Ing.

Cesare Zaniboni

siae US:

Urban
Synchronous
radios

Main subjects
SCT main items
US: - Equipment
- SDH in RST mode
- Tx and Rx switches
- XPIC
- Loops
- Alarms
- Troubleshooting
2

SCT : main functionalities

Alarm correlation
Alarm acknowledgement
Station management
Equipment routing
Stored routing table
OSPF
Equipment reports: inventory and fault
Equipment full backup/download
3

Alarm correlation
Every alarm is reported with
Alarm beginning
Alarm end (gravity info is maintained)

Alarm acknowledgement
Alarm acknowledge is available in
NE alarm history list: every
acknowledgement can
be managed completely
Station list: new alarm
info is highlighted by
an asterisk

Port addresses
All SIAE equipments, regarding SCT software and supervision, are
routers: all interfaces need an address and relevant subnet mask

Addresses can be set clicking:

1. Set values
2. Store
3. Restart
Client (always)
6

Routing
US ports and address definition with SCT
LCT PPP
IP address..........................
Net Mask............................
PPP Baud Rate..................

Default Gateway

LCT PPP
IP address..........................
Net Mask............................
PPP Baud Rate..................

PPP Radio
IP address..........................
Net Mask............................
PPP Mode: Client

PPP Radio
IP address..........................
Net Mask............................
PPP Mode: Client

IP Ethernet
IP address..........................
Net Mask............................

IP Ethernet
IP address..........................
Net Mask............................

Remote element table

LAN

Remote element table

LAN

Default Gateway

Routing table
Type and address of
crossed port towards
Destination

Netmask and
IP address of
Destination

Type and address

of crossed port
Default destination
8

Agent

The Agent is used in the

Network Element history to
identify the alarmed equipment
and in Subnetwork
Configuration Wizard to
visualize local and remote
Numeric identifier of the equipment
(agent is not a real address)

Agent:
local agent = local Ethernet IP address

remote agent = remote Radio IP address

Stations and equipments

NEs connected to SCT can be assigned in various
stations using Subnetwork Configuration Wizard

10

Link management

Prepare new network

Send new configuration to local equipment
Log as System on both equipments
Retrieve the configuration of local equipment

Retrieve

Send new configuration to both equipments

Send/Reset
11

Stored Routing Table

The Stored Routing Table adds routing lines, after a
Restart, to the running Routing Table.
In this way we can change Ports addresses (operation that
needs a restart) without loosing a remote NE:
1. In Stored Routing Table add the routing lines relevant
to new port addresses you are going to set
2. Set port new addresses (and the equipment restarts)
3. After the restart the equipment has
- new addresses
- routing table configured properly (with new lines)
In this way NE management works properly
12

OSPF Management
OSPF window manages configuration parameters of the
selected equipment (router) relevant to the OSPF (Open
Shortest Path First) dynamic routing protocol:
- Properties: general configuration parameters of OSPF
protocol
- Areas/IFs: configuration parameters of equipment OSPF
interfaces and of the areas containing them
- Virtual Links: configuration parameters of virtual links
- Summ.: configuration parameters of route summarizations
- Lsa DB: configuration parameters of LSAs (Link State
Advertisements) in the Link State Database
- Ext Lsa DB: list of the External LSAs only
- Neighbors: list of neighbors
- V.Neighbors: configuration parameters of the virtual
neighbors
- Store: storage of new parameters into the controller flash
memory
13

LSA
LAN IP address

Is the unit an ABR?

External LSA
inside database
LS Checksum of External LSA

New LSA: one more,

everytime router produces it
LSA received
14

OSPF: example

AREA-1

IR

AREA-2

ABR

IR
IR

IR
IR
ASBR

EXTERNAL

IR :

Internal Router

ABR:

Area Border Router

AREA

ASBR: Autonomous System Border Router

15

Areas, Routers and LSA

Area is a group of hosts and routers with IP interfaces on same
network. An area is described by one database only: all the
routers have the same database.
Stub area: an area with internal routing only. Database and
memory requirement of the routers of the stub area are
reduced. Routing from a stub area to outside is based on a
default route (a single output point)
LSA: Routers in same area share a database of records link
state. These records describe the network (next hop, path
cost,) and are utilized to calculate the shortest path.
Internal router IR: a router with its area database only (intra
area)
Area border router ABR: a router connecting multiple areas
(inter area)
Autonomous system border router ASBR: a router gateway
between OSPF and other routing protocols
16

Backbone

If multiple areas are involved, Backbone is the Area 0,

the area all the others are connected to.
17

Virtual Link (VL)

In areas not phisically connected to backbone, a virtual link is
used to provide a logical path.
The virtual link is estabilished between two ABRs that have a
common area, with one ABR connected to backbone.

