INTRODUCTION

A transformer is electrical equipment that transfers energy by inductive coupling between its
winding circuits. A varying current in the primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic flux through the secondary winding. This varying
magnetic flux induces a varying electromotive force (emf) or voltage in the secondary winding.
Transformers can be used to vary the relative voltage of circuits orisolate them, or both. It has 2 general
types of transformer which is step up transformer and step down transformer.
The transformer is based on two principles. First, that an electric current can produce a magnetic
field and second that a changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of
the coil (electromagnetic induction). Changing the current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux
that is developed. The changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil.
The current passing through the primary coil creates a magnetic field. The primary and secondary
coils are wrapped around a core of very high magnetic permeability, usually iron, so that most of the
magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary coils. Any secondary winding connected
load causes current and voltage induction from primary to secondary circuits in indicated directions.
In this subject we learn an ideal transformer. An ideal transformer means it based on these
assumption which are the core has infinite permeability, example it has zero reluctance. Besides that,
there is no core loss. As a result an ideal transformer does not draw any magnetizing current to establish
core flux. An ideal transformer also no flux can leak through such a core, for example all the core link
primary and secondary winding. As a consequence primary and secondary leakage reactances are zero.
Lastly, the primary and secondary winding resistances are zero. As a consequence there is no copper loss.
Thus, the output power of an ideal transformer is equal to its input power.
While, in practical transformer the leakage flux is occur. Besides that, there is a copper loss and
core has permeability, thus there is releuctance, which means magnetizing current cannot be neglible.
There also have a core loss.

The reason analyze of circuits containing ideal transformers is to easiest way to analyze the
circuit for its voltages and currents that contain an ideal transformer is to replace the portion of the circuit
on one side of the transformer by an equivalent circuit with the same terminal characteristics. Besides
that, the process of replacing one side of a transformer by its equivalent at the other sides voltage level is
known as referring the first side of transformer to the second side. There are the major items to be
considered in construction of any model of transformer such as copper losses, Eddy current losses,
Hysteresis losses, and leakage flux.
The open circuit test is used to determine the value of Rc and Xm by opening the output line at
the secondary side of transformer. Then the full line voltage is applied to the primary of the transformer,
and input voltage, input current, and input power to the transformer are measured. From those values, it is
possible to determine the power factor of the input current and both the magnitude and the angle of the
excitation impedence. In short circuit test, the secondary terminal of the transformer is short circuited, and
the primary terminals are connected to a fairly low voltage source. The current flowing in excitation
branch is neglect since the input voltage is low during the short circuit test. Thus, the entire voltage drop
in the transformer can be attributed to the series element in the circuit. The impendence angle, will be
positive since current lagging the voltage. In this topic we also analyze the transformer voltage regulation
and efficiency. The voltage regulation is a quantity that compares the output voltage of the transformer at
no load with the output voltage at full load. The transformer phasor diagram are used because it is easy to
determine the effect of the impedance and the current pahse angles on the transformer voltage regulation.
There are three condition of power factor which are lagging unity and leading. The efficiency of
transformer is calculated because to see the abilty of the transformer. Other than that, it is also to measure
the maximum efficiency of the transformer.

QUESTION

SOLUTION
a)

b)

c) - Lagging Condition

GRAPH ANALYSIS
Graph Secondary Current (Is ) versus Voltage Regulation (VR)

-Leading Condition

GRAPH ANALYSIS
Graph Secondary Current (Is ) versus Voltage Regulation (VR)

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-Unity Condition

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GRAPH ANALYSIS
Graph Secondary Current (Is ) versus Voltage Regulation (VR)

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d)

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Table 1: shown the differences style and symbol used in manual calculation and S Math Studio
TYPES / SYMBOL
Equal Symbol

MANUAL CALCULATION
Example:

S MATH STUDIO
Example:

a = b/c
a=d

a := b/c
a=d

Example:
Convert rectangular form
to real form

Example:
Req= 4.444

Example:
Absolute
(convert rectangular form
to polar form)

Example:
V = (232.89 + j4.207)V
V = 232.94 V

Example:

Example:

Rectangular Form

Example:
Inverse cos /sin

Example:
cos
sin

Example:
Value of teta,

Example:
Zeq = 4.444 + j6.4504
Zeq = 7.833< 55.433
Example:

Loop Function

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DISCUSSION

Based on the assignment given, we have answers all the questions by using the S Math Studio
software. There have a few differences between using manual calculation. All the differences have shown
in table 1. For instance, in S Math Studio we need to use acos for inverse cosine, cos. Other than that,
for the rectangular form it also has the difference style to write in S Math Studio. We cannot simply write
same style like in manual calculation. It can be shown in table above. There are several advantages by
using the S Math Studio such as it can make work more easier compare to the manual calculation. Besides
that, by using S Math Studio we also can minimize error and wrong calculation by human error. It also
makes our work faster than manual calculation.
Here, we take topic of transformer in electrical power and machine subject to be use in S Math
Studio software. We need to plot three graph that shown lagging, leading and unity. These factor is related
by it theta, . If the value of theta is change it will cause the change of graph. The graph is plot between
voltage regulation, VR and current, I (VR vs I). So, to make this work easier we used looping function in
this software. This function is to loop the value that we had program. For example, all the formula that
used to calculate the lagging, leading and unity factor is same. It will change the value if we change the
value of theta. In this program, we program that if we change the theta value it will change all the
calculation included the shape of graph. Now, we program that if we change the word such as lagging,
leading, and unity the value of calculation and graph also change. We used the words to replace the value
of theta but actually we had program that every word give the value of theta. For example, unity is acos
(1), leading acos (0.8), and lagging acos(0.8). Thus, only by replace the word we can get the three graphs
of lagging, leading and unity. These calculation and graph can be seen in solution section. While, in
manual calculation we must to calculate manually by using the formula. We need to repeat the steps to get
the others value.
Based on the result, the lagging factor give large value of positive in graph while in unity factor it
give the smaller value of positive in graph. But in leading factor, it gives the negative value in graph.

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CONCLUSION

Based on the graph, we can conclude that the differences value of theta or the differences of the power
factor will give the differences shape of graph. For example the lagging factor give large value of positive
in graph, unity factor give smaller positive in graph and leading factor give negative value in graph. These
graph will shown the output voltage of the transformer at no load with the output voltage at full load and
the used of current in three difference factor such as lagging, leading, and unity. Between these three
graphs the lagging graph give the higher value compare to the leading and unity.

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REFERENCES

1. Transformer (Wikipedia), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer, accessed on 14/11/2013.

2. S Math Studio Tutorial, http://www.smathstudio.com/tutorial, accessed on 16/11/2013.
3. Fuad Latip, 2013, Note Transformer Electrical Power and Machines (EPE 491).

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