Lecture 04

Chapter 2: Overview of C programming(cont..)

Basic Data Types

int

used to declare numeric program variables of integer type

whole numbers, positive and negative

keyword: int
int number;
number = 12;

Type of int format

Basic Data Types cont

float

fractional parts, positive and negative

keyword: float
float height;
height = 1.72;

Basic Data Types

sign

exponent

mantissa

Basic Data Types cont

Type

Range in Typical Microprocessor

Implementation

short

32,768 .. 32,767

unsigned short

0 .. 65,535

int

2,147,483,648 .. 2,147,483,647

unsigned

0 .. 4,294,967,295

long

2,147,483,648 .. 2,147,483,647

unsigned long

0 .. 4,294,967,295

Basic Data Types cont

char

equivalent to letters in English language

Example of characters:

Numeric digits: 0 - 9

Lowercase/uppercase letters: a - z and A - Z

Space (blank)

Special characters: , . ; ? / ( ) [ ] { } * & % ^ < > etc

single character

keyword: char
char my_letter;
my_letter = 'U';

The declared character must be

enclosed within a single quote!

ASCII Code

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

particular code that specifies the integer representing each char

value.
The digit characters '0' through '9' have code values of 48 through
57 (decimal).
uppercase letters have the decimal code values 65 through 90
Lowercase letters have the decimal code values 97 through 122
the printable characters have codes from 32 (code for a blank or
space) to 126 (code for the symbol ~ ).

ASCII Code Table

Extended ASCII Code Table

Constant example volume of a cone

#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
double height, radius, base, volume;
double pi = 3.14;
printf(Enter the height and radius of the cone:);
scanf(%lf %lf ,&height, &radius);
base = pi * radius * radius;
volume = (1.0/3.0) * base * height;
printf(\nThe volume of a cone is %lf , volume);
return 0;
}

#define

You may also associate constant using #define preprocessor directive

#include <stdio.h>
#define PI 3.14
int main(void)
{
double height, radius, base, volume;
printf(Enter the height and radius of the cone:);
scanf(%lf %lf ,&height,&radius);

base = PI * radius * radius;

volume = (1.0/3.0) * base * height;
printf(\nThe volume of a cone is %lf , volume);
return 0;

Input/Output Operations

Input operation

an instruction that copies data from an input device into

memory

Output operation

an instruction that displays information stored in memory to

the output devices (such as the monitor screen)

Input/Output Functions

A C function that performs an input or output operation

A few functions that are pre-defined in the header file stdio.h

such as :

printf()

scanf()

getchar() & putchar()

The printf function

Used to send data to the standard output (usually the

monitor) to be printed according to specific format.

General format:

printf(string literal);

A sequence of any number of characters surrounded by double quotation

marks.

printf(format string, variables);

Format string is a combination of text, conversion specifier and escape

sequence.

The printf function cont

Example:

printf(Thank you);

printf (Total sum is: %d\n, sum);

%d is a placeholder (conversion specifier)

marks the display position for a type integer variable

\n is an escape sequence

moves the cursor to the new line

Program Structure: Executable

e.g. sum = sum + item;

Note: Left side of an assignment

statement is called lvalue it must
be assignable
Examples of invalid assignment (result in compilation error lvalue
required as left operand of assignment):
 32 = a;
 a + b = c;
Assignment can be cascaded, with associativity from right to left:
 a = b = c = 3 + 6; // 9 assigned to variables c, b and a
 The above is equivalent to: a = (b = (c = 3 + 6));
which is also equivalent to:
c = 3 + 6;
b = c;
a = b;

Program Structure: Executable

Side Effect:


An assignment statement does not just assigns, it also has the

side effect of returning the value of its right-hand side
expression
Hence a = 12; has the side effect of returning the value of
12, besides assigning 12 to a
Usually we dont make use of its side effect, but sometimes we
do, eg:
z = a = 12; // or z = (a = 12);
The above makes use of the side effect of the assignment
statement a = 12; (which gives 12) and assigns it to z
Side effects have their use, but avoid convoluted codes:
a = 5 + (b = 10); // assign 10 to b, and 15 to a
Side effects also apply to expressions involving other operators
(eg: logical operators).

