Objective: Demonstration and study of different types of Optical Fibers and connectors.

Apparatus Required:
Demonstration Kit of Optical Fibers and connectors.

Theory: For much of modern telecommunication, the path over which the signals travel is optical fiber.
Optical fiber for most purposes is made of a very special kind of glass that is drawn into a very thin, long
fiber. In some ways, this is similar to the fiberglass that is used for insulation in homes. Unlike fiber glass,
however, optical fiber is made of a much different kind of glass and comes in lengths that may be many
kilometers long. Standard optical fiber is shaped like a very long thin cylinder. In the center of the
cylinder there is a core, and surrounding the core is a layer called the cladding. Both core and cladding are
glass they are slightly different types, however. A cross section of the fiber is shown in Figure 1.1.
Fig.1.1. Cross-sectional views of an optical fiber.
Single mode optical fiber: In fiber-optic communication, a single-mode optical fiber (SMF) (mono
mode optical fiber, single-mode optical waveguide, or uni mode fiber) is an optical fibre designed to carry
only a single ray of light (mode). These modes define the way the wave travels through space, i.e. how
the wave is distributed in space. Waves can have the same mode but have different frequencies. This is the
case in single-mode fibers, where we can have waves with different frequencies, but of the same mode,
which means that they are distributed in space in the same way, and that gives us a single ray of light.
Although the ray travels parallel to the length of the fiber, it is often called transverse mode since its
electromagnetic vibrations occur perpendicular (transverse) to the length of the fibre. A typical single
mode optical fiber has a core diameter between 8 and 10.5 m and a cladding diameter of 125 m.
Multi-mode optical fiber: Multimode fiber optic cable has a large diametrical core that allows multiple
modes of light to propagate. Because of this, the number of light reflections created as the light passes
through the core increases, creating the ability for more data to pass through at a given time. Because of
the high dispersion and attenuation rate with this type of fiber, the quality of the signal is reduced over
long distances. This application is typically used for short distance, data and audio/video applications in
LANs. RF broadband signals, such as what cable companies commonly use, cannot be transmitted over
multimode fiber. Multimode fiber is usually 50/125 and 62.5/125 in construction. This means that the core
to cladding diameter ratio is 50 microns to 125 microns and 62.5 microns to 125 microns. Multi-mode
optical fiber can be built with either graded index or step indexStep-Index Multimode Fiber: Due to its
large core, some of the light rays that make up the digital pulse may travel a direct route, whereas others
zigzag as they bounce off the cladding. These alternate paths cause the different groups of light rays,

referred to as modes, to arrive separately at the receiving point. The pulse, an aggregate of different
modes, begins to spread out, losing its well-defined shape. The need to leave spacing between pulses to
prevent overlapping limits the amount of information that can be sent. This type of fiber is best suited for
transmission over short distances.
Graded-Index Multimode Fiber: Contains a core in which the refractive index diminishes gradually
from the center axis out toward the cladding. The higher refractive index at the center makes the light rays
moving down the axis advance more slowly than those near the cladding. Due to the graded index, light
in the core curves helically rather than zigzag off the cladding, reducing its travel distance. The shortened
path and the higher speed allow light at the periphery to arrive at a receiver at about the same time as the
slow but straight rays in the core axis. The result: digital pulse suffers less dispersion. This type of fiber is
best suited for local-area networks.
Fi.g.1.2 Propagation of light through different types of optical fibers. Various optical fibers Fig.1.3.
Demonstration of different types of glass fibers and plastic fibers. Various fiber optical connectors and
adaptors Fig.1.3. Demonstration of different types of fiber connectors and adaptors. Result: Various
optical fibers and fiber optic connectors and adaptors have been studied through the demonstration kit.

Experiment No -2
Objective: The study of fiber optic analog link.
Apparatus required: 1.Fibre optic trainer kits with power supply cords
2. Optical Fiber cable.
3. Cathode ray oscilloscope.
Theory: Fiber optic links can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog signals. Basically a
fiber optic link contains three main elements a transmitter, an optical fiber and a receiver. The transmitter
module takes the input signal in electrical form and then transforms it into optical energy containing the
same information. The optical fiber is the medium which takes the energy to the receiver. At the receiver,
light is converted back into electrical form with the same pattern as fed to the transmitter. Transmitter:
Fiber optic transmitters are composed of a buffer, driver and optical source. The buffer provides both an
electrical connection and isolation between the transmitter and the electrical system the data.
The driver provides electrical power to the optical source. Finally, the optical source converts the
electrical current to the light energy with the same pattern. The optical source used is LED. Simple LED
circuit The transmitter section comprises of Function Generator which generates input signals that are
going to be used as information to transmit through optical fiber. The optic fiber plugs into the connectors
provided in this part of the board.

