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PC
server
millions of connected
computing devices:
wireless
laptop
cellular
handheld
fiber, copper,
radio, satellite
transmission
rate = bandwidth
routers: forward
packets (chunks of
data)
access
points
wired
links
router
Mobile network
Global ISP
Home network
Regional ISP
Institutional network
Introduction
1-1
Internet phones
Introduction
1-2
Internet: network of
networks
Mobile network
loosely hierarchical
public Internet versus
private intranet
Global ISP
Home network
Regional ISP
Institutional network
Internet standards
1-3
communication
infrastructure enables
distributed applications:
Web, VoIP, email, games,
e-commerce, file sharing
communication services
provided to apps:
reliable data delivery
from source to
destination
best effort (unreliable)
data delivery
Introduction
1-4
Whats a protocol?
human protocols:
whats the time?
I have a question
introductions
specific msgs sent
specific actions taken
when msgs received,
or other events
network protocols:
machines rather than
humans
all communication
activity in Internet
governed by protocols
1-5
Whats a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:
Hi
TCP connection
request
Hi
TCP connection
response
Got the
time?
Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time
1-6
Protocol Layers
Networks are complex!
many pieces:
hosts
routers
links of various
media
applications
protocols
hardware,
software
Question:
Is there any hope of
organizing structure of
network?
Or at least our discussion
of networks?
Introduction
1-7
Protocol Suite
The complexity of the communication task is
Introduction
1-8
TCP, UDP
application
transport
network
link
physical
PPP, Ethernet
Introduction
1-9
HTTP
Telnet
FTP
TCP
DNS
SNMP
Application
Layer
Transport
Layer
UDP
Routing Protocols
ICMP
RIP
IP
IGMP
PIM
Network
Layer
OSPF
DHCP
ARP
Ethernet
Network
Interface
Data Link
Layer
Introduction
1-10
Introduction
1-11
Other services:
Introduction
1-12
User data
HTTP Header
User data
TCP
TCP Header
IP
Ethernet
TCP Header
HTTP Header
User data
IP datagram
Ethernet
Header
IP Header
TCP Header
HTTP Header
User data
Ethernet
Trailer
Ethernet fram e
Introduction
1-13
Introduction
1-14
applications and
hosts
access networks,
physical media:
wired, wireless
communication links
network core:
interconnected
routers
network of
networks
Introduction
1-15
peer-peer
client/server model
peer-peer model:
1-16
TCP - Transmission
Control Protocol
flow control:
loss: acknowledgements
and retransmissions
sender wont overwhelm
receiver
congestion control:
1-17
same as before!
streaming media,
teleconferencing, DNS,
Internet telephony
Introduction
1-18
Introduction
1-19
Introduction
1-20
(no sharing)
Introduction
1-21
4 users
frequency
time
TDM
frequency
time
Introduction
1-22
Numerical example
How long does it take to send a file of
Introduction
1-23
resource contention:
aggregate resource
demand can exceed
amount available
congestion: packets
queue, wait for link use
store and forward:
packets move one hop
at a time
Introduction
1-24
A
B
statistical multiplexing
1.5 Mb/s
queue of packets
waiting for output
link
1-25
circuit-switching:
10 users
N users
1 Mbps link
packet switching:
with 35 users,
probability > 10 active
at same time is less
than .0004
Introduction
1-26
Introduction
1-27
Packet-switching: store-and-forward
L
R
Example:
L = 7.5 Mbits
R = 1.5 Mbps
transmission delay = 15
sec
Introduction
1-28
A
B
Introduction
1-29
1. nodal processing:
2. queueing
transmission
propagation
nodal
processing
queueing
Introduction
1-30
transmission
4. Propagation delay:
d = length of physical link
s = propagation speed in
medium (~2x108 m/sec)
propagation delay = d/s
Note: s and R are very
different quantities!
propagation
nodal
processing
queueing
Introduction
1-31
Nodal delay
d nodal = d proc + d queue + d trans + d prop
depends on congestion
Introduction
1-32
Queueing delay
R=link bandwidth (bps)
L=packet length (bits)
a=average packet
arrival rate
Introduction
1-33
Packet loss
queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has
finite capacity
packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost)
lost packet may be retransmitted by previous
node, by source end system, or not at all
buffer
(waiting area)
A
B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost
Introduction
1-34
Number of hops = M
Per-hop processing delay = P
Link propagation delay = D
Transmission speed = R bit/s
Message size = L bits
L/R
Total Delay
Introduction
1-35
Number of hops = M
Per-hop processing delay = P
Link propagation delay = D
Packet transmission delay = T
Message size = N packets
Nodal Queueing delay = Q
P+Q
T
Total
Delay
P+Q
Introduction
1-36
Keep in mind:
bandwidth (bits per
second) of access
network?
shared or dedicated?
Introduction
1-37
1-38
Introduction
1-39
Introduction
1-40
wireless LANs:
router
base
station
mobile
hosts
Introduction
1-41
Home networks
Typical home network components:
DSL or cable modem
router/firewall/NAT
Ethernet
wireless access
point
to/from
cable
headend
cable
modem
router/
firewall
Ethernet
wireless
laptops
wireless
access
point
Introduction
1-42
Physical Media
Bit: propagates between
transmitter/rcvr pairs
physical link: what lies
between transmitter &
receiver
guided media:
Category 3: traditional
phone wires, 10 Mbps
Ethernet
Category 5:
100Mbps Ethernet
unguided media:
Introduction
1-43
broadband:
multiple channels on
cable
HFC
high-speed point-to-point
transmission (e.g., 10s100s Gps)
Introduction
1-44
reflection
obstruction by objects
interference
terrestrial microwave
11Mbps, 54 Mbps
3G cellular: ~ 1 Mbps
satellite
1-45
Internet Infrastructure
Regional
Network
Backbone Network
Regional
Network
IXP
local ISP
IXP
Backbone Network
local ISP
Regional
Network
local ISP
IXP
corporate
network
Regional
Network
cam pus
network
Introduction
1-46
Internet Infrastructure
Introduction
1-47
Internet Infrastructure
Location where a network (ISP, corporate
Introduction
1-48
Tier-1
providers
interconnect
(peer)
privately
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Introduction
1-49
to/from backbone
peering
to/from customers
Introduction
1-50
Tier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISPs
also peer
privately with
each other.
Tier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
Introduction
1-51
Tier 3
ISP
Tier-2 ISP
local
ISP
local
ISP
local
ISP
Tier-2 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
local
local
ISP
ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
local
ISP
Tier-2 ISP
local
ISP
Introduction
1-52
Tier 3
ISP
Tier-2 ISP
local
ISP
local
ISP
local
ISP
Tier-2 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
local
local
ISP
ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
local
ISP
Tier-2 ISP
local
ISP
Introduction
1-53