Escape Sequence
Escape Sequence

Effect

\a

Beep sound

\b

Backspace

\f
\n

Formfeed (for printing)

New line

\r

Carriage return

\t

Tab

\v

Vertical tab

\\

Backslash

sign

\o

Octal decimal

\x

Hexadecimal

\O

NULL

Placeholder / Conversion Specifier

No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Conversion
Specifier
%d
%i
%o
%u
%x
%X
%f
%e

%E

10
11
12
13

%g
%G
%c
%s

Output Type

Output Example

Signed decimal integer

Signed decimal integer
Unsigned octal integer
Unsigned decimal integer
Unsigned hexadecimal (small letter)
Unsigned hexadecimal (capital letter)
Integer including decimal point
Signed floating point (using e
notation)
Signed floating point (using E
notation)
The shorter between %f and %e
The shorter between %f and %E
Character
String

76
76
134
76
9c
9C
76.0000
7.6000e+01
7.6000E+01
76
76
7
76'

The scanf function

Read data from the standard input device (usually keyboard)

and store it in a variable.

General format:

scanf(Format string, &variable);

Notice ampersand (&) operator :

C address of operator

it passes the address of the variable instead of the variable itself

tells the scanf() where to find the variable to store the new

value

The scanf function cont

Example :

int age;
printf(Enter your age: );
scanf(%d, &age);

Common Conversion Identifier used in printf and scanf

functions.
printf

int
float
double
char
string

%d
%f
%lf
%c
%s

scanf

%d
%f
%lf
%c
%s

The scanf function cont

If you want the user to enter more than one value, you

serialise the inputs.

Example:
float height, weight;
printf(Please enter your height and weight:);
scanf(%f%f , &height, &weight);

Few notes on C program cont

Reserved Words

Keywords that identify language entities such as statements,

data types, language attributes, etc.

Have special meaning to the compiler, cannot be used as
identifiers (variable, function name) in our program.

Should be typed in lowercase.

Example: const, double, int, main, void,printf, while, for, else
(etc..)

Few notes on C program cont

Punctuators (separators)

Symbols used to separate different parts of the C program.

These punctuators include:
[ ] ( ) { } , ; : * #

Usage example:
int main void()
{
int num = 10;
printf(%d, num);
return 0;
}

Few notes on C program cont

Operators

Tokens that result in some kind of computation or action when

applied to variables or other elements in an expression.

Example of operators:

*+=-/

Usage example:

result = total1 + total2;

Input/Output

%d and %lf are examples of format specifiers; they are placeholders for values to be
displayed or read
Placeholder

Variable Type

Function Use

%c

char

printf / scanf

%d

int

printf / scanf

%f

float or double

printf

%f

float

scanf

%lf

double

scanf

%e

float or double

printf (for scientific notation)

Examples of format specifiers used in printf():

 %5d: to display an integer in a width of 5, right justified
 %8.3f: to display a real number (float or double) in a width of 8,
with 3 decimal places, right justified
Note: For scanf(), just use the format specifier without indicating width,
decimal places, etc.

Input/Output

\n is an example of escape sequence

Escape sequences are used in printf() function for certain special effects or to display
certain characters properly
These are the more commonly used escape sequences:

Escape
sequence

Meaning

Result

\n

New line

Subsequent output will appear on the next line

\t

Horizontal tab

Move to the next tab position on the current line

\"

Double quote

Display a double quote "

%%

Percent

Display a percent character %

Operators
Arithmetic operations

Binary Operators: +, , *, /, % (modulo or remainder)

Left Associative (from left to right)

Unary operators: +,
Right Associative

x = 23

p = +4 * 10

Execution from left to right, respecting parentheses rule, and then precedence
rule, and then associative rule (next page)

46 / 15 / 2  3 / 2  1
19 % 7 % 3  5 % 3  2

addition, subtraction are lower in precedence than multiplication, division, and

remainder

Truncated result if result cant be stored (the page after next)

int n;

n = 9 * 0.5;

results in 4 being stored in n.