Procedure:
1. Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH 756 TX1 (650 nm) from kit. Do not remove the
cap from connector once the cap is loosened, insert fiber into cap and assure fiber is
properly fixed. Now tight the cap by screwing it back. Keep the intensity potentiometer 3
at minimum position i.e. fully anticlockwise.
2. Make the connections and jumper settings as shown in Figure. Connect the power supply
with proper polarity to kit. While connecting this, ensure that power supply is OFF.
3. Switch ON the power supply.
4. Select the frequency range of Function generator with the help of Range selection switch SW1,
frequency can be varied with potentiometer 2.Adjust the voltage level of sine wave with
potentiometer 1.

5. Connect sine post of function generator to IN post of analog buffer section.

6. Connect outpost of analog buffer section to TX IN post of transmitter.
7. Connect the other end of fiber to detector SFH 250V (RX1) IN kit.
8. Check the output signal from analog buffer at its outpost in kit. It should be the same as
the applied input signal.

9. Observe the output signal from detector at analog outpost on CRO by adjusting intensity
potentiometer 3in kit.

10. To measure analog bandwidth of link ,connect the external signal generator with 2Vp-p
sine wave to IN post of analog buffer section and vary frequency of input signal from 100
Hz onwards. Measure the amplitude of received signal for each frequency reading.
11. Plot graph o gain/frequency. Measure the frequency range for which response is flat.
12. Repeat procedure 1to 11 for IR LED 450V (950 nm) TX 2.

Observations:
1. Input voltage =
2. Detector output =
3. Amplifier output =
Result: The fiber optic Analog link has been established.

Experiment No -3
Objective: The study how digital signal can be transmitted over fiber cable and reproduced at
receiver end.
Apparatus required: 1.Fibre optic trainer kits with power supply cords
2. Optical Fiber cable.

3. Cathode ray oscilloscope.

Theory:
Fiber optic links can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog signals. Basically a
fiber optic link contains three main elements a transmitter, an optical fiber and a receiver. The
transmitter module takes the input signal in electrical form and then transforms it into optical
energy containing the same information. The optical fiber is the medium which takes the energy
to the receiver. At the receiver, light is converted back into electrical form with the same pattern
as fed to the transmitter.
Transmitter: Fiber optic transmitters are composed of a buffer, driver and optical source. The
buffer provides both an electrical connection and isolation between the transmitter and the
electrical system the data. The driver provides electrical power to the optical source. Finally, the
optical source converts the electrical current to the light energy with the same pattern. The
optical source used is LED. The transmitter section comprises of Function Generator which
generates input signals that are going to be used as information to transmit through optical fiber.
The optic fiber plugs into the connectors provided in this part of the board. Two separate links
are provided.
Receiver:

Procedure:
1. Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH 756 TX1 (660 nm) from kit. Do not remove the
cap from connector once the cap is loosened, insert fiber into cap and assure fiber is
properly fixed. Now tight the cap by screwing it back. Keep the intensity potentiometer 3
at minimum position i.e. fully anticlockwise.
2. Make the connections and jumper settings as shown in Figure. Connect the power supply
with proper polarity to kit. While connecting this, ensure that power supply is OFF.
3. Switch ON the power supply.
4. Connect on board square signal of about 1 KHz to in post of digital buffer section and observe
signal at it out post. it should be the same as that of the input signal

5. Connect outpost of digital buffer section to TX IN post of transmitter.

6. Connect the other end of fiber to detector SFH 551V (RX2) IN kit.

7. Check the output signal from analog buffer at its outpost in kit. It should be the same as
the applied input signal.
8. Observe the output signal from detector at TTL outpost on CRO. The transmitted signal
and received signal are same. Vary the frequency of input signal and observe output
response.
9. To set up a digital link using SFH 450 (950 nm) change jumper connections and repeat
steps 1 to 8 using SFH 450N (950 nm) instead of SFH 756 (660 nm).