18

Neighbours
Routers sharing a common segment are Neighbours if:
1. their interfaces belong to same area and same subnet
2. they exchange the same password on that segment
3. they have same Hallo and Dead Interval
4. they have same stub area flag in Hello packets

These rules affect neighbour election process.

LSA : Link State Advertisements describe router database and
must be send to all neighbours
DR : Designated Router as information exchange central point
to minimize information traffic on a segment
BDR: Backup Designated Router, in case DR goes down19

Adjacency
Each router on the segment establishes an adjacency with DR
and BDR that relay information to everybody.
DR and BDR election is done via Hello protocol: the router
with highest OSPF priority is DR, after BDR. In case of
parity, RID (router ID) is checked.
A zero priority router is called DROTHER
RTA and RTB have same priority
but RIDB>RIDA RTB=DR

RTC > RTB RTC=DR

20

Shortest Path
In a router database all reachable segments and relevant cost are
listed:
segment next-hop cost + router next-hop cost
Any router interface has a cost inversely proportional to its
throughput:

Cost = 100.000.000/bitrate [bps]

Any router prepares a shortest path tree putting itself as root
and calculating smallest cost for each destination.
After this passage the router builds the routing table accordingly.
Any change in area composition (new router insertion) is
communicated to other routers causing dynamic readjustments of routing tables.
OSPF allows also a TOS sensitive interface cost: depending on
packet Type Of Service, the router interface has different
cost.
21

Router A
38kbit/s

C=0,65
155Mbit/s
Router B
155Mbit/s

C=2600

C=0,65
Router C

155Mbit/s
C=0,65
Router D
22

OSPF Link-State algorithm

1. Any router generates a LSA : the collection of all
link-states on that router
2. Routers share link-states via flooding: a link-state
update is received, stored and sent to other
3. As router database is completed, Shortest Path Tree
to all destinations is calculated (Dijkstra algorithm).
Destinations, associated cost and the next hop to
reach them forms IP Routing Table
4. Changes are communicated via link-state packets
and Shortest Path Tree is recalculated. If network
configuration does not change, OSPF traffic is quiet.
23

HELP:

inactive

active
to be
applied

24

Equipment full backup/download

The whole amount of parameters (equipment param.,

address param. and Remote element table) can be
uploaded from equipment, saved in a file (*.bku),
downloaded to equipment.

These parameters cannot be editated.

25

Inventory report (name_date.html/.zip)

Equipment configuration
Hw inventory (part number,)
Equipment software status (firmware release)
Software unit table (firmware composition)
Address configuration
Default gateway
Routing table
Remote element table
Operative parameters
26

Fault report
Inventory report

Switch status
Current alarms

27

ODU

US
Split mount 1+1

IDU-ODU cable
(2x) 300 m MAX

28
IDU standard (3U high)

US Compact
(1+0 only)

ODU

IDU-ODU cable

300 m MAX

IDU compact (1U high)

29

US main features

30

US design objectives

31

32

Available versions

Standard or Compact
1+0 or 1+1 (h.s.by/ freq.div, 1 ant./2 ant.)
RST (STM-1) or MST (140 Mbit/s or 63x2 Mbit/s)
32 QAM/128 QAM with or without XPIC
FEM (100BaseT or 100BaseFx)
Service channels:
- 2x2 Mbit/s wayside from RFCOH (32 QAM)
- 2x64 Kbit/s from RFCOH (128 QAM)
- 1x9600 baud asynch/synch V24 from RFCOH
- 1x9600 baud asynch V28 from RFCOH
- 3x64 Kbit/s co/contradir from SOH
- Selective EOW from SOH
33

Output power

34

ATPC

35

BER Thresholds

36

Line interfaces available

STM1 electrical G.703

STM1 optical S1.1 as per G.957
140 Mbit/s G.703
63 x 2 Mbit/s G.703
100BaseT IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
100BaseFx IEEE 802.3 Optical ethernet
37

IDU standard
LIM

PSU
MoDem

RIM 2

RIM 1

SIM

38

IDU compact

(PSU)
(MoDem)

(RIM)

(LIM)

IDU Compact: one spare part

39

SDH in RST mode

timing

SPI
STM-1

SDH
baseband

RSPI

MODEM

RT

RSPI

MODEM

RT

RPS

SPI = Synch. Physical Interface (code conv., ais, los, lof, ck recov.)