Operators

Arithmetic operators: Associativity & Precedence

Operator

Name

Number of
operands

Position

Associativity

Parentheses

Unary

Prefix

Left to right

Parentheses

Unary

Postfix

Left to right

Positive sign

Unary

Prefix

Right to left

Negative sign

Unary

Prefix

Right to left

++

Post-increment

Unary

Postfix

Left to right

--

Post-decrement

Unary

Postfix

Left to right

++

Pre-increment

Unary

Prefix

Right to left

--

Pre-decrement

Unary

Prefix

Right to left

Multiplication, division,
remainder

Binary

Infix

Left to right

Addition, subtraction

Binary

Infix

Left to right

Assignment

Binary

Infix

Right to left

*, /, %
+, =, +=, -=,
*=, /=, %=

Precedence

Operators

Mixed-Type Arithmetic Operations

int
float
int
float
int

m
p
n
q
r

10/4;
means
10/4;
means
10/4.0; means
10/4.0;
means
-10/4.0; means

=
=
=
=
=

Type Casting


Use a cast operator to change the type of an expression


syntax:

(type) expression

int aa =
float pp
int
nn
float qq

6; float ff = 15.8;
= (float) aa / 4;
means
= (int) ff / aa;
means
= (float) (aa / 4); means

Common Programming Errors

Debugging  Process removing errors from a

program

Three (3) kinds of errors :

Syntax Error

a violation of the C grammar rules, detected during

program translation (compilation).

statement cannot be translated and program cannot be
executed

Common Programming Errors cont

Run-time errors

An attempt to perform an invalid operation, detected

during program execution.

Occurs when the program directs the computer to
perform an illegal operation, such as dividing a number
by zero.

The computer will stop executing the program, and
displays a diagnostic message indicates the line where the
error was detected

Common Programming Errors cont

Logic Error/Design Error

An error caused by following an incorrect algorithm

Very difficult to detect - it does not cause run-time

error and does not display message errors.

The only sign of logic error incorrect program
output

Can be detected by testing the program thoroughly,
comparing its output to calculated results

To prevent carefully desk checking the algorithm
and written program before you actually type it

CSE 115: Computing Concepts

Lecture 05:
Chapter 3: Top-Down Design with Functions

Top-Down Design and Structure Charts

Top down design

A problem solving method

break a problem up into its major subproblems

Solve the subproblems

Derive the solution

Structure Charts

documentation tool

shows the relationships among the subproblems of a

Drawing Simple Diagrams

PROBLEM: Draw some simple diagrams on your printer

or screen.

ANALYSIS: Both figures can be drawn with these four

basic components:
a circle
parallel lines
a base line intersecting lines

Draw a figure

DESIGN : Divide the problem in three sub problems

INITIAL ALGORITHM

Draw a circle.

Draw a triangle.

Draw intersecting.

ALGORITHM REFINEMENTS

Step 2 Refinement

2.1 Draw intersecting lines.

2.2 Draw a base.

Structure Chart

Top down design using function

/* Draws a stick figure*/
#include <stdio.h> /* printf definition */
/* function prototypes */
void draw_circle(void); /* Draws a circle */
void draw_intersect(void); /* Draws intersecting lines */
void draw_base(void); /* Draws a base line */
void draw_triangle(void); /* Draws a triangle */
int main(void)
{
/* Draw a circle. */
draw_circle();
/* Draw a triangle. */
draw_triangle();
/* Draw intersecting lines. */
draw_intersect();
return (0);
}