Observations:
1. Input voltage =
2. Detector output =
3. Amplifier output =
Result: The fiber optic digital link has been established.

Experiment No -4
Objective: To measure the Numerical Aperture (NA) of the fiber.
Apparatus required: 1.Fibre optic trainer kits with power supply cords
2. Optical Fiber cable.
3. Cathode ray oscilloscope.
4. Numerical aperture JIG
5. Steel ruler

Theory:
The numerical aperture refers to maximum angle at which the incident on fiber end is totally
internally reflected and is transmitted along the fiber. The cone formed by rotation of this angle

along the axis of the fiber is the cone of acceptance of fiber. if light ray should strike the fiber
end within this cone of acceptance it will be transmitted properly else it is refracted out of fiber.
Consideration in Numerical aperture measurement
It is very important that the optical source should be properly aligned with the cable and
distance from launched point. The cable should be properly selected to ensure that maximum
amount of optical power is transferred to cable.
The experiment is best performed in a less illuminated room.
Procedure:
1. Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH 756 TX1 (660 nm) from kit. Do not remove the
cap from connector once the cap is loosened, insert fiber into cap and assure fiber is
properly fixed. Now tight the cap by screwing it back. Keep the intensity potentiometer 3
at minimum position i.e. fully anticlockwise.
2. Make the connections and jumper settings as shown in Figure. Connect the power supply
with proper polarity to kit. While connecting this, ensure that power supply is OFF.
3. Switch ON the power supply.
4. Insert the other end of fiber into numerical aperture measurement jig. Hold the white
sheet facing the fiber, and adjust the fiber such that its face is perpendicular to axis of the
fiber.
5. Keep the distance of about 10 mm between the fiber tip and the screen, gently tight the
screw and fix fiber in the place.
6. Now adjust potentiometer 4 fully clockwise position and observe the illuminated circular
patch of light on screen.
7. Measure exactly the distance d and also the vertical and horizontal diameters MR AND
PN as indicated if Figure---8. Mean radius is calculated using formula r = (MR+PN)/4
9. Find numerical aperture of fiber using the formula
NA=Sin max =
max is the maximum angle at which the light incident is properly transmitted through
the fiber.

Experiment No - 5
Objective: To measure propagation loss and bending loss in plastic fiber.
Apparatus required: 1.Fibre optic trainer kits with power supply cords
2. Optical Fiber cable.
3. Cathode ray oscilloscope.

Theory:
Procedure:
1. Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH 756 TX1 (660 nm) from kit. Do not remove the
cap from connector once the cap is loosened, insert fiber into cap and assure fiber is
properly fixed. Now tight the cap by screwing it back. Keep the intensity potentiometer 3
at minimum position i.e. fully anticlockwise.
2. Make the connections and jumper settings as shown in Figure. Connect the power supply
with proper polarity to kit. While connecting this, ensure that power supply is OFF.
3. Set the sine wave with 1 kHz, 2 Vp-p amplitude and connect to IN post of analog buffer
section.
4. Connect the other end of fiber to detector SFH 250V (RX1) IN kit.
5. Switch ON the power supply.

6. Observe the output signal from detector at analog outpost on CRO by adjusting intensity
potentiometer 3 in kit and it should be same as original signal. Mark this as V1.

7. Now replace 1meter fiber without disturbing any previous settings. Measure amplitude
levels at the receiver side again. Mark this as V2
8. If is the attenuation of fiber then db =(10/L1-L2) log10 (V2-V1)
Where = dB/km, L1=fiber length for V1, L2 = fiber length for V2.
is for wave length 950n.
9. To get for 660 nm wave length, repeat steps 1 to 8 replacing SFH 450V (950 nm) by
SFH 756V (660 nm).
10. Observe the output signal from detector at analog outpost on CRO by adjusting intensity
potentiometer 3 in kit.
11. Connect the jumper settings as shown in figure.
12. Compare values of and find out the wavelength, which has less attenuation in fiber.

Measure of Bending Losses.

1.
2.
3.
4.

Repeat the entire step from 1 to 10 as above.

Bend the fiber in a loop.
Keep reducing the diameter to about 2 cm & take corresponding output voltage reading.
Plot a graph of received signal amplitude versus the loop diameter.

Observations:
Result: The fiber optic digital link has been established.