RSPI = Radio Synchronous Physical Interface (los, lof)

RPS = Radio Protection Switching
In case of no STM-1 input, Local restart circuit transforms LIM
working mode in MST from RST using AIS as input
LIM

40

STM-1

155 Mbit/s

SIM

RFCOH

176640 Kbit/s

RSOH

STM-1
RIM

RFCOH
RT

LIM
RFCOH

STM-1
Signal

Radio Frame
Complementary OverHead

Main Traffic (STM-1)

SOH Service Channels
RFCOH Wayside capacity
RFCOH Service Channels

More Services Channels

& Wayside Traffic

Media Specific Bytes only used for

Radio surveillance purposes

All remaining SOH bytes free for

national usage or for future
International Std
41

LIM
SDH baseband processing (STM-1, 140 Mbit/s,
63x2 Mbit/s)
Equipment controller
Management interfaces (LAN, LCT PPP, RS232
PPP)
SETS synchronisation

42

LIM diagram

Rx

Tx
43

RIM
IDU power supply
RFCOH bit-in / bit-ex (service channels and
STM-1)
Modulation and demodulation (32/128 QAM)
Cable interface towards ODU (remote feeding
and data)

44

RIM diagram

45

SIM
RFCOH and SOH service channels interfaces:
E1 wayside
low bit rate data channel
64 Kbit/s
EOW

46

SOH Bytes structure

RSOH

64Kbit/s

MSOH

47

Regenerator Section Termination

48

A1, A2, J0
If A1 and A2 are recognised by aligner and if J0 is the
correct one, RSOH bytes are extracted from SOH.
In case of:
- no input (alarm is LOS)
- failed recognition of A1,A2 (alarm is LOF)
- J0 not correct (alarm is Path Trace Mismatch)
then:
1. MS AIS signal is inserted on MSOH and on Payload
2. Local restart is enabled
49

B1, D1, D2, D3, E1,

B1:Byte Interleaved parity: carries link quality info
(relevant to G.826)
D1, D2, D3: DCC data communication channel for
supervision and management (192 Kbit/s); DCC
loss is reported by QECC alarm
E1 and 3X: bytes for EOW and low speed data
channel

50

ODU diagram

RF LOOP

51

Switching performance

52

Rx Switching criteria
High priority

Low priority
53

Tx Switching criteria
Highest priority

lowest priority
54

MoDem

55

XPIC SYSTEMS
Transmissions on the same RF channel with ortogonal polarizations are
possible using a XPIC circuit (Cross Polar Interference Canceller).
System consists of two independent transceivers, each of them connected
to one polarization of a cross polarized antenna: to delete interferences
due to propagation cross polarization and to antenna XPD, the receivers
include the XPIC, which cleans and combines the two received

orthogonal signals in order to recover the two original.

56

XPIC CIRCUIT
In time domain, Rx IF signals are processed by demod and by
orthogonal XPIC, are combined and are restored by a further decision
circuit which improves radio hop C/I of 17 dB at least (depending on
modulation used)

Base band
adaptive equaliser

Base band
adaptive canceller
57

Connectors of IDU compact

SCT serial connection
to other NE

PC

Rx IF out

V
H

Rx IF in

Alarm
LEDs

SCT
LAN port

STM-1 A in
/ out

d 1/2 U

On/off

services

STM-1 B in
/ out

48 Vdc

fuse
58

XPIC test bench

Att.
n1

20
dB

20
dB

Att.
n2

Tx
Side
-10dB

H
Tx
Side

-10dB

V Interferer

Att.
n3

20
dB

H Interferer

-10dB

H Wanted

-10dB

20
dB

Rx
Side

Att.
n4

V Wanted

Rx
Side
59

XPIC measures
1.

Link XPD measurement: switch off remote Tx Vertical and measure local Rx field
Vertical due to remote Tx Horizontal

2.

