vesicle, prostate gland, vas
deferens, urethra, epididymis, scrotum,
penis, and testes.
female human reproductive system
oviduct (fallopian tube), uterus, cervix,
and vagina.
human development from the zygotic
stage to the end of the third trimester
and birth
Structure and Function:
Placenta, Umbilical cord, Amniotic sac,
Amniotic fluid

Cardiovascular System

Immune System

For the following factors, identify the effect

Nonspecific mechanisms

it would have on blood through the

cardiovascular system:
Blood pressure
Blood volume
Exercise
Smoking
Resistance in the cardiovascular system
(arteriosclerosis)
Cardiovascular disease
hypertension
stroke,
heart attack
Veins, ateries, capillaries

are the

body's primary defense against disease.

These mechanisms include:
anatomical barriers to invading pathogens,
physiological deterrents to pathogens,
and the presence of normal flora.
White blood cells (lymphocytes) originate in
the bone marrow but migrate to parts of the

lymphatic system such as the lymph nodes,

spleen, and thymus. Two major classes of
lymphocytes are: B cells (plasma and
memory); and T cells (helper and killer)
T-Cells and B-Cells
Memory Cells
Macrophage
Antibody
Pathogen
Vaccines and antibodies