Experiment No - 6
Objective: To study the circuit action of pulse width modulation and demodulation over fiber

Optic digital link.

Apparatus required:

1. Fibre optic trainer kits with power supply cords

2. Optical Fiber cable.
3. Cathode ray oscilloscope.

Theory:
Pulse width Modulation
This technique of modulation controls the variation of duty cycle of square wave according to
input modulating signal. The amplitude variations of modulating signal is reflected into ON
period variations of square wave. Hence it is also called as technique of V to T conversion.
Pulse width Demodulation
The input signal is pulse width modulated, so the ON time of the signal is changing according to
modulated signal .In this demodulation technique the PWM signal is applied to an integrator ,the
output is filtered to obtain original signal.

Procedure:

1. Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH 756 TX1 (660 nm) from kit. Do not remove the
cap from connector once the cap is loosened, insert fiber into cap and assure fiber is
properly fixed. Now tight the cap by screwing it back.
2. Make the connections and jumper settings as shown in Figure. Connect the power supply
with proper polarity to kit. While connecting this, ensure that power supply is OFF.
3. Switch ON the power supply.

4. Connect sine post of function generator to PWM IN post of PPM/PWM modulator switch.
5. Select the frequency 1-10Hz with amplitude of 2 VP-P for proper observation of phenomena.
6. Observe PWM signal at PWM outpost the variation of width of square wave is clear.
7. Connect PWM out post of PWM/PPM modulator section to IN post of digital buffer section.
8. Connect OUT post of digital buffer section to TX IN post of transmitter.
9. Connector the other end of fiber to detector SFH551V very carefully as per instruction in step 1.
10. Observe the received signal over fiber at TTL OUT post it should be exactly the same signal
available at PWM OUT post.

11. Slide the switch SW2 to PWM position.

12. Connect the TTLOUT post to PWM demodulator IN post in PWM/PPM demodulator
section.
13. Vary input frequency potentiometer P2 and observe demodulated signal at DEMOD OUT
post. Of PWM/PPM Demodulator. Connect PWM/PPM DEMOD OUT post to IN post of
filter section and observe output at its OUT post which is same as input signal.
14. For different sampling frequencies change jumper cap of JP1 from 32 kHz to desired
value of frequency. The PWM output at lower frequency demodulated PWM OUTis more
distorted at lower sampling frequency.
15. Repeat the above procedure for SFH50V.

Experiment No - 7
Objective: To study the circuit action of pulse position modulation and demodulation over fiber

Optic digital link.

Apparatus required:

1. Fibre optic trainer kits with power supply cords

2. Optical Fiber cable.
3. Cathode ray oscilloscope.

Theory:
Pulse position Modulation
Pulse position Demodulation

Procedure:

1. Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH 756 TX1 (660 nm) from kit. Do not remove the
cap from connector once the cap is loosened, insert fiber into cap and assure fiber is
properly fixed. Now tight the cap by screwing it back.
2. Make the connections and jumper settings as shown in Figure. Connect the power supply
with proper polarity to kit. While connecting this, ensure that power supply is OFF.
3. Switch ON the power supply.
4. Connect sine post of function generator to PWM IN post of PPM/PWM modulator switch.
5. Select the frequency 1-10Hz with amplitude of 2 VP-P for proper observation of phenomena.
6. Observe PWM signal at PWM outpost the variation of width of square wave is clear.
7. Connect PWM OUT post of PWM/PPM modulator section to IN post of digital buffer section.
8. Connect OUT post of digital buffer section to TX IN post of transmitter.
9. Connector the other end of fiber to detector SFH551V very carefully as per instruction in step 1.
10. Observe the received signal over fiber at TTL OUT post it should be exactly the same signal
available at PWM OUT post.

11. Slide the switch SW2 to PWM position.

12. Connect the TTLOUT post to PWM demodulator IN post in PWM/PPM demodulator
section.

13. Vary input frequency potentiometer P2 and observe demodulated signal at DEMOD OUT
post. Of PWM/PPM Demodulator. Connect PWM/PPM DEMOD OUT post to IN post of
filter section and observe output at its OUT post which is same as input signal.
14. For different sampling frequencies change jumper cap of JP1 from 32 kHz to desired
value of frequency. The PWM output at lower frequency demodulated PWM OUTis more
distorted at lower sampling frequency.
15. Repeat the above procedure for SFH50V.