XPIC off : switch off remote Tx Horizontal (now there is no interference), add
attenuation until on local Rx vertical BER=10-6 ; after increase of 1 dB the relevant
Rx field (now BER< 10-6); switch on remote Tx Horizontal (now there is
interference) and decrease its attenuation until on vertical field BER=10 -6 again
(due to high interference); the C/I value is the C/I without XPIC

3.

XPIC on : switch off remote Tx Horizontal, add attenuation until BER=10 -6 and
increase of 1 dB the relevant Rx field (now BER< 10-6) ; switch on remote Tx
Horizontal and decrease its attenuation until on vertical field BER=10 -6 again; the
C/I value is the C/I with XPIC and the difference between this value and the
previous, calculated without XPIC, is the gain of XPIC circuit (at least 17 dB)

60

XPIC line up
1. Standard installation of IDUs (4 compact 1+0 XPIC)

2. Connect IF cables (L<1.5m, NO diff.)

3. Standard installation of ODUs (4 radios 1+0)
4. IDU-ODU cables (same length, L1-L2< 2m)
5. Set same RF channel for H and V polarisation

6. Set same output power for H and V polarisation

7. Enable IF XPIC alarm
8. Use two J0s: one for Vertical, one for Horizontal
9. Disable ATPC
On local and on remote equipment

61

Signals on the coaxial cable

f
62

Cable interface

63

LCT

US Compact 1+0

Configuration commands
64

STM-1 Radio side / Line side settings

Degraded
B2 alarm
setting
J0 configuration
Tx J0
Rx J0
65

Alarms settings

In case of
1+0/1+1

HBER
LBER

EWL

Rx power low
66

Radio channel configuration

Frequency setting:
1. Channel selection
2. Lock channel

3. Apply
4. Confirm
Tx frequency

67

Output power configuration

Max Tx power in manual

and auto mode
Attenuation, manual or
given by ATPC, does not
affect Tx Power Low
alarm

Rx power on remote
side
68

Manual operation

Manual settings
Carrier only

ON : Tx signal not
modulated (no traffic)
OFF : Tx signal modulated
FAW must be the same on
local and on remote side

Tx transmitter
ON : Tx on (Rx on)

OFF : Tx off (Rx on)

69

Manual operation

Loops

IDU loops:
all STM-1
Mo-Dem

ODU loops:
RF
70

User input

71

User output

72

Service channels

73

Loops

Local

Remote

74

Loops

75

Manual operation timeout

76

Display:
reading operation only

NOT
WORKING

77

Display menu

78

Normal operating condition

Rx level on both ODU match values given by

hop calculation.
Rx level accuracy:
-40 dBm -75 dBm range
-30 dBm -40 dBm range

3dB
4dB

79

1)Faulty condition: front panel alarms

- URG: at least one urgent alarm (Major, Critical)

- NURG: at least one not urgent alarm (minor, warning)
- REM: not used
- TEST: manual operation active
- MAIN CONTR.: controller self test

80

2)Faulty condition: alarm notification

By SCT window:
Equipment view current alarms
(with alarms grouping)
-

Log history area (with alarm

correlation)
-

81

Troubleshooting
Failures are indicated on IDU panel by URG and NURG red
Leds.
URG: urgent alarms (gravity= Critical, Major)
NURG: not urgent alarms (gravity= minor, warning, status)
To discover if alarm or degradation is internal or external, use:
Loops (step by step). Every time a loop is performed,
timeout should be checked
Alarms processing. With SCT, alarms can be listed using
Current alarm window and Event logger

82

Link Troubleshooting

Locate which station has problems (loc. or rem.)

Locate the branch with problems (1, 2, both)
Force branches properly
Perform loops one by one
Check status of alarms
If necessary,
continue after

83

PUSH AT THE SAME TIME

Software reset (doesnt cut traffic)

84

LIM alarms

IDU

Baseband Equip. Controller Unit Fail: replace LIM

Baseband Equip. Controller Unit Missing: replace LIM
Baseband Equip. Controller Unit Not responding: replace LIM
Baseband Equip. Controller Unit HW mismatch: replace LIM
Baseband Equip. Controller Unit SW mismatch: replace LIM
Baseband Processor Unit Fail: replace LIM
Baseband Processor Unit Missing: replace LIM
Baseband Processor Unit Not Responding: replace LIM
Baseband Processor Unit HW Mismatch: replace LIM
Baseband Processor Unit SW Mismatch: download correct firmware
and if necessary, replace LIM

85

STM-1 line side alarms

IDU

STM-1 Los: loss of signal, AIS is inserted on tributary lines.