A simple drawing program

Problem:
- Write a program DrawFigures.c to draw a rocket ship (which is
a triangle over a rectangle, over an inverted V), a male stick
figure (a circle over a rectangle over an inverted V), and a
female stick figure (a circle over a triangle over an inverted V)

rocket

Analysis:

No particular input needed, just draw the needed 3 figures

There are common shapes shared by the 3 figures

Design:

Algorithm (view in words):

1. Draw Rocket ship
2. Draw Male stick figure (below Rocket ship)
3. Draw Female stick figure (below Male stick figure)

male

female

A simple drawing program

Design (Structure Chart):

rocket

Draw 3
Figures
Draw Rocket
Ship
Draw Triangle

Draw
Rectangle

Draw Male
Stick Figure
Draw
Inverted V

Draw Circle

Draw
Rectangle

male

female

Draw Female
Stick Figure
Draw
Inverted V

Draw Circle

Draw Triangle

Draw
Inverted V

Modular Programming

Break a large problem into smaller pieces

Smaller pieces sometimes called modules or subroutines or

procedures or functions

Why?

Helps manage complexity

Smaller blocks of code

Easier to read

Encourages re-use of code

Within a particular program or across different programs

Allows independent development of code

Provides a layer of abstraction

a = sqrt(9.0);

Functions

The building blocks of a C program

Youve used predefined functions already:

main()

printf(), scanf(), pow()

User-defined functions

Your own code

In combination with predefined functions

Functions - Mathematical View

f ( x) = x 2 + 2 x + 3

What is f(2)?
f (2) (2) 2 + 2(2) + 3 4 + 4 + 3 11
f (2) is 11

Function

Returned
value

f ( x)

11

Functions in C
resultType functionName(type1 param1, type2 param2, )
{

body

}
// functionName

If no result, resultType should be void

Warning if not!

If no parameters, use void between ()

Library Function

Goal to write error-free code

Code reuse

Cs standard math library defines a function named sqrt -

performs the square root computation

The function call in the assignment statement

C Library Function
Function

Header

Purpose: Example

abs(x)

<stdlib.h> Returns the absolute value of its integer

Argument(s) Result
int

int

argument: if x is 5 , abs(x) is 5

ceil(x)

<math.h>

Returns the smallest integral value that is not

less than x : if x is 45.23 , ceil(x) is 46.0

double

double

cos(x)

<math.h>

Returns the cosine of angle x : if x is 0.0 ,

cos(x) is 1.0

double
(radians)

double

double,
double

double

pow(x,y) <math.h>
sqrt(x)

<math.h>

Returns the nonnegative square root of x (1x)

for x 0.0 : if x is 2.25 , sqrt(x) is 1.5

double

double

log(x)

<math.h>

Returns the natural logarithm of x for x > 0.0 : double

if x is 2.71828 , log(x) is 1.0

double

log10(x)

<math.h>

Returns the base-10 logarithm of x for x > 0.0

: if x is 100.0 , log10(x) is 2.0

double

double

Using Functions

Let int

f(double x, int a) be (the beginning

of) a declaration of a function.

Then f(expr1,

expr2) can be used in any expression

where a value of type int can be used e.g.,
N =

+ d;
f(pi*pow(r,2), b+c)

Using Functions

Let int

f(double x, int a) be (the beginning

of) a declaration of a function.

Then f(expr1,

expr2) can be used in any expression

where a value of type int can be used e.g.,
N =

+ d;
f(pi*pow(r,2), b+c)

Using Functions (continued)

Let int f(double x, int a) be (the beginning

of) a declaration of a function.
Then f(expr1, expr2) can be used in any
expression where a value of type int can be
used e.g.,
N = f(pi*pow(r,2), b+c) + d;

Function f is executed and returns a

Sum is assigned to N
value of type int

Result of f is added to d

Function definition

Every function definition has the form

return-type function-name (parameter declarations) {
definitions and statements
}

For practical purposes, code between {} (inclusive) is a

compound statement

Function Prototype

There are many, many situations in which a

function must be used separate from where it is
defined
 before

its definition in the same C program

 In one or more completely separate C programs

This is actually the normal case!

