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Ground Improvement
I. INTRODUCTION
IBRO-replacement is a technique that builds loadbearing columns made from gravel or crushed stone in
cohesive soils and granular soils with high fines content
(Sayar and Khalilpasha 2013). Vibro-replacement falls
into the category of deep vibratory compaction
techniques in which loose or soft soil is improved for
building purposes by means of special depth vibrators
(Priebe 1995). This method can be applied to many
different structures. Vibro-replacement has economic
advantages over traditional soil improvement as well
as benefits of increased bearing capacity, increased
shear strength, increased resistance to liquefaction, and
reduction of settlement in soils. This article discusses the
range of soils and conditions where vibro-replacement is
acceptable along with
the type of loading that is to be applied to the stone
columns.
limited access to water. Stones are fed through different soil types. Soils
a bin from the top of the machine down to the that are in need of vibrobottom of the vibrator head (Krishna et. al. replacement are ones that
2004). This method is used to treat soils up to are at risk of liquefaction, in
20 meters in depth. Figure 2 represents the dry need of densification, have
bottom feed method.
problems
with
bearing
capacity and stability, and
Fig. 3. Offshore
N
D
I
T
I
O
N
S
2
where
excessive
settlements may occur. The
range of soils treatable by
vibro-replacement is shown
in Figure 4.
stabilization
of
high
earth
embankments too
become.
Ultra
soft
marine clays are
natural deposits
found in coastal
regions and have
common
problems
with
Fig. 4. Range of bearing capacity,
soils treatable by
stability, long-term
vibro-replacement
consolidation, and
(Sayar and
Khalilpasha 2013).creep settlements
due to low shear
Loose sandsstrength (typically
and silts are atbetween 6 and 12
risk
ofkPa),
low
liquefaction
permeability, and
high
plasticity
during
(Krishna et. al.
earthquakes,
meaning the soil2004). Due to the
acts as a liquidlow permeability,
during times ofthe consolidation
violent vibrationstime is very long
must
be
(Krishna et. al.and
into
2004).
Thesetaken
soils
can
beconsideration
densified usingbefore any vibroreplacement
is
vibroreplacement toperformed.
fills
reduce
the Garbage
can
also
benefit
chances
of
from
vibroliquefaction.
replacement
Ultra soft silts
are
man-madewhen there is a
deposits
fromshortage of land.
mining activitiesDue to the natural
and usually havecompressibility of
problems
withlandfills,
bearing capacityexcessive
and stability duesettlement would
to very low shearoccur if structures
strength, typicallywere built directly
top.
An
between 5 and 10on
kPa (Krishna et.example is in
al. 2004). TheseMalaysia where
soils
can
bevibro-replacement
treated with vibro-was used to a
of
14
replacement thatdepth
meters
for
will allow for the
construction of an
expressway with
embankments on
top of a landfill
(Krishna et. al.
2004).
Overall, vibroreplacement
is
suitable
for
granular
soils
with high fines
contents and in
soft,
cohesive
soils where the
soils could not
support
the
design loads.
IV.
ST
RU
CT
UR
ES
A variety of
structures can be
built on vibroreplacement
columns due to
the fact that they
are
essentially
improving many
of the properties
in the surrounding
soils.
Many
infrastructure
projects
have
been built on
these columns.
Earth
embankments must
be constructed with
stability
against
slope failure as a
primary
concern
and settlement as a
secondary concern
(Krishna
et.
al.
2004).
Vibro
replacement is often
chosen
as
an
economical
and
environmentally friendly
3
from 5 MPa to 10-12 MPa
(Krishna et. al. 2004).
High-speed railway lines must adhere to very with 10% to 25% fines up to 10
strict settlement tolerances. Railways can often meters in depth followed by
pass through swampy areas where soil sand to a depth of 20 meters
improvement is needed and vibro-replacement (Krishna et. al. 2004). Testing at
is frequently used.
the site revealed the sand
Airport runways and taxiways have utilized
deposits were highly susceptible
vibro-replacement when being constructed on
to liquefaction, as demonstrated
soft soils. Often dry bottom feed methods must
on site during the Chi Chi
be used since water jetting is usually not
Earthquake in 1999 (Krishna et.
allowed around existing runways (Krishna et. al.
al. 2004). Soil improvements
2004).
were
needed
to
prevent
in
diameter
and
V. CASE STUDIES
This
section
describes t
A. VibroReplacemen
located n
e
at
h
E
m
b
a
n
k
m
e
nt
s
(
Malaysia)
slope stability
and excessive
settlements
(Sondermann
and
Wehr
2004). Vibroreplacement
was
chosen
instead
of
removing the
soft soils for
environmental
and C. Vibroeconomical reasons. This Replacem
case study shows that vibro- ent to
replacement columns can Prevent
carry very high loads: each Liquefactio
individual column for this n (USA)
project had to carry a load of An
1600 kN (Sondermann andexpansion
of
Wehr 2004). These largethe facilities at
loads exceeded
the
Albany
Airport in New
York was to be
considered
(Soydemir et.
al. 1997). The
vibroreplacement
columns could
be constructed
in
loose,
saturated fine
sand with high
silt content to
provide
resistance
to
liquefaction
and
Replacement
Ground
Improvement
for
Improving
Static
and
Seismic
Shallow
Foundation Performance.
GeoFlorida 1633-1640.
VI.
CON
CLUS
ION
R
EF
ER
EN
CE
S
G.
Petronas Kedah Fertilizer Plant Line
(Malaysia)
The construction of the Petronas very soft clayey
Fertilizer Plant was accompanied by the silts to depths of 9which
construction of a special railway line atopmeters,
posed
problems
a reinforced earth wall (Krishna et. al.
2004). The height varied between 2-with wall stability
excessive
meters and 8-meters with the presence ofand
settlement
method
was
(Krishna et. al.used to create 12004) . Vibro-meter
in
replacement
diameter stone
through the drycolumns (Krishna
bottom
feedet. al. 2004).
Figure 6 shows
a typical cross
section of the
reinforced earth
wall.