STM-1 Lof: loss of frame. Perform a STM-1 loop and if alarm persists,
replace LIM.
STM-1 B2 Signal Degraded: BER on SOH B2 is higher than
configured threshold. Check the network.
STM-1 J0 Path Trace Mismatch: J0 received is not the expected one.
AIS inserted on VC12. Check configuration and network.
STM-1 B2 Excessive BER: HBER on SOH B2. Check the network
STM-1 MsAIS: AIS detected in input. Check the network.
STM-1 RDI: K2 carries Remote Defect Indication on remote ADM
STM-1 Qecc: ECC interrupted. Check radio link and IP addresses
settings
86

IDU

STM1 radio side alarms

Baseband SDH Processor Stm1-x Tx Fail: replace LIM

Baseband SDH Processor Stm1-x LOS: loss of signal from RIM x. Check
branch x (Rx level, cabling). If necessary replace LIM.
Baseband SDH Processor Stm1-x LOF: loss of frame from RIM x. Perform a
loop on branch x and if alarm persists, check the branch, replace the LIM.
Baseband SDH Processor Stm1-x B2 Excessive Ber : HBER from branch x.
Check branch x (Rx level, cabling). If necessary replace LIM.
Baseband SDH Processor Stm1-x B2 Signal Degraded: BER on SOH B2
from branch x higher than configured threshold. Check branch x (Rx level,
cabling). If necessary replace LIM.
Baseband SDH Processor Stm1-x J0 Path Trace Mismatch: J0 received is
not the expected one. Check configuration and network.
Baseband SDH Processor Stm1-x Ms Ais : external alarm
Baseband SDH Processor Stm1-x Ms Rdi : external fault
Baseband SDH Processor Stm1-x Qecc: ECC interrupted. Check radio link
and IP addresses settings
87

RIM alarms

IDU

RIM-x Unit Fail: replace RIM

RIM-x Unit Hw Mismatch: wrong unit, replace RIM
RIM-x Modulator Loss of Signal: replace RIM
RIM-x Modulation Fail: replace RIM
RIM-x Demodulation Fail: replace RIM
RIM-x Demodulator Loss of Signal: Dem Rx LOS. Check Rx level and
cabling. If necessary replace RIM
RIM-x Demodulator Loss of Frame: loss of Rx FAW. Check Rx level and
cabling. If necessary replace RIM
RIM-x Demodulator EWL: BER higher than EWL configured threshold. Check
Rx level and cabling
RIM-x Demodulator LBER: BER higher than LBER configured threshold.
Check Rx level and cabling
RIM-x Demodulator HBER: HBER situation. Check Rx level, cabling and link
status
RIM-x Modem ATPC Fail: replace RIM
RIM-x IDU-ODU Communication: check IDU-ODU cable. If necessary replace
RIM.
RIM-x IDU-ODU Cable Open: check IDU-ODU cable
88
RIM-x IDU-ODU Cable Short: check IDU-ODU cable

RT-x Transmitter Unit Fail: replace RT

ODU
RT-x Receiver Unit Fail: replace RT
RT-x Oscillators Unit Fail: replace RT
RT-x Transmitter Unit Hw Mismatch: wrong unit. Replace RT
RT-x Receiver Unit Hw Mismatch: wrong unit. Replace RT
RT-x Oscillators Unit Hw Mismatch: wrong unit. Replace RT
RT-x Cable Interface Unit Fail: check RIM-x. If necessary replace RT
RT-x Cable Interface Unit Hw Mismatch: wrong unit. Replace RT
RT-x Cable Interface Unit Sw Mismatch: replace RT
RT-x Cable Interface Unit Not Responding: no connection with RIM-x P. Check
IDU-ODU cable-x. If necessary replace RT
RT-x Power Supply: check RIM-x PSU. If necessary replace RT
RT-x Receiver Rx Power Low: Rx power lower than configured threshold.Check
propagation and hop calculation values. If necessary replace RT
RT-x Rx IF Out: replace RT
RT-x Transmitter Power Low: Tx power lower than fixed alarm threshold. Check Tx
disabling (Tx off command). If necessary replace RT
RT-x IF In: check RIM-x. If necessary replace RT