Therefore, we need some way to declare a
function separate from defining its body.
 Called

a Function Prototype

Function Prototype (continued)

Definition: a Function Prototype in C is a language

construct of the form:

return-type function-name (parameter declarations) ;

I.e., exactly like a function definition, except with a

';' instead of a body in curly brackets

Purposes of Function Prototype

So compiler knows how to compile calls to that

function, i.e.,



number and types of arguments

type of result

As part of a contract between developer and

programmer who uses the function
As part of hiding details of how it works and
exposing what it does.
A function serves as a black box.

Header files

In applications with multiple C programs, function

prototypes are typically provided in header files
 I.e.,

the .h files that programmers include in their code

Grouped by related functions and features

 To

make it easier for developers to understand

 To make it easier for team development
 To make a package that can be used by someone else

Include

#include <foo.h>
 Search

the systems directories in order for a file of the

name foo.h

#include "foo.h"
 Search

the directory where the source program is found

first, before system directories

Functions - Definition Structure

Function 'header'

Return data type
(if any)

Name

type function_name (type arg1, type arg2 )

{
statements;
}

Descriptive

Arguments (or parameter list)

Notice: data type and name

Statements

Variable declaration

Operations

Return value (if any)

A function that calculates the product of two numbers

double product(double x, double y)
{
double result;
result = x * y;
return result;
}

Functions - Example

Function prototype

Like a variable declaration

Tells compiler that the function will be defined
later

Helps detect program errors

Note semicolon!!

Function definition

See previous slide

Note, NO semicolon

Function return

return statement terminates execution of the

current function

Control returns to the calling function

if return expression;

then value of expression is returned as the

value of the function call
Only one value can be returned this way

Function call

main() is the 'calling function'

product() is the 'called function'
Control transferred to the function code
Code in function definition is executed

#include <stdio.h>
/* function prototype */
double product(double x, double y);
int main()
{
double var1 = 3.0, var2 = 5.0;
double ans;
ans = product(var1, var2);
printf("var1 = %.2f\n"
"var2 = %.2f\n",var1,var2);
printf("var1*var2 = %g\n", ans);
}
/* function definition */
double product(double x, double y)
{
double result;
result = x * y;
return result;
}

Creating Function
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#define PI 3.14159

double circle_area(double diameter)

{
return pow(diameter/2, 2) * PI;
}

Function
definition

int main(void) {
// identical portion omitted for brevity
// compute weight of a single washer

rim_area = circle_area(d2) - circle_area(d1);

unit_weight = rim_area * thickness * density;
// identical portion omitted for brevity
}

Calling circle_area()
twice.

Creating Function

Components of a function definition

Header (or signature): consists of return type, function name, and a list of

parameters (with their types) separated by commas

Function names follow identifier rules (just like variable names)

May consist of letters, digit characters, or underscore, but cannot begin with a digit

character

Return type is void if function does not need to return any value

Function body: code to perform the task; contains a return statement if return

type is not void

Function name

Return type

Parameter

double circle_area(double diameter) {

return pow(diameter/2, 2) * PI;

}

Function body

Programming style

Preferred practice: add function prototype

Before main() function

Parameter names may be omitted, but not their type

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#define PI 3.14159

Function prototype
double circle_area(double);
int main(void) {
// identical portion omitted for brevity
// compute weight of a single washer

rim_area = circle_area(d2) - circle_area(d1);

unit_weight = rim_area * thickness * density;
// identical portion omitted for brevity
}
double circle_area(double diameter)
{
return pow(diameter/2, 2) * PI;
}

Function
definition