RT alarms

89

ODU

RF Branching alarms
RF Branching Unit Fail: replace RF Branching
RF Branching Unit Missing: replace RF Branching
RF Branching Unit Not Responding: replace RF
Branching
RF Branching Unit Hw Mismatch: replace RF
Branching
RF Branching Unit Sw Mismatch: replace RF
Branching
90

Performance alarms
Every measure can drive the relevant alarm if threshold is exceeded.
Threshold in sec. relevant 15 minutes alarm

Threshold in sec. relevant 24 hours alarm

Threshold in dB of Rx alarm
alarm counter reset

If 0, alarm
is disabled

15 minutes
alarms severity
91

Performance monitoring
15 min.
alarms

24 hours

alarms

PRX < -70 dBm

R = 15 minutes

92

Recorder : Prx

date

time

dBm

93

Measures
Performances is a group of measures, 15 minutes by 15
minutes, day by day, recorded by the equipment itself and
downloaded on the PC.

These measures remain active also with SCT (and PC)

disconnected.
Recorder Prx is the recording of Rx power on a log file
inside the PC: every time a new value is measured a new
record is written inside the log file with info of when (day, hour,
minutes and seconds) and how much (dBm measured).
This recording remains active until SCT is connected to the
equipment.
94

ALARMS
There are two directions of alarms: Tx and Rx

Tx This line starts in LIM and arrives to output flange: when a situation of
more alarms is occurring, the most significative alarm of them is at the
beginning of Tx chain, all the others after are due to this

Rx This line starts in output flange and arrives to LIM: when a situation of
more alarms is occurring, the most significative alarm of them is at the
beginning of Rx chain, all the others after should be caused by this

ODU

Rx
Most Significant alarm

RIM
LIM

Tx

ODU
RIM
(IDU)
LIM
95

LIM alarms

Baseband Equip. Controller Unit Fail: replace LIM

Baseband Equip. Controller Unit Missing: replace LIM
Baseband Equip. Controller Unit Not responding: replace LIM
Baseband Equip. Controller Unit HW mismatch: replace LIM
Baseband Equip. Controller Unit SW mismatch: replace LIM
Baseband Processor Unit Fail: replace LIM
Baseband Processor Unit Missing: replace LIM
Baseband Processor Unit Not Responding: replace LIM
Baseband Processor Unit HW Mismatch: replace LIM
Baseband Processor Unit SW Mismatch: download correct firmware
and if necessary, replace LIM

96

STM-1 line side alarms

STM-1 Los: loss of signal (no input), AIS is inserted on tributary lines (Tx).
STM-1 Lof: loss of frame (failed recognition of A1,A2). Perform a STM-1
loop and if alarm persists, replace LIM (Tx).
STM-1 J0 Path Trace Mismatch: J0 received is not the expected one. AIS
inserted on VC12. Check configuration and network (Tx).
In case of:
LOS, LOF, J0 Path Trace Mismatch
then:
- MS AIS signal is inserted on MSOH and on Payload
- Local restart is enabled
STM-1 B2 Signal Degraded: BER on MSOH B2 is higher than configured
threshold. Check the network.
STM-1 B2 Excessive BER: HBER on MSOH B2. Check the network
STM-1 MsAIS: AIS detected in input. Check the network. External fault.
STM-1 MsRDI: K2 carries Remote Defect Indication in input from remote
ADM. External fault.
STM-1 Qecc: ECC interrupted line side. Check radio link and IP
addresses settings.
97

STM-1 radio side alarms

Bb SDH Proc. Stm1-x Tx Fail: Failure in Bb-Tx side STM-1 proc., replace
LIM (Tx).
Bb SDH Proc. Stm1-x LOS: loss of signal from RIM x (squelched?). Check
branch x (Rx level, cabling, RT alarms). If necessary replace LIM (Rx).
Bb SDH Proc. Stm1-x LOF: loss of frame from RIM x. Perform a loop on
branch x and if alarm persists, check the branch, replace the LIM (Rx).
Bb SDH Proc. Stm1-x B2 Signal Degraded: BER on SOH B2 higher than
configured threshold. Check branch x (Rx level, cabling, RT alarms). If
necessary replace LIM (Rx).
Bb SDH Proc. Stm1-x B2 Excessive Ber : HBER from branch x. Check
branch x (Rx level, cabling, RT alarms). If necessary replace LIM (Rx).
Bb SDH Proc. Stm1-x J0 Path Trace Mismatch: J0 received is not the
expected one. Check configuration and network (Rx).
Bb SDH Proc. Stm1-x Ms Ais : AIS in MSOH, external alarm
Bb SDH Proc. Stm1-x Ms Rdi : RDI in MSOH, external fault
Bb SDH Proc. Stm1-x Qecc: ECC interrupted. Check radio link and IP
addresses settings. In case of no result restart the local terminal (software
reset), again in case of no result restart the remote (remotely!).
98

1) RIM alarms
RIM-x

Unit Fail: replace RIM.

RIM-x Unit Hw Mismatch: wrong unit, replace RIM.
RIM-x Modulator Loss of Signal: no Bb-Tx. It can be caused by RFCOH
processing. This alarm causes RT-Tx alarms. Replace RIM (Tx).
RIM-x Modulation Fail: Modulator damaged or Carrier only command active.
This alarm causes RT-Tx alarms. Replace RIM (Tx).
RIM-x Demodulation Fail: Demodulator damaged. This alarm causes
Baseband alarm in Rx side and all quality alarms. Replace RIM (Rx).
RIM-x Demodulator Loss of Signal: Dem Rx signal is missing (no 140 MHz
from RT) or squelched (bad propagation or no remote) Check Rx level, RT
Rx alarms and cabling. This alarm causes Baseband alarm in Rx side.
If necessary replace RIM (Rx).
RIM-x Demodulator Loss of Frame: loss of Rx signal FAW. Check Rx level,
RT Rx alarms and cabling. This alarm causes Baseband alarm in Rx side. If
necessary replace RIM (Rx).
99

2) RIM alarms

RIM-x Demodulator EWL / LBER / HBER: quality of Rx signal. BER

higher than relevant configured threshold. They can be caused by
Demodulator alarms (LOS and/or fail). Check Rx level and cabling and, in
case of HBER, link status also (Rx).

RIM-x Modem ATPC Fail: ATPC info come from Demod, when its faulty
info are missing and ATPC does not work. Replace RIM (Rx).

RIM-x IDU-ODU Communication: check IDU-ODU cable. If necessary

replace RIM.

RIM-x IDU-ODU Cable Open: no current through cable interface. Check

IDU-ODU cable

RIM-x IDU-ODU Cable Short: overcurrent through cable interface. Check

IDU-ODU cable

100

1) RT alarms
RT-x Transmitter Unit Fail: replace RT

RT-x Receiver Unit Fail: replace RT

RT-x Oscillators Unit Fail: VCO is not lock. It can happen during
frequency setting. If alarm persists, replace RT (Tx and Rx).

RT-x Transmitter Unit Hw Mismatch: wrong unit. Replace RT

RT-x Receiver Unit Hw Mismatch: wrong unit. Replace RT
RT-x Oscillators Unit Hw Mismatch: wrong unit. Replace RT

RT-x Cable Interface Unit Fail: check RIM-x. If necessary replace RT

RT-x Cable Interface Unit Hw Mismatch: wrong unit. Replace RT
RT-x Cable Interface Unit Sw Mismatch: replace RT
101

2) RT alarms
RT-x Cable Interface Unit Not Responding: no connection with RIM-x
P. Check IDU-ODU cable-x. If necessary replace RT
RT-x Power Supply: check RIM-x PSU. If necessary replace RT
RT-x Receiver Rx Power Low: Rx power lower than configured
threshold. Check propagation, remote Tx and hop calculation values.
If necessary replace RT (Rx).

RT-x Rx IF Out: no IF from receiver (or low signal level). It causes Rx

alarms in IDU. Replace RT (Rx).
RT-x Transmitter Power Low: Tx power lower than fixed threshold.
Check commands (local Tx off or remote RF loop). It can be caused by
VCO failure or by RT IF In alarm. If necessary replace RT (Tx)

RT-x IF In: modulated IF from RIM is missing or very low. Check RIM102
x. If necessary replace RT (Tx)

No remote

103

No remote, STM-1 branch 1 loop

No LIM branch 1 Los:

LIM is ok (branch 1)

104

No remote, branch 1 modem loop

No branch 1 alarms:
RIM1 is ok

105

No remote, branch 1 RF loop

No branch 1 alarms:
RT1 is ok

106

No remote, branch 1 and 2 RF loop

No branch alarms:
Local